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J
U-S.^7^'3
J^arbarlr (9:ollege liixav^
FROM THE
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
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REPORTS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30
1911
ADMINISTfiATIVE REPORTS
IX 2 YOLUMBS
VOLUME I
8SCKSTART OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAUS, EXCEPT OFPICE OP INDIAN APPAIR8
ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS
NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS
WASHINGTON : GOYERNMENT PRINTING OPPICE : 1912
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Btmril Ceftftge library
SEP 17 1912
From t^e
REPORTS OP THE DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR.
Administrative reports, in 2 volumes.
Vol. I. Secretary of the Interior.
Boreausy except Office of Indian Affairs.
Eleemosynary institutions.
National parks and reservations.
Vol. II. Indian Affairs.
Territories.
Report of the Commissioner of Education, in 2 volumes.
■ •■ \
■•■■ •• 4
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CONTENTS.
Paffv.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior xxi
Bureaus of the Interior Department xxii
General statement 1
Public-land laws v 2
Water-power laws 12
Reoiganization of General Land Office. .^ . i\ 16
Bureau of National Parks 17
Retirement 17
Lower Colorado River. - . 19
New building needed for Patent Office and departmental records 20
Office of Assistant Attorney General 23
General Land Office 24
Commissioner's reconmiendations 25
Public survejrs 26
Texas-New Mexico boundary 26
Carey Act..... 27
State and Territorial grants 27
Railroad grants 27
Chippewa logging, Minnesota 27
Sales of Chippewa pine timber 27
Geological Survey 27
ClaBsification of public landu 27
Geologic Branch 30
Topographic Branch 31
Water Resources Branch 31
Examinations under the Weelu Act 31
Publications Branch 31
Administrative Branch 82
Reclamation Service 32
Bureau of Mines 34
Office of Indian AfiEairs 37
Health and morals 38
Industry 38
Education 39
Property 89
Protection of Indian lands against fraud 40
Irrigation and drainage 40
Timber 41
Five Civilized Tribes 41
Pension Office 43
Appeals in pension and bounty land claims 46
Patent Office 47
Bureau of Education 48
Territories 62
Alaska 52
Arizona and New Mexico 58
Hawaii 59
III
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IV CONTENTS.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior — Continued. Pag«.
National parks and reservations 61
National monumente and preservation of American antiquities 62
Eleemosynary institutions 64
Government Hospital for the Insane 64
Freedmen's Hospital 66
Howard University 66
Columbia Institution for the Deaf 68
Maryland School for the Blind 68
Superintendent of the United States Capftol Building and Grounds 69
General Education Board 70
Improvements at Lawton, Okla 72
Memorial to John Wesley Powell 73
Maritime Canal Co. of Nicaragua 74
Appendices:
Appendix A. Land-classification work 75
Appendix B. National-park statistics 77
Appendix C. Agriculture in Alaska 81
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Ofl5ce 83
General statement 85
Cash receipts and exx>enditures 85
Area of land entered and patented 86
Ozganization 86
Executive duties of commissioner 87
Judicial duties of conmiissioner 90
State grants 90
School and internal improvements 90
Carey Act selections 91
Railroad grants 92
Rights of way — ^railroad 93
Rights'of way — canals, ditches, and reservoirs 94
Mineral-land claims 95
Coal lands 96
Settlement claims — homestead 96
Desert-land claims — water rights 97
Timber and stone act 98
Private contests 98
Scrip 99
Actions in civil courts 99
Repayment, appeals, etc 100
Summary and reconmiendation 100
Salaries 102
Coal legislation 102
Water powers 103
Alaska 103
Alaska law officer 104
Proofs 105
Local land offices 105
Receiver 105
Hall of records 106
The field service 106
Surveying 108
Alaska surveys 110
Texas-New Mexico boundar>- 110
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CONTENTS. V
Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office — Continued. Page.
Carey Act 112
Reservoir declaratory statements 112
Rights of way 113
Railroad selections 113
Reclamation work 113
Collection of water-right charges 114
S tate sel ec tions 114
Field examination of selected lands 115
Imperial Valley lands 115
Swamp lands 115
National forests 116
National monuments 117
Homestead entries in forest reserves 118
Sales of abandoned military reservations 118
Power-site reserves 118
Agricultiure entries on lands bearing oil, phosphate, and natural gas 118
Indian allotments 119
Indian allotment applications 119
Creek lands east of the Missisippi 119
Indian reservation openings 120
Chippewa logging, Minnesota... 121
Lieu selections for lands in Indian reservations 122
Relinquishments 122
Summary of proposed legislation 123
General Land Office building 126
Statistics relating to the disposition of the public domain 127
Report of the Commissioner of Pensions 159
. Commissioners of Pensions since 1883 160
General statement 161
Pensions of the several wars and of the peace establishment 167
Act of February 6, 1907 170
Act of April 19, 1908 171
Ten years' summary 171
Special acts 172
Criminal prosecutions 173
Boimty-land warrants 173
Surviving officers of the Civil War, and length of service 174
P&yments of pension without a voucher 174
Card index of records and removal of useless papers 185
Checking the pension roll 185
Revolutionary War records 187
Historical 187
Miscellaneous •. .. 188
Statistical tables relating to pensions 190
Pension agencies, dates of payment, and district i 204
Report of the Commissioner of Patents 207
Condition of work 211
Gains in efficiency and economy 212
Legislation 212
The case of Everding, Barton, and Ileany 218
The patent bar 220
Changes in the trade-mark law and reorganization of the t rade-mark di vi- don 221
Scientific library 221
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VI CONTENTS.
Report of the Commissioner of Patents — Continued. Page.
International conferences and treaties 222
The conference at Washington 223
Need for additional space for the Patent Office 224
Statement of the Commissioner of Education 229
Division of higher education 231
Division of school administration 232
Editorial division 233
Statistical di\T8ion 234
Correspondence division. 234
Library division 234
Alaska school service 235
The Alaska reindeer service 237
National Education Association 237
Recommendations 238
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey 243
Special features 245
Work on the public lands 245
Public-land legislation 246
Nature of the Geological Survey's work 246
Proposed amendment of public-land laws 246
Purposes and means of amendment 246
Separation of surface and mineral rights 248
Law applicable to coal lands ' 249
Laws applied to phosphate lands 251
Law needed for oil and gas lands 251
Laws relating to metalliferous minerals 252
Legislation required for water power 254
Examinations under the Weeks Act 255
Necrology ' 257
Samuel Franklin Emmons 257
Work of the year 259
Publications 259
Field work by the Director 274
Geologic branch 274
Administration 274
Publications 274
Division of geology 275
Organization 275
Field work of the chief geologist 275
Work of the chiefs of sections 276
Section of areal and structural geology 276
Section of paleontology and stratigraphic geology 277
Section of economic geology, metalliferous ores 278
Section of economic geology, nonmetalliferous minerals. . 278
Section of economic geology, fuels 278
Subsection of fuels east of meridian 97° 279
Geologic work in New England States 280
Work in northern Appalachian region 281
Work in southern Appalachian region 282
Work in Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain 284
Work in Central States east of meridian 97° 285
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CONTENTS. Vn
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey— Continued. Pago-
Work of the year — Continued.
Geologic branch — Continued.
Division of geology — Continued.
Work in the western public-land States and Territories 287
Central States west of meridian 97° 287
Eocky Mountain region 287
Classification of mineral lands 289
Classification of public lands 290
Work in Rocky Mountain mining districts 292
Work on the Pacific coast 294
General geologic and paleontologic work 295
Work of committee on geologic names 297
Land-classification board 298
Organization 298
Coal 300
Classification 300
Withdrawals 303
Applications for reclassification 303
Applications for classification 304
Oil 305
Phosphate v 305
Metalliferous deposits 306
Water power 306
Withdrawls and restorations 306
Applications for reclassification 307
Rightof-way application 307
Irrigation 308
Carey Act segregations 308
Enlarged-homestead designations 308
Enlaiged-homestead petitions 309
Cooperation with other bureaus of the department 310
Division of Alaskan mineral resources 312
Personnel 312
Field operations in season of 1910 313
Allotments and areas covered 313
General investigations 315
Southeastern Alaska 315
Copper River and Susitna region 316
Prince WUliam Sound and Kenai Peninsula 316
Matanuska Valley 316
Upper Yukon Basin 316
Innoko-Iditarod region 316
Northwestern Alaska 317
Collection of statistics 317
Field operations for the season of 1911 317
OflScework 318
Geologic results 319
Survey of public lands 320
Plans, peraonnel, etc 320
Astronomic determinations 321
Triangulation 321
Line work 322
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VIII CONTENTS.
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey — Continued. ,
Work of the year — Continued. Page.
Geologic branch — Continued.
Division of mineral resources 323
Division of chemical and physical research 326
Topographic branch 328
Organization 328
Personnel ,. 328
Publications 328
General office work 329
Summary of results 329
Atlantic division 33 1
Field work 331
Office work 337
Central division , 338
Field work 338
Office work 345
Rocky Mountain division 346
Field work 346
Office work 350
Pacific division 351
Field work : 351
Office work .'. 357
Inspection of topographic surveying and mapping 359
Instriunents and topographic records 359
Map of the United States 360
Water-resources branch 360
Authority for investigations 360
Allotments 361
Cooperation 361
States 361
Reclamation Service 362
Office of Indian Affairs 362
Forest Service 363
Publications 633
Organization 363
Division of surface waters 364
Measurements of stream flow 364
River profile surveys 367
Debris investigation 367
Division of ground waters 367
Division of water utilization 370
Scope of the work 370
Water-power sites 370
Acquisition of lands 370
Publication branch 371
Book-publicatton division 371
Section of texts 371
Section of illustrations '. 372
Section of geologic maps 372
Section of topographic maps 373
Section of distribution 373
Division of engraving and printing 374
Maps, folios, and illustrations 374
Instrument shop 375
Photographic laboratory 376
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CONTENTS. IX
Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey — Continued.
Work of the year — Continued. Page.
Administrative branch 376
Executive division 376
Division of disbursements and accounts 378
Library 380
Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines 383
Establishment of the Bureau of Mines 385
Oiganic act 385
Aim and purpose of the buieau 386
Situation of buildings 386
Grounds and buildings in Pittsbuigh 386
Oiganization 387
Urgent needs of the bureau 388
More adequate buildings, grounds, and equipment 388
Mine rescue and first-aid work 389
The investigations of mine accidents should be extended 390
The need of more reliable and more complete statistics of accidents 391
The need of investigations looking to the prevention of mineral
waste 391
Enlargement of fuel investigations 392
The need of extending the mine-accidents work to the metal-
mining industries of the Western States 392
Scope of the first year's work 393
Financial statement 394
Fuel investigations 394
Analyzing and testing of fuels for the uee of the United States 394
Analyzing and testing of fuels belonging to the United States 396
Collection of samples 396
Analysis of samples 397
Testing of samples 397
Mine-accidents investigations 399
Scope 399
Inflammable mine gases and coal dust 400
Electricity in mining 400
Explosives used in coal mines 401
Experimental mine 401
Mine-safety cars and stations 402
Mine-safety laws and regulations 403
lYogress of investigations 404
Fuel investigations 404
Inspection of Government fuel purchases 404
Steaming tests 405
Combustion investigations 406
Gas-producer investigations 406
Briquetting tests of coal and lignites 407
Deterioration and spontaneous heating of coal in storage 407
Lignite and peat investigations 409
Constitution and genesis of coal 409
Investigations concerning the clinkering of coal and the action
of mine waters on steel 410
Technology of petroleum products 410
Physical investigations relating to fuels 411
Work of the chemical laboratories 411
Conatituents of coal ^.. 412
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X CONTENTS.
Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines— Continued. Page.
Progress of investigations — Continued.
Fuels chemical laboratory 412
Mine-accident investigations 415
Mine-rescue methods 415
Explosives 417
Physical examination and testing of explosives 417
Chemistry of explosives 419
Electricity in mining 420
Occurrence of mine gas 421
Chemistry of mine gases and natural gas 422
Physical investigations of mine gases 423
Inflammability of coal dust : 423
Mine methods and equipment 424
Mine filling (flushing) to reduce waste, surface settling, and mine
fires 424
Examination of laws and regulations for increasing safety 425
Mine-accidents statistics 425
Other technologic investigations pertinent to the mining industry 426
Coke and coking operations 426
Smelter fumes 426
Tunnel methods 427
Furnace slags 427
Waste in metal-mining and metallurgical operations 427
Quarry operations 427
Mine inspection in the Territories 428
Administration 428
Correspondence and records 428
Personnel 428
Publications 429
Bulletins 429
Technical papers 430
Miners' circulars 430
Editorial work 431
Distribution of documents 431
Library 432
History of technologic investigations transferred to the Bureau of Mines 432
Fuel investigations 432
Structural-materials investigations 433
Formation of the technologic branch, Geological Survey 434
National advisory board 434
Mine-accidents investigations 436
Pittsburgh experiment station 437
Establishment at Pittsburgh 438
Mine-safety stations 439
Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane 441
Officers of the hospital 443
Report of the superintendent 445
Movements of population 445
Administrative department 446
Office of the steward and disbursing agent 446
Ward service 448
Scientific department 455
Publications 460
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CONTENTS. XI
Report of the Government Hospital for the Insane — Continued. Face.
S taff changes 462
Scientific meetings 462
BuUetinNo. 3 463
General considerations 463
Needs of the hospital 464
Statistical tables 467
Report of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf 479
Officers of the institution 480
Health 481
Changes in the corps of officers and teachers 481
Course of instruction 482
Lectures 482
Receipts and expenditures 482
Estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 484
Change of name of the institution 485
Visits to schools 485
Meeting of the Convention of American Instructore 485
Exercises of presentation day 485
Presentation of candidates for degrees 485
Conferring of degrees 486
Regulations 487
Catalogue of students and pupils 487
Appendix:
Addressee delivered at the presentation exercises of Gallaudet College
on the occasion of the installation of President Hall, May 10, 1911 . .. 490
A prayer at Kendall Green, by Rev. Herbert Gallaudet 490
Address of Hon. Thetus W. Sims 490
Address of Dr. Robert Patterson 491
Address of Dr. J. R. Dobyns 492
Address of Dr. Edward Gallaudet 493
Address of President Hall 494
Address of Hon. John W. Foster 495
Report of the Freedmen's Hospital 497
Roster of officers 498
Introduction 501
Patients 501
Outdoor department 502
Medical and surgical diseases in hospital 502
Operations and results 510
Obstetrical record 514
Medical and surgical diseases in out-patient department 514
Emergency cases 517
Occupation of patients 518
Nativity of patients 519
AnsBsthetics 519
Pathological department 519
Patients admitted each year for past 37 years 519
Summary 520
Board of Charities account, 1905-1911.. 521
Statement of appropriations for salaries 521
Comparative statement of receipts and expenditures 521
Comparative statement of miscellaneouB expenditures 522
Comparative statement of subsistence expenditures 522
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5cn CONTENTS.
Heport of the Freedmen'B Hospital — Continued. Ptgo.
Needs, 522
Training School for Nurses '. 524
Course of instruction 524
Course in cooking 526
Occupation and residence of graduates 527
Heport of the president of Howard University 531
Roster of oflScers 532
Resources ^ 533
Scholastic work 534
Evaluation of scholastic work 534
The student body 535
Equipment and enlarged laboratory work in the sciences 536
Manual arts and the applied sciences 537
Heating, electric lighting, and power plant 537
Salaries 538
Needs 538
School of agriculture 539
Loss of professors 539
The school of medicine 540
The school of law 543
The school of theology 543
The school of liberal arts 544
The college of arts and sciencej 545
Courses of instruction 545
The teachers' college 545
The academy (preparatory department) 546
The school of manual arts 546
The commercial college 547
Report of treasurer 547
Appendix: Financial report * 548
Report of the Superintendent of the United States Capitol Building and
Grounds 555
The Capitol ' 5S8
Capitol grounds 560
Engine house and Senate and House stables 562
Court of Claims building 562
Courthouse, District of Columbia 562
Botanic Garden 562
Expenditures 562
Report of the acting superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park 565
Travel 567
Roads 569
Fish 570
Wild animals:
Antelope 571
Deer 572
Elk 572
Moose 572
Buffalo 572
Wild herd 572
Fenced herd 572
Bear 573
Coyotes 573
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CONTENTS. Xin
Report of the acting superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park — Cont'd . pago.
Wild animals — Continued.
Mountain sheep 573
Protection of game 574
Trails 574
Forest fires 574
Telephone lines 574
Appendix:
Rules and r^^lations 575
Regulations of May 27, 1911 575
Instructions of June 6, 1911 576
Notices 578
Concessions 579
Comptroller's decision re use of revenues for road sprinkling 581
Report of the acting superintendent of the Yosemite National Park 583
General statement 585
Grazing 586
Fires 586
Game 586
Fish *... 586
Fences 586
Patented lands 587
Telephone service 587
Roads 587
Government roads 588
Trails 588
Bridges 588
Concessions 589
Hotels and camps 589
San Francisco water supply 589
Buildings 591
Power plant 591
Rock quarry 591
Water supply 591
Sanitation 591
Undergrowth 592
Galen Clark Memorial Seat 592
Accidents 592
Camp Yosemite 592
Vistors 592
Estimates 593
Recommendations 594
Appendix:
Report of resident engineer 594
Rules and regulations of June 1, 1909 596
Instructions of June 1, 1909 598
Regulations of February 29, 1908, governing the impounding and
disposition of loose live stock 599
Penalty for injuring trees and for not extinguishing fires : 600
Report of the acting superintendent of the Sequoia and General Grant Na-
tional Parks. .- 601
General conditions 603
Tourists, travel, and accommodations 604
Improvement work 605
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XIV CONTENTS.
Report of the acting superintendent of the Sequoia and General Grant Na-
tional Parks — Continued. Page.
ConceasionB 605
Grazing 606
Weather conditions 606
Fires 606
Rodents 606
Extension of the parks 607
Purchase of deeded possessions 609
Recommendations:
Administration of the Sequoia and General Grant Parks by civilians. . 610
Clei^ for the acting superintendent 611
Sale of commodities by individuals holding concessions from the
Interior Department 611
Construction and improvement work to be done by contract 611
Sanitation 611
Water-pipe system for military camp 612
Buffalo 612
More Rock 612
Boate 612
Giant Forest Road 613
Construction and repair work 613
Protection of the big trees 613
Care of the forest 613
Animals and game 613
Fish 614
Troops on duty in the parks 614
Park rangers 614
Rules and regulations 615
Sequoia National Park:
General regulations of March 30, 1907 615
Regulations of March 30, 1907, governing the impounding and
disposition of loose live stock C16
General Grant National Park:
General regulations of March 30, 1907 617
Regulations of August 17, 1910, governing the admission of auto-
mobiles and motorcycles into the General Grant National
Park, Cal., during the season of 1910-11 617
Penalties for depredations on timber and for not extinguishing
fires on the public lands 618
Report of the superintendent of the Mount Rainier National Park 621
Topography 623
Forest conditions 624
Roads and trails 624
Ranger cabins 627
PKNspecting 627
Travel 627
Guides 628
Fires 628
Patrol 628
Game 629
Boundaries 629
Mineral springs 629
Automobiles 629
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CONTENTS. XV
Report of the Buperintendent of the Mount Rainier National Park — Continued. pag».
Hotels and camps 630
Special permits 630
Estimates and recommendations 631
Rules and regulations:
General regulations of June 10, 1908 633
Regulations of June 10, 1908, governing the impounding and di^Miltion
of loose live stock 634
Regulations of March 29, 1911, governing the admission of automobiles
and motorcycles 636
Excerpt from an act entitled "An act to provide for determining the
heirs of deceased Indians; for the disposition and sale of allolmeBtB
of deceased Indians; for the leasing of allotments; and for other
purposes," approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 867), ptoviding ptm-
ishment for depredations and for not extinguiahitig fires on public
lands, etc 636
Report of the acting superintendent of the Mesa Verde N«4ional Park 637
Qeoeral statement 639
Character of country ; 639
Location and character of ruins 639
Custodianship 640
Order 640
Movements of stock 640
Roads and trails 640
Water supply 641
Travel.: 641
Excavation and repair 642
Lands 642
Development of resources 643
Recommendations: i
Boundaries 643
Road building .* 644
Buildings 644
Private holdings 644
Estimates 644
Appendix 645
Act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat., 616), creating the Mesa Verde National
Park 6 15
Rules and regulations 646
Regulations of March 19, 1908, governing the impounding and dispo-
sition of loose live stock 647
Punishment for depredations and for not extinguieftiing fires on public
lands, etc 648
Excerpt from the deficiency appropriation act approved June 25, 1910. . 648
Bxcerptftomactof March 4, 1911, making appropriation for Mesa Verde
Park fxx fiscal year 1912 648
Report of the superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park 649
General statement 65 1
Improvement work 651
Visitors 663
Concessions 653
Automobiles 654
Loose stock driven through the park 654
Forest fires 654
Roads and trails 654
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XVT CONTENTS,
Report of the superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park — Continued. pag«.
Bridges 656
Buildings and fences 666
Water power and electric plant 666
Park rangers, ranger stations, and telephone lines 656
Patented lands 656
Extension of the park lines -657
Observance of rules and regulations 667
Accidents 668
Fish 668
Game , 669
Predatory animals 659
Estimates for fiscal year 1913 659
Rules and regulations:
General regulations of June 10, 1908 660
Regulations of June 10, 1908, governing the impounding and disposition
of loose live stock 662
Penalty for depredations on public lands and for not extinguishing
fires on public lands. : 664
Regulations November 16, 1910, governing the admission of auto-
mobiles during the season of 1911 664
Report of the superintendent of the Glacier National Park 667
General statement 669
Routes and accommodations 670
Administration of the park in 1910 671
Administration of the park in 1911 ^ 672
Number of visitors 673
Administration headquarters 673
Installation of sawmill 674
Concessions 674
Allotments of appropriation 674
Recommendations. 1 675
Appendix:
Rules and regulations —
General regulations of December 3, 1910 677
Regulations of December 3, 1910, governing the impounding and
disposition of loose live stock found in the Glacier National Park,
Mont 678
Concessions in Glacier National Park 679
Approved rates for transportation, season of 1911 679
Charges for concessions, season of 1911 680
Act of Montana legislature, ceding jurisdiction 680
Bill accepting cession of jurisdiction 681
Magazine articles on Glacier National Park 684
Report on Piatt and Wind Cave National Parks, SuUys Hill Park, Casa Grande
Ruin, Muir Woods, Petrified Forest, and other national monuments, includ-
ing list of bird reserves 686
Piatt National Park 687
Regulations of June 10, 1908 688
Wind Cave National Park 689
General regulations of June 10, 1908 690
Regulations of June 10, 1908, governing the impounding and dispo-
sition of loose live stock 692
Sullys Hill Park 693
Owa Grande Ruin 094
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Report on Piatt and Wind Cave National Parks, etc. — Continued. Pagv.
National monuments and preservation of American antiquities 695
General statement \ 695
Muir Woods National Monument 698
Petrified Forest of Arizona 701
Navajo National Monument 703
Chaco Canyon National Monument 704
Rainbow Bridge National Monument 705
El Morro National Monument 706
Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument 707
Tumacacori National Monumen t 709
Montezuma Castle National Monument 710
Natural Bridges National Monument 710
Gran Quivira National Monument 711
Mukuntuweap National Monument 712
Shoshone Cavern National Monument 714
Sitka National Monument, Alaska ^ 715
Devils Tower National Monument 716
Pinnacles National Monument 716
Colorado National Monument 717
Cinder Cone National Monument 717
Lassen Peak National Monument 718
Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument 719
Tonto National Monument 720
Grand Canyon National Monument 720
Jewel Cave National Monument 721
Wheeler National Monument 723
Moimt Olympus National Monument 725
Oregon Caves National Monument 726
Devils Postpile National Monument 728
Bird reserves 729
Report of the superintendent of the Hot Springs Reservation 731
General statement 733
Bathhouses 734
Drumming 736
Federal registration board 737
Medical director 738
Improvements 738
Government bathhouse 739
Sale of Government lots 741
Receipts and disbursements 741
Official visit 742
Recommendations 742
Administration of superintendent's office 743
Employees 743
Circular of general information .^ 745
City of Hot Springs 745
Appendix:
Rules and r^:ulations for government of all bathhouses receiving hot
water under lease from Government 746
Physicians' application for registration 750
Bath permit for persons not employing physician 750
Regulations of July 7, 1900, for the government of the free bathhouse. . 751
Application for free baths 752
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rVIII CONTENTS.
Page.
Report of the medical director of the Hot Springs Reservation 753
General statement 755
Supervision of sanitation, hygiene, and hydrotherapy 758
The service of the bathhouses 759
Government free bathhouse 762
Supervision of attendants 764
Appendix:
Rules for bath attendants in bathhouses receiving hot water from the
springs on the Ho.t Springs Reservation 766
Certificate granted to qualified attendants 767
Rules approved by the Department for the government of the Fed-
eral Registration Board of the United States Reservation, Hot
Springs, Ark., with amendments up to November 14, 1911 768
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of United Statee, showing areas covered by geologic surveys 274
Map of United States, showing areas covered by topographic surveys 328
Map of Yellowstone National Park 582
Map of Yoeemite National Park 600
Map of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks 619
Map of Mesa Verde National Park 648
Map of Crater Lake National Park 665
Map of Glacier National Park 684
Map of Piatt National Park 688
Map of Wind Cave National Park 690
Test figures:
(veneral plan of grounds and buildings, Pittsburgh experiment station 387
Boundary of the proposed extension of the Sequoia National Park, Cal 608
SullysHillPark, N. Dak 693
Casa Grande Ruin Reservation, Ariz 694
Muir Woods National Monument, Cal 699
Petrified Forest National Monument, Ariz 701
Navajo National Monument, Ariz 702
Navajo National Monument, Ariz, (as amended by proclamation Bfar. 14,
1912) 703
Chaco Canyon National Monument, N. Mex 704
Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah 705
El Monro National Monument, N. Mex 706
Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument, Mont .'. 70B
Tumacacori National Monument, Ariz 709
Montezuma Castle National Monument, Ariz 710
Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah 711
Grand Quivira National Mtmument, N. Mex 712
Mukimtuweap National Monument, Utah 713
Shoshone Cavern National Monument, Wyo 714
Sitka National Monument, Alaska.. 715
Devils Tower National Monument, Wyo 716
Pinnacles National Monimient, Cal 717
Colorado National Monument, Colo 718
Cinder Cone National Monument, Cal 719
Lassen Peak National Monument, Cal 719
Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument, N. Mex 720
Tonto National Monument, Ariz 721
Grand Canyon National Monument, Ariz 722
Jewel Cave National Monument, S. Dak 723
Wheeler National Monument, Colo 724
Mount Olympus National Monimient, Wash 726
Oregon Caves National Monument, Greg 727
Devils Postpile National Monument, Cal 728
zix
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
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BUREAUS OF THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
The Department of the Interior was established by the act of March 3, 1849
(9 Stat. L., 396).
GENERAL XAND 07FICB.
Organized as a bureau of the Treasury Department under act of April 25, 1812
(2 Stat. L., 716).
• First Commissioner, Edward Tiffin, of Ohio; appointed May 7, 1812.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was aiganized
under the act of March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. L., 395).
INDIAN OFFICE.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of July 9, 1832 (4 Stat.
L., 564).
First Commissioner, Elbert Herring, of New York; appointed July 10, 1832.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was organized.
BUREAU OF PENSIONS.
Organized as a bureau of the War Department under act of March 2, 1833 (4 Stat.
L., 622).
First Commissioner, James L. Edwards, of Virginia; appointed March 3, 1833.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was organized.
FAT«NT OF9ICK.
Organized as a bureau of the State Department under act of March 4, 1836 (5 Stat.
L., 117).
First Commissioner, Henry S. Ellsworth, of Connecticut; appointed July 4, 1836.
Became a bureau of the Interior Department when that Department was organized.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
Organized under act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stat. L., 434).
Became a bureau of the Interior Department July 1, 1869, under act of July 20,
1868 (15 Stat. L., 106).
First Commissioner, Henry Barnard, of Connecticut; appointed March 14, 1867.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Organized as a bureau of the Interior Department imder act of March 3, 1879 (20
Stat. L., 394).
First Director, Clarence King, of New York; appointed April 14, 1879.
RECLAMATION SERVICE.
Organized under act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 388), under the Director of Geo-
logical Survey, Charles D. Walcott.
First Director, F. H. Newell, of Pennsylvania; appointed March 9, 1907.
BUREAU OF MINES.
Organized as a part of the Interior Department under the act of May 16, 1910 (36
Stat. L., 369).
First Director, Joseph A. HolmeB, of North Carolina; appointed September 3, 1910.
xxn
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Washington, D. C, December 1, 1911.
Sm: I have the honor to submit, for your consideration, my first
annual report as Secretary of the Interior, covering the year ended
June 30, 1911. I was appointed to this office by you on March 7,
1911, and qualified on March 13, 1911, succeeding the Honorable
Richard A. Ballinger. Less than one-third, therefore, of the year
included in this report has been covered by my administration.
OENERAIi STATEMENT.
My predecessors have called attention to the mass and variety of
important matters which are intrusted to the charge of the Depart-
ment of the Interior, and which relate to —
The General Land Office,
The Office of Indian Affain,
The Pension Office,
The Patent Office,
The Geological Survey,
The Bureau of Education,
The Bureau of Mines,
The Reclamation Service,
The Territories (exclusive of the insular possessions; but including Hawaii),
The national parks and monuments,
American antiquities.
Superintendent of Capitol Building and Grounds,
Government Hospital for the Insane,
Freedmen's Hospital,
Howard University,
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.
The Secretary of the Interior is also charged with certam duties
m connection with the District of Columbia, including the protection
of the public streets, avenues, squares, and reservations in the city
of Washington from improper appropriation or occupation; the issu-
ance of deeds to certain lots in that city, and special duties imposed
by particular acts of Congress.
My predecessor. Secretary Ballinger, called attention in his annual
report for the year 1910 to the thoroughly inconsistent manner in
which the work of the Government has been divided between the
administrative departments of the Interior, of Agriculture, £ind of
Conmierce and Labor, with the inevitable result of duplication of
governmental effort and the administrative ineffectiveness arising out
liaSS**— INT 1011— VOL 1 — ^1 ' ^ ,
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2 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF THE LNTEBIOB.
of divided jurisdiction. A very substantial increase of efficiency and
economy would undoubtedly result from a rearrangement of these
executive departments so that work of a related character could be
administered by one department, and so that the mass of work itself
could be more evenly distributed among the departments. The
grouping of related subjects in a single department would imdoubt-
edly materially reduce the work of some, without greatly increasing
that of others. The present situation is the quite natural outgrowth
of the manner in which the Department of the Interior was first
created and the inconsistent duties which were then imposed upon it.
The principal bureaus which were at first placed under it were the
General Land Office, the Office of Indian Affairs, the Patent Office,
and the Pension Office, but as new matters were imdertaken by the
General Government which did not logically fall under any of the other
departments they were naturally assigned to the Department of the
Interior, which became a sort of administrative ''catchall" and has
so continued, although partially relieved by the establishment of the
Department of Agriculture and the Department of Commerce and
Labor.
It is difficult to understand why the Patent Office should not
have been transferred to the latter department upon its creation,
although the Patent Office is now so thoroughly organized and
systematized and its work so defiinitely covered by statutory and
administrative regulations that the matters which come up from it
to the Secretary of the Interior do not add materially to his work.
I am of the opinion, however, that if this bureau should be transferred
to the Department of Commerce and Labor a relationship could be
established between it and the head of that department which would
increase its efficiency and usefulness. The local duties of the Secretary
of the Interior relating to various matters in the District of Columbia
should unquestionably be turned over to the Commissioners of the
District. I do not feel, however, that my brief period of office qualifies
me to recommend a comprehensive reorganization of the Depart-
ment of the Interior. What I have said above is chiefly intended
as preliminary to the statement that the real function of the Depart-
ment of the Interior has been, broadly speaking, the administration
and disposition of the lands and natural resources held directly or
in trust by the Nation. I beUeve that the Department will more
effectively and economically carry on this tremendously important
function if it is given all of the distinctively administrative duties
relating to it.
FUBLIO-LAND LAWS.
The general theory under which the €k)vemment has proceeded
and is now proceeding is that the public domain should be utilized
for actual settlement and development rather than as a source of
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB. 3
revenue for the General Ooyemment. In my judgment this theory
is entirely correct. The essential thing is to see that the theory is,
in fact, carried into effect and that under the guise of settlement we
do not permit mere exploitation which in the last analysis retards
and prevents both settlement and development. While settlement
and development afford and should afford ample opportunity for
the profit of the individual settler and of all those who contribute to
legitimate development, it is the conviction that exploitation under
the guise of development has not been effectively prevented which
has led to the great public movement for the conservation of our
national resources. This movem^it is not in any way opposed to
prompt and wise development of the public domain, nor to its imme-
diate settlement by those who really intend in good faith to occupy
and improve it and not merely to acquire it so that it may be turned
over to the actual settler after an unnecessary profit has been paid
to the middleman and the promoter.
There is undoubtedly a legitimate field for the resident or non-
resident promoter of enterprises upon which the effective settlement
of certain portions of the public domain practically depends. There
is a legitimate field for the expenditure of capital in the developmeiit
of the land and its contents. Indeed, the bona fide settler is depend-
ent in many instances upon the services of the promoter and the
money of the capitalist. In so far as this need is properly supphed the
promoter and capitalist should be protected, but there is no disguising
the fact that both promoter and capitalist frequently seek and secure
advantages to which they are not justly entitled. Often their efforts
not only do not tend to develop, but actually retard and prevent
development. Large areas of the public land, great quantities of
timber and of mineral deposits, extensive water powers, are eagerly
sought after, not for the purpose of immediate utilization and develop-
ment, but so that they may be held to await the aftergrowth of the
country, to be then transferred to those who will actually utilize them
after an unearned increment has been paid to those who acquired
the property from the Government under insufficient laws or lax
administration.
It is this sort of exploitation which should be frankly and abso-
lutely prevented and which, if prevented, would enable us to remove
many of the restrictive provisions which now irritate and hamper
the bona fide settler and industrial pioneer. The man on the ground
should be the object of our solicitude, and we should protect him
against those who would place upon his shoulders any unnecessary
burden. I believe that to this end we can profitably modify certain
of the existing laws relating to the public domain. Take, for instance,
our agricultural lands. The object of the law with respect to these
is to ensure actual settlement. This can be accomplished only by
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4 EEPOBT OF THE S£CB£TABY OF THE INTEBIOE.
rigid insistence upon the requirement of actual residence upon the
ground with only such exceptions as are required or justified by agri-
cultural conditions which make town residence in close proximity to
the tract cultivated appropriate. The system should be flexible
enough to recognize the actual differences which in fact exist with
respect to the different kinds of land and the different methods of
cultivation. Land adapted to dry farming, land adapted to ordi-
nary cultivation without irrigation, and land requiring irrigation
each presents differences in method of cultivation and should admit
of appropriate differences in the rules with regard to residence. The
law should insist upon the cultivation of agricultural lands by the
entryman, but should permit the application to such lands of rules and
methods of treatment suited to their differing characteristics under the
general administrative supervision of the Secretary of the Interior.
In other words, the laws and the administrative regulations should
be made to fit actual conditions as they exist, and they should be
just as stringent in the prevention of nonresident exploitation as
they are liberal in the encouragement of the bona fide settler.
Although substantially true of all homestead entries, this is
especially true of irrigated lands under the Reclamation Service.
The present law requires the man who desires to acquire a home on a
Grovemment reclamation project to reside upon the particular tract
he enters for five years under the homestead law and to reclaim at
least one-half of the irrigable area as well as to pay the full reclama-
tion charge, which must be divided into not more than 10 annual
installments. This law has been a perfectly natural outgrowth of
the previous laws relating to the public domain, and it has worked
marvelously well in spite of its disadvantages. It is now clear, how-
ever, that it contains certain serious disadvantages for which there
is no longer any adequate excuse. What we desire is actual settle-
ment. We should have no desire to impose any unnecessary hard-
ships upon the actual settler. What has happened is that the law has
failed to take into account the conditions under which the actual
settler is required to work.
Irrigated lands, as a rule, are in their natural state but parts of the
desert. They are usually covered with the growths which the desert
produces. These must be cleared and the land graded and otherwise
prepared for the application of water before any crops whatever can
be raised. In many instances each tract must also be fenced, and
where it is adapted for actual residence on the ground itself the home
must be constructed, together with the necessary outbuildings and
shelters for the agricultural implements and machinery essential to
cultivation. All of this requires a considerable expenditure which
is usually a heavy drain upon the resources of the settler. The land
itself can seldom be made to produce any immediate revenue. If it
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBBTABY OF THE IKTEBIOB. 5
is fruit land, the trees must be planted and reach a certam growth
before they will bear fruit. Subsidiary crops can often be raised,
but frequently not with profit until after one or two years' preliminary
cultivation. It is often essential to plant the land in alfalfa or other
leguminous crops before it is suitable for the raising of grain, sugar
beets, or other crops for which it is ultimately intended. All of this
means that where the settler has not accumulated a considerable
capital and is without other means of livelihood, the requirement of
actual residence upon the land during the first two years after entry
is a serious hardship and a real obstacle to settlement. Many men
who would make admirable settlers and citizens of the Western
States are prevented from acquiring the homes and the substantial
livelihood which would otherwise be opened to them. I see no reason
whatever for insisting upon the requirement of actual residence at
the outset in such cases.
On the other hand, it would be subversive of the public interest
if the residential requirement were reduced without strict insistence
upon actual and progressive cultivation and improvement of the
ground. The law should fasten its attention upon the real situation.
It should absolutely insist upon cultivation and it should permit
the relaxation of the rule requiring residence during the first two
years. Actual residence, however, should be rigidly required for a
sufficient period to make certain that the entryman was a real settler
with the intention of making his home upon the land. I beUeve a
residential requirement of three years following the first two after
entry would protect the public interest, ensure the carrying out of
the essential purpose of the law, and at the same time facilitate and
encourage settlement and development. It would permit many men
who sincerely desire to acquire homes for themselves to enter tracts
of land, put them under cultivation, and build homes without depriv*
ing themselves of the means of livelihood during the period when the
ground would not support their families. Clerks, mechanics, and small
farmers, as well as many others, would be enabled to invest their
accumulated savings in their future homes and to continue in their
present employment while they were preparing these homes for future
occupation. The requirement of progressive cultivation and three
years' residence would be an effective obstacle to the mere exploitation
of the public domain.
The repayment of the reclamation charges also requires some
modification of the existing law. The theory of the law is entirely
correct. It is that the Oovemment has set aside the available
revenue from the sale of pubUc lands and has added to it certain
other funds, all of which are, in effect, loaned to the future settlers
on the public domain. The Reclamation Service is constituted a
trustee for the Government and for the settlers. It invests the
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6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
public moneys in the construction of irrigation works and adminis-
ters these works while the land is being settled and until the invest-
ment has been returned to the Goyemment, to be invested in the
irrigation of other lands and the development of other sections of
the country. It is a useful agent of public benefaction, and nothing
should be done to interfere with its beneficent operation. At the
same time the settler should be enabled to carry the financial load
with as Uttle effort as possible. The law requires that it shall be
repaid in annual installments not exceeding ten in number, and in.
view of recent legislation permitting the readjustment of these
charges under appropriate conditions when circumstances require it,
I believe the division into ten installments is wise, provided the
settler is enabled to acquire patent earher. However, these install-
ments should not be, and fortunately the law does not require them
to be, equal in amount. This permits the recognition of the actual
conditions to which I have already referred and which call for an
unequal division of the water charges so that the installments re-
quired during the early years of settlement shall not be so large as
those of later years when the ground has been made more productive
and better able to carry the load. The policy of readjusting these
charges in the manner described is now being put into practical
effect in the Reclamation Service wherever occasion requires.
There is, however, urgent need for the modification of the existing
law so as to permit the settler to acquire the title of the property,
subject to the lien of the Government for the unpaid installments of
the water charge, at any time after the settler has complied with the
residence and cultivation provisions already recommended and has
paid a proper portion of the water charge. In other words, at any
time after five years from the date of entry and within the life thereof,
when the settler has actually lived upon the land continuously for
three years and has put it under continuous and progressive cultivar-
tion and has paid a definite and substantial portion of the total water
charge, he should be given the title to his property, subject to an
effective lien for the payment of whatever part of the water chai^
remains unpaid. This will enable him to do what he is not now able
to do — mortgage his property for the purpose of raising funds with
which to continue its development, or to meet any unexpected
obstacle to its profitable cultivation, or any unanticipated drain upon
his financial resources.
In my judgment, the failure of the law to fit the facts in the re-
spects already noted is largely responsible for a feeling sometimes
existing on the part of the settlers on the Government irrigation
projects that the human side of the problem has not been sufTiciently
appreciated by the Reclamation Service. Moreover, present meth-
ods of administration fail to differentiate properly between the engi-
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTBBIOB. 7
neering and administratiye phases of the reclamation work. The
Reclamation Service is naturaUy and necessarily concerned chiefly
with engineering, planning, and construction, and I can not speak
too highly of the character and qualifications of the general force
which has this important work in charge. Its success has been dem-
onstrated in many ways. It has worked out new and untried prob-
lems under adverse conditions. The most convincing proof of its
success is the widespread and growing demand for new Government
projects all over the West. Everywhere the demand is that the Gov-
ernment shall undertake new projects or make extensive additions
to old ones. In many places the promoters and settlers upon private
irrigation projects are eager to have the Government take them over.
The general prosperity of the projects already undertaken is apparent.
Only 338 homesteads open to entry now remain unentered on the 29
projects thus far undertaken. With the amendments to the law
which I have suggested, I beUeve that all of these projects will be-
come prosperous and their settlers generally happy and contented.
Those will fail who do not possess the essentials necessary for success,
but such failures can never be prevented.
We should aid the unfortunate in every proper way, but merely
sentimental laxity with the shiftless and incompetent can only work
disaster to the public at large and to the individual settlers whose
industry and ability entitle them to the substantial reward which
awaits those who really reclaim the desert. What is needed is wise
administrative abihty in those who are put in charge of the reclama-
tion projects after they are opened for entry. The Reclamation
Service has long recognized this and has endeavored to fill the posi-
tions of irrigation manager in the various projects by the appoint-
ment of men of administrative rather than distinctly engineering
abihty. Nevertheless, after the project is opened for entry it is
necessary for a considerable period of time to have the irrigation
works operated by engineers so that latent defects may be discovered
and remedied and the works fitted to the conditions of actual opera-
tion. One of the most serious phases of our entire reclamation work
is the disposition of the surplus waters which now frequently damage
or even ruin portions of the irrigated district through seepage. The
problem thus presented is one calling for the very highest engineering
skiU, and I have directed the Reclamation Service to devote its
principal energies to remedying the imfortunate conditions thus
created. I mention it here chiefly to illustrate the necessity for con-
tinued engineering supervision of an irrigation district even after it
is opened for entry. At the same time I am convinced that the crea-
tion of a separate administrative division within the Reclamation
Service to take charge of the administrative features as distinguished
from the engineering work will promote better relations between the
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8 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
Government and the settlers than have heretofore existed and will
add in many ways to the efficiency of the Reclamation Service.
One thing which should be immediately done, however, is to turn
over to the Reclamation Service the collection of the payments due
the Government for the water chaises so that they may be handled
immediately upon the projects themselves and the funds be trans-
ferred to their proper depositories. The present law requires these
charges to be collected by the local land offices, which are often not
sufficiently near or in touch with the reclamation projects to make
effective cooperation possible. The result is delay and duplication
of work and frequent misunderstandings between the project superin-
tendent and the nearest land officials. It is a division of work and of
responsibiUty for which there is no adequate justification, and, as
both the Conmiissioner of the (jeneral Land Office and the Director
of the Reclamation Service recommend that these collections be trans-
ferred as above suggested, I earnestly ui^e appropriate action by
Congress.
The considerations above mentioned with respect to residence and
cultivation of land entries imder irrigation projects would apply with
Uttle less force to homestead entries in general, provided all of our
public lands were classified and then administered or disposed of in
accordance with their real character under the classification. Too
much emphasis has heretofore been put upon the maintenance of
nominal residence for the full five years and too Uttle upon the con-
tinuous and progressive cultivation of the land. No land should be
opened to homestead entry except that which is really suitable for
homes and then the homemaker should be aided in every proper way.
Agricultural land should not be classified as timber land simply
because it has on it some trees of secondary importance; but one of
the abuses of the homestead law has been the entry under it of land
chiefly valuable for its timber. The purpose has not been agricul-
tural settlement but timber exploitation. This should no longer be
permitted. Where timber land will be valuable for agricultural uses
after the timber is cut, the Government should dispose of the timber
as timber and should open the land to homestead entry only after
the timber has been removed. Where timber land will not be
adapted for future agricultural uses, but can be reforested, it should
be retained by the Government for this purpose. The fact that pur-
chases must now be made in the Appalachian Mountains by the
National Forest Reservation Commission shows how unwise it is for
the Government to dispose of such lands to private individuals.
Public lands can now be withdrawn from entry for purposes of clas-
sification, but after they are classified they can not be appropriately
administered in accordance with the classification. If the statutes can
be altered to secure proper administration under the classification
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOE. 9
principle, it would seem entirely safe and on the whole wise to relieve
the homesteader of the requirement that he should Uve upon his home-
stead during the first two years after entry, provided during that
period he shall cultivate a substantial and fixed proportion of his land
and during the three following years shall increase this cultivation and
maintain his actual residence upon the land. This system would aid
the genuine homesteader and diminish the present abuses of the
homestead law. It is sometimes urged that the homesteader should
be permitted to secure his title after three years from the date of
entry without other change in the present homestead law. This,
however, would not properly meet the real situation as it would
neither relieve the entryman o| the obligation to reside on his land
during the first two years after entry, nor would it ensure the actual
progressive cultivation of a definite and substantial proportion of the
ground. The commutation laws should be repealed. They have
been largely utilized in obtaining valuab^ timber land under the guise
of homestead entry.
Some practical and legal method should be found for definitely limit-
ing the time within which such scrip as military bounties, soldiers'
additional homesteads, etc., may be located and lands acquired there-
under. Few, if any, of the intended beneficiaries of this scrip now
hold it or have received adequate consideration from those to whom
they have sold. It adds greatly to the difficulties of administration
and should be retired as soon as possible.
The timber and stone act should be immediately repealed, and also
the act authorizing the cutting of timber on mineral lands. Those
acts hold out a constant invitation to abuse and to mere exploitation
of the kind I have described. The excuse for their continuance
would be removed if the Secretary of the Interior were empowered to
sell timber from the pubUc lands outside of the national forests
separate from the land on which the timber stands, and also to permit
near-by settlers, prospectors, and miners to have use of small quan-
tities of timber, either for a nominal charge or without any charge
whatever under appropriate restrictions. It is the insistence upon
keeping on the statute books such laws as the timber and stone act
and those authorizing the cutting of timber on mineral lands which
necessitates the adoption of restrictive legislation or administrative
regulations that hamper real settlement and development. If we
can frankly adopt and put into force laws which will absolutely pre-
vent mere exploitation, we can far more safely enact liberal laws and
regulations to encourage legitimate development.
The public range can not be properly administered under the
existing law. It should be leased for grazing piuposes under the
broad administrative discretion of the Secretary of the Interior, so
that the leases can be adapted to actual conditions and the legiti-
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10 REPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OP THE INTEBIOR.
mate interests of the sheep and cattle men. At present the range
itself is being destroyed, and both sheep and cattle men are coming
more and more to the conviction that their own interests will be
better subserved by a leasing law. In fact, the enlarged applica-
tion of the leasing principle to the public domain generally will, in
my judgment, more e£Fectively promote development and protect
the public interest than the present system. Certainly coal, oil,
gas, asphalt, nitrate, and phosphate lands can be more appropriately
developed by leasehold than by the present system of classification
and sale of the fee which prevails with respect to coal. Many of the
Western States have recognized and are acting upon this principle.
These appUcations of the leasing system are stated more in detail in
connection with affairs in Alaska, but principles which are economic^
ally sound in Alaska should be economically soimd elsewhere, due
allowance being made for the different stages of development.
Our mining laws should be thoroughly revised, and particularly the
use of the power of attorney should be abolished or greatly curtailed
and safeguarded. At present there is no limitation whatever upon
the number of claims which can be entered by a single man as attorney
for others. I find among those who are personaUy and financially
interested in mining development an increasing conviction that this
should no longer be permitted. The advocacy of a definite limitation
to the number of claims which can be entered by any one person as
attorney for others is almost universal, and many believe that the
entire power of attorney principle should be eliminated from the law.
The surveying regulations relating to mining claims should be greatly
simplified and should then be strictly enforced. I renew the recom-
mendation made by my predecessor that notice of mining locations
should be recorded in the local land offices. I also reconmiend earn-
estly the aboUtion of the law of the apex. It should not be allowed
to gain any further foothold in the public domain and it should be
abolished now before it has been extended any further in Alaska.
It is unsound in pnnciple and leads to constant and expensive litiga^
tion. The comprehensive appUcation of the proposed repeal to the
public lands outside of Alaska has been opposed in some quarters upon
the ground that the greater portion of the mineral areas in these
lands have already been entered, but I see no reason, however, why
this should deter us from abolishing the law of the apex without
prejudice to the existing rights which have been acquired under it.
The general mining laws should be amended by the addition of
a provision requiring final entry and payment to be made upon all
mineral and mill-site locations within a fixed period after date of
location of the claims, exclusive of the time covered by bona fide
pending adverse claims or protests. This will be in harmony with other
laws relating to the acquisition of the title to public lands which
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REPORT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTERIOR. 11
almost without exception^ provide that after the performance of certain
acts by claimants they must, within a prescribed period, &ppiy for
patent and make the payments required by law for the lands sought.
If mineral locators were required within a specified time to come
forward with their applications for patent, the burden would be
upon them to show the vaUdity of their claims, by limitation many
invalid claims would lapse, and where the claims are bona fide it
would tend to incite the owners to a more dihgent development thereof
and a more careful comphance with the terms of the law.
The present law making deposits of mineral oils in the pubUc
domain subject to location and entry under the placer mining laws
(act of Feb. 11, 1897; 29 Stat., 526) is unsatisfactory, from the
standpoint of both the individual and the Government. It does not
afford protection to the bona fide explorer while he is engaged in the
expensive operation of discovering and exploiting the deposits, which
in most instances lie far beneath the surface. When oil is discovered
there is no adequate return to the Government and no legislative pro-
vision insuring legitimate development and preventing monopoly. I
therefore suggest that the present law should be repealed and a law
enacted providing for the leasing of such deposits, the law to contain
provision for the protection of prospectors during an exploration
period preliminary to the leasing of the lands after the discovery of
oil therein. I also recommend the enactment of legislation to permit
the disposition of the surface of lands containing, or believed to
contain, deposits of oil, under appropriate agricultural land laws,
reserving to the United States for future disposition the deposits of
oil therein.
The withdrawal act of June 25, 1910, contains a very serious
defect in the peculiar wording of the first portion of section 2 of the
act, reading as follows:
That all lands withdrawn under the proviaions of this act shall at all times be open
to exploration, discovery, occupation, and piux:hase under the mining laws of the
United States, so far as the same apply to minerals other than coal, oil, gas, and
phoephatee.
The purpose of this provision is said to be the continuation of the
right to mine the metalliferous minerals on withdrawn lands. Instead
of saying this, however, the act permits the mining of aU minerals
^^ other than coal, oil, gas, and phosphates." This leaves no adequate
protection for withdrawals of land valuable as potash or nitrates,
which should be held by the Nation for the future use of its agricul-
tural interests. Attempts have even been made to secure title to
withdrawn lands for the mining of sand and gravel. While these
entries have been rejected, more difficult questions arise in connec-
tion with claims for the mining of stone and gypsum. Such entries
open the way to serious abuse, especiaUy when attempted on land
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12 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
withdrawn for important public purposes like water-power sites or
storage reservoirs. It is of real and pressing importance that the
language quoted from section 2 of the withdrawal act of 1910 should
be amended to read as follows:
That all lands withdrawn imder the provisions of this act shall at all times be open
to exploration, discovery, occupation, and purchase under the mining laws of the
United States, so far as the same apply to metalliferouB minerals: Provided^ That the
rights of any person, etc.
WATEB-POWEB LAWS.
The present laws relating to water power are hopelessly inadequate.
The protection of the public interest is supposed to be accomplished
by the statutory provision that permits for the development of
water power shall be revocable at any time at the will of the adminis-
trative officials. This is thoroughly unsound both in principle and
In practice. Many of those who would be willing to invest capital
in the legitimate development of water power, but who wish to have
the security which legitimate development rightfully demands, are
unwilling to risk their investment on a tenure revocable at discretion.
The result is that such capital as is invested in waterTpower develop-
ment under Federal permit claims to be entitled to extraordinary re-
turns on account of the extraordinary risk theoretically involved. At
the same time the investors having once spent their money, proceed
largely, if not entirely, upon the assumption that there is, in fact, no
such risk as the revocable nature of the permit would imply. They
assume, and properly assume, that the Government not only would
not confiscate the investment, but that it will treat the investor fairly
in any future readjustment of the terms of its grant. The result of
the whole matter is that we have far less development than would
be possible under a proper system and the development which we do
have proceeds under what seems a legitimate excuse for exacting a
larger return than should be necessary. It requires no elaborate
argument to demonstrate that the substitution of water power for coal
consumption is a clear pubUc gain. Coal can be burned but once
and in the process the greater portion of its potential energy is wasted
by the imperfect methods and machinery now employed. The sup-
ply of falling water is perpetually renewed by natural forces and is
wasted chiefly by nonuse.
The whole subject of water-power development and control
should, in my judgment, receive the immediate consideration of
Congress, and constructive legislation should be adopted without
further delay. The limited powers of the Federal Government
restrict its interest in this subject to power sites of two kinds — those
upon the public domain and those on navigable streams. Some
doubts have been expressed as to the authority of Congress to con-
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BSPOBT OF THE SEGRETABY OF THE INTBBIOB. 13
trol the latter effectiyely. I do not think that these doubts are jus-
tified. I believe the Federal Government has adequate constitu-
tional power to control water-power development both in navigable
streams and upon the public domain and to exact compensation and
to impose proper conditions in either case. It is also apparent that
the Federal Government can act more effectively than the States in
many caseSi and that this will be increasingly true as long-distance
transmission and the yoking together of distant sources of water
power not only justify but require the extension of Federal regulation
over hydro-electric enterprises as agencies of interstate commerce.
Many of our most important streams are interstate and some inter-
national in character. The States themselves have called and are
calling upon the Federal Government to improve and to protect these
streams. When such protection and improvement develops water
power or adds to the value of water power already -existing, there
can be no sufficient reason adduced why the cost of the protection
and the improvement should not be repaid in whole or in part out of
the values thus created, nor can there be any adequate reason why
the Federal Government should pay the cost of this improvement
merely to turn over the revenues to the States to be used for other
purposes than water development. Both on navigable streams and
on the pubUc domain the Federal Grovemment will be more and more
called upon to make expenditures for the protection of the water-
sheds and of the streams themselves. This expense should not be
borne wholly by the general taxpayers if the expenditure produces
special local benefits of the kind described. On the other hand, the
development of water power, especially where it is sold in the form of
electrical energy for lighting, heating, traction, and general power p\u>
poses, gives to the community where it is consumed a very necessary
and important interest in the prices at which the electric energy is sold
and in the character of the service. The regulation of both prices and
service should, as a general rule, be committed to the State and to its
agencies delegated for that purpose. The locaUty in which the water
power is developed also has, on its part, a legitimate interest in the
application of any rental which may be exacted for such development.
It is frequently said that power-site rentals must, in the last
analysis, increase the price of power paid by consumers and thus
be drawn from the local community. Two reasons why it is not
true, even of a public utility, are suggested. In the first place
there are frequently two localities — the producing and the consum-
ing one — ^which are not identical. Electricity generated at a point
in the national forests of the Sierras might be consumed either
in San Francisco or Los Angeles. The rentals now paid for this
development by the hydro-electric companies go in part to the sup-
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14 RBPOBT OF THE SECBBTABY OF THE INTBEIOB.
port of schools and roads in. the counties where the forests lie and
in part to the Federal Treasury as a partial offset to the expense
of maintaining the national forest. It is substantially true to say
that the water-power revenue is expended in the mountains where
the power is developed. Should this benefit be taken entirely from
the mountain communities and bestowed upon the cities in the form
of cheaper electric power? This conflict between the interests of
the producing and consuming conamunities is destined to increase as
better knowledge and improved apparatus give a longer and longer
radius of high-tension electric transmission.
But even if the interests of the producing and consuming communi-
ties were identical, a reduction or abolition of water-power rentals
could not, as a general rule, result in lower prices for electric energy.
This is due to the fact that electricity is generated not only by water
power, but also, and still more extensively, by steam power. There
are very few communities where water power is, even approximately,
the sole generating agent. The pubUc can not, as a practical matter,
fix one price for electricity generated by water power and another
price in the same locality for the same commodity generated by
steam. To do this where hydro-electric energy can not supply the
whole demand would give a great and unjust advantage to an arbi-
trarily chosen and favored class of consumers. Now, steam is gener-
ally the more costly producing agent and tlierefore the price of
electricity generated by water power is, in any locality, normally
fixed by and but little lower than the price of electricity generated
by steam power. Public regulation may reduce these two prices
together, but the minimum limit of such reduction must be that
price at which a well-equipped and well-managed steam plant could
earn a proper return. This minimum limit is generally well above a
fair return on the actual cost of water-power development. The
difference goes to the hydro-electric corporation, unless retained for
the pubUc by rentals or taxes paid into the public treasury and
expended for public purposes.
No correct or permanent solution of the water-power question can
be reached until the interests of the State and of the Nation have
been reconciled and coordinated, and this can now be done. The
Federal Government should not part with any of its constitutional
powers. Their exercise is certain in the future to become essential
to the protection of the public interest. At the same time, it should
not interfere with the State or local control except as the public
interest may demand. Permission for the development of water
power on navigable streams and from nonnavigable streams on the
public domain should be granted by the Federal Government only on
the payment to it of rentals which should be readjusted at periodic
intervals of no longer than a decade under general provisions which will
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BJBPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTBBIOB. 15
protect the interests of the investor and of the public. This compen-
sation should always be reasonable and should generally be small in
the case of new and experimental enterprises. As a general prin-
ciplCi the revenues derived in this way should be devoted to waterway
improvement, with special care for the river system and watershed of
the stream from which the revenues are derived. It is increasingly
clear that proper development and protection of stream flow for all
purposes, including those of navigation, domestic use, irrigation, and
power require that the stream and its branches from source to mouth
should be regarded as essentially a imit. This, indeed, is one of the
reasons why the Federal Government is the most appropriate agency,
if not the only avaUable agency, for the comprehensive development
of our waterways. Logically, the revenues derived from water power
may belong to the Nation for its general use, but it would seem that
national and local interests can best be reconciled by devoting these
revenues to local improvements so far as such improvements are
necessary or wise. Such a use removes one of the principal objections
to Federal control.
The water-power permits issued by the Federal Government
should also expressly provide that the permittee, by the acceptance
of the grant, agrees to comply with such reasonable regulations of his
rates and service as may be prescribed by the State or the appropriate
State agency delegated for this purpose. Such a provision as this
may technically not be necessary in many cases, as the use of water
power for local pubUc utiUties usually requires State or local consent
to the occupation of public streets and highways for its effective
distribution, which gives a basis for local regulation, but the insertion
of this provision in the Federal permit will remove any possible
doubt. It should be so worded as to indicate that the Federal Gov-
ernment, without parting with any power it may possess in this regard,
has adopted the general poUcy of delegating the function of regula-
tion in all cases not interstate in character to the State and local
authorities so long as these authorities protect the pubKc interest.
Such a system as I have suggested will result in a certain degree of
automatic control of water-power permits in the pubUc interest, for
when the period of readjustment of the compensation arrives the
Federal Government will naturally inquire into the condition of the
grant, and if the grantee has been furnishing good service at reasonable
rates and making only reasonable profits there will, ordinarily, be no
occasion for increasing the compensation. If, on the other hand, for
any reason whatever the local authorities have been lax and the
grantee has been permitted to make an unconscionable profit, the
Federal Government can increase its compensation and secure for
the public in this way its proper share. In the exercise of this right,
as in all of the terms of the grant, the interests of the grantee shoidd
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16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
not only be amply protected, but shoiild be treated with liberality,
so that the interest of the public may be promoted by the yigorous
development of our water power. My purpose, however, is not to
discuss the details of a water-power grant, but to point out that there
is no necessary conflict between State and Nation in a rightly con-
sidered water-power policy and to uige the prompt adoption of such
a policy and the passage of the necessary legislation.
BBOBQANIZATION OF GBNEBAL LAND OFFIOB.
There is also a pressing need for some fundamental reorganization
in the General Land Office itself. The mass of administrative work
which that office is called upon to handle requires the very highjBst
degree of efficiency in its organization and personnel. The present •
system fails to take into consideration either the quantity of the
work or the importance of the interests intrusted to its employees.
This is especially true in the higher grades in the service, which now
are clearly underpaid for work requiring the highest degree of
technical skill and personal integrity. Men are paid comparatively
'small clerical salaries for work involving property interests of immense
value and also matters of smaller financial importance but of the
most serious consequence to individual claimants. These salaries
should be increased so that they will at least approximate proper
compensation for the character of work required. There is also
another fundamental item which should be given immediate atten-
tion. The distribution of the public domain for actual settlement
and development is properly iBind necessarily an administrative func-
tion. It can not be transferred to the courts for adjudication upon
the facts arising in each individual case.
Questions of administration or of poUcy connected therewith must
remain in the hands of the administrative force. At the same time
in the interest of fair dealing toward the individual claimants their
claims should not be finally passed upon solely by those who investi-
gate and report upon charges of fraud or noncompliance with the
statutes. To prevent this the- General Land Office has sought to
diflFerentiate between the executive and the quasi-judicial functions
which it exercises. This effort would be aided by sufficient appro-
priations to justify an increase of the membership and the pay of
the Board of Law Review so that that board can be given the dignity
and abiUty of a distinctively quasi-judicial tribunal with the juris-
diction and duty to determine the legal questions and issues of fact
involved in contested claims under the administrative supervision
of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The right of appeal
to the Secretary of the Interior should remain as at present, but the
appropriations for the Office of the Assistant Attorney General for
the Department should be increased to provide for a greater number
of specially qualified assistants to be assigned to these appeals and to
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTERIOR. 17
original quasi-judicial proceedings before the Secretary. There should,
of course, be preserved the existing right of recourse to the courts
to obtain their construction of the law in cases where the issue
involved is purely one of law and not of fact. If the quasi-judicial
force of the Department and of the General Land Office is strength-
ened as suggested, I am sure that the conflicting interests of the
claimants and of the Government will be more carefully and cor-
rectly considered and decided than is now possible. The business
of the Department will be expedited and all those who have con-
tested claims before the Department for adjudication will be bet-
ter satisfied.
BXTBEAU OF NATIONAL PABXS.
There are twelve national parks, embracing over 4,500,000 acres,
which have been set apart from^ time to time by Congress for the
recreation of the people of the Nation. While public interest in, and
use of, these reservations is steadily increasing, as shown by the grow-
ing number of visitors, adequate provision has not been made for
their efficient administration and sufficient appropriations have not
been made for their proper care and development. At present,
each of these parks is a separate and distinct unit for admimstrative
purposes. The only general supervision which is possible is that ob-
tained by referring matters relating to the national parks to the same
officials in the office of the Secretary of the Interior. Separate appro-
priations are made for each park and the employment of a common
supervising and directing force is impossible. Many of the problems
in park management are the same throughout all of the national parks
and a great gain would be obtained and substantial economies could
be effected if the national parks and reservations were grouped to-
gether under a single administrative bureau. Bills to create a bureau
of national parks have heretofore been introduced in Congress, and
in my judgment they should immediately receive careful consideration
so that proper legislation for this purpose may be enacted. Adequate
appropriation should also be made for the development of these
pleasure grounds of the people, especially through the construction
of roads and trails, and their proper care and maintenance. In sev-
eral of the national parks there are large private holdings which
should be acquired by the Government.
BETIBEMENT.
I earnestly recommend the enactment of legislation authorizing
the retirement of employees who, after long and faithful service, are
disabled by age or infirmity from the efficient performance of their
duties. The civil servants of the Government, like those in the
military and naval service, are debarred from the chance of large
11355°— INT 1911— VOL 1 2
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18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
gains, the hope of which is a constant stimulus to men in private
business. Moreover, those of technical or superior administrative
ability are and must continue to be paid smaller salaries than they
would command in private employment. It is therefore impossible
for them to acquire financial independence or make due provision
for old age, either by way of profits or by way of savings from their
salaries. Considerations of humanity and justice might well be
urged against the dismissal of employees who have given the years
of their strength to faithful and efl&cient pubUc service and against
their assignment to the lower grades of menial or clerical duties as
an alternative to dismissal. But I prefer to put the matter on other
and more selfish grounds. The Government simply can not afford
not to retire these employees with due and honorable provision for
their old age, and this for two reasons.
In the first place, many able and energetic men serve the Govern-
ment at salaries far below the commercial standard for Uke services.
They choose to do so because the public service satisfies their best
and highest ideals of personal integrity and professional achievement.
Such men are continually forced out of the service by the necessity
of making due provision for themselves and their families before old
age comes upon them. If the Government would insure them against
this peril it could continue to employ them at salaries far less than a
private corporation would be compelled to pay. Every consideration
of economy and soimd business policy requires that their services
should be retained on terms so favorable to the Government. The
loss, taken in the mass, is irreparable, for the system operates as a
survival of the unfittest by continually drawing off the more energetic
and abler men, leaving a larger and larger proportion of the inefficient
in the pubUc service. In the second place, the Government is paying
much if not most of the cost of a proper retirement system through
the inevitable relative inefficiency of the present plan. Not only are
superanuated employees dropped to and retained in the lower grades
because of sympathy yielding to personal or political pressure, but
in the higher grades, from which the rank and file of the service inevit-
ably derives its spirit and tone, there is a tendency to retain men who
have lost the alertness and enthusiasm essential to the highest effi-
ciency of their own work, and still more essential for inspiring in and
requiring of their subordinates such alertness and enthusiasm. Not
only do they thus fail to make the positive contribution to the general
efficiency of the service which is due from men in their position, but
they have a negative effect in the same direction by blocking the
avenues of promotion and legitimate ambition. The men below
them not only fail to receive the proper stimulus of precept and ex-
ample, but are at the same time deprived of the hope of promotion
which ought to be the rewaid of efficient service.
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BEPOBT OF THE SECEETABY OF THE INTEBIOiU 19
This condition is now becoming apparent. It has. been delayed
by the fact that the widespread application of the principle of per-
manency in the public service goes back less than one generation, and
by the further fact that the industrial and social problems of recent
years have forced the Government into new fields of activity and
thus compelled the organization of new bureaus and departments.
These new administrative units have been largely recruited from
young men who are still in the prime of life. Many of the older
bureaus and departments Jiave from similar causes largely increased
their personnel, recruiting them chiefly from young men. This
sudden expansion of governmental activity has postponed and
mitigated the worst evils inherent in the present system; but sudden
expansion can not continue indefinitely. We must face and provide
for normal conditions of growth. Under such conditions general
efficiency in the public service is impossible without due provision
for the retirement of aged employees. This is attested by the experi-
ence and practice of foreign governments, which have long had a
permanent civil service, and by that of large railroad and commercial
corporations in our own country.
LOWBB COLOBADO BIVEB.
On June 26, 1910, in a special message you invited the attention of
Congress to the situation along the lower Colorado River as then
understood. Conditions appeared to be such that unless prompt and
vigorous steps were taken a very large loss in land values to the
people of the Imperial Valley would result. The suggestion was made
that a suitable sum be placed at your disposal to meet this emergency.
Byresolution approved June25,1910,Congressappropriated$l,000,000
for the purpose of protecting the Uves and property interests of the
citizens in the Imperial Valley. To the Secretary of the Interior was
delegated the supervision of the work. A detailed investigation of
the physical conditions on the ground was made by a member of
the Mississippi River Conmiission, who was subsequently employed
to supervise the work. The preliminary report submitted by him,
after thorough consideration, was approved and immediate steps
taken looking to the actual construction of the project in accordance
with the approved plans which it was behoved would result in return-
ing the Colorado River to its old channel. Delays in the completion
ol the necessary arrangements with the Government of Mexico were
fflicountcred, and a successful consummation of the project was
imperiled by the rapidly approaching flood season, which rendered
the work hazardous. The situation was further complicated by the
disturbed political conditions in Mexico, as the result of which labor
conditions on the project were greatly demoralized.
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20 REPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
After determined efforts the break at Abejas River was successfully
closed and levees on the west bank of the Colorado for a considerable
distance north and south of the Abejas were constructed. ■ The early
summer floods again broke through at the Abejas, jeopardized the
permanency of the work and ultimately resulted in considerable
damage to the levees. The essential part of the damaged portions
is readily susceptible of repair during the present low-water season,
and such repair is believed to be vital to the interests of the people
of Imperial Valley. This work is now being done.
By your direction I convened a board of persons interested in and
familiar with conditions along the Colorado River to make a careful
study of the work accomplished and to suggest plans for future
operations. The board reconmiends that the work be continued
along certain lines and is of the opinion that to meet the present
emergencies the sum of at least $1,000,000 should be provided.
The systematic treatment of the river is a problem to be worked out
in connection with the Government of Mexico, and the board suggests
the creation of an International Colorado River Conunission, to be
composed of Mexican and American engineers, with ample authority
to investigate and report to their respective Governments a basis for
the final adjustment of all questions affecting the use and control of
the waters of the Colorado. I heartily concur in this recommenda-
tion. The problem is one of great magnitude and moment. The
interests of the Government of the United States are such as, in my
opinion, justify the early consideration of the entire subject by
Congress.
Any provision for future operations along the Colorado River which
Congi-ess may see fit to make should authorize the expenditure of any
portion of such fund within the limits of the Republic of Mexico in
accordance with agreements heretofore or hereafter made with that
Government.
I have heretofore transmitted to you for submission to Congress
the following documents bearing on this matter:
(1) Report of J. A. Ockerson of May 20, 1911.
(2) Copy of letter of Secretary of Interior, dated June 1, creating
board.
(3) Report of board, dated June 7, 1911.
(4) Statement of physical and related facts accompanying report
of June 7, 1911.
NEW BTTILDIKa NEEDED FOB PATENT OFFIOB AND DEPABT-
MENTAL RECORDS.
I call special attention to the congested condition of the buildings
occupied by this Department and to the necessarily decreased effi-
ciency of the clerical force because of overcrowding, ^hree of the
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KEPOBT OF THE SECKBTAEY OF THE INTERIOB. 21
bureaus of this Department — ^the Geological Survey, the Bureau of
Afiiies, and the Redamation Service — ^are located in rented quarters
at an annual combined rental of $52,800. Grood administration would
seem to indicate that provision should be made for these bureaus to be
housed in Government-owned buildings. The Pension Office and the
Office of Indian Affairs in the Pension Office Building, the General
Land Office and the Bureau of Education in the old Post Office De-
partment building, and the Office of the Secretary and the Patent
Office in the Patent Office Building are located in Government-
owned buildings.
Each of the above branches of this Department has accumulated
and is constantly accumulating records of priceless value to the Grov-
emment. In some, notably the Geological Survey, the Patent Office,
the Office of the Secretary, the General Land Office, and the Office
of Indian Affairs, these records have accumulated to such an extent
that it is beginning to be a grave question how to provide for future
accumulations, and those now existing are crowded in every avail-
able space — in corridors, attics, workrooms, basements, and sub-
basements — constantly exposed to accumulating dust, dampness,
and improper handling, to say nothing of the ever-existent grave
danger from fire and consequent total destruction. There should
be provided at the earliest practicable date a properly constructed
fireproof central filing place for the records of this Department or a
hall of records for the departmental service in the District of Colum-
bia generally.
The most congested condition with respect to the clerical force
occurs in what is known as the Patent Office Building, housing the
Patent Office and the Office of the Secretary. This Department was
organized and created by the act of March 3, 1849 (9 Stat., 395),
and among the bureaus transferred to it under the organic act was
the Patent Office. From the time of the Department's organization
until 1853 the Department proper (that is, the Office of the Secretary,
comprising the Secretary and his staff of assistants and clerical force,
which now includes the Office of the Assistant Attorney General for
the Interior Department) occupied rooms in a building rented by the
Treasury Department. These quarters appear to have been unsuit-
able and inadequate, and the Secretary of the Interior in his annual
report for 1851 (p. 34, H. R. Ex. Doc. No. 1, 31st Cong., 2d sess.)
formally announced to the President and Congress his intention, as
soon as the other wing of the Patent Office was completed, to trans-
fer to it the Department proper and the different offices thereto
attached, which proposition appears to have received congressional
sanction. The total floor space of the Patent Office Building is
148,014 square feet, of which 114,060 square feet are assigned to the
use of the Patent Office, embracing 934 euiployees, and of which
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22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
33;954 square feet are assigned to the use of the Office of the Secre*
tary (including the Office of the Assistant Attorney Greneral), embrac-
ing 266 employees.
When the Patent Office Building was erected it was evidently be-
lieved that provision was being made for the growth in volume of
business and clerical force of the Patent Office, beyond any possi-
bility of future overcrowding. The fourth story of -this building
was architecturally designed to provide an exhibition place for all
the models which should accumulate, together with the scientific
library. Before 1893 it became necessary to remove the patent
models from the building and devote this space to clerical purposes.
Wooden partitions have been erected in almost the entire space there-
tofore devoted to exhibition purposes, thereby cutting the space up
into small rooms, poorly ventilated, badly lighted, and overcrowded
with records, which space has been assigned to the use of various
divisions of the Patent Office. The scientific library, which is on that
floor, is so limited architecturally that it has become overcrowded,
and it is almost impossible to provide the proper ventilation and to
light it satisfactorily. In this space, under these conditions, it ia
necessary to provide accommodation for attorneys who from day to
day are obliged to examine the records of patents issued or pending.
Every eflFort has been made to prevent the accumulation of dust by
the vacuum process of cleaning, but under existing conditions the
practical results have been most unsatisfactory. Every available
foot of space for clerical assistance and the filing of records in the
Patent Office has been occupied by them, and I am convinced that the
Department is now face to face with the proposition of renting outside
quarters for the accommodation of the constantly expanding activities
of the Patent Office.
The Patent Office througnout its existence has been self-sustaining,
and according to the accounts kept by it has turned into the Treasury
a total surplus of approximately $9,000,000. Attention is invited
to the report of Secretary Garfield for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1907, at page 33; to the report of Secretary Ballinger for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1909, at page 33; and also to Secretary Bal-
Knger's report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, at pi^e 49.
Senate document 543, Sixty-first Congress, second session, shows an
effort made to obtain relief for this situation by securing an appro-
priation of $220,000 for the erection of an addition to the Patent
Office Building. This effort failed, and a renewal of the estimate
has been submitted with the estimates for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1913 (Book of Estimates, p. 360). Even though the Office
of the Secretary were removed from the Patent Office Building and
provided with quarters elsewhere, it would be but a short time until
the same condition would again exist, because the overcrowding now
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BEPOBT OF THE SEGBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
23
existing in the Patent Office, in relieving itself, would extend practi-
cally over the entire area now occupied by the Office of the Secretary.
I can not too strongly uige the grave necessity now present that
steps be immediately taken to provide a new, modern, properly
equipped building for the use of the Patent Office, constructed upon
lines which will suffice for its future needs and growth and be a
monument to the inventive genius of the American people. The
space provided in such a building for future growth might be used
for the priceless records of the other bureaus of the Department of
the Interior until other fireproof buildings or a hall of records is
provided.
OFFICE OF ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAIi*
The following table in some degree illustrates the volume of work
disposed of by this office in the year ended October 1, 1911 :
Work of office ofAui$taml Attorney Oenerdl.
Publiclands.
Indian.
Pension.
Qener&l
opinions.
Disbar-
ment.
Miscel-
laneous.
Appeals.
On
review.
Total
Pending Oct. 1,1910..
Received to Oct. 1,
1911
153
3,142
39
632
45
9,922
»636
514
2
254
3
12
73
2,251
851
16,627
Total
3,295
2,015
571
470
9,967
9,929
1,050
«507
256
238
15
12
2,324
2,151
17,478
15,412
Disposed of Oct 1,
1910, to Oct. 1, 1911.
Pending Oct.
H911
1,280
101
38
453
18
3
173
2,066
1 July 1, 1911. The work formerly done by the Board of Pension Appeab was transferred to tliis office
July 1, 1911.
• Since July 1,1911.
Prior to the abolishment of the division system in the office of the
Secretary in April, 1907, the office of the Assistant Attorney General
was charged with the adjudication of appeals from the General Land
Office and the preparation of opinions on miscellaneous questions of
law. Little by little the scope of its work has been increased imtil
it has included Indian, pension, reclamation, and other matters. In
the six months prior to April 1, 1907, 1,163 matters were disposed
of — an average of 269 a month. In contrast, an average of 1,285 a
month marks the work done during the year ended October 1, 1911.
The office was called upon to consider 17,478 matters during that
period and disposed of 15,412. During the corresponding period in
1909 to 1910, 14,399 matters came before the office for consideration,
and 14,084 were disposed of — an average of 1,174 a month.
Aside from these matters, and not recorded in the above table, there
is handled in this office a large amount of correspondence between this
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24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,
Department and individuals and between this Department and other
exfecutive departments of the Government, particularly with the
Department of Justice, in relation to litigation; also the examination
of bills pending in Congress and the preparation of reports thereon.
Suits in the local courts against the Department are defended by the
Assistant Attorney General for this Department. In the year ended
June 30, 1911, 24 cases were disposed of in the Supreme Court of the
District, in which the Department was successful in all but one,
and this has been reversed on appeal to the court of appeals. In
the latter court the Department submitted and was successful in 12
cases during the year. In addition to this there were many interlocu-
tory proceedings.
Notwithstanding the great volume of work thus presented to this
office for consideration and action, the disposal thereof has proceeded
with great care and such dispatch as its importance and difficulties
and the number of the force permitted.
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
The work in the General Land Office during the past year has been
energetically pushed. The majority of the most important lines of
work in the office are up to date.
There has been no relaxation in the work of the prosecution of
frauds against the United States and the attempted unlawful acquisi-
tion of lands.
The closer scrutiny paid to applications under the ''Carey Act" has
demanded the devotion of a larger amount of time on the part of the
field force to this work. Not only is an examination made of the land
sought to be segregated, but the question of sufficiency of water and
practicability of the proposed scheme is looked into.
Every care, by examination in the field, is also being taken that no
mineral lands are lost to the United States under school land, rail-
road, or other grants, providing for the acquisition of agricultural
lands only.
There has been a close cooperation between the work of the field
force of the General Land Office and the work of the Geological Survey
in the classffication of lands.
The investigation of coal claims in Alaska is proceeding as rapidly
as possible. A decision has been rendered in the so-called ''Cun-
ningham" cases, holding the entries for cancellation. Hearing has
been had in one other group, and examination made on the ground
in a large majority of the cases, to see whether or not a mine or mines
have been opened in accordance with the provisions of law.
The total number of locations in Alaska coal claims is given as
1,125; the number of appUcations for patent, 621 ; number of notices
of charges served, 172; number of answers to charges filed, 125; num-
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BBPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTERIOH. 25
bar of expiration notices served, 666 ; number of answers to expiration
notices filed; 90; number of entries yet to be investigated as to good
faith, 262.
Up to July, 1911, indictments returned in Alaskan criminal pro-
ceedings, affecting coal lands, covered 641 claims out of a total of
1,125 coal claims.
The vexed question of adjustment and adjudication of claims in
the Imperial Valley, California, has proceeded very satisfactorily.
This matter, which has been pending for so many years, has been
virtually settled.
The total cash receipts from the sale of public lands, including fees
and commissions on both original and final entries, for the fiscal year
1911, were $7,245,207.69. Miscellaneous receipts were as follows:
From sales of Indian lands, $2,822,600.71; reclamation water-right
charges, $892,414.29; sales of timber in Alaska, depredations on
public lands, sales of Government property, and copies of records and
plats, $129,704.91, making the aggregate total of cash receipts of the
General Land Office for the fiscal year 1911, $11,089,927.60, a decrease
of $373,996.46 from the preceding fiscal year.
The total expenses of district land offices and saldries and com-
missions of registers and receivers, incidental expenses, and expenses
of depositing pubUc moneys during the fiscal year ended June 30, 191 1,
were $870,242, a decrease of $3,395.33. The aggregate expendi-
tures and estimated liabilities of the pubho-land service, including
expenses of district land offices and surveys, were $3,195,759.38.
The total area of pubUc and Indian land originally entered during
the fiscal year 1911 is 17,639,099.54 acres, a decrease of 8,752,169.55
acres as compared with the area entered during the fiscal year 1910.
The area patented during the fiscal year 1911 is 12,272,495 acres,
an increase of 1,289,345 acres as compared with the fiscal year 1910.
The number of patents issued during the fiscal year 1911 were
72,189, as against 72,080 for 1910.
During the past year there were approximately 215,300 acres of
agricultural lands in national forests opened to settlement and entry
in accordance with the provisions of the act of June 11, 1906 (34
Stat., 233).
COHHISSIONEB'S BBOOMMENDATIONS.
The Commissioner of the General Land Office, in his annual report,
recommends legislation providing for some changes in the administra-
tion of his office, and other matters of various kinds. Some of them
have been discussed hereinbefore in this report. He makes a num-
ber of recommendations which should be given careful consideration.
Special attention is called to the following:
(a) The abolishment of the office of receiver in the local land
offices, and the substitution of a civil-service employee, drawing an
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26 BEPORT OF THE SECEETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
adequate but smaller salary than that allowed under existing statute
to the receiver; it is believed that a saving of about $150,000 per
annum could thus be effected, and that better results would be
obtained.
(6) The enactment of legislation authorizing the taking of proofs
on the land. In this way the interests of both the settler and the
Government would be better subserved and more expedition
attained.
(c) An act making false swearing in relation to the character of
the land of which entry is sought, or concerning the legal qualificar-
tions of the would-be entryman, an offense punishable by fine or
imprisonment, or both.
(d) An act empowering registers and receivers to require a wit-
ness in a pending case to bring with him and produce papers, books,
and documents in his possession which constitute material and impor-
tant evidence.
(e) The renewal of the appropriation of $3,000 made by act of
June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 797), providing for the preparation and
publication of the revised edition of the ** Manual of Surveying
Instructions."
(J) Legislation providing for the punishment of unscrupulous and
incompetent professional locators by fine or imprisonment, or both.
(g) An amendment of the act of January 31, 1903 (32 Stat., 790),
so as to provide for uniform fees chargeable by officers before whom
. depositions provided for in said act are submitted.
(h) The amendment of section 26 of the act of Jime 6, 1900 (31
Stat., 321), so as to subject mining claims to the easement of a public
roadway, 60 feet wide, along and parallel to the shore line of navi-
gable waters in Alaska, such as is now provided in section 10 of the
act of May 14, 1898 (30 Stat., 409), entitled ''An act extending the
homestead laws and providing for right of way for railroads in the
District of Alaska, and for other purposes."
PTJBLIO STJBVEYS.
The first year's work under the direct system of surveys has been
very successful. It is estimated that, in a survey of approximately
30,000 miles, the saving to the Government by the direct system,
as compared with the contract system, will be about $5 a mile, or
in the neighborhood of $150,000. In addition there is a saving of
from one to two years in time in the final approval of the surveys
performed.
TEXAS-NEW HEXICO BOX7NDABY.
The so-called "Clark" boundary line between Texas and New
Mexico has been retraced and moniunented in accordance with the
provisions of the resolution passed by Congress February 16, 1911
(36 Stat., 1455). The work was done economically and efficiently.
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTERIOE. 27
CABEY ACT.
The records of the Land Office show that there is an increasing
demand for segregation lists under the Carey Act. During the last
fiscal year there were examined in the neighborhood of 1,650,000
acres of selections by the various States to which the Carey Act
applies. There have already been withdrawn under the act of
March 15, 1910 (36 Stat., 237), for Carey Act exploration and sur-
vey, 3,500,000 acres.
STATE AND TBBBITOBIAL GBANTS.
During the past fiscal year there were approved to States and
Territories an area of 316,572.44 acres, of which 299,123.17 acres
were school-land selections.
BAILBOAD QBANTS.
During the year 1911 there were patented on account of railroad
and wagon-road grants an area of 1,152,827.77 acres.
CHIPFBWA LOGOINa, MINNESOTA.
During the past fiscal year there were logged under contracts on
ceded Chippewa lands 80,005,150 feet of timber, of the value of
$572,830.73, as compared with 88,503,880 feet of timber, valued at
$553,005.42, during the year 1910.
SALES OF CHIPPEWA PINE TIMBEB.
On September 15, 1910, a sale of pine timber was held at Cass
Lake, Minnesota, at which there was sold timber estimated to contain
61,310,000 feet of white pine and 263,476,000 feet of Norway pine,
the total amount of the accepted bids being $2,709,330.04, an average
price of $8.59 per thousand feet. This was the largest sale of Chip-
pewa timber yet held. All of the unsold pine timber on ceded
Chippewa lands was offered for sale at Cass Lake, Minnesota, on
October 21, 1911. The price paid for timber on ceded Chippewa
lands sold at the different sales is $5,933,242.41.
GEOIiOGICAIj SURVET.
The scientific investigations of the Survey have been continued
along lines similar to those followed in other years and the usual
number of contributions have been made to the knowledge of geology
and related subjects. The appropriations for the work of the United
States Geological Survey for the fiscal year 1910-11 aggregated
$1,477,440.
Classificaiion of public lands. — ^Among the special features of the
year's activities the work in the public-land States should be given
first place.
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28 BEPORT OF THE SECEBTABY OF THE INTEEIOB.
The field investigations and examinations have been more exten-
sive and more detailed, and reports covering a wider range of sub-
jects have been prepared and submitted to the Secretary's Office
and to the General Land Office and the Office of Indian Affairs.
The Geological Survey is called on for reports covering lands listed
for patent and lands which it is proposed to eliminate from the
Indian or forest reservations and throw open for settlement, in order
that their mineral or nonmineral character or adaptability for power
or irrigation purposes may be determined. All Carey Act lists are
submitted to the survey for a statement as to the sufficiency of the
water supply and the adequacy of the proposed plan of irrigation
before the lists are approved for segregation.
Coal lands have been classified during the year at an increased
rate. The area appraised as coal land during the fiscal year 1910-11
exceeded that so appraised in the preceding year by 3,000,000 acres;
and the area classified as noncoal land during 1910-11 is 2,386,444
acres greater than that so classified in 1909-10. On the other hand,
the average price fixed per acre and the total appraised value are
notably less for the last year than for the preceding year. The dif-
ference is due to the large acreage of lignite and low-grade sub-
bituminous coals in eastern Montana and Wyoming appraised at the
minimum value fixed by law.
Two great withdrawals of land for determination of its coal char-
acter were made during the year — one in the Dakotas and one in
Idaho. The restorations have, during the past fiscal year, been
more than offset by the withdrawal of areas indicated as coal bear-
ing by new information or by a study of data already at hand. How-
ever, in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming, where the field work
was concentrated dming the season of 1910, the restorations far
outbalance the withdrawals. It is probable that the withdrawn
area has reached its maximmn this year and will steadily decrease
hereafter.
Dming the year 630,604 acres in California and Wyonung were
withdrawn from entry to be examined for oil, and 1,232,719 acres
in the same States, shown by field examination to be non-oil lands,
were restored, making the withdrawals for oil outstanding Jime 30,
1911, 3,970,429 acres in eight States and Territories. In addition
all oil lands in Alaska, comprising an imknown area, were with-
drawn during the year.
In the early part of the fiscal year the outstanding withdrawals
of phosphate land made by the Secretary of the Interior were rati-
fied by the President under the act of June 25, 1910. A deposit of
phosphate rock in southwestern Montana, similar in character to the
deposits of Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, and at the same geologic
horizon, was discovered by the survey. This discovery is important
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BBPOBT OF THE SECEETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 29
not only because of the quantity of phosphate found, but because
it indicates the possibility that the deposits of phosphate rock are
distributed over a much wider territory than had formeriy been
supposed. The area withdrawn as a restdt of this discovery com-
prises 33,950 acres, which, with withdrawals in Florida and Utah,
make a total of 65,589 acres withdrawn during the year. Field
examinations in Idaho resulted in the restoration of 149,929 acres,
leaving in phosfphate withdrawals Jime 30, 1911, a total of 2,399,416
acres.
The completion of the classification of lands within the Northern
Pacific Railroad grant in Montana and Idaho provided for in the
sundry civil act of June 25, 1910, was made by the Survey. Work of
the year resulted in the classification of 288,465 acres.
The work of classifying the public lands with relation to their value
for water-power development has followed the general plan pursued
in previous years. On July 2, 1910, the earlier withdrawals, amount-
ing to 1,454,499 acres, were ratified and continued by the President.
As a result of field investigations, 143,555 acres included in with-
drawals were determined to be without value for power purposes and
were restored to the public domain and 204,460 acres were included
in new withdrawals, the total area withdrawn at the close of the fiscal
year amounting to 1,515,423 acres.
Eight hundred and fifty-one applications for right of way across the
public lands for raUroads, canals, ditches, and reservoirs for irrigation,
mining, and municipal supply and power development have been
passed on by the Survey.
Thirty-one segregation lists prepared under the Carey Act have
been referred during the year to the Survey for report. The projects
represented by eight of these lists were determined to have sufficient
water supply for reclaiming the lands considered. Examination of
18 applications showed that under the plan of irrigation proposed by
the State the projects contemplated would have an insufficient water
supply, and reports were made accordingly. At the close of the fiscal
year three applications were awaiting a detailed statement by the
applicants of the plan of reclamation proposed, and two were under
consideration.
The designation of non-irrigable areas as subject to entry under the
enlarged-homestead act has called for an increasing amount of field
investigation. By the act of Congress of June 17, 1910, the provisions
of the original act, somewhat modified, were extended to the State of
Idaho, and a large area in Idaho has been opened to such entry. The
greater part of the investigations and designations under the enlarged-
homestead act has been made on account of petitions for action on
specific tracts. Two hundred and forty-eight petitions were received
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30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
and 162 were acted upon. At the close of the year 137 petitions were
pending, most of them awaiting reports on uncompleted field exam-
inations.
There is hereto appended (p. 75) tabular statements showing prog-
ress of coal classification and valuation, oil land withdrawals, phos-
phate land withdrawals, power site withdrawals, designations under
the enlarged homestead act in the various States and Territories, and
metalliferous classification of Northern Pacific Railroad grant lands
in Montana and Idaho.
Geologic Branch, — Geologic surveys and investigations were con-
tinued in 39 States and Territories by a force of 129 geologists. Over
76 per cent of the appropriation was expended in the 16 States and
Territories containing the large areas of public lands. Systematic
detailed surveys of important mining districts were continued in
Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California, Idaho, Montana, and Arizona,
and general geologic and paleontologic investigations were conducted
in allparts of the country.
In Alaska 12 field parties covered 13,815 square miles by recon-
noissance topographic surveys and 36 square miles by detailed topo-
graphic surveys. Detailed geologic surveys were made of 321 square
miles and geologic reconnoissance surveys of 8,635 square miles.
Considerable time was also spent in studying special problems con-
nected with the mineral deposits. The investigation of the water
supply in placer districts covered an area of approximately 6,500
square miles, and included 69 gauging stations maintained and 429
measurements of stream volumes. Fifteen of the 30 mining districts
of Alaska which are being developed were visited by members of the
staff.
The subdivisional survey of public lands in Alaska was begun.
The work accomplished in the short season after the appropriation-
became available included two astronomical determinations of lati-
tude, longitude, and azimuth, measurement of a base line and estab-
lishment of- a system of triangulation, the survey of 108 miles of
meridian and base lines and township extensions, with some section
lines.
During the fiscal year the work of the Mineral Resources Division
consisted of the preparation of reports on mineral resources of the
United States for the calendar years 1909 and 1910. The statistics
for 1909 were collected in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census.
The field work of collecting the statistics was done by the Bureau of
the Census through personal visits of a large force of agents, and it
was thought that this plan would greatly expedite the work. Expe-
rience showed, however, that it took very much longer to get the
data in this way than it would have taken by correspondence, the
usual method pursued by the Survey.
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 31
Topographic Branch. — The total new area topographically mapped
was 23,272 square miles, making the total area to date in the United
States 1,131,037 square miles, or about 37 per cent of the entire
country. In addition 6,460 square miles of revision or resurvey
were completed, making the total area of actual surveys for the
season 29,732 square miles. Topographic surveys were also carried
on in Hawaii, the area mapped during the focal year beiug 224
square miles. The field force included 145 geographers and topog-
raphers with 68 temporary technical assistants.
Water Resources Branch, — The increase of $50,000 in the appro-
priation for investigations of water resources permitted a consider-
able extension of this work during the focal year, although it was
necessary, in order to perform important public-land classification
work, to allot 82 per cent of the total appropriation for work west
of the one-hundredth meridian. The investigation of water-power
sites, rights of way, etc., on the public lands was first performed
by the engineers of the division of surface waters in connection with
their measurements of stream flow. This is now assigned to a new
division of water utilization.
At the end of the year the total number of stream-gauging stations
maintained was 1,105. In addition to the foregoing, records ready
for pubUcation were received at the end of the year from private
parties for about 100 stations. Underground waters were studied in
California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Examinations under the Weeks Act, — The act approved March 1,
1911, which provides for the acquisition of land for the purpose of
conserving the navigability of navigable streams, imposed a new
duty on the Geological Survey. Section 6 of the law provides for an
examination by the Geological Survey of land whose purchase is
under consideration and the submission of a report based thereon to
the Secretary of Agriculture "showing that the control of such lands
will promote or protect the navigation of streams on whose water-
sheds they He."
This work was prosecuted in Georgia, Tennessee, and New
Hampshire in May and June, resulting in the submission of reports
favoring the acquisition of lands in two locaUties before the end of
the focal year. These reports covered tracts in Fannin and Union
Counties, Georgia, and in Blount and Sevier Counties, Tennessee,
comprising 31,377 and 58,213 acres, respectively.
Publications Branch, — ^The Survey's success in reaching the pub-
lic with the results of its scientific work may be measured by the
distribution of its pubUcations. In spite of the organization of the
Bureau of Mines and the consequent elimination of its popular
bulletins from the Survey's publications, the total number of
reports and maps distributed by the Geological Survey in 1911 was
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32 BEPOBT OP THE SECEETABY OF TJ^E INTEBIOB.
1,208,797, an increase of 6 per cent over the corresponding figures for
1910. An even larger percentage of increase is shown in the number
of letters received containing remittances for such publications as are
sold, while the receipts for topographic maps increased about 10
per cent. The total distribution of topographic maps, which includes
congressional distribution, exchanges, and issue for departmental use,
as well as the half miUion maps sold, increased 15 per cent. The
total distribution to the public of books and maps is equivalent to
more than 99 per cent of the number of copies received during the
year from the Government Printing Office and the Survey's engraving
and printing division. The total pubUcations included 136 volumes,
91 topographic maps, and 5 geologic folios.
Administrative Branch. — The mails showed increases over the
business of the preceding year. The roll of Survey members holding
secretarial appointments numbered at the close of the fiscal year 862
persons, compared with 958 the year before. The principal change
was the transfer of employees to the Bureau of Standards and the
Bureau of Mines at the beginning of the year. The Survey Ubrary
now contains 86,000 books, 100,000 pamphlets, and about 100,000
maps, and the collection is restricted to publications bearing upon the
scientific work of the Bureau.
RECIiAMATIOK SERYICE.
The act of Congress approved June 17, 1902, known as the "recla-
mation act," set apart as a fund for the reclamation of arid lands
all moneys received from the sale of public lands in certain of the
Western States and Territories, excepting the 5 per cent of the pro-
ceeds of such sales set aside by law for educational and other pur-
poses. The actual receipts from this source to June 30, 1910, were
$65,584,801.32, and the estimated total receipts to June 30, 1911,
including $213,998.57 from sale of town-site lots, are $71,717,990.16.
The net investment of this fund in reclamation works on June 30,
1911, amounted to $60,940,834.08.
The act requires the Secretary of the Interior to determine and
return to the reclamation fund the estimated cost of construction,
and entrymen and private landowners receiving water from reclama-
tion projects are therefore required to contribute their proportion of
the cost of construction, operation, and maintenance of the project
wherein their lands are situated. The cash receipts from this source
to June 30, 1911, were:
Cash returns to reclamation fund to June SO, 1911.
Water-light building charges $1, 533, 175. 63
Water-right operation and maintenance charges 51 7, 393. 86
Total /T- 2, 050, 569. 48
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EEPOET OF THE SEGBETABY OF THE INTBRIOE.
33
In addition, sales of water to towns and cities, leases of power
developed in projects, rentals for irrigating water, miscellaneous
services and sales, etc., have produced an additional revenue of
$3,288,719.07, which, under the respective laws authorizing these
transactions, is credited as a reduction of the cost of the projects
from whence the receipts are derived.
No new projects have been undertaken since March 4, 1909, but
prior to that date 32 primary projects had been undertaken, the net
investment in which on June 30, 1911, amounted to $59,989,158.46,
as is shown in the following table:
Net invutment in redanuaUm projeeU to Juru 30, 191J,
Btete and project.
Net
ment
Arlioiia: Salt River
ArisoiukGallfomia:
Colorado River
Yama
Callfoniia: Orland
Colorado:
Grand Valley
Unoompahgre
Idaho:
Boise
Minidoka
Kanaas: Garden City
Montana:
Huntley
Milk River
Son River
Lower YellowsUme
Nebiaaka-Wyominx: North PUtte
Nevada: Tmekee-CarBon
New Mexico:
Cailshad
Hondo
NewMeadco-Texae: Rio Grande
North Dakota: Miaeoori River pumping
Oklahoma: Cimarron
Oregon:
Central Oregon
Umatilla
Oregon-California: Kalmath
Sooth Dakota: BeUefoiuche J..
Utah: Strawberry Valley
Washington:
Okanogan
Yakima
Wyoming: Shoshone
Total
19,104,437.06
48,«fl0.7S
4,813,868.31
400,004.53
88,083.71
4,609,607.03
4,S16,83&06
8,741,210.87
38a,08a00
868,478.76
911,487.99
768,498.86
2,928,448.00
6,180,906.76
4,108,840.71
671,181.87
349,212.30
200,746.76
846,474.78
8,873.17
40,416.67
1,206,891.31
1,812,478.07
2,683,34&04
1,214,411.90
639,866.49
4,005,181.88
8,580,349.28
69,989,168.40
In addition, there had been invested in secondary projects, June
30, 1911, $586,988.94; in town-site development, $12,997.05; in
Indian irrigation (reimbursable), S317,392.23; and for general
expenses, $34,297.40, making a grand total of $60,940,834.08. In
view of the immense areas of land included, the magnitude and
e3cpense of the engineering work necessary to provide for their
reclamation, and of the importance to the waiting settler and land-
owner that water be applied to the land and reclamation effected as
soon as possible, the efforts of the Department have been directed
toward the completion of projects already undertaken rather than
11355"— INT 1911— VOL 1-
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34 BBPOBT OP THE SECBBTABY OF THE INTERIOB.
the search for or undertaking of new projects. The following table
contains a summary of the results of the reclamation work from
Jime 30, 1902, to June 30, 1911:
Summary ofremlU of redamaiian vxjrh, June 30, 1902, to Jutu SO, 1911.
Material excavated cubic yards.. 77,148,712
Class 1 cubic yards . . 67, 658, 616
Class 2 do.... 5,136,331
Class 3 do.... 4,353,765
Volume of storage dams cubic yards. . 7, 192, 787
Volume of dikes do 3,338,532
Available reservoir capacity acre feet. . 4, 747, 770
Number of tumiels 68
Aggregate length of tunnels feet. . 101, 365
Canals carrying less than 50 second-feet miles. . 4, 341
Canals carrying from 50 to 300 second-feet , do 942
Canals carrying from 300 to 800 second-feet do 387
Canals carrying more than 800 second-feet do 291
Canal structures costing less than |500 22, 226
Canal structures costing from |500 to $2,000 847
Canal structures costing over $2,000 529
Number of bridges 2,223
Aggregate length of bridges feet. . 47, 310
Riprap cubic yards. . 336, 056
Paving square yards. . 344, 891
Cement used barrels. . 1, 245, 827
Conciete cubic yards. . 1, 066, 310
Roads miles. . 570
Telephone lines do 1, 694
Telephones in use 724
Buildings erected 548
Offices 65
Residences 258
Bams and storehouses 225
Area of lands for which water can be supplied acres. . 1, 025, 609
Acreage included in projects now imder way 3, 101, 450
BUBEAn OP MINES.
The Bureau of Mines was established by an act of Congress ap-
proved May 16, 1910 (36 Stat., 369), and effective July 1, 1910. Its
main object is to aid in lesseniag the loss of life and waste of resources
in the mining, quarrying, metallurgical^ and other mineral industries
of the country. The enabling act not only outlined the Bureau's
duties, but transferred to it from the Geological Survey the work of
analyzing and testing coals, lignites, and other mineral fuel sub-
stances, and investigating the causes of and means of preventing mine
explosions. The headquarters of the Bureau were established in
Washington, D. C, on Eighth and G Streets Northwest. Its director
was appointed September 3; 1910.
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BEPOBT OF THE SEGBBTAET OP THE IKTEBIOR. 35
Tbe investigaiire work of th» Bureau during this first year of its
existence has related mainly to two subjects: The study of fuels
belonging to or used by tbe Government and inquiry into the causes
and means of prevention of mine accidents. The first of these, for
which Congress made an appropriation of $100,000; has had to do
primarily with the pmrchase, for the use of the Government, of coal,
aggregating in cost about S8,000,000; the most efficient methods of
usiE^ this coal at the various heating, power, and lighting plants of
the Government and on board Government ships; and the safest
and most ^cient methods of storing coal at naval stations, army
posts, etc. In addition to the large number of f umace-fuel tests that
this work involved, more than 10,000 samples of coal were analyzed
in the laboratories of the Bureau. Investigations relating both to the
efficient storage of coal and to the causes and [Hrevention of spon-
taneoin combustion of coal stored in bins or in the bunkers of ships
have been conducted by the Bureau in the navy yards at Key West,
Norfolk, and Portsmouth and on the Isthmus of Panama. The fuel
investigations have also included the testing and analyzing of a large
number of samples of fuel oil and the preparation of specifications
for use by the Govenunent in the purchase of both oil and coal for
fuel purposes.
The investigati<ms into the causes and means of prevention of mine
accidents have been extended as rapidly as circumstances would
permit, but so far have not progressed to^the needs of the coal-
mining industry. Their chief aim has been to determine the causes
of mine explosions; to make safer the use of explosives and elec-
tricity in mines; and to reduce the risks through falls of roof, the use
of open lights, and other mining conditions.
In carrying on these investigations the engineers of the Bureau
have used every variety of laboratory equipment available; they
have examined the coal mines in many parts of the United States;
and they have opened near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a small mine,
where experiments are conducted to determine, under working con-
ditions, how gas and dust explosions are caused and how such explo-
sions may be prevented.
Early in the examinations of mine disasters it was found necessary
to provide in the di£Perent important coal fields facilities for use by
the engineers of the Bureau in entering mines in which disasters had
occurred while these mines were still full of poisonous explosive
gases, in order that the examinations mi^t be made while the evi-
dences of the disaster were still fresh. Such prompt examinations
are also useful in rescuing entombed miners. To meet this inmie-
diate need, and with a view to the development of future agencies,
there have been established by the Bureau six mine-rescue or mine-
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36 BEPOBT OF THE SECEETABY OF THE INTERIOB.
safety stations; one each at Pittsburgh, Pennsylyania; Ejioxville,
Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama; McAlester, Oklahoma; Urbana,
Illinois; and Seattle, Washington. There have aIso been purchased
seven mme^safety cars, which have been equipped as far as practi-
cable with mine-rescue and fire-fighting apparatus. These seven cam
have headquarters as follows: One each at Billings, Montana; Trini-
dad, Colorado; Evansville, Indiana; Huntington, West Virginia;
Pittsbui^h, Pennsylvania; andWilkes-Barre, P^msylvania; and one
at Rock Springs, Wyoming, and Salt Lake Citj, Utah, Each one of
these cars has been moving from point to point, carrying a mining
engineer and two experienced miners.
With a view to recommending proper regulations to prevent acci-
dents in American mining, quarrying, metallurgical, and other mineral
industries, it has been necessary to noake a study of the laws, rules,
and regulations existing for this purpose in other important mining
countries. This work is now well under way.
Notwithstanding the newness of the work and the many prelimi*
nary difficulties in the way, the progress made in behalf of greater
safety in mining has been gratifying. The Bureau is gradually win- I
ning the hearty cooperation of mine workers, mine owners, State
mine iospectors, and manufacturers of explosives and mine equip-
ment. In coal mines black powder is rapidly giving place to safer
explosives; safety lamps and other appliances are being increasingly
used ; improvements in electrical installations are under investigation;
mine explosions are being better understood and are becoming less
frequent; mine safety demonstrations, in connection with the work
of the stations and cars, have been witnessed and participated in by
more than 100,000 miners; over 14,000 miners have received some
training in rescue and first-aid methods; and more than 500 sets of
mine rescue equipment have been installed at the larger coal mines
located in different parts of the country.
I There are some urgent needs in connection with the continuance
and extension of this work. Two or three additional mine safety cars
are needed, and the work of all the cars should be continued through-
out the entire year. The investigations looking to the prevention of
accidents, should be extended to include metal mines, quarries, and
metallurgical plants. There are 1,500,000 men associated with these
hazardous occupations who need to be reached and enlisted in this
movement for greater safety, and there should be no unnecessary de-
lays in doing this. The testing of explosives, the fees from which go
to the miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury, should be more ade-
quately provided for, in order that such testing may be kept current.
The statistical data concerning accidents in the mining, quarrying,
and metallurgical industries have been far from complete in the past,
and there have always been serious delays in their collection and
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BEPORT OF THE SECRETABY OF THE IKTERIOB. 37
publication. In many parts of the country no such statistics are
collected, but the assembling of the data is essential to the formu-
lation of intelligent plans for preventing mine accidents. There is,
therefore, serious need that the Bureau of Mines be empowered to
collect and publish statistical data with a degree of thoroughness
commensurate with the importance of the subject.
There is also serious need for the enlargement of the work of the
Bureau to include a thorough investigation into various branches of
the mining industry, with a view to lessening the waste of essential
mineral resources. Such investigations would unquestionably prove
beneficial to the countiy . The results of carefully conducted inquiries
show that the present losses in coal mining approximate 250,000,000
tons of coal per annum; and that the waste in metal mining and
metallurgical industries ranges from 10 to 50 per cent of the total
possible production. This waste of mineral products — ^many of them
destroyed or lost beyond the possibility of future recovery — ^means a
serious drain on the Nation's supply. In dealing with mineral
resources, in contrast to rainfall, forests, or agricultural products, it
should be understood that of mineral wealth the Nation has only
one supply, which, when exhausted, it can not replace.
The buildings and grounds at Pittsburgh now occupied by the
Bureau of Mines for its investigations are inadequate for its needs,
unsuited to its purposes, and are held subject to the wishes and needs
of another department of the Government. This' situation should
be remedied in a manner commensurate with the importance of the
work that the Bureau is required to do.
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
The Indians in the United States number slightly more than
323,000, of whom about one-third are members of the Five Civilized
Tribes in Oklahoma. All are in process of absorption with the gen-
eral mass of American citizenship. When the process is complete
with respect to any individual Indian he will have lost his tribal status,
received in severalty his share of the tribal property, and been freed
of all restrictions in dealing with it. He then has the same status as
any other citizen and the guardianship of the Federal Grovemment
over him is at an end.
The Indian Service is engaged in the work of helping the Indians
to fit themselves for American citizenship and in preserving and
developing their property until they are able to take full charge of it.
This work calls for administrative business ability, knowledge of
practical sociological movements, and effective sympathy. The per-
sonal interests under the care of the service are of the greatest
importance and are mainly concerned with three subjects — health
and morals, industrial training, and general education. The prop-
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88 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
erty interests involved are of great value and complexity, including
lands allotted to the Indians in severalty and held by them under
resUictions which in effect make the Government the guardian of
the Indian. The unallotted Indian lands are in part agricultural
and in part consist of undeveloped forests^ minerds, water power,
and other natural resources which involve the general social and
legal problems presented by like resources on the public domain,
together with peculiar difficulties due to the beneficbl ownership of
the Indians.
HeaUh amd moraU. — The Indian Service is earnestly endeavoring
to imiNTOve living conditions and to prevent disease among the
Indians. More than 62 gatherings of Indians and service employees
for instruction in hygienic living have been held during the past
year, with an aggregate attendance of more than 10,000. Such
subjects as ventilation, disposal of garbage, care of milk, water
supply, the prevention of tuberculosis and trachoma are considered.
The service is endeavoring whenever new buildings are erected
to see that they are built in conformity with modem ideas of sani-
tation. Eighty-eight field matrons are employed to work among
the homes of the Indians. Their work has proved very effective in
reducing infant mortality, and in helping the children to sound health.
Vigorous efforts are being made to stamp out existing disease. One
hundred physicians give their whole time to schools and agencies,
and are assisted by 60 physicians who are under contract to give
a part of their time to attendance upon Indians. The four sanitoria
for tubercular patients have been enlai^ed, and the hospital for tra-
choma at Phoenix, Arizona, continued. The urgent necessity for the
health propaganda is patent from returns of the physicians ; they report
961 deaths from tuberculosis under their notice, attendance upon
over 16,000 cases of tuberculosis, and treatment of 7,400 cases of
trachoma, a disease which three years ago was practically unrecog-
nized.
In the past year 1,473 cases of persons charged with selling Uquor
to Indians, or introducing it into the Indian country, were dis-
posed of. One thousand one hundred and sixty-eight convictions
resulted, 265 dismissals, 6 disagreements of the jury, and there
were but 34 acquittals. There is a steadily increasing tendency on
the part of local authorities to assist the officers of the Government
in the work of suppressing this liquor traffic.
Indtutry. — Industrially the Indians are making much progress,
particularly in farming. Reports from all parts of the field show
that Indians who had not cultivated land have begun to farm, that
Indian farmers are extending the acreage they work, and that they
are raising larger and more diversified crops than before. The
commissioner reports that during the year Indians farming for them-
selves had under cultivation at least 700,000 acres o^^^hmd^^i^t 22
BEFOET OF THE SECBETAET OF THE INTEBIOE. 39
reseryations demonstration farms were used that Indians might havB
practical illustration of what they can expect to do with their land.
In the Southwest, experiments were conducted with the cooperation
of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture, to
determine the most satisfactory crops for Indian lands and to intro-
duce profitable new crops.
Apart from farming, Indians all over the country are enteriqg
gradually into ordinary industrial activities. During the past year
Indians in Arizona and New Mexico were paid wages amounting to
$260,000. Two thousand of the 6,000 regular emjdoyees in the
Indian Service are themselves Indians.
EAiualion. — ^The work of the Indi»i schools is largely industrial.
Each boy or girl spends half of each day in farming, in machine shope,
in the bams, or in the laundry, sewing room, or Idtchen. This plan
is carried out not only at boarding schools, but also at the 223 day
schools maintained. One of the results is that it usually takes an
Indian child two years to do the class-room work of an ordinary school
year, but it is beUeved that the increase in industrial knowledge
more than compensates for this slowness. It has been so well demon-
strated that in cases where the Indian is capable of being educated
with white children he profits from contact with them, that the
service has made every effort to increase the nmnber of Indian chil-
dren who get an education in white schools,, and this past year showed
more than 11,000 Indian children so educated. Careful investiga-
tion in the past year has shown that there are some 9,000 Indian
children who are not as yet going to any school, but for whom the
Indian Service is now trying to provide facilities. The total number
of Indian children in schools of every character during the past year
was about 39,800, showing an increase over the former year of about
2,000.
The approximate value of school and agency plants is $8,500,000.
In the fiscal year a total of $785,000 was spent for repairs and new
construction.
Property. — Allotment of Indian lands in severalty has continued.
During the past year approximately 2,000,000 acres were allotted to
13,000 Indians.
The act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 855), requiring the Secretary
of the Interior to ascertain the heirs of deceased allottees and their
competency has greatly increased the work of the Indian Office.
Many allotments are now of 20 years' standing, and through diffi-
culty in obtaining reliable testimony questions of fact have become
hard to solve. During the year the heirs of 800 deceased allottees
have been ascertained.
The question of the extent to which leases of allotments should be
permitted involves difficult questions. Only for the relatively small
class of allottees who are incapacitated for farming or other work is
40 BBPOBT OF THE SECEETABY OF THE IKTEBIOB.
leasing advisable. During the year the sale of 340^000 acres was con-
sidered by the Indian Office, and 150,000 acres were sold for a total
of almost $2,500,000, an average of $16 an acre.
There are some $10,000,000 on deposit in banks throughout the
country to the credit of individual Indians, but only subject to dis-
bursement under the supervision of the Indian Service. Able-bodied
Indians who can get work are not allowed to use their money for
ordinary expenses, but fure Uberally encouraged to use it for build-
ing houses, buying stock and farm implements, and generally improv-
ing their lands.
Protection of Indians agmnst fraud. — Most of the long-pending suits
to annul deeds of their allotted lands made by the Mexican Kickapoo
were settled in the Indians' favor. Out of 75 allotments 69 are to
be restored with mesne profits, and the Government will use its
influence to secure the return of such consideration as the Indians had
received. Similar settlements are expected in the remaining sjx
cases.
Since the close of the fiscal year prosecutions ia Seminole County;
Oklahoma, for frauds against minor and full-blood Indians have
resulted in the conviction of 5 of the 6 principal defendants and their
sentence to the State pentientiary for terms of from 7 to 14 years, and
recently 21 additional indictments were returned against 7 individuals.
In McCurtain County, Oklahoma, concerted efforts by State, Federal,
and tribal officials resulted in an investigation of probate matters that
brought about the resignation of the county judge and the recovery
for Indian minors of over 4,100 acres of land and about $65,000;
furthermore, State officials have secured an agreement by which three
of the largest purchasers are to submit to a special board of arbitra-
tion the titles to all lands acquired from Indian minors through the
local probate court.
As the outcome of 207 suits involving town lots fraudulently
acquired in the Creek Nation $85,000 have been recovered, together
with 94 lots worth about $60,000. Twenty-five suits are still
pending.
On the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota vigorous action
has been taken to annul deeds unlawfully procured from full-blood
and minor Indians and to punish the guilty persons. In the fiscal
year 901 suits in equity were filed and the total number will be 1,086.
Complete success in these suits will mean the recovery of 142,000
acres of land valued at over $2,000,000 and timber estimated to be
worth $1,755,000 on behalf of more than 1,700 Indians, forming
almost 34 per cent of the White Earth allottees.
Irrigation and drainage. — For the year 1911 Congress appropriated
slightly in excess of $1,300,000, all but $259,000 of which was made
reimbursable to the United States, for irrigating and draining Indian
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BEPOBT OP THE SBCKETAIIY Of THE tlTTEBIOft, 41
lands. In the State of Washington the Indian Service is very eco-
nomically draining 30,000 acres of swamped land. In the course of
newirrigation construction under this appropriation the Indian Service
during the year provided facilities for irrigatiag about 25,000 acres
and through the use of other funds it placed 7,300 acres under ditch
Furthermore, the Reclamation Service has had under construction for
the Indian Service four extensive projects; the Pima project in Ari*
zona, the Blackfeet, Flathead, and Fort Peck projects in Montana.
AIt<^ther, more than 300,000 acres of Indian land have been
placed under ditch at a cost of about $6,000,000. The bulk of the
money appropriated by Congress for this irrigation is, under the
various statutes, to be reimbursed when the lands are in successful
cultivation. In constructing irrigation works, care is taken to
employ Indian labor as much as is possible. Only a small portion of
the acreage placed under ditch has as yet been cultivated by the
Indians. There is need of persistent effort to persuade the Indians
to use the irrigation facilities provided for them.
Timher. — ^The timber on Indian land is now estimated at 34 billion
feet, worth approximately $76,000,000. The work of taking proper
care of this timber and disposing of the mature trees is furnishing
employment for a veiy considerable number of Indians, as well as
increasing the revenue of various tribes and thus fumidiing means
for development of the Indian lands. In the past fiscal year no
large sales were made. The two most extensive logging operations
continued under contracts were at the Bad Kiver Reservation,
Wisconsin, where 84,000,000 feet were cut, yielding $503,000, and upon
the ceded Chippewa lands in Minnesota, where 80,000,000 feet were
cut, yielding $578,000.
The Neopit lumbering and milling project on the Menominee
Beservation, in THsconsin, for the first time showed a clear profit —
$11,200; the total receipts from sales of manufactured lumber were
$424,000. On an average 205 Menominees, slightly in excess of 38
per cent of the male members of the tribe over 18 years of age, were
employed, together with 56 Indians of other tribes. Thus the
project has become an important school of industry for the Indians.
nVB OIYIUZBD TBIBB8.
Much progress has been made in the matter of closing out the
tribal affairs of each of the Five Civilized Tribes. The work of enroll-
ment of citizens and allotment of lands has been practically finished.
In the Cherokee Nation some deeds are yet to be delivered, and
there remain small amounts of surplus lands which are now being
offered for sale. There is also still pending litigation affecting the
claims of some 5,600 newborn Cherokees, and another case involving
the rights of about 1,720 freedmen who claim to be entitled^to enroU-
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42 BEPOET OF THE SECfifiTABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
ment. Until these suits are disposed of it will be impossible to com-
plete the closing out of the affairs of the Cherokee Nation.
In the Creek Nation there are also some deeds yet to be de-
livered and some surplus lands yet to be sold^ which it is hoped to
close out very shortly. Under the Creek agreement, each citizen was
entitled to the allotm^it of land at the appraised value of $1,040.
The land actually subject to allotment fell short of this valuation to
the amount, in all, of $6,913,291. The funds and resources of the
Creek Nation fall far short of this sum. It will therefore be impossible
to dose out the affairs of the Cre^^ Nation until additional legislation
can be had.
In the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, the distribution of funds
to equalize allotments has been continued during the fiscal year.
Beside the necessity for completiiig this, there are still four matters
to be disposed of. There are 1,142,071 acres of unallotted lands not
reserved or segregated which are now being offered for sale at public
auction. There are 1,333,324 acres of land reserved from allotment
on account of timber. The timber on this land has been reestimated
and appraised, and regulations for offering the land and timber for sale
at auction are now almost completed. There are also 445,000 acres
of segregated coal and asphalt lands in the Choctaw and Chickasaw
Nations, considerable portions of which are under coal and asphalt
leases. The nations are anxious to have these lands disposed of so
that the proceeds may be divided. On this subject the Department
has made reports to you and to Congress. Nothing can be done by
the Department until appropriate legislation is enacted. There have
also been reserved from allotment about 16 sections of matured tim-
ber. These lands have been repeatedly offered for sale, but no bid
has ever been received equal to the appraised value. If the lands are
to be disposed of, apparentiy either lower bids must be accepted or
the Department must be authorized to sell the lands upon credit.
The establishment of district agents to aasbt in handling the
affairs of restricted members of the Five Civilized Tribes has proven
of the greatest benefit both to the Indians concerned and to the
Department. The work of these agents has made it possible for the
Department to perform its work both more efficiently and more
promptiy, and I believe that the questions affecting individual
Indians are now being thoroughly well handled.
More than 20,000 suits brought to set aside conveyances of allotted
land on the ground that the Indians were incompetent to convey are
still pending, awaiting the decision of a case in the United States
Supreme Court, which has been submitted and which it is expected
will soon be decided. In the meanwhile, however, equitable settie-
ments have been reached in a large number of such cases, and the
work of settling is steadily progressing.
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABT OF THE INTEBIOB. 43
A great deal of work has been done, largely with the aid of the
district agents, in protecting the rights of minor Indians who have
suffered from negligent and, in some cases, dishonest guardians.
Much land and large sums of money have already been recovered.
PENSION OFFICE.
At the beginning of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, there were
921,083 pensionms on the roll. There were added thereto during the
year 26,200, made up of original allowances, restorations, and renew-
als. There were dropped therefrom 56,186, occasioned by death,
remarriage, minors attaining the age of 16 years, failure to claim f<H:
three years, and all other causes, making a net reduction in the roU
of 28,986, and leaving the total number on the roll at the close of
the year of all classes 892,098, of whom 670,060 were soldiers and
sailors, 321,642 were widows and depend^its, and 406 were Army
nurses.
The unexpended balances of the appropriations at the dose of the
fiscal year covered into tlie Treasury were as follows:
For pensions $182,199.39
For medical examinations 43, 284. 67
For salaries and clerk hire, pension agencies 15^ 492. 85
For rent and contingent expenses 10,027.98
For inepection of agencies 1« 331. 05
For salaries, Bureau of Pensions 16, 430. 04
For salaries, per diem, and expenses of special examiners 22, 780. 66
Total 291.496.64
The amount expended for pensions during the year was
$167,325,160.35, a decrease as compared with the previous year of
$2,648,895.73. The cost of administration in connection with the
adjudication of claims and the payment of pensions was $2,517,127.06,
a reduction in the running expenses of the Bureau and agencies in
one year of $140,546.80. This is the smallest amount paid in any
one year for such administration for 29 years.
The appropriations for the current expenses of the Bureau of Pen-
sions and agencies for the fiscal year 1912 show a reduction of $629,650
as compared with similar appropriations for 1909.
There was disbursed for pensions from July 1, 1790, to June 30,
1865, $96,445,444.23. From July 1, 1865, to June 30, 1911, the total
disbursements for pensions were $4,183,936,285.93. The expenses and
cost of maintenance for the same period were $120,879,861.74, making
a total of disbursements since July 1, 1865, of $4,254,816,147.67.
At the beginning of the year the number of applicatiiHis pendiiig of
all kinds was 47,295. At the close of the year tiiere were pending
36,793 applications, exclusive of a laige number placed in the aban-
doned files. The total number of applications filed during the year
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44 HEPOM 61^ THE SECBETAftY OF THE INTEMOB.
was 120,814. There were admitted during the year 92,274 daims;
rejected, 30,980; adjudicated where no benefits were derived 'other
than those rejected, 1,065; making the total number of claims of all
classes adjudicated 124,319.
Allowances of accrued pension were made in 20,618 cases, being
issues for payment in cases of deceased pensioners from date of last
payment to date of death.
There have been granted since 1861 by special acts 35,987 pensions,
of which number 22,323 are now on the roll with an annual face value
of $6,611,357. Only a part of this amount, however, is properly
chargeable to special acts, as most of the beneficiaries had been pre-
viously pensioned under the general laws at lower rates. During the
third session of the Sixty-first Congress 3,586 persons were included
in special acts.
Ilie largest number of pensioners on the roll at the close of any
fiscal year was on June 30, 1902, when the total was 999,446. There
has been a net decrease of more than 100,000 in the last six years, and
the number is now less than at any time since 1892.
Since the passage of the act of March 3, 1899, providing for division
of pensions of resident pensioners of the United States who shall
desert their wives or minor chUdern? or who are inmates of National
or State soldiers' and sailors' homes, 13,423 claims have been filed
thereunder, 7,209 of which have been allowed and 5,987 rejected,
leaving 227 pending.
Three bounty land warrants were issued dining the year, granting
480 acres of land. The total number of such warrants issued to the
close of the fiscal year 1911 is 598,685, granting 68,791,550 acres.
On June 30, 1911, there were also pending 1,427 claims for expenses
of last sickness and burial of deceased pensioners. There were dis-
posed of during the year 7,574 claims, of which number 5,808 were
allowed, 1,166 disallowed, and 600 abandoned.
There were 59 new cases presented to the Department of Justice on
account of offenses against the pension laws, and indictments found
in 57 cases. There were 53 cases brought to trial during the year, in
51 of which convictions were secured. Only three of these cases were
against persons who had rendered military or naval service. At the
close of the year there were 109 cases pending in the hands of United
States attorneys. Two civil suits were instituted; one was disposed
of and a judgment for $538.54 obtained, and one dismissed by reason
of a heavy fine being imposed upon the defendant in a criminal case.
There was recovered $2,407.94.
As a matter of historical interest it is noted that the last pensioner
of the Revolutionary War died during the past year. The last sur-
viving pensioned soldier of that war died ia 1869, and the last widow
pensioner of that war died in 1906. The last surviving pensioned
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 45
soldier of the War of 1812 died in 1905. There are now 279 widows
of that war on the roll.
The law now requires each pensioner to present a voucher to the
pension agent, executed after the pension has become due, before
a check may be issued in payment thereof. This system is very
expensiye to the Goyemment as well as to the pensioner. The Com-
missioner of Pensions, in response to a provision contained in the last
appropriation act directing him to formulate a simplified plan for
the payment of pensions, recommends that discretionary authority
shall be granted whereby pensions may be paid without vouchers.
The plan recommended provides for payment by check mailed to
the last-known address of the payee. Postmasters are to be required
to return the check for cancellation if the pensioner has died or
remarried if a widow. The unpaid pension to the date of death of
the pensioner will then be disposed of in accordance with the law,
which provides specifically for tiie payment of accrued pension.
The plan also provides that postmasters shall be required to report
promptly to the proper office the death of any pensioner or the
remarriage if a widow, in order that checks may not be issued in
such cases. The check to be used will contain a provision to the
effect that it is void if the payee shall have died or remarried if a
widow prior to date of issue. It will be payable only when person-
ally indorsed in ink by the payee, in the presence of two responsible
witnesses, who shall certify to the identity of the payee with the
pensioner named in the check and pension certificate. The plan
further provides a penalty for forgery in the indorsement of the check,
receiving payment of check upon a fo^ed indorsement, or receiving
payment of pension for any period subsequent to reenlistment,
remarriage, or termination of period of dependence.
Under the plan proposed checks would be prepared and ready for
mailing on the 4th of the payment month, many pensioners receiv-
ing their checks on that date. The pensioners will be saved the
expense of the execution of pension vouchers and the delay often
due to the return of faulty vouchers for correction. It is estimated
that the cost to the pensioners in the execution of their vouchers is
nearly $1,000,000 per annum.
The plan proposed will save to the Government the expense of
printing, preparing, and mailing about 4,000,000 vouchers and the
furnishing of 4,000,000 envelopes each year in which to return the
vouchers for payment.
The Government will likewise be saved the expense of employing
a large number of temporary clerks at the agencies during each
quarterly payment.
The plan recommended by the commissioner shows that great
care has been observed in working out the details to insure its sue-
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cessful operation. As it is shown to be along the line of economy
and efficiency in the public service and will undoubtedly be greatly
to the advantage of the pensioners, the same meets with my most
hearty approval.
APPBAIiS IK PENSION AND BOUNTY IiAND CIiAIMS.
The number of appeals and motions for reconsideration pending
at the beginning of the fiscal year July 1, 1910, and those filed during
the year, their disposition, and the number pending July 1, 1911, is
shown by the following table:
Pending
Julyl,
1910.
FUed
during
the year.
Rein-
stated.
1
TotaL
Di9.
posed of.
Pending
Orieinal merit appeato
233
4
78
78
3,916
46
77
m
Fe© SPPfialif . r r , r
1
Motion fiirraoonaidentioa
1
Total
337
3,313
1
8,570
8,088
833
In 186 cases the Pension Office was reversed^ and in 118 cases the
Commissioner of Pensions reported that upon reconsideration the
adverse action taken by the Bureau was receded from and asked per-
mission to allow appellants' contention. The Department, after con-
sidering such cases, decided that the action proposed by the Bureau
was warranted under the law and the eyidence, and the papers
therein were returned to the Bureau for final action and favorable
adjudication. There were also during the year returned to the Bureau
for further action and report 1 18 cases for the reason that upon review
it was found that additional and material evidence had been filed
which had not been considered by the Bureau, or that a special exam-
ination or another medical examination was thought necessary, or
for various reasons the claims had not been properly adjudicated.
At the close of the year there were 12 of such cases pending, which
are included in the total number of pending appeals as shown by the
table.
Although there is a material increase in the number of appeals left
pending and undisposed of at the end of the last fiscal year, and the
total number finally disposed of by the board during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1910, largely exceeded the total number disposed of
during the last fiscal year, this is fully accounted for by the reduction
of the working force of the board and a comparison shows that the
average number of cases disposed of per member during the last year
was greater than during the preceding year.
The provisions of the legislative, executive, and judicial appro-
priation act, approved March 4, 1911, having abolished the Board of
Pension Appeals and transferred the duties theretofore performed
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by it to the office of the Assistant Attorney General for the Depart-
ment of the Interior, the present report shows the final work of the
board and the termination of its labors.
The figures shown by the foregoing tabulated statements demon-
strate that the rapid falling off in the number of pension cases pre-
sented to the Dep^menton appeal which was anticipated when the
legislation above referred to was enacted has not been realized, and
the fact that there has been a steady increase during the past year in
the number of cases left pending and undisposed of at the close of each
month, and a gradual fatting behind in the docket notwithstanding
the individual output of work by the members and employees of the
board has markedly increased, would suggest that this work can not
be successfully accomplished with less than the present workii^ force.
I would, therefore, recommend that the Board of Pension Appeals
be reestablidied at the earliest possible date with at least the same
working force provided for said board by the appropriation act for
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911. Provision might be made, as
heret(rfore, that any vacancies occurring on the board by death,
resignation, or otherwise should not be filled, thereby anticipating
the decrease in the number of appeals taken that may be expected in
a few years.
PATENT OFFICE.
Ihiring the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, there were received
65,154 applications for mechanical patents, 1,315 applications for de-
signs, 206 applications for reissues, 6,857 applications for trade-marks,
879 applications for labels, and 266 applications for prints. There
were 34,428 patents granted, including reissues and designs, and 3,791
trade-marks, 576 labels, and 181 prints were registered. The num-
ber of patents that expired was 22,546. The number of allowed appli-
cations which were by operation of law forfeited for nonpayment of
the final fees was 7,098. The total receipts of the office were
$1,987,778.58; the total expenditures were $1,957,001.85; and the
net surplus of receipts over expenditures was $30,776.73. The total
net surplus for all years of receipts over expenditures of all kinds
Gncluding salaries of the force) is now $7,029,004.73. This surplus
covered into the Treasiuy represents the net earnings of the Bureau,
and it has all been paid by the inventors.
The commissioner calls attention to the great need for legislation
providix^ for the elimination of one of the appeals within the Patent
Ofi^oe. The commissioner states that, under the present law, appeab
are considered twice by the tribunals within the office, which is not
only a duplication of work, thereby causing great delay in the prose-
cution of applications, but an additional and unnecessary burden of
expense to inventors in the matter of a\)peals and attorneys' fees.
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48 BBPOBT OF THE SECEBTABY OF THE INTBBIOB.
He also recommends legislation requiring the filing of photographic
copies of drawings to accompany applications for patents for the
purpose of more fully safeguarding the records of the office from un-
authorized changes and reducing the chances of attempted fraud
during the prosecution of the application.
I concur in the conmiissioner's reconmiendation for legislation to
authorize him to issue certificates of correction in certain cases where
mistakes have been made by the office or by the Public Printer; also
for provision by law that applications shall be completed and prepared
for examination within six months after filing of the application.
The commissioner urgently reconmiends that provision be made
for more room for housing the United States Patent Office. The
present structure is not fireproof and is filled with tons of inflamma-
ble material; comprising the secret archives of the office, which, if
destroyed; would work untold damage to the commercial interests
of the country. The District of Columbia fire department officials
have pronounced the building unsafe as to fire, and the engineers of
the War Department have said that the walls siiould be lightened of
their load.
The oonmiissioner suggests that a suitable building be rented for
the Patent Office, to be used until the present building could be thor-
oughly remodeled, and if thought desirable when that is done the
bureaus which are now in rented quarters, such as the Geological
Survey, the Reclamation Service, and the Bureau of Mines, could be
housed in the remodeled present building and a new building erected
to accommodate the annually increasing force and volume of busi-
ness of the Patent Office while that bureau was occupying temporary
quarters. He urges that the Patent Office be given immediate and
special relief and that part, at least, of the S7,000,000 in excess of
the expenditures of the Patent Office be used to furnish larger and
better quarters, with modem facilities for the force, which would
then be in a position to accomplish the best possible results in the
work for which the inventors pay the total cost.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION.
We have no national system of education. The several States
have th^ own systems, and it has been and is the policy of the Fed-
eral Government not to interfere in any way with their schools, public
or private; but it has been just as clearly its policy to foster education
in all the States, not only by appropriations of money and lands, but
in other ways not contrary to Uie accepted theory of the relation of
the Federal and State Governments. For this purpose nearly half
a century ago the Bureau of Education was established and attached
to the Department of the Interior for the purpose of "collecting such
statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of edu-
cation in the several States and Territories and of diffusing suchiinf or-
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KEPOBT OF THE SEGBETABY OF THE INTEBIOR. 49
mation respecting the organization and management of schools and
school systems and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of
the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient
school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education
throughout the country." From year to year this Bureau has pub-
lished statistical reports and many valuable studies of various prob-
lems of education, by the help of which school officers and teachers
in each of the States have been enabled to know the progress of
education in other States and throughout the world, and legislatures
have been able to consider educational measures in the light of the
experience of other States and the world at large.
Much more than half the children in the United States Uve under
rural conditions in small towns, villages, and open country. * All their
education must be had in the rural schools. While the schools in
the great cities are constantly the subject of study, there is no means
of studying the comparative methods and development of rural
schools in different conmiunities except through the Bureau of Edu-
cation. I beUeve the work of the Bureau should, therefore, be espe-
cially directed to this end, and that it should be afforded men and
means sufficient to enable it to make such study of the needs of
rural schools as will be a help to all parts of the country. The prob-
lems of the rural school are admitted to be the most difficult of all
school problems, but this Bureau has in the past been able to give
very little direct help toward this solution. There is great need in
the Bureau for a comparatively large group of competent men and
women giving their entire time and energies to these problems, with
freedom, under the direction of the commissioner, to study them
directly or indirectly wherever they can be studied to best advantage,
prepare bulletins on the various phases of these problems for the
general information of the people, to cooperate with national. State,
and local committees constituted for their study by governments and
various organizations and societies, and to go to any part of the
country to give direct and specific assistance whenever needed.
Such a division in the Bureau might in a very few years add much
to the effectiveness of all country schools.
Over all the world the demand for industrial or vocational educa-
tion is growing. In this country teachers and laymen in urban and
rural conmiunities alike are demanding that the schools shall do some-
thing to prepare the masses of boys and girls for effective service in
some industrial occupation, fit them to make a living, and to contrib-
ute their part to the Commonwealth. How this shall be done and in
what kind of schools is still uncertain. Experiments of many kinds
have been tried in many places. Much money has been spent on
these experiments and much more will be spent more or less wisely.
U355'— INT 1911--V0L 1 4
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50 REPORT OF THE SBCRBTABY OF THE INTERIOR.
I believe the Bureau of Education can render very valuable service
in this connection^ and for that purpose it should have a group of
competent specialists and assistants to study the various phases of
the problem; bring together and digest the work and reports of socie-
ties, committees, and commissionB; help toward the formulation of
fundamental principles; and assist State, city, and county boards of
supervisors in working out their practical appUcation.
Twenty million or more children and young people in the United
States spend a good portion of their time in school every year. The
indoor sedentary life required by the work and discipline of the school
is more or less unnatural for childhood and youth, and unless the con-
ditions under which the school work is done are intelligently con-
trolled there is constant danger that the health of the pupils may be
injured, their vitality lowered, and their happiness and their value
as citizens diminished. The country is fundamentally concerned
in the health of its future citizens and should give to it no less
attention than it gives to its live stock. To this end the Division of
School Hygiene and Sanitation recently established in the Bureau of
Education should be strengthened by the addition of a sufficient num-
ber of competent assistants and clerks to enable it to do its work
effectively, studying principles of school sanitation, working out plans
for their application, awakening interest in the subject among school
officers, teachers, and patrons throughout the country, and assisting
them in the care and health of the children in the schools.
The increase of the interest throughout the country in secondary
and higher education has been greater even than in elementary edu-
cation. Appropriations for colleges, universities, technical schools,
and normal schools for the training of teachers have increased nearly
200 per cent in the past decade, and the increase in appropriations for
the agricultural and mechanical colleges has been still larger. With
this increase in interest and expenditures has come an increase in
demands on the Division of Higher Education in this Bureau, and it
should be strengthened immediately by the addition of specialists in
normal-school education for the training of teachers. There is par-
ticular need for a specialist in agricultural education, who may give
his time to the agricultural and mechanical coUeges for negroes in
the Southern States and help them to a better use of the funds they
receive from the Government. Because of lack of some such intelli-
gent supervision and help many of these schools are failing to accom-
plish the full purpose for which the Federal funds are appropriated.
Because of the peculiar nature of the work which this Bureau has
to do it is especially important that the Commissioner of Education
and the heads of the various divisions should be enabled to visit
schools in all parts of the country, attepd meetings of educational
associations, confer with school officers and teachers, and make the
Bureau more directly useful. For this purpose there shauld be Mberal
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EEPOET OP THE SECBETABY OF THE INTBBIOE. 51
appropriations for traveling expenses, and an assistant commissioner
should be provided to carry on the routine duties of the oflBlce during
the absences of the commissioner.
The Bureau should be able to gather full and accurate statistics in
regard to education and to publish them promptly. The recent
increase in the number, size, and kinds of schools makes this a very
difficult task and there is need of radical revision in the method of
doing it. This can be done, it is believed, with little additional cost
if the reconmiended enlargements in the Bureau are made.
The Bureau of Education now has one of the most valuable and
complete libraries on education in the world, and it should be made
more serviceable not only to the Bureau itself but also to students
of education everywhere. To students and investigators in all
phases of education it should become a chief soiu'ce of information,
and all of its material should be made easily accessible to them. For
this purpose there should be employed b man weU versed in the
theory and practice of education, whose services would be at the dis-
posal of such students and who might assist them in their studies and
uivestigations.
During the year ended June 30, 1911, there were maintained 81
public schools for natives of Alaska, with an enrollment of 3,810 and
an average daily attendance of 1,692. This average attendance b
much lower than it should be. There is need of a law requiring the
children of natives of Alaska between the ages of 6 and 15 to
attend school at all times when the families of such children are in a
village having a school. The appropriation for their education
should be increased from S200,000 to $248,000, so that more attention
may be given to instruction in sanitation and industries.
The experience of the Bureau of Education in endeavoring through
its employees to furnish medical relief to the natives of Alaska
demonstrated the desirability of authoritative study of the preva*
lence of disease among the natives of Alaska and of the means for its
prevention. During the sunmier of 1911 Dr. Milton H. Foster,
detailed from the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, made
a thorough investigation of the sanitary conditions among the natives
of southern Alaska. As the result of his investigations. Dr. Foster
recommended the following measures, which require action on the
part of Congress: (1) The establishment of a sanitarium for cases of
pulmonary tuberculosis requiring hospital treatment; (2) the estab-
lishment of a home for destitute blind and crippled natives; (3)
authority for the Surgeon General of the United States Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service to appoint one of the officers of
that service to act as commissioner of public health for Alaska.
The reindeer in Alaska are being gradually turned over to the
natives and they now own about 55 per cent of the total number,
while the Qovenunent now owns only 14 per cent. Of the 42 herds, Z
52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
36 are cared for entirely by natives, whose net income therefrom
during the year 1909-10 was $24,656.09. During the past year 40
reindeer were delivered to the Department of Commerce and Labor
for use in stocking St. Paul and St. Geoi^e Islands in Bering Sea.
TERRITORIES.
For the purpose of centralizing information regarding the Terri-
tories, and, in so far as the law permits, to place their administration
under the Department of the Interior, an order was issued by the
President May 11, 1907, and subsequently amended to read as
foUows:
It is hereby ordered that on and after May 1, 1909, all official communicatioDS or
reports from and to executive officers of the Territories and territorial poesessioiiB
of the United States, viz, Arizona, Hawaii, New Mexico, Porto Rico, Alaska, Samoa,
and Guam, and all official communications or reports relating to territorial mattera
from and to all executive officers of the United States stationed in such Territories
and territorial possessions shall be transmitted directly to the heads of the depart-
ments ef the Government as provided by law, and in all cases where the acts of Con-
gress do not specifically designate the department to which reports shall be trans-
mitted the same shall be forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior in such manner
and under such regulations as he may prescribe.
By Executive order dated July 15, 1909, Porto Rico was transferred
to the Insular Bureau of the War Department.
AI^ASKA.
Conditions in Alaska call for immediate action by Congress. Its
proper administration and development can not be accomplished
under existing laws. These laws neither promote development nor
protect the public interest. After a careful examination of official
reports and other publications, and a personal visit to the Territory
during the past sunamer, I had occasion to present the opinions thus
formed before the American Mining Congress at Chicago on Septem-
ber 27, 1911. The general policy outlined in that address had been
discussed with you and you have since given public approval to its
specific reconamendations. With some modifications and with a
map of Alaska indicating its present mineral development this address
has been reprinted as Bulletin 36 of the Bureau of Mines and has
received such general publicity that I do not deem it necessary to
restate in detail the views therein expressed. It is available for all
those who are interested in its suggestions. I do wish, however, to
urge with great earnestness the importance of inmiediate relief for
Alaska in the following particulars:
First. The construction by the Federal Government of a central
trunk-line railroad from tidewater to the Tanana and the Yukon.
Second. The passage of a hberal but carefully guarded leasing law
for the development of its mineral resources, and especially of its
coal lands. ^ I
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Third. The reservation of a sufficient amount of these coal lands to
provide for the future needs of the Navy, and the mining of this coal
by the Grovemment for this purpose.
Fourth. More liberal appropriations for aids to navigation, such as
lights and buoys.
Fifth. More liberal appropriations for the construction of roads and
traib.
Sixth. The adoption of a form of territorial government better
adapted to its remote situation and peculiar local conditions.
In the address to which reference has been made the advantages of
and the justification for a Government railroad in Alaska were fuUy
discussed, and the opinion was expressed that the Government should
take over and complete the construction of the so-called Alaska
Central or Alaska Northern Railroad, leading from Seward, on Resur-
rection Bay, through the Matanuska coal field to the Tanana and the
Yukon. Since then the official representatives of the present owners
of this railroad have definitely stated their willingness to turn it over
to the Federal Government at a fair valuation to be appropriately
determined. The Department of Agriculture has also furnished a
statement of the results of its experimental work at Rampart and at
Fairbanks, showing the agricultural probabilities of these northerly
portions of the Yukon and the Tanana Valleys. The letter con-
taining this statement is reprinted as an exhibit to this report. The
following quotation conservatively states the general conclusion
reached:
As a result of 10 years' active work this Department believes in the possibility of
developing an agriculture for Alaska that will be comparable with that of northern
Europe, where conditions are somewhat similar, such as in parts of Norway, Sweden,
Finland, and Russia. It is believed that agriculture will supplement any other
industry that may be developed in Alaska, and it is possible that ultimately oats and
barley can be gro^n in sufficient quantity to supply not only local demands but a
surplus for exportation. It is probable that stock raising can be made a success and
dairying become profitable, as the period of winter feeding and protection is not much,
if any, longer than is now required in many other regions where these industries are
cairied on.
The Secretary of the Navy states that there should be reserved in
Alaska for the uses of the Navy for the next 50 years suflScient high-
grade coal to supply an average of 400,000 tons a year. There are
portions of both the Bering River and Matanuska fields from which
the Geological Survey believes the high-grade coal needed for Navy
use can be obtained. It is estimated that not less than 2,500 acres
of this land should be reserved for this purpose, to be carefully selected
after systematic prospecting and drilling.
Careful consideration of the provisions of an appropriate leasing
law for the coal lands of Alaska is being continued through the
Director of the Biu'eau of Mines, who is receiving the cordial and
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54 BBPOBT OF THE SBCBBTABY OP THE INTEBIOB.
helpful cooperation of men of wide practical experience in the busi«
ness of mining coal^ with the view of suggesting such changes in or
substitutes for bills on this subject which are now pending in Con-
gress as may be found desirable. In this connection I invite atten-
tion to the following paragraph from Bulletin 36 of the Bureau of
Mines:
The statutes of Colorado, Montana, and Idaho provide for leasing State lands con-
taining, stone, coal, coal oil, gas, or other mineral. Colorado and Montana require a
minimum royalty of 10 cents a ton for coal mined on such land. Montana prohibits
the sale of its coal lands but authorizes the lease of the surface for agricultural or graz-
ing purposes. It also requires the locator of a mining claim for gold, silver, and other
metals, at the expiration of one year from the date of the location, either to purchase
the claim at |10 per acre or take a lease thereof at such price and upon such terms as
may be agreed upon between him and the State Board of Land Commissioners. Idaho
also authorizes leases of State land containing precious metals. Minnesota authorizes
leases of State land containing iron ore. North Dakota provides for the leasing of coal
lands at a royalty of 10 cents per ton . Oregon and Washington provide for leasing State
lands containing gold, silver, lead, cinnabar, or other valuable minerals. Wyoming
authorizes the State Land Board to lease on a royalty baeils State or school lands sup-
posed to contain coal, oil, or minerals, the royalty not to exceed 10 per cent of the gross
output of mineral or oil, and not exceed 10 cents per ton for coal. Some of the States
above noted limit the leases to five years with provision for renewal, some to 50 years,
and some to a period to be fixed in the discretion of the State, land officials.
The whole subject of the encouragement and regulation of ocean
transportation between Alaska and the rest of the United States
should be given careful consideration with a view to the prompt enact-
ment of needed legislation and the appropriation of the necessary
money. All doubt as to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce
Commission over this traffic, as well as over the railroads of Alaska,
should be removed and the necessary steps should be taken to ensure
adequate terminal facilities and the prevention of discrimination in
their use. I call attention especially to the following quotation from
the annual report of the governor of Alaska:
Although more aids to navigation have been installed on the Alaska coast in the
last few months than in the whole history of the Territory heretofore, the number of
these aids, relatively to the great expanse of the coast line, is still woefully small.
Since April, 1910, there have been installed 41 lights, 1 fog signal, and 18 buoys. The
first number given, however, includes 4 oil lights which were converted from oil
burners to acetylene gaa burners. The adaptation of the acetylene light in recent
years to the piurpose of lighting waterways has proved to be a great boon and has
revolutionized the estimates of cost for aids to navigation in Alaska. In many situa-
tions among the tortuous channels of the inland passages on the Alaska coast an
acetylene lens lantern, which is inexpensive to build and to maintain, serves a better
purpose than a costly lighthouse, requiring the constant services of resident keepers.
No very large appropriation of money has been made for aids to navigation in
Alaska, but the development of the acetylene apparatus has made it possible to
accomplish a great deal in the last year and a half.
There is a crying need, however, for several high-order lights to mark dangerous
points where minor lights will not serve the purpose, and where it is necesssry to have
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REPOBT OF THE SEGBETABT OF THE INTEBIOB. 55
tog signals as well as li^ts * * *. These lights will be expensive, but the lack
of proper aids at these and many other points in Alaska has caused the wreck of many
fnasenger and freight steamships. Thirteen steamers of large tonnage, all of them
carrying passengers, have been wrecked on the routes between Puget Sound and
Alaska in the last three years and a half. Seven have been wrecked in the first nine
months of 1911. The establishment of proper aids to navigation is a matter of as large
economic importance, probably, as any otlxer project for the development of Alaska.
It is not only imperative that the lives of thousands of passengers be protected by
this means, but that valuable property be conserved; and, by making navigation
leas hazardous, the rates of marine insurance, and hence of transportation and cost of
supplies, reduced. It is probable that the sum of 1400,000 would defray the cost of
every remaining lighthouse project in Alaska that has thus fax been examined and
approved by the Lighthouse Establishment. It is earnestly urged that appropria-
tions at least four times as laige as those made for the current year be authorized at
the coming session of Congress.
To demonstrate the imperative need of additional roads and trails in
Alaska, it is only necessary to call attention to the fact that, as reported
in 1910, in a territory as large as one-fifth of the main body of the
United States there had been constructed since the oi^anization of the
board of road commissioners for Alaska a total of only 759 miles of
wagon roads, 507 miles of sled roads suitable for 2-horse sleds, 661
miles suitable for single horse or dog sleds, 85 miles of trail staked
permanently, and approximately 1,170 miles of trails temporarily
staked. The maintenance cost of even this small system makes
serious inroads on the total funds available for the construction of
roads and trails. The subject is one calling for special consideration
in connection with any modification of the territorial government.
If Alaska is to be developed, adequate provision must be made for
these primary means of transportation. I believe that Federal aid
should be. continued and increased and indeed that the Federal
Government should make liberal appropriations in addition to the
revenues which can be derived from the Territory itself. The
revenues derived from the leasing of its coal and other lands should
be devoted to the development of the Territory after the necessary
expenses of administration have been paid.
The fact that the Federal Government has heretofore made direct
appropriation for the benefit of the Territory and that increased
appropriations are needed constitutes one of the chief arguments
against the extension of the principle of territorial independence and
territorial responsibility to Alaska. Taken in consideration with
the comparatively small and widely scattered population and the
inadequate means for transportation and conmiunication, it would
seem to demonstrate that a commission form of government would
best meet the existing situation. Such a commission could consist
of appointed representatives of the Federal Government and locally
elected representatives of the Territory itself. To it could be trans-
ferred under appropriate limitations the authority to make territo-
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56 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
rial laws and regulations such as are now sadly needed. Among
these needs are some of the fundamental requisites of modern civi-
lized society, such as the regulation of the public health, sanitation,
and quarantine; the registration of marriages, births, and deaths;
poor reUef, compulsory school attendance; supervision of banking
institutions, etc. The distance of the Territory from Washington
and the constant demands of other affairs upon Congress make it
practically certain that matters of this character will receive proper
attention only from a local legislative body. The improvement of
its transportation f acihties, the development of its natural resources,
and the increase of its population — all of which seem certain to fol-
low the enactment of remedial legislation — will enable the Territory
to furnish the revenues needed for its local government, and will then
entitle it to the same measure of territorial independence which upon
the same basis has been given to other territories.
The annual report of the governor gives an account of the progress
of the Territory during the year. The population haa remained prac-
tically stationary and is now slightly less than 66,000, about equally
divided between whites and natives. The improvement of the natives
has not been as rapid as could be desired, chiefly because they are
exposed to the temptations of intoxicating Uquor. The great extent
to which municipal expenses are paid from funds arising from liquor
licenses has added to the difficulties of restricting this traffic and illus-
trates the unsatisfactory manner in which the local government
is now carried on. The assessment of property for taxation is re-
stricted to the incorporated towns. Several of these made no assess-
ment of taxable property and levied no taxes during the year. One
or two have never done so. However, action taken by the governor
during the year has resulted in holding 20 white "whisky peddlers"
for the action of the grand jury under the law making the selling or
giving of Uquor to natives a felony. The appropriation of $12,000
for the enforcement of this law should be renewed, as it is beyond
question that the sale of liquor to the Alaskan Indians, if continued,
can not fail to destroy the race. From 3,500 to 4,000 natives have
received substantial benefit from the action of the Government in
1892 in introducing reindeer, which now number about 35,000.
The Territory entirely lacks any adequate laws for the protection
of public health. There is no provision for establishing quarantine
to prevent the introduction or spread of contagious diseases except in
the incorporated towns. In like manner there is no law to enforce
any of the ordinary rules of sanitation. The result is disastrous to
the natives and also a menace to the white population, chiefly on ac-
count of the communication to it of diseases prevalent among the
natives. There is no law in the Territory for the registration of mar-
riages, births, or deaths. Such records are important tq the miblic
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
BEPORT OF THE SECRETARV OP THE INTERIOR, 57
and to the protection of property rights, especially of widows and
orphans. Some general law should be passed upon the subject without
waiting for any change in the form of territorial government.
The Government expends about $240,000 annually for education in
Alaska, and in addition the incorporated towns expend for schools a
considerable sum. The public schools outside of the incorporated
towns have been administered by the governor's office more efficiently
than hitherto. Better methods of jfbcounting have been introduced
and manual training departments have been established in some of
the larger schools. The statutory limit of $1,000 for the construction
of a school building is reported to be insufficient to cover the cost.
The suggestion is made that the maximum should be raised to $2,500,
so that buildings may be constructed at a cost varying from this maxi-
mum to $1,200, which is the smallest amount for which a suitable
building can be constructed in any of the towns. To make the system
effective the law should compel attendance. This is especially neces-
sary for the native children, for whom there are about 80 schools,
administered by the Bureau of Education through a general superin-
tendent and four district superintendents in Alaska.
Alaska's greatest resources are her minerals, and in the develop-
ment of these the precious metals still hold the predominant place.
The shipments of domestic gold and silver to the States during the last
fiscal year amounted to $15,171,008, a sum greater than the value of
the shipments of other commodities combined, and but slightly less
than the importation of merchandise into Alaska from the States.
The statistics of commerce have shown an increase in the value of
the shipments other than gold and silver from Alaska to the States.
Canned salmon and copper ore were the items which increased most.
The increase in the copper shipments was largely in the last three
months of the fiscal year, because of the completion of the Copper
River Railroad and a larger increase is to be expected. The coal
used in Alaska for all purposes during the year was 116,000 tons.
The prices on the coast have ranged from $10 a ton at Juneau to
$21.30 at Nome. The inadequate laws, the pending contests on
private entries, and the general withdrawal of the coal lands have
combined to prevent the development of Alaskan coal. The coal
used has been imported and less than one-tliird of it has come from
the United States. In the interior, wood is the fuel in general use for
all purposes, while on the coast oil is supplanting coal, and the rail-
roads and steamship lines of Alaska and the interior Pacific coast
are being equipped for tliis fuel, the supply for which is drawn from
the California oil fields. The fishing industry stands second to min-
mg in its productiveness. It employs upward to 15,000 persons,
and $20,000,000 has been invested. The finished product had an
export value of over $10,000,000, which is an increase^of over
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
$2,000,000. The recent season was the most prosperous ever experi-
enced, due chiefly to an increase in the prices of the product, although
it is probable that the pack of canned salmon was the largest ever
produced. The halibut fishery quadrupled its output in 1910 and
more than quadrupled the price received for it, which that year was
over $800,000, The statistics for the season of 1911 when completed
are expected to show a still further increase.
Many changes in the laws and regulations are necessary for the
encouragement and protection of the fisheries. The effective co-
operation of Federal and local authorities for this purpose could be
brought about by such a commission as has been suggested. The
governor's report, however, calls attention to some changes which
should be made immediately, such as prohibiting the taking of
herring for the manufacture of fertilizer and oil; the regulation of the
number of salmon canneries; the readjustment of taxes; the mainte-
nance of public fish hatcheries, and the discontinuance of the system
under which tlie maintenance of private hatcheries entitles the
canning establishments to tax rebates. The governor also calls
attention to the need of additional legislation for the better protec-
tion of the fur-bearing animals.
During the year $548,447 worth of lumber was shipped from the
United States to Alaska, being about the same amoimt that has been
shipped annually for the past five years. The record of timber cut
from the national forests in Alaska during the past year shows over
28,000,000 board feet, for which approximately $30,000 was paid.
Timber outside of the national forests is used for domestic and other
local purposes and the regulations governing its use are now under-
going revision with a view to making this timber more readily
available.
The report of the governor contains many other suggestions and
discusses conditions in detail. It should receive careful considera-
tion by Congress.
ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.
The time draws near when the governmental affairs of Arizona and
New Mexico will have no place in the annual report of the Secretary
of the Interior. Under the enabling act of Congress approved June
20, 1910 (36 Stat., 57), a convention was elected in each Territory and
framed a State constitution, which was approved by a vote of the
people in January, 1911. On August 21, 1911, the President ap-
proved a joint resolution (37 Stat., 39) authorizing him to issue his
proclamation admitting Arizona and New Mexico into the Union on
the following conditions:
That there should be submitted to and adopted by the voters of
Arizona a substitute for Article VIII of the pending constitution
excepting the judiciary from the operation of recall by popular vote.
REPOET OF THE SECRETABY OF THE INTEBIOE. 59
In that event the Territory will be admitted to statehood upon the
completion of the necessary formaUties.
That there should be submitted to the electors of New Mexico for
adoption or rejection a substitute for Article XIX of the pending con-
stitution proyiding an easier method of amendment in the future.
The governor reports that this substitute was adopted at an election
held November 7, when State officers and Eepresentatives in Congress
were also voted for. The issuance of the President's proclamation
awaits the due certification of the results of this election.
Both Territories have developed sufficiently to fuUy justify their
admission into the Union. Arizona's population is estimated at
225^000, an increase of approximately 10 per cent since the census of
1910 was taken. That of New Mexico was 327,301 in 1910, and is
now estimated at 340,000. The increase of population is especially
notable in the irrigated valleys, and therefore indicates not only pres-
ent but permanent stability and prosperity. The annual revenues of
each Territory slightly exceed $1 ,000,000. The annual expenditures of
Arizona are slightly in excess of, and those of New Mexico slightly less
than^ said sum. The assessed valuation of the taxable property of
Arizona is $98,032,708.64 and that of New Mexico $60,048,880.75, an
increase of $11,906,482.29 and $1,735,754.57, respectively, over 1910.
The tax rate for each Territory is 10 mills, and the debt of each slightly
less than $1,000,000.
HAWAU.
The jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior over Hawaii is
exceedingly limited. While the governor and some other territorial
officials are appointed by the President, the islands are largely self-
governing, under authority and limitations contained in the acts of
Congress. Under the joint resolution of July 7, 1898, providing for
mmexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, Congress pro-
vided that the existing laws of the United States relative to the public
lands should not apply to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands, but
that special laws for their management and disposition should be
enacted by Congress. Certain changes were made by intermediate
legislation, and in 1910 Congress, by the act of May 27 of that year,
made many important changes in the laws relating to public lands in
the Territory. It has been held by this Department that there is no
appellate jurisdiction in the Secretary of the Interior respecting
decisions of the territorial officers in regard to the pubUc lands, and
this Department has never been called upon to administer those laws.
It has occasionally been asked for advice by the territorial author-
ities, and on one occasion an appeal was attempted but dismissed.
The annual report of the governor of Hawaii points out that
imports and exports aggregated $69,451,163, which, although less
by $2,173,796 than for the preceding year, was greater by ^22^^
60 REPORT OF THE eEORETARY OE THE INTERIOR.
than the largest amount before that; they have increased 125 per
cent in the 11 years of territorial government. The imports
were $27,512,580, an increase of $2,374,333, and the exports $41,938,-
583, a decrease of $4,547,829. About 90.5 per cent of the trade was
with the mainland of the United States, the imports from which have
practically doubled within seven years. The inward tonnage was
1,343,876, an increase of 35,075, and the outward tonnage slightly
greater. The tonnage has increased 40 per cent during territorial
government. Nearly 95 per cent in value of the freight was carried
in American bottoms. The customs receipts were $1,654,761.34, an
increase of $79,442.19, and lai^er than for any preceding year; the
total thus paid into the Federal Treasury since the organization of
territorial government is $14,913,460.86. The internal-revenue
receipts were $218,739.14, an increase of $19,606.63, and lai^er than
for any preceding year; they have aggregated $956,204.32 during the
period of territorial government.
The current receipts of the territorial government were $3,482,-
560.84, a decrease of $158,684.51. The disbursements, including
payments to counties and transfers to special funds, were $3,584,-
517.61, an increase of $320,153.41. The net cash balances in all
revenue accounts aggregated $1,101,051.72 at the close of the year,
an mcrease of $287,449.60. The counties collected $267,275.56 for
themselves in addition to $1,184,564.11 paid to them by the Territory.
Thus the total pubUc revenues, territorial and county, aggregated
$3,749,836.40, of which $2,297,996.73 went to the Territory and
$1,451,839.67 to the counties.
Bonds bearing 4 per cent interest were paid to the amount of
$75,000, leaving at the close of the year a total bonded debt of
$4,004,000, or 2.59 per cent of the assessed value of property. Such
assessed value was $154,584,032, an increase of $4,315,565. There
are no county bonds.
Bank deposits at the close of the year were $15,310,263.51, an
increase of $1,985,957.97; 5 new banks were established. The capi-
taUzation of domestic corporations was $156,873,028, an increase of
$4,837,503; 51 new corporations were created and 7 old ones dissolved.
The population of the Territory is 191,909, an increase of 37,908, or
24.62 per cent since 1900; of Honolulu, 52,183, an increase of 12,877,
or 32.76 per cent. The population by races is as follows: Hawaiians,
26,041, a decrease of 3,746; part-Hawaiians, 12,506, an increase of
4,658 (of these 8,772 are Caucasian-Hawaiians and 3,734 Asiatic-
Hawaiians); Portuguese, 22,303, an increase of 6,628; Spanish, 1,990,
and Porto Ricans, 4,890 (both new); other Caucasians, 14,867, an
increase of 4,290; Chinese, 21,674, a decrease of 4,088; Japanese,
79,674, an increase of 18,559; and all others (including 4,533 Koreans,
158 blacks, 537 mulattoes, and 2,736 others), 7,964, an increase of
* .727. Digitized by GoOglC
KEPORT OF THE SECBETAEY OF THE INTEBIOR.
61
NATIOXAIi PARKS AND RESERVATIONS.
The policy of setting aside tracts of land in various sections of the
United States as pleasure grounds for the people was inaugurated by
Congress by the act of March 1, 1872, in establishing the Yellowstone
National Park in Wyoming, and thereafter from time to time other
lands in various sections of the country were set aside for such pur-
pose and as a practical means of preserving the wonders of nature
therein from desecration. These reservations now aggregate 12 in
number, embracing over 4,500,000 acres, to which should be added
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, for the creation of which
as a national park recommendations have heretofore been submitted.
The areas of these parks, with date of establishment of each, are
as follows:
Name.
Date of
establishment.
Acres.
YeUowBtone, to. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho..
Yosemite, In California
Seqaoia, m California
General Grant, in California
Mount Rainier, in Washington
Crater Lalce, in Oregon •. . . ,
Wind Cave, in South Dakota
Sallys Hm, in North Dakota
Piatt, in Oklahoma
Mesa Vorde. in Colorado
Five-mile strip for protection of ruins
Hot springs Beservation, in Arkansas
Glacier, in Montana ,
Mar. 1, 1872
Oct. 1, 1890
Sept. 26, 1890
Oct. 1, 1890
Mar. 2,1899
May 22,1902
Jan. 9,1903
Apr. 27,1904
fMy 1, 1902
I Apr. 21,1904
June 29,1906
do
June 16,1880
May 11,1910
2,142,720.00
719.622.00
161,597.00
2,536.00
207,360.00
159,360.00
10,522.00
780.00
8(8.22
42,376.00
175,360.00
911.63
981,681.00
Total 4,606,153.85
Public interest in these national reservations, not only in tliis
country, but abroad, is constantly increasing, as is indicated by the
number of visitors thereto. During the past year the total number
of visitors to all these parks aggregated approximately 224,000, as
against 198,506 in 1910. There is every reason to believe that travel
thereto will be greatly augmented in the future, especially during
1915, when the Panama-Pacific International Exposition will be held
in San Francisco, and the various transcontinental roads will doubt-
less provide a transportation rate calculated to attract visitors to
the various reservations as well as to the exposition.
For the purpose of bringing together the superintendents of the
various parks, and discussing the many difficult problems presented
in the administration of the affairs of each, I presided at a conference
held imder my direction in the Yellowstone National Park in Sep-
tember, 1911, at which there were in attendance the Assistant Sec-
retary, the chief clerk, and other representatives of this Department,
representatives of the Departments of Agriculture and War, the
various transcontinental railroads, and of concessionaires in the
several reservations. Many phases of park administration were dis-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
62
BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
cussed, including hotel accommodations, public transportation, con-
struction of roads, trails, and bridges, &e protection, forestry, pro-
tection of game, and the enforcement of the park regulations gener-
ally. This conference should result in more effective administration
than it has heretofore been practicable to secure. The consensus of
opinion, however, at the conference was that development of the
national reservations should proceed along more liberal lines than
has heretofore obtained, and that the suj)ervision of the activities
of the various parks should be centralized in a bureau especially
charged with such work.
There are hereto appended tables giving the location, date of estab-
lishment, area, private holdings, if any, the number of visitors, and
the special characteristics of the various national parks under the
supervision of the Secretary of the Interior; the appropriations made
by Congress for the protection and improvements thereof during 1911
and for five years prior thereto, as well as the revenues derived from
leases, privileges, and concessions in said reservations received during
the said period.
NATIONAL MONUMENTS AND PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN
ANTIQUITIES.
By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preser-
vation of American antiquities," the President of the United States
is authorized, "in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation
historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other
objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands
owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be
national monuments." Under such authority the President has
created the following monuments:
National monuments administered by Interior Department.
Name.
State.
Devils Tower
Montezuma Castle
ElMorro
Chaco Canyon
MuirWoods»
Pinnacles
Tumacacorl
NavaJo>
Mukuntuweap
Shoshone Cavern
Natural Bridges*
OranQuivlra.
Sitka
RaInlx)W Bridge*
Lewis and Clark Cavern .
Colorado
Petrified Forest
Wyoming
Anjsona
New Mexico.
do
California
.....do
Arizona
....do
Utah
Wyoming
Utah
New Mexico.
Alaska
Utah
Montana
Colorado
Arizona
Date.
Sept. 24,ig06
Dec. 8,1906
do
Mar. 11,1907
Jan. 9,1908
Jan. 16,1908
Sept. 15, 1908
Mar. 20,1909
July 81,1909
Sept. 21. 1909
Sept. 25, 1909
Nov. 1,1909
Mar. 23,1910
May 30,1910
May 16,1911
May 24,1911
July 31,1911
Area.
Aere$.
1,152
160
160
20,629
295
S2,080
10
«600
s 15, 840
210
S2,740
n60
«57
160
160
13,883
25,625
1 Donated to the United States.
* Estimated area.
> Within an Indian reservation.
4 Based on 15 known ruins with a reserved area of 40 acres surrounding each ruin. Exterior limits of tnet
specified in proclamation contain 918.310 acres.
* Originally set aside by proclamation of April 16, 1908» and contained only 1
?ifed"1,7Google
igitized
EEPOBT OF THE S£CB£TABY OF THE INTEKIOR. 63
By prodamatioii of May 24, 1911, a new national monument
under the Department has been created, designated as the Colorado
National Monument, Colorado. The lands embraced within this reser-
vation are in part identical with those included within the boundaries
of the Monument National Park proposed in H. K. 22549, introduced
in the Sixty-first Congress, which failed of passage. The monument,
however, contains nearly 5,000 acres of land less than the area pro-
posed to be segregated by the national-park bill.
In the case of the Lewis and Clark Cavern Monument, Montana,
set aside by proclamation of May 11, 1908, a new proclamation was
issued on May 16, 1911, more specifically defining the boundaries
thereof.
The Pinnacles National Monument, California, was set aside by a
proclamation dated January 16, 1908, at which time it was under the
supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture, being within a national
forest. By proclamation dated December 12, 1910, the lands* on
which this monument is located were eliminated from the national
forest, and since that date it has been under supervision of the Sec-
retary of the Interior.
The Petrified Forest National Monument, Arizona, was originally
set aside on December 8, 1906, with an area of 60,776 acres. The
definite location of the principal deposits of silicified wood was not
known, the intention being to reduce the area after the lands could
be examined and the location of the valuable deposits determined.
During the year Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology,
National Museum, visited the reservation at the instance of this
Department, and submitted a report thereon recommending the
reduction of the metes and bounds of the reservation and suggesting
the segregation of such portions thereof as are desirable for the use
of collectors having permits imder the act of June 8, 1908, to take
specimens of silicified wood from the reservation. Tliis report met
with the approval of the Department, and accordingly, on July 31,
1911, a new proclamation was issued reducing the area of the Petrified
Forest National Monument to 25,625 acresi
The supervision of these various monuments has, in the absence of
any specific appropriation for their protection and improvements,
necessarily been intrusted to the field officers of the Department hav-
ing charge of the territory in which the several monuments are located.
This supervision in many instances is necessarily limited, and con-
siderable difiiculty has been experienced in protecting the monuments
from vandaHsm, unauthorized exploration, and spoliation. It is rec-
onmiended that adequate appropriation be made by Congress for the
protection and improvement of these reservations. Only such monu-
ments as in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior are subject
to depredations by vandals and unauthorized collections on the part
of the pubUc should be provided with a custodian or superiHtejidm*-^
64
REPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
The followmg national monuments are not administered by the
Secretary of the Interior. Those that should be continued should be
placed under the proposed Bureau of National Parks.
National monuments administered by Department of Agriculture.
Name.
state.
Date.
Area.
rftllfnmlA. . .
May 6,1907
do
Nov. 16,1907
Dec 19,1907
Jan. 11,1908
Feb. 7,1908
Dec. 17,1906
Mar. 2,1909
July 12,1909
July 6,1911
Acres.
15,120
TiMWfn Pwik... .....
do
11,280
160
Gila Cliff Dwellings
New Mexico
Arizona
Tonto
1640
Grand Canyon
do
1806,400
Jewel Cave
South Dakota
11,280
Wheeler
Colorado
800
Mount Ol3rmpus
Washington
1606,640
480
Or»on Caves.
Oregon.1
De^'B Poatplle
rAllTnmift
800
1 Estimated area.
National monument administered by War Department
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Big Hole Battlefield
Montann. .*
June 23,19101
Aeret,
5
1 Set aside by Bxecatlve order.
EliEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAIi FOB THE INSANE.
On June 30, 1911, there remained in the hospital 2,862 patients, as
against 2,916 remaining on June 30, 1910, a decrease of 54 from the
previous year. During the year there were admitted 623 patients, a
decrease of 27 from the previous year. The number of admissions
added to the number remaining on June 30, 1910, makes a total of
3,539 patients under treatment during the last fiscal year, being an
increase of 37 over the previous year. The daily average population
for the year was 2,884, as against 2,872.91 for the previous year,
thus showing an increase of 11.09. Of the total number of patients
admitted, 401 were from civil life, 215 from Army and Navy, and 7
from the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service.
In prior annual reports attention has been called to the fact that
existing laws governing the commitment of the various classes of
insane persons to the hospital do not adequately meet the present
conditions and need revision, and to the necessity for outlining some
definite policy with reference to the future growth of the institution.
Under the present laws, in the commitment of the insane from the^
District it is necessary to try each case in open court and in the
presence of a jury. The necessity for such course is of doubtful pro-
priety, as it can only have the effect of humiliating both the patient
and the patient's relatives and haa a deleterious effect upon the con-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 65
dition of the person whose mental status is under investigation. In
a majority of the States the presence in court of the party whose
sanity is to be inquired into is discretionary with the court, and like-
wise the trial by jury is in the discretion of the court. Persons not
residents of the District are frequently arrested, tried, and con-
victed of vagrancy and other misdemeanors, sentenced for short
periods in one of the correctional institutions of the District, and
thereafter becoming insane are transferred to the Government Hos-
pital, and their relatives being unknown they become a perpetual
charge on the United States.
The law providing for the transfer to this institution of persons
chained with crime in the custody of Federal officers or after con-
viction likewise needs revision. During the period when Indian
Territory was practically under the supervision of the Secretary of
the Interior it was customary, because they had no place in which
to confine the insane in that Territory, to transfer persons com-
mitting minor or other offenses ia that district, on the slightest evi-
dence of temporary mental aberration, to the Government Hospital
for the Insane; and even at the present time United States prisoners
convicted in various sections of the country and serving short sen-
tences becoming temporarily insane or mentally incompetent are at
once transferred to the Government Hospital; whereas if they had
been cared for in the district in which the crime was committed,
after the serving of the sentence they would be immediately turned
over to the custody of those charged with the care of the insane in
the community of which they were legal residents, and the United
States be not charged with their care and treatment.
After careful consideration of all the circumstances, and as a result
of conferences between officials of this Department and other depart-
ments of the Government interested in the matter, a cormnittee was
organized consisting of the following: Surg. Gen. George H. Tomey,
representing the Secretary of War; Surg. A. W. Dunbar, representing
the Secretary of the Navy; Robert V. La Dow, superintendent of
prisons, representing the Attorney General; Maj. William V. Judson,
Corps of Engineers, United States Army, representing the District
of Columbia; Mr. Scott C. Bone, representing the board of visitors;
and Dr. William A. White, superintendent of the hospital, repre-
senting the Secretary of the Interior. The committee was instructed
as follows:
1. To inveBtigate and report on any defects in the lawB governing the conduct of
the institution and the oommitment of patients thereto.
2. To investigate and report on the advisability of continuing therein patients
committed from the District, and from the Army and Navy, from distant points.
3. To reconmiend as to the policy to be adopted relating to the growth of the institu-
tion, and the matter of additional lands, buildings, equipment, etc.
USSS**— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^5
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
4. To report on the present conduct of the institution, and to make any recommenda-
tions necessary for the improvement of the service and the advancement of the inter-
ests o{ the inmates.
The report of the above-mentioned committee has been submitted
and is now under consideration.
FBJSEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
There were 2,900 indoor patients treated in this institution during
the year, an increase of 31 over the preceding year. One thousand
eight hundred and eighty-two cases were received from the District .
of Columbia and 1,018 from various States. Two thousand seven
hundred and twenty-four were discharged, of whom 1,416 recovered,
919 improved, 138 were unimproved, 17 were not treated, and 234
died. The number of patients remaining in the hospital at the close
of the year was 176/ Of the deaths reported, 57 were beyond medi-
cal and surgical aid when received. The surgical work has been very
heavy during the past year, involving 1,767 operations, an increase
of 285 over the previous year. In the out-patient department, 4,839
were treated, an increase of 1,113 over last year.
The account with the Board of Charities of the District of Colum-
bia shows an unpaid balance of 173,505.71. It is hoped that the
Commissioners of the District may see their way clear to include in
future estimates to Congress a sum sufficient to cover the contract
price for the care of all patients who have been admitted to the hos-
pital as residents of the District of Columbia. The bill rendered
during the past year for the care and treatment of this class of pa-
tients amounted to 137,139.36, or 111,639.36 more than the appro-
priation received for this purpose.
The training school of nursing has completed its seventeenth year
of work and is represented by 217 graduates. These women are
engaged successfully in private nursing and not a few are engaged in
institutional work in various parts of the country. At the graduat-
ing exercises held on May 19, 1911, 13 nurses received their diplomas.
HOWABD UNIVEBSITY.
Howard University was incorporated by the act of March 2, 1867
(14 Stats., 338). The purpose of the incorporation named in the
first section of the act was ''for the education of youth in the liberal
arts and sciences." The incorporators were declared to be * 'a body
politic and corporate, with perpetual succession," etc. Control was
vested in a board of 17 trustees.
The incorporators and their successors were authorized to take for
the university property, of any character, "by gift, devise, grant,
donation, bargain, sale, conveyance, assurance, or will;" to transfer
or lease any of the property of the university; and to place at interest,
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 67
in such manner as a majority of the incoTporators or their successors
should decide, any money belonging to the university, and with the
general powers usually conferred on corporations with reference to
the right to sue and be sued in any courts of law and equity^ in actions
of any character. Congress reserved the right to idter, amend^or
repeal the act of incorporation.
The enrollment of the university for the past year was 1,382.
The international character of the institution is shown by the fact
that these students came from 37 States and 11 foreign countries —
from British West Indies 83, British Guiana 7, Cuba 6, Porto Rico 5,
Africa and South America 3, and from Dutch West Indies, Bermuda,
Liberia, and the Republic of Panama 1 each. Two hundred students
completed their studies in the institution, of whom 129 received de-
grees as follows: Twenty-eight M. D.; 17 D. D. S.; 8 Phar. D.; 28
LL. B.; 6 B. D.; 37 A. B.; and 5 Ped. B.
The school of theology receives no aid from Congress, but is sup-
ported entirely through endowments and special gifts. It requires
no doctrinal tests, is interdenominational, and is open for all who
are preparing for greater efficiency in moral and religious work.
No appropriation was made by Congress for the support of the
university until March 3, 1879, although it was established in 1867.
In 1879, $10,000 was appropriated "for maintenance." From
March 3, 1879, to June 30, 1911, Congress has appropriated for this
institution a total of $1,386,340, divided as follows: For maintenance,
$894,700; for scientific building and equipment, $90,000; for addi-
tion to the manual-training building, $23,000; for tools, books, and
improvement of groimds and buildings, equipment of different
departments, chemical apparatus, fuel, light, etc., $360,300; and for
the construction of a building for coal storage and for otjier improve-
ments to the university plant, $18,340.
The only buildings erected from appropriations made by Congress
are the scientific building, the addition to the manual-traimng build-
ing, and the building for the storage of coal, but for many years
separate appropriations have been made for the repairs of buildings
and the improvement of grounds. For several years past these two
items have been combined in making the appropriations,
A report of the secretary of the university, dated November 10,
1911, shows that on September 30, 1911, the total value of all prop-
erty belonging to the university was $1,660,748.64, of which
$395,504.46 represents endowments. The total amount appropriated
by Congress for the university is $1,386,340; the sum of the endow-
ments and the appropriations is $1,781,844.46. The plant, therefore,
as it stood on September 30, was worth $121,095.82 less than the
aggregate amount of the endowments and the total amount appro-
priated by Congress for all purposes.
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68 BBPOBT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,
As the law now exists, this Department has no representation on
the board of trustees, although it has for several years given adminis-
trative examination to the accounts of the special disbursing officer
handling appropriations made by Congress for the university.
Neither has the Government any title to the buildmgs erected or
improvements made to the buildings from congressional appropria-
tion. At the beginning of the present fiscal year, however, the
Secretary of the Interior has, under his general supervisory power and
for administrative reasons, directed the disbursing officer of this
Department to disburse all moneys appropriated by Congress for this
institution. The president of the university, in his report for the
last fiscal year, says: '*It has become increasingly evident that the
institution must depend for the years to come almost entirely on
Government support and current receipts from tuition in the several
departments." Considering the magnitude of the appropriations
made by Congress for the maintenance, improvement, etc., of the
university, and the statement of the president thereof, it is manifest
that the Government should have greater supervision over the insti-
tution, and it is ^therefore recommended that the act of incorporation
of March 2, 1867, be so amended as to give the Government a proper
representation on the board of trustees, that appropriations made by
Congress shall be expended under the direction of the Secretary of
the Interior, and that the institution be required to protect the
United States against possible transfer or loss of the lands upon
which buildings have heretofore or may hereafter be erected from
funds provided by the Government,
COLUMBIA INSTITT7TION FOB THE DEAF.
This Department has no supervision over the expenditures of the
appropriation made by Congress for, or general supervision over, the
administration of the affairs of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf.
Under existing law the only duty imposed upon the Secretary of the
Interior in relation to this institution is the reception of the annual re-
port thereof and the admission of indigent deaf mutes of the several
States and Territories to that institution for instruction in the collegiate
branch thereof. In my judgment this Department should either be
given control of the expenditure of the appropriation and the adminis-
tration of this institution, or it should be divested of the minor authority
now conferred upon it by law, and the entire control and manage-
ment of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf vested in the president
and board of directors thereof, they being required to report directly
to Congress as to the administration of the institution.
MARYLAND SCHOOL FOB THE BLIND.
Section 2 of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1868 (11 Stat.,
294), authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to place for instruction
in an institution for the blind, in the State of Maiyland or some other
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 69
State, the indigent blind children of teachable age who are children
of persons actually engaged in the militaiy and naval service of the
United States, and under section 4869, Revised Statutes of the
United States, the blind children of teachable age belonging to the
District of Columbia.
The act of May 26, 1908 (35 Stat., 295), making appropriations for
the District of Columbia, provided that after July 1, 1908, a contract
should be entered into by the Commissioners of the District of Colum-
bia for the instruction, in Maryland or some other State, of indigent
blind children of the District, appropriated S6,000 for the purpose,
and repealed the permanent indefinite appropriation under section
3689 of the Revised Statutes. Inasmuch as the Secretary of the
Interior, by section 2 of the act of May 29, 1858 (11 Stat., 293), was
also charged with providing for the instruction of the blind children
of all persons in the military and naval service of the United States,
while such persons are actually in such service, the expense to be
defrayed from the permaneot indefinite appropriation above referred
to, the question was submitted to the Comptroller of the Treasury as
to whether that appropriation was repealed so far as to be no longer
available for the instruction of this class of beneficiaries. In an
opinion rendered October 27, 1908, the Comptroller of the Treasury
held that the act of Maj 26, 1908, supra, only repealed the provisions
of section 3489 of the Revised Statutes to the extent that said sec-
tion provides for the education of the blind children of the District
of Columbia, and that the permanent indefinite appropriation in
question is still available for instructing the blind children of all per-
sons in the military and naval service of the United States, in some
institution in Maryland or some other State, and that the Secretary
of the Interior is authorized to continue to issue permits for the
instruction of such cliildren. No permits for this class of beneficiaries
were issued during the past year.
superintendent op the united states capitoii
buiijDing and grounds.
The superintendent in his annual report calls attention to the
increased administrative service now rendered. In 1905 supervi-
sion was exercised over the Capitol Building and Grounds; the
Courthouse and Court of Claims Building. Since that date there
have been added the Senate and House Office Buildings, the heat-
ing; lighting, and power plant for the Capitol and other congres-
sional buildings, and subways connecting the Capitol with the Ofiice
Buildings; the court of appeals addition to the courthouse.
The improvements and repairs in the Capitol and Senate and House
Office Buildings have been carried on successfully. The central
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70 KEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OP THE INTERIOR.
portion of the Capitol and the Dome has been cleaned down and
painted; the walls and corridors leading from the crypt in the base-
ment story northward to the Senate wing and those leading north-
ward from the Rotunda were repaired and refinished to conform to
the surroundings; an iron stairway has been constructed leading
from the corridor in front of the Senate post office, basement story,
to the subbasement floor below, landing directly at the entrance to
the subway connecting the Capitol with the Senate Office Building.
Committee rooms and other rooms have been painted and decorated
and plumbing fixtures have been installed. Statuary Hall has been
thoroughly overhaxiled and the walls and ornamental ceiling painted.
^ew chandeliers have been installed in a number of rooms.
The practical completion and satisfactory operation of the new
congressional heating and power plant has supplied the Capitol, the
Senate and House Office Buildings, and, in a large measure, the
Library of Congress during the past year with light, heat, and
power.
The expenditures were as follows: Capitol Building and repairs,
139,450; improving the Capitol grounds, 132,100; lighting Capitol
groimds, etc., $100,000; engine house, Senate and House stables,
Sl,500; repairs to courthouse of District of Columbia, 110,000;
Court of Claims Building, $3,831.
OENERAL EDUCATION BOARD.
This corporation, which was created by the act of Congress approved
January 12, 1903, section 6 of which requires the corporation to
annually file with the Secretary of the Interior a report, in writing,
stating in detail the property, real and personal, held by the corpo-
ration, and the expenditure or other use or disposition of the same,
or the income thereof during the preceding year, has for its object the
promotion of education within the United States. The corporation
owns no real estate, its property consisting of securities and money
divided into various funds, according to the purpose for which it is to
be used.
On June 30, 1911, the capital funds belonging without restriction
to the board amounted to $32,246,377.29, invested as follows: Bonds,
$15,786,229.65; stocks, $16,430,758.68; cash, $29,388.96.
The income from the above funds, including income earned but
not received and gain on securities sold amounting to $20,594.65,
amounted during the year to $1,861,073.15. A gift from Mr. John D.
Rockefeller from the income of the special fund in the hands of the
board increased this by $200,000, and the unexpended balance from
previous year, amounting to $3,636,778.37, brought up the total
undisbursed income to $5,697,851.52.
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 71
The disbursements during the year were as follows:
Paymenta on account of appropriations to colleges, universities, etc. . |1, 307, 878. 86
Payments on account of appropriations for formers' cooperative demon-
stration work carried on by the United States Department of Agri-
culture 113,251.62
Payments made on account of appropriations for salaries and expenses
of professors of secondary education in Southern States 29, 859. 79
Expenses 34,139.44
Total 1,485,129.71
This leaves an undisbursed balance of income on June 30^ 1911,
of $4,212,721.81. It is mvested as follows: Bonds, $2,472,582.05;
stocks, $805,963.29; income receivable, $204,844.35; cash, $729,332.12
It should be noted, however, that against this balance there are
unpaid appropriations amounting to $4,158,668.89.
The John D. Rockefeller special fund is a fund which Mr. Rocke-
feller controls both as to principal and income. During the year the
board, at his direction, gave from the principal $9,912,540.74 to the
University of Chicago, one-tenth to be delivered January 1 of each
year for 10 years; $924,707.63 was also given during the year to the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, of New York. This
leaves an undisbursed balance of the fund amounting to $1,568,141.54,
which is invested as foUows: Bonds, $242,135; stocks, $1,225,940.15;
cash, $100,066.39.
The income from this fund during the year was $561,591.42, which,
added to the balance from the previous year, makes a total of
Sl,033,966.14. Disbursements during year were as follows:
Gifts to the Univereity of Chicago |112, 600. 00
Gift to general education board income account 200, 000. 00
Expenses 2,796.23
ToUl : 315,396.23
This leaves a balance of $718,569.91, which is invested as follows:
Bonds, $441,973.65; stocks, $2,625; income receivable, $97,855; cash,
$176,116.26.
The Anna T. Jeanes fund, the income to be used for negro rural
schools, amounts to $200,000. It is invested as follows: Bonds.
$182,877.51; stocks, $16,645; cash, $477.49.
The income from this fund during the year was $9,206.81. Added
to the balance from the previous year the total available income
amounted to $13,711.51. Of this, $8,589.25 was appropriated and
paid to various schools, leaving a balance of $5,122.26, all in cash.
During the year all securities and funds held by the board for the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research were turned over to the
board of trustees of that corporation.
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72 BEPOET OF THE SECEETARY OF THE INTEEIOE.
IMPROVEMENTS AT LAWTON, OKIiAHOMA.
By the act of Congress approved March 27, 1908 (35 Stat., 49),
it was provided —
That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to
plat and sell in accordance with section twenty-three hundred and eighty-one of the
Revised Statutes of the United States the following-described tract of land, to wit:
The south half of section thirty, township two north, range eleven west, of the Indian
meridian, in the State of Oklahoma: Provided^ That the Secretary of the Interior
shall reserve from said tract of land, when surveyed, one block: for public-park and
two blocks for public-school piuposes, and shall cause to be erected two suitable
school buildings out of the proceeds arising from said sale, the remainder of proceeds,
after deducting the expenses necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, to be
converted into and become a part of the fund belonging to the Comanche, Kiowa, and
Apache Tribes of Indians: Provided further, ^hat said sale shall be made as soon as
practicable after the approval of this act.
The act of Congress approved February 18, 1909 (35 Stat., 636),
provides for extension of time of payments on certain homestead
entries in Oklahoma, and amends the above act in the following
language:
The Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in his discretion, to extend
the time of payments to the purchasers and their assigns applying therefor upon the
lots sold, or to be sold, in pursuance of an act entitled ''An act providing for the
platting and selling of the south half of section thirty, township two north, range
eleven west, of the Indian meridian, in the State of Oklahoma, for town-site purposes,"
approved March twenty-seventh, nineteen himdred and eight, and the Secretary of the
Interior is authorized to permit the impaid purchase money for such lots to be paid
in such installments and at such times as he may deem proper: Provided^ however ,
That said purchasers or their assigns shall be required to pay interest on all such
deferred payments sufficient to pay the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Indians four
per centum interest on the payments so deferred, and to pay the local authorities
entitled to receive the same the equivalent of the State, county, city, and school tax
at the legal rate upon such valuation as the Secretary of the Interior may determine,
and to which the lots would be liable if patented, such extension of time not to exceed
four years from the date of the approval of this act: Provided, fwrther^ That not
exceeding one-half of the amount which may be set aside by the Secretary of the
Interior, under the act above referred to, for the construction of two school buildings
may be applied by the Secretary of the Interior to such other improvements as he
may deem for the public welfare.
By section 30 of the act of May 29, 1908, 20 per cent of receipts of
sales from the above-mentioned source was set aside for use in con-
nection with the construction of a courthouse and post-office building
at Lawton, Oklahoma. The attention of the Secretary of the Treasury
was called to the provisions of the foregoing acts, and he has set
aside for the use of this department from the proceeds the sum of
$147,047.03.
Thereafter plans and specifications were prepared for a 10-room
schoolhouse to be located on block 31 of the north addition to Lawton
and designated as school building No. 1. Contract for the work was
let to the McHenry-Beatty Co., of East Liverpool, Ohio, and the
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EEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 73
building was Gompleted at a total cost, including sidewalks, archi-
tect's fees, and supervision of work, of 154,822.96. Contract was
also let to E. M. Eby for the construction of a sanitary sewer, which
was completed at a total cost, including plans and supervision of
work, of $25,867.94, The building and sewer were formally accepted
and turned over to the authorities of Lawton and are now in use.
On April 24^ 1911, contract was let, after due advertisement, to the
same firm for construction of an additional 10-room school building,
to be located on block 26 of the north addition to Lawton, and to be
designated as school building No. 2, and for the laying of sidewalks
around it. The work is now in progress and, it is expected, will be
completed early in 1912.
After deducting from the total proceeds of sales of lots, Lawton,
Oklahoma, the amounts authorized by the acts of May 29, 1908, March
27, 1908, and February 18, 1909, the balance will, by operation of law,
be "converted into and become a part of the fund belonging to the
Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache Tribes of Indians."
MEMORIAIj to JOHN WESLEY POWEUCj.
The International Geological Congress in 1904 considered the
advisability of the construction of a suitable memorial of life service
to Maj. John W. Powell, Direjctor of the United States Geological
Survey, to be erected on the brink of the Grand Canyon of the Colo-
rado, and appointed a committee for the purpose of promoting the
project. Thereafter, in the sundry civil act approved March 4, 1909
(35 Stat., 992), Congress, among other things, provided: .
Memorial to John Wesley Powell: For the purpose of procuring and erecting
on the brink of the Grand Canyon, in the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in Arizona,
a memorial to the late John Wesley Powell, with a suitable pedestal, if necessary, in
recognition of his distinguished public services as a soldier, explorer, and adminis-
trator of Government scientific work, five thousand dollars: Provided^ That the design
for said memorial and the site for the same shall be approved by the Secretary of the
Interior.
Thereafter, on March 4, 1909, the then Secretary of the Interior
designated Dr. W. H. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of Ethnology,
Dr. C. D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and
Col. H. C. Rizer, chief clerk of the United States Geological Survey,
as members of an advisory conmiittee to assist him in determining
the character of the monument and the selection of the best site.
Finding it difficult to reach any definite conclusion regarding the
character of the monument which would be appropriate and satis-
factory without having a somewhat intimate acquaintance with the
available sites for selection, the chairman of the committee, Dr.
Hohnes, visited the Grand Canyon in May, 1909, with a view to mak-
ing the necessary observations. As a result of such visit the com-
mittee submitted a preliminary report recommending the flection
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74 BEPOBT OF THE SECBBTABY OF THE IKT^BIOB.
of ''Sentinel Point," on the rim of the canyon, from which the view
of the Granite Gorge is awe-inspiring, as being the most suitable site
for the monument, which was approved by the Department, and the
committee was authorized to look further into the matter of design
and erection of the monument.
On October 19, 1910, the committee submitted a further report,
stating, among other things, that —
In its report to you of June 24, 1909, the committee presented a number of suggestionfl
that had been made touching the character of the proposed monument. Alter very
full consideration the committee has concluded that the most feasible plan to follow
is that embraced in the last-named suggestion there submitted, viz., a monumental
seat or chair from which the canyon and the river could be viewed.
A model of this plan i^ presented herewith.
It is proposed to insert in the back of the chair a bronze medallion portrait of Maj.
Powell with appropriate inscription. Owing to the limitations marked by the appro-
priation the committee finds that the only suitable material that can be adopted in
construction is concrete.
It is therefore recommended that the committee be authorized to at once proceed to
negotiate with responsible parties for effecting the above-indicated design. It is
further reconmiended that the Director of the Reclamation Service be authorized to
detail some competent person with experience to superintend the construction of the
proposed design, the necessary expenses thus incurred to be paid from the sum of
$5,000 heretofore appropriated for the erection of this monument.
This' report was approved by the Department October 20, 1910,
since which time the committee has had the matter intrusted them
under further consideration, and has submitted a tentative design
and model for the monument which is now under consideration.
MARITIME CANAIi CO. OF NICARAOUA.
Section 6 of the act of Congress approved February 20, 1889,
entitled "An act to incorporate the Maritime Canal Company of
Nicaragua" (25 Stat., 675), provides:
Said company shall make a report on the first Monday of December in each year to
the Secretary of the Interior, which shall be duly verified on oath by the president
and oecretary thereof, giving such detailed statement of its affairs, and of its assets
and liabilities, as may be required by the Secretary of the Interior, and any willfully
false statement so made shall be deemed perjury, and punishable as such. And it
shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to require such annual statement
and to prescribe the form thereof and the particulars to be given thereby.
The report of this corporation has been duly transmitted to Con-
gress. In view of the fact, however, that the Maritime Canal Co. of
Nicaragua has no relations whatever with this Department and the
Secretary has no duty to perform thereto, except as specified in the
above-mentioned law, it is recommended that the act be so amended
as to require the corporation to submit directly to Congress such
form of report as it may prescribe.
Very respectfully, Walter L. Fisheb,
Secretary.
The Presidbnt.
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APPENDICES.
APFENDIX A.
Laxid Classification Work.
[Referred to on pb 30 of this report.]
Progress of coal classification and valuation.
STATUS ON JULY 1, 1910. »
State.
Withdrawals
outstanding.
Coallands
classified.
Valuation.
Valuation at
minimum
price.
Almttrn.
Acres.
Aeret.
Arkansas
60,715
$1,473,762
$1,214,280
ArizoDa.
161,210
Callfornja
7,720
2,058.094
1,277,491
1,816,144
530,491
80
468,040
585,066
118,818,995
30,657,081
22,272,272
7,579,630
1,600
14,981,435
154,404
Colorado
6,656,618
23.920,978
3,155,295
37,911,720
MontAfiA . .
23,397,552
New Mexico
22,118,654
North Dakota
7,579,630
Oregon
379,452
6,897,958
2,210,847
10,854,704
1,600
Utah
6,957,177
W*«hingti>n
Wyoming
4,458,151
251,019,401
76,404,019
Total
63,236,962
10,676,926
447,389,212
175,739,045
1 Correction of previous report.
STATUS ON JULY 1,1911.
> Area unknown.
Alaska
(>)
Arkansas
60,715
$1,473,762
$1,214,280
Arizona
118,718
239,903
5,517,338
6,965,417
19,890,471
92,141
5,809,490
18,454,490
3,521
2,375,263
6,221,314
2.210,807
7,013,543
fVlil^rnift....
7,720
2,873,929
585,086
167,775,104
164,404
Colorado
60,309,589
Idaho
Montana.
3,512,348
94,463,647
76,308,380
Nevada
New Mexico
964,214
230,814
1,897
2i,26i,d&i
4,582,860
49,909
13,623,793
North Dakota
4,582,860
87,919
Oregon
South Dakota .
Utfth
636,479
7,147,719
36,576,849
2)000
381,804,858
8,287,783
WlW^fPgtOT! ,, .
800
Wyoming ,
109,933,717
Total
74,932,416
15,425,876
708,675,739
264,443,524
1 Area unknown.
STATUS ON DECEMBER 1, 1911.
A}wk^ .
Acres.
0)
Acres.
Ar1r«MTAff
60,715
$1,473,762
$1,214,280
Aritopa .
118, n8
239,903
5,464,662
1,606,262
18,711,566
92, 141
5,809,490
18,454,490
3,521
2,034,131
6,134,089
2,210,086
6,845,859
naUfoi^if^ , ,
7,720
2,873,965
585,086
167,776,644
154,404
Colorado
50,310,809
Idt^iw
Montftn^
3,697,824
97,276,955
78,678,983
Nevada
New Mexico
954,214
230,814
1,897
21,261,664
4,582,860
49,909
13,523,792
North Dakota
4,582,860
37,919
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
646,521
40
7,147,719
36,709,469
2,000
381,804,858
8,399,403
WMhipgton... ,,
800
109,933,717
Total
67,724,918
15,621,429
711,523,107
266,836,437
1 Area unknown.
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76 BEPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR.
Oil-Umd withdrawals.
Btate.
Withdraw-
als out-
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1911.
Withdraw-
als ouir
standing
Julyl,
1911.
Period July 1,1911,
to Deo. 1, 1911.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
DecTir
1911.
New with-
drawals.
Restora-
tlona.
With-
drawals.
Restora-
tlons.
Alaska.... J
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
^.^
1,682,704
87,474
414,720
419,901
74,849
581,666
668,815
Acres.
Acres.
Acres.
Arizona
230,400
2,488,173
87,474
414,720
419,901
74,840
581,666
255,461
California-
305,802
1,211,271
14,719
1,607,423
87,474
Colorado
Louisiana
414,720
New Mexico
419,001
Orison
74,840
utaE...;:::::. :.::...
581,566
Wyoming....
334,802
21,448
170,333
398,482
Total
4,562,544
640,604
1,232,719
3,970,429
14,719
590,234
3,394,914
» Correction of previous report. * Unsurveyed.
PhospJiate-kmd vdihdrawals.
Btate.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1911.
Withdraw-
als out-
Period July 1,1811,
to Dec. 1, 1811.
Withdraw-
als ouir
standing
Decl,
1811.
New with-
drawals.
Restorar
tlons.
With-
drawals.
tlons.
Florida
ilcr«.
2,400
1,102,317
Acres.
35,438
Acres.
""i48,"828'
Acres.
37,838
852,388
33,860
107,745
1,267,484
Acres.
Acres.
2,188
Acres.
85,640
Idaho
852,388
Montana
83,850
200
33,860
107,745
1,266,668
Utah
107,545
1,267,404
Wyoming
826
Total
2,479,766
68,588
149,828
2,388,410
3,025
2,386,381
Power-site withdrawals.
State.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
Fiscal year ended June
30, 1911.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
Julyl,
1911.
Period July 1, 1911,
to Dee. 1, 1911.
Withdraw-
als out-
standing
Dec.l,
1911.
New with- Restora-
drawals. tlons.
With-
drawals.
Restora-
tions.
Arizona
Acres.
107,560
47,818
201,549
230,871
Acres.
106,000
6,870
10,131
16,477
8,388
16,803
1,284
Acres.
160
Acres.
213,390
63,689
209,174
229,692
8,388
127,687
15,375
9,700
161, 795
347,252
80,386
58,889
Acres.
Acres.
23,448
Acres.
189,942
125,801
California
72,112
4,018
55,005
2,866
240
Colorado
2,606
17,756
213,192
280,604
Trtfthft
4,083
Minn^jsota....
11,254
125,407
Montana
122,515
14,091
14,536
176,721
379,912
55,438
103,396
11,631
2,520
Nevada
15,375
NewMe^dco
4,830
22,874
33,740
1,457
48,601
9,706
Oregon
7,948
1,080
26,404
4,094
16,814
22,322
22,887
2,660
178,608
Utah
368,574
Washington
2,136
400
101, 137
Wyoming
61,149
Total
1,454,499
204 479 14^..<L<Lf>
1,515,423
198,924
32,597
1,681,750
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABT OP THE INTERIOB.
Designation under the enlarged homestead acts.
77
State.
Acreage
designated
Jt3vl,
1910.1
FtocalTearJoly 1,1910,
to Jmie 30, 1911.
tioos.
Caooella-
Acrea^
designated
July 1, 1911.
Period July 1, 1911,
to Nov. ao, 1911.
Designa-
tions.
Cancella-
tions.
Acreage
designated
Dec.l,191L
~i~
I Aerei.
26,657,280
, 20,303,720
Arlaona
Colorado
Idaho:
Sees. 1-5 only.
Sec, 6
Montana 29,686,126
Nevada. | 49,512,960
NlwMezIco 15,883,343
Aeret,
90,400
50,789
5,347,383
3,841
2,167,404
Acres.
157,763
10,545
Oregon.
Uteh:
Sees. 1-5 only..
Sec. 6.
Washington
Wyoming.
9,166,900
6,654,469
1,245,818
3,401,816
16,904,673
423,332
2,071,661
111,311
129,129
1,080
634,268
24,960
Acret.
26,589,917
20,354,509
5,336,838
3,841
31,853,530
49,512,960
16,306,675
11,213,661
6,765,780
1,374,947
3,402,896
17,538,941
Acres.
Acres.
11,109
538
67,973
1,520
65,685
3,833
840
35,962
Acres.
26,580,917
20,354,500
5,346,427
4,379
31,921,603
40,512,960
16,306,676
11,279,346
6,769,613
1,375,787
3,402,806
17,574,903
Total |179,417,165 11,030,608
i 1
193,268 190,254,495
185,940
1,520
190,438,915
1 Correction of previous report.
Metalliferous dassifications (Northern Pacific R. R. grant lands), July 1, 1910, to June SO,
IQll—No dassifications July 1, 1911, to Nov. SO, 1911.
State.
Mineral.
Nonmln-
eral.
Total.
Montana
Acres.
130,386
45,645
Acres.
21,722
90,712
Acres.
152, 108
Idaho
136,367
Total
176,031
112,434
288,466
APPENDIX B.
National Park Statistics.
(Referred to on pages 61 and 75 of this report.]
Appropriations and revenues of national parks for the fiscal years 1906-1911.
Apg^prta.
Revenue.
Total.
YeUowstone National Park:
1906
$7,600.00
7,600.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
8,000.00
8,500.00
$1,522.50
2,808.96
4,099.65
4,790.20
18,188.82
23,420.13
1907
1906
1909
1910
1911
47,500.00
55.430.20.
$102,930.26
Yoaemlto National Park:
1906
6,400.00
5,750.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
30,000.00
62,000.00
1,000.00
9,193.04
14,390.06
16,061.17
21,373.18
35,765.48
1907
1906
1909
1910
1911
163,150.00
97, 772. 93
260,922.93
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78 BEPORT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTEBIOB.
AppwpriaHonM and revenues of noHonal parks for the fiscal years 190&~1911—Contmn&d.
Ap^^^pria.
Revenue.
Total.
Sequoia National Park:
1906
tio,ooo.oo
10,000.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
15,550.00
i
1
1907
tl69.50
43.15
46.57
121.78
255.65
1908
1909
1910
1911
82.200.00
626.65
182.826.65
General Grant National Park:
1906
2,000.00
2,000.00
2.000.00
2.000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
1907
1908
63.75
1909
1910
50.00
324.39
1911
12,000.00
438.14
12.438.14
Crater Lake National Park:
1906
3,000.00
7,315.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3.000.00
1907-8
25.00
1909
1910
11.00
30.00
1911
19.315.00
66.00
19.381.00
lleea Verde National Park:
1907-8
7.500.00
7,600.00
7,500.00
20.000.00
1909
1910
1911
100.00
42,500.00
100.00
42.6d0.00
llonnt Rainier National Park:
1907
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
3,000.00
205.22
170.00
1, 104. 79
8,953.70
7,748.48
1906
1909
1910
1911
14,500.00
18,182.28
32,682.28
Wind Gave National Park:
1906 ;
2,500.00
4,400.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
2,500.00
1907
1908
200.00
1909
1910
840.75
340.00
1911
16,900.00
880.75
17,780.75
Piatt National Park:
1906
37,307.44
178.00
7,021.00
272.00
2, 13a 31
422.75
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
5,000.00
6,000.00
47,331.60
52,331.60
Glacier NaUonal Park:
1911
15,000.00
826.88
15,326.88
418,065.00
221,155.39
639,220.30
Total appropriations.
Total revenues
. $418,065.00
. 221,155.39
639,220.39
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BEPOBT OP THE SECEETABY OP THE INTEEIOB.
VisUors to national parkt, 1906 to 1911.
•79
Name of park.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
Yellowstone Natkmal Park . . .
YoflBmite National Park
Sequoia Natkmal Park
Oeneral Grant Natkuial Parte. .
Mount Rainier Natkmal Park.
Meea Verde Nattonal Park
Grater Lake Natkmal Park. . . .
Wind Gave Natkmal Park
PLatt National Park
BnUysHiUNatfonalPark
Hot Springs Reservation
GlacferNatfonalPark
17,182
5,414
700
900
1,786
2,887
W
16,414
7,102
900
1,100
2,068
S^
2,761
28,000
40O
0)
19,542
8,850
1,251
1,773
3,511
80
5,275
3,171
26,000
250
0)
32,545
13,182
854
798
5,968
165
4,171
3,216
25,000
190
0)
19,575
13,619
2,407
1,178
8,000
250
5,000
3,387
'25,000
190
120,000
23,054
12,530
3,114
2,160
10,306
206
>4,500
3,887
30,000
«200
130,000
> 4,000
iNozeoordk^t.
t Estimate.
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80
BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF THE INTERIOB.
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53
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•&&S
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BEPOBT OF THE SECBBTABY OF THE INTEBIOB. 81
APPENDIX O.
Agxicolturo in Alaska.
[BAfBRcd to on pace 53 of the report.)
Depabtment of Agbioultube,
Office of the Seobetabt,
Washifigtonf November IS, 1911.
The honorable the Segbetabt of the Intebiob.
My Deab Mb. Secbbtaby: In reply to your letter of November
9, I will state that this department has been studying the agricul-
tural possibilities of Alaska since 1897. Experiment stations have
been established at a number of places and there are such institutions
now in operation at Sitka and Kodiak, representing the coast region,
and at Rampart and Fairbanks, in the Yukon and Tanana Valleys.
The station at Rampart was established in 1900, and there has not
been a season since then when most of the varieties of oats and barley
seeded have not matured, and many years wheat and rye have also
ripened. Naturally, great differences are noted for different varie-
ties of grain, depending on the origin of the seed, character of the
season, method of cultivation, etc. In 1909, out of 63 varieties of
cereals sown, 55 ripened their entire crop. These included 1 variety
of winter wheat, 7 of winter rye, 27 of spring barley, 15 of spring
oats, and 1 each of spring wheat, emmer, and spring rye. In 1910,
32 varieties of spring barley and 20 out of 23 varieties of oats ripened
their entire crop. Ten varieties of winter wheat, barley, and rye all
matured. There are at present 23 acres under cultivation at this
station, which is situated at approximately 65^ 30' north latitude.
At the Fairbanks station, which is near the town of that name and
3^ 30' farther south, there are about 70 acres under cultivation.
Part of this land is devoted to growing oats and grass for hay, some
to grain experiments, and about 7 acres were in potatoes during the
past summer. The work at the Fairbanks station was not begun
until in 1907, and an attempt is being made to demonstrate the
feasibility of agriculture on a farm scale. Grains have matured here,
and there has been no trouble in making hay from the native grasses
or from oats especially sown for that purpose. Last year more thscn
$1,500 worth of station-grown potatoes were sold, and this year the
crop of 7 acres was estimated in September as worth fully $3,000.
At both the Rampart and Fairbanks stations experiments are in
progress in breeding earher andjiardier grains, and some promising
results have aheady been attained.
At Sitka, where the headquarters of the Alaska stations are main-
tained, the investigations are confined to horticultural operations.
Varieties of all the hardy garden vegetables have been tested and
those best suited to Alaskan conditions determined. Through these
experiments and others in cooperation with the branch stations and
11355'— INT mi— VOL 1 6 Digitized by Google
82 RBPOBT OP THE SBOBBTABY OP THE INTBBIOB.
individuals throughout the Territory, it is possible to determine what
varieties of vegetables are best suited to the different parts of the
country. Some work with small fruits is in progress at Sitka, and
during the past season about $65 worth of strawberries were sold
from plants that resulted from the crossing of a native and a cultivated
species of strawberry.
On the island of Kodiak experiments with live stock have been in
progress since 1907, when there were assembled 11 head of cattle
from Eenai, 6 from Wood Island, and 19 purchased in the States.
The cattle are all pedigreed Galloways, and those from Wood Island
and Kenai were purchased in Missouri in 1906, when the stock-
breeding project was begun. They have all been brought together
as a matter of economy, and, while a number have been sold and others
have died, there were at the beginning of the present fiscal year 82
head of pure-bred Galloways and about a dozen head of grade cattle.
Some work has been done at this station with sheep, and the 40 head
of the original flock in 1910 have increased to about 80. During the
past two years all of these animals have been wintered almost exclu-
sively on native forage, either silage or hay, about 100 tons of each
having been made each year from wild grasses. In 1909 and 1910 the
cattle grazed until the middle of December, and they were fed from
that time until May, when the beach grass afforded some grazing.
By June 10 the pasturage was good, and all stock fattened rapidly.
The Galloway cattle have proved well adapted to the coast region,
and it is planned to give them a trial in the interior as soon as possible.
The only stock kept at. the Rampart and Fairbanks stations are
horses, and no trouble has been experienced in making sufficient hay
for them.
As a result of 10 years' active work this Department believes in the
possibility of developing an agriculture for Alaska that will be com-
parable with that of Northern Europe, where conditions are somewhat
similar, such as in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
It is beUeved that agriculture will supplement any other industry
that may be developed in Alaska, and it is possible that ultimately
pats and barley can be grown in sufficient quantity to supply not
only local demands, but a surplus for exportation. It is probable
that stock raising can be made a success and dairying become profit-
able, as the period of winter feeding and protection is not much if
any longer than is now required in many other regions where these
industries are carried on.
The Department expects to continue its investigations and extend
them as rapidly as its resources will allow, so as to be in a position
to give definite advice on all agricultural and horticultural matters
relating to the Territory.
Sincerely, yours, James Wilson,
Secretary.
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE
GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
83
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF THE GENERAL
LAND OFFICE.
Depaetment op the Interior,
General Land Ofpice,
WashingUm, D. C, October 7, 1911.
Sir: The following report of the work in the General Land Office
for the fisc^al year ended June 30, 1911, and recommendations for
change in legislation are respectfully submitted:
OEN£RAIi STATEMENT.
Applying the test of the number of patents' written as a criterion
of the amount of work performed in the Washington office, it is found
that slightly more was accomphshed in the past year than for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1910; the total being 72,189 patents issued
as against 72,080 for 1910. The majority of the most important lines
of the work in the office is up to date, and the other branches are
rapidly being made so. Li homestead applications patents are being
issued within four and a half months from the date of proof where
no protest is made or contest initiated. The same is true in cases
of timber and stone and desert lands. Every eflfort wlD be made to
maintain the position and to bring up to date the few branches in
which the work is still somewhat behind. With the hearty spirit of
cooperation shown by the employees of the office, there is no doubt
that this can be done in the ensuing year.
The correspondence of the office still continues to be very volumi-
nous. During the past year there were received 368,300 letters, neces-
sitating the writing of, in round numbers, 252,000 answers, circulars
being sent to the remainder.
CASH RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
The total cash receipts from the sale of public lands, including fees
and commissions on both original and final entries, for the fiscal year
1911, were $7,245,207.69. Miscellaneous receipts were as foUows:
Prom sales of Indian lands, $2,822,600.71; reclamation water-rights
charges, $892,414.29; sales of timber in Alaska, depredations on public
lands, sales of Government property, and copies of records and plats,
$129,704.91, making the aggregate total of cash receipts of this bureau
during the fiscal year 1911, $11,089,927.60, a decrease of $373,996.46,
BB compared with those for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910.
85
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86 GOMMISSIONEB QENEBAI LAND OFFICE.
The total expenses of district land oflSces for salaries and com-
missions of registers and receivers, incidental expenses, and expenses
of depositing public moneys during the fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1911,
were $870,242, a decrease of $3,395.33. The aggregate expenditures
and estimated liabilities of the public-land service, including expenses
of district land offices and surveys, were $3,195,759.38, leaving a net
surplus of $7,894,168.22.
AREA OF liAND ENTERED AND PATENTED.
The total area of public and Indian land originally entered during
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, is 17,639,099.54 acres, a decrease
of 8,752,169.55 acres as compared with the area entered during the
year 1910.
The area patented during the fiscal year is 12,272,495 acres, an
increase of 1,289,345 acres as compared with the fiscal year 1910.
The number of patents issued during the fiscal year 1911 exceeded
that of 1910 by 109. Of the above area 5,301 ,686 acres were patented
under the homestead law.
ORGANIZATION.
In a prior report attention was called to the fact that the statutory
organization of the General Land Office proceeds along entirely erro-
neous lines, in that the ''commissioner is supposed to supervise the
special agents in the field and keep track of the work which they
perform and the maimer in which they are attending to the more
important cases which will have to be presented to him subsequently
for his consideration." I did not, prior to this report, have occasion
to give the matter as deep consideration as it deserved. I have,
however, during the past year given considerable thought to this
matter.
A careful consideration of the history of the l^slation passed for
the purpose of creating the position of commissioner and imposing
duties upon him will convince any student that, owing doubtless to
the fact that the attention of Congress has not been brought to the
matter, the present organization is unsuitable. It is virtually the
same organization which existed under the statutory provisions passed
in 1785, as amended by the act passed in 1796, and by the act of
May 10, 1800, when the paramount idea was the sale of the lands,
after survey, and collection of the money received from the sale.
These funds were considered an asset to liquidate the public debt.
When, by legislation, continuing from 1840 down to the present time,
there were demanded certain prerequisites other than the payment
of money on the part of the claimant, the Oeneral Land Office had cast
upon it the duty of determining in a judicial manner whether these
prerequisites had been complied with or not.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
00MMI8SI0NBB QENEBAIi LAND OFFICE. 87
It would have been reasonable to presume; when new duties of an
entirely different character to those originally cast upon the bureau
were placed upon it, that Congress would at the same time have so
changed the organization of the office as to enable the bureau head
to adequately meet the new responsibilities. This has not been done.
The number of clerks in the bureau itself has, of course, from time to
time, been increased, but the only additional strengthening of the
head of the bureau has been by the appointment of an assistant com-
missioner, under the act of July 7, 1884 (23 Stat., 186)—
who shall be authorised to sign such letters, papers, and documents, and to perform
such other duties as may be directed by the commissioner, and shall act as com-
missioner in the absence of that officer or in case of a vacancy in the office of com-
missioner.
While Congress has placed these quasi judicial duties upon the
office, it has not met the situation which it created, by giving the
Land OfiSce responsible officers with authority vested in them by
law to pass upon these quasi judicial questions and assume the
responsibility of their actions. This could have easily been done by
the creation, by legislation, of a law board, with authority in the
members to sign their own decisions, and the responsibility of the
commissioner for the proper execution of the laws in no way dimin-
ished, by retaining in him the supervision over the decisions of the
members of the law board. An organization of this kind would
have strengthened the office immeasurably, and the signature of
the member of the board who might pass upon a question would
mean that his personal consideration had been given to it. As it
is, with the number of decisions and papers that have to be signed
by the commissioner and assistant commissioner, a very great num-
ber must necessarily be signed in a perfunctory fashion. By creating
a board of five members, one of them being the assistant commis-
sioner, there would be established a responsible force of sufficient
magnitude to personally consider the cases submitted to it, and
claimants would realize that their claims had received the personal
consideration of the officer whose signature was attached to the paper
determining his rights. By retaining the supervision in the com-
missioner the broad administrative policy of the office would be
preserved in the Executive, while the determination of each case on
its merits would have the consideration of a judicial officer.
EXECUTIVE DUTIES OF COMMISSIONEB.
Upon the head of the General Land Office there are cast executive
duties as numerous and diverse as those of any other bureau officer
in the Government service. He has directly under him over 2,000
employees. The work which he is to superintend is scattered over
an area extending, in effect, from Nome, Alaska, in the northwest.
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88 OOMMISSIONEB GENEBAL LAND OFFIOE.
to Gainesville, Fla., in the southeast, and it is distributed among 103
land offices, 13 surveyors general offices, and 12 field divisions, with
an immediate force of some 500 employees in Washington City.
There is collected by the General Land Office, in round numbers,
the sum of $10,000,000 a year from the sales of pubUc lands. The
money appropriated by Congress for the conduct of the work in
this bureau last year was $3,417,212.82.
It will be readily seen that if the head of the office is to be, as he
should be, in close touch with the executive work of the bureau and
have knowledge of the method of and expenditure of money appro-
priated by Congress he has enough duties to occupy the attention of
any one man.
To bring the matter more pointedly before Congress for its con-
sideration, it may be briefly stated that upon the General Land
Office is imposed:
First. The duty of surveying the pubUc lands of the United States.
Under legislation recently passed this work is now performed by
this office directly by the engaging of surveyors, who act as employees
of the office, and not by the old system of contract work. The
expenditure under the old system was, in round numbers, $450,000
per annum, and placed upon the office a large weight of responsi-
bility. The new system will entail closer supervision on the part
of the General Land Office of the work done. The appropriation
for the last fiscal year was $800,000. Of course, an executive officer
has to depend upon the experts engaged for the superintending of
this work, but he should have time and opportunity to devote con-
siderable personal attention to it, inasmuch as he will be held respon-
sible for the proper performance of this important duty.
Second. The duty of supervising the work of 13 surveyors general
offices, where the notes are first transmitted by the surveyors in the
field.
Third. The duty of superintending the disposal of the lands after
survey. In its quasi judicial function the office has to see that the
laws are properly obeyed under which the land is sought to be
acquired. (The judicial duties will be enumerated later.) The
executive duties call for the superintending of the proper organi-
zation of 103 district land offices, with the employment of 206 regis*
ters and receivers and 210 clerks. The conunissioner, as head of
the office, is responsible for the conduct of these offices and is held
to account if the work in the various local land offices does not pro-
ceed smootlily. lie has, as executive officer, to superintend the
collection of moneys and see that the proper systems are installed,
so that there will be a correct accounting for every dollar received
for fees and commissions and for the sales of public lands.
Fourth. The duty of supervising the proper investigation of all
alleged frauds and properly preparing and presenting^^^^f^es,
CQMMI8SIONEB QENBRAL LAND OFFICE. 89
whether they be before the local offices for the cancellation of entries
on lands attempted to be secured without due compliance with law,
or in the presentation of evidence before the courts in the conduct
of criminal cases, and in the collection of evidence to be presented
to a Federal court in civil proceedings looking to the cancellation of
pateQts. The appropriation for this work for the ensuing fiscal year
is $650,000, for the proper expenditure of which the head of the
office is held answerable as administrative officer.
Fifth. As executive officer the commissioner is responsible for the
proper conduct of the affairs of the General Land Office, with its
force of some 500 employees in Washington, D. C. It is his duty to
see that the work which is brought from the local land offices to the
Land Office proper is properly conducted; that this force is properly
divided, so that the various lines of work can be expeditiously and
correctly carried to completion. This includes, as purely executive
work, work in the surveying division, in the drafting division, in the
division of £les, and in the division which has charge of the writing *
and issuing of patents,, and in seeing that the clerks in the judicial
divisions properly attend to their duties. It has already been stated
that the office receives over a thousand letters a day and writes and
transmits nearly a thousand letters, exclusive of circulars. This is
mentioned merely to bring to the front the weight of work of an ex-
ecutive character which the commissioner must attend in the offices
in Washington.
Sixth. Congress has imposed on the General Land Office the
executive duties in connection with the opening of the Indian reser-
vations after completion of agreements with the Indians leading to
the sale of their lands. This includes the sale of lots in towns estab-
lished on abandoned Indian reservations. Under the provisions of
laws as heretofore passed, where lands have not been entered witliin
a certain length of time after the opening of the reservation, it
becomes the duty of the commissioner to sell by auction the remain-
ing lands unentered. There have been also placed upon the shoul-
ders of the commissioner the duties of superintending the sale of
timber in the Chippewa Reservation, Minn., which is to be disposed
of for the benefit of the Indians. After the timber is so sold it is his
duty to see that it is properly cut and scaled and that the moneys
due thereon are collected and paid over to the Treasury for the use
of the Indians.
There are numerous incidental administrative duties, such as the
keeping of records of the establishment of national forests and other
reservations of withdrawn lands, the creation of bird reserves,
national monuments and the like, the collection of water-right charges
on irrigation projects, the keeping of tract books, and the recording
thereon of restorations and withdrawals.
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90 COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Under acts of Congress authorizing and directing him to prepare
and promulgate rules and regulations having the force and effect of
a statute, to carry laws into effect, the commissioner acts in a line
which approaches close to the legislative.
In the adjustment of railroad and other grants the Land Office
has imposed on it duties which partake both of the judicial and
administrative. This may also be said of the duties in regard to
rights of way and easements over the public lands.
From this brief rfeumi of his duties as an executive officer the
complexity, if not incongruity, of the additional duties imposed on
the commissioner in personally passing upon quasi judicial ques-
tions is readily seen. He prepares the charge upon which the action
is based. Agents acting under his direction collect the evidence
and present it at the hearing which he orders, and officers subordi-
nate or answerable to him preside at the trial, find the facts, and
declare the law. Finally, upon the entire record of the cause so
presented the commissioner or assistant commissioner .must pass
judgment. The duty of sitting as a judge to determine the question
which he, as prosecuting attorney, presents, and the facts which he,
as jury, found or may find, is frequently embarrassing.
There is no business firm in the country that would expect its
executive head to take care of more work than that which is outUned
above.
JUDICLA^L DUTIES OF COMMISSIONEB.
The work which he and the assistant commissioner perform in
their judicial capacity is such that it should command careful and
personal attention. It should receive the undivided attention of
at least four competent lawyers. These officers should act as mem-
bers of a law board, with authority under law to pass upon matters
requiring judicial interpretation submitted to the General Land
Office for its consideration, retaining the supervision in the commis-
sioner, and an appeal always lying to the Secretary of the Interior.
In order that the matter may be clearly laid before Congress, the
following summary of the judicial duties is submitted:
STATE GRANTS.
SCHOOL AND INTERNAL IMPROyEMBNTB.
The judicial duties imposed upon the Commissioner of the General
Land Office arising from the administration of the grants to the
States for the maintenance of common schools and for internal
improvements are exceedingly onerous. While the school grants
are made of specified sections, yet Congress has from time to time,
by appropriate legislation, provided for the protection of settlers,
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COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 91
who may have, prior to survey, established themselves upon the
sections named in the school grant. In pursuance also of the estab-
lished policy of the Government, mineral lands are likewise excepted
from such grants. In other words, inasmuch as the grant is of
specified sections, it does not take effect until survey and the status
of the lands at that time determines whether they pass under the
grant or not. Hence it becomes necessary to determine at that
time all matters pertaining to such lands, whether by reason of
settlement, or of the character of the lands, or of the fact that some
prior claim may have been asserted thereto, which would exempt
them from the granting power of Congress.
To cover deficiencies that may arise in the school grants, on
account of settlement or other adverse claims, or the mineral char-
acter of the land, indemnity is provided to make up the quantity
which otherwise would have passed under the grant in place.
The difficulties attendant upon the adjustment of the grant under
these conditions are therefore apparent. First, the status of the
lands in the field at the time the grant took effect must be passed
upon. If it is found that certain lands included in the specified
sections are for any reason excepted therefrom, and that indemnity
must be taken therefor, it then becomes (second) necessary to
ascertain the character and status of the lands that are chosen as
indemnity.
The grants to the several States are not in the same terms, hence
the rule that might apply in one State, or as announced by the
coiu*t as applicable to one State, may not be d^isive in the adjust-
ment of a grant to another State. The duty then rests upon the
commissioner to carefully ascertain the facts as to the lands in
place, and those claimed as indemnity, and in adjusting the^ant
to BO construe the statutes tbat the State shall receive the full amount
of its grant without injustice to adverse interests.
Legislative provisions have been made, notably by the acts of
1893 and 1894, by which preference rights are given to the States
to make selections under their several grants at the time when the
surveys have been completed and the lands opened to selection.
The determination of these preference rights in itself is a task of
extreme difficulty, inasmuch as allegations of rights acquired prior
to the State are constantly asserted, and must be settled before a
final adjustment of the State's preference right can be determined.
CARET ACT SBLEGTIOKS.
Very nearly akin to the grants just noticed are the provisions of
the act of August 18, 1894, known as the Carey Act, authorizing
certain States to select and have segregated arid lands to be re-
claimed under direction of the States. The States are as follows:
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92 COMMISSIONER OGKGRAL liAND OFPIOB.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming. Under this act there have been s^re-
gated to these States 3,193,314.36 acres. The total area patented
to June 30, 1911, amounts to 388,403.79 acres.
Under the terms of this act the State applies to the Land Depart-
ment for a s^regation of the lands that it proposes to reclaim.
When the segregation has once been made the State has a period
of not less than 10 years within which it may reclaim the lands.
This period may, under the statute, be extended. While the recla-
mation of the lands and the disposition thereof, after they have
been reclaimed and patented by the Grovemment to the State, lies
with the State, yet the adjudication as to whether the lands are
of the character intended to be thus segregated under said act
lies with the Land Department, and it is incumbent upon the Greneral
Land Office to pass upon not only the character of the lands but
also the feasibility of the proposed reclamation scheme that the
State submits to the department when it applies for the segrega-
tion of the land.
The importance of this can not be overstated, for not only will
the lands remain segregated for a long period of time, if the order
therefor is once made, but in making such s^regation the depart-
ment is practically committed to the feasibility of the proposition
submitted by the State, and people thereafter dealing with the
State are in a great degree entitled to regard the proposition of the
State as having received the indorsement of the department.
All this must be carefully gone into at the time when the segre-
gation of the lands is proposed by the State for its benefit, but later,
when the State applies for a patent to the lands thus segregated, it
IS further necessary for the Land Office again to carefully inquire
into the facts of the case, and adjudge whether in fact the lands
have been reclaimed under the terms of the statute, before issuing a
patent therefor.
The Carey Act in itself is brief in terms and not difficult of con-
struction, but the questions that have to be determined in carrying
it into eflfect involve some of the most difficult legal problems sub-
mitted to the department, and especially is this true in determining
water rights claimed by appropriation under the State laws,
RAILROAD GRANTS.
Railroad grants were originally made directly to the States for the
purpose of aiding the construction of roads within such States, leaving
it to the State to dispose of the lands in aid of the grant, as the roads
were constructed, but the lai^r grants in later years were made
directly to corporations authorized to receive the grant by act of
Congress.
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GOMMISSIONEB GENEBAL LAND OFFICE. 93
The immensity of these later grants does not need to be dwelt upcm
here. It is enough to say that there yet remains for adjustment ,
under railroad grants an approximate claimed area of 29,000,000
acres. The grants to the railroad companies are usually made of
alternate sections, but many exceptions are embraced in the grants,
for the protection of the Government and settlers and all prior
adverse interests. The lands of course so granted must be public
lands subject to the grant at the time it takes effect.
For lands that are lost to the grant in place, indemnity is provided,
and here again^ as under the adjustment of State grants, a double
duty is imposed upon the commissioner. He must ascertain the
status of the grant in place and of the land claimed as indemnity.
He must construe the statutes carefully for the protection of all
interests confided to his charge, and no legislation has led to more
litigation than that arising under railroad grants. This is necessarily
so, because of the great interests involved by which the welfare of
entire States and communities are affected, as well as individuals.
While it is true that the courts will not interfere with the action of
the Land Department, so long as the disposition of title yet remains
under its control, and also true that the courts recognize the findings
of fact on the part of the Land Department to be final, yet they will
correct errors of law that may occur in the adjudication of such title.
Hence the responsibility rests upon the commissioner to so constnie
the law in the adjustment of these grants, that no occasion will arise
in the courts to modify his action. Such modification might mean
the loss of homes and fortunes to many people — a loss that could
not be indemnified.
At every step in the adjustment of these grants, the Land Depart-
ment is met with adverse rights asserted as against the grant — con-
flicting rights between different adverse claimants as against the
grant — and it is required at the same time to carefully see that the
land granted to the company is of the character subject thereto.
The obstacles encountered in the adjustment of such grants have
been so manifest that Congress has, from time to time, by appropriate
laws provided for special schemes of adjustment, as in the acts of
1887, 1890, and 1898. These acts in themselves, open an entirely
new field of action, imposing the necessity upon the commissioner
of most carefully considering not only the terms of the original grants,
but the terms of the later acts as well.
RIGHTS OF WAT — ^RAILROAD.
The right-of-way grants should not be overlooked in considering
the judicial duties imposed Upon the commissioner. By the act of
March 3, 1875, railroad rights of way are granted over the pubUc
lands under certain conditions. The grants thus made do not carry
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94 COMMISSIONER GENEBAL LAND OFFICE.
the fee, but are a servitude upon the land that exists so long as the
right of way is used for the purpose granted. Applications under
this act not infrequently are presented by rival corporations. The
opening of a new country to railroad enterprise brings into action
competitive interests of the largest magnitude, and the fight over
priorities to be secured by those first in the field is bitter and expensive
to the parties. A mistake in the construction of the law so confided
to the commissioner, in acting upon these rights-of-way applications,
may bring financial disaster to a worthy enterprise.
BIGHTS OF WAY — CANALS, DITCHES, AND BBSBRVOIBS*
By the act of March 3, 1891, rights of way are granted to individ-
uals and companies for the maintenance of ditches, canals, and
reservoirs upon public lands. This legislation was the outgrowth
of the increasing demand for the conservation of our water supply
in the semiarid regions. From the first this act has been eagerly
invoked, both by individuals and companies, and the struggle for
precedence in securing such rights of way has been exceedingly sharp.
In disposing of appHcations under this act it is necessary for the
commissioner to ascertain the good faith of the enterprise, the finan-
cial soundness of the parties, and the availability of the proposed
water supply. It is true that under this act the department in no
wise attempts to pass upon water rights, but it does undertake to see
that a mere paper right of way is not granted to cloud the title to our
public lands, and operate as a bar to the prosecution of well-founded
and legitimate applications under the act.
A right of way secured imder this act is for the primary purpose of
irrigation and is an easement, dependent upon the continued exercise
of the privilege granted. Differing therefrom, however, is the right
of way granted by act of February 15, 1901, which is in the nature of a
permit or Ucense to the use of a right of way through the pubUc lands
and forest and other reservations of the United States, for telephone
and telegraph purposes, and for conducting and storing water for
certain specified purposes in addition to those of iriigation — this
right being subject to revocation by the Secretary of the Interior.
Though the right conferred by this act is not an easement, but
subject to revocation, yet a proper administration thereof requires
the utmost care in the recognition of rights claimed thereunder.
This is apparent when it is remembered that the purpose of the act
contemplates granting privileges upon which large investments of
capital may be made and a revocation of the privilege, if due to any
fault or oversight on the part of the Land Department, might result
very disastrously.
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COMMISSIONER GBNEBAL LAND OFFICE. 95
MINERAL LAND CLAIMS.
The several acts of Congress, under which title to mineral lands may
be acquired, constitute a prolific source of litigation before the liand
Department. The assertion of rights by adverse claimants under
conflicting claims often involves immense values and calls for the very
highest quality of judicial investigation and the exercise of the finest
legal discrimination. Possessory rights, it is true, may be maintained
to a mining claim without a patent therefor, but no large investments
are likely to be made or invited until title from the Government has
been obtained.
The procedure for securing patent, as provided by the mineral laws,
is very exact in its requirements, and failure in any particular to fol-
low the statute may entail serious consequences and heavy financial
loss. Every step from the survey of the claim on the ground show-
ing location of the claim, to the completion of the proof, involving
notice to all conflictmg claimants, must be carefully scrutinized in
the General Land OflSce in the Ught of the statutory requirements and
the construction they have received, both in the courts and the de-
partment. Countless questions of the most complex character con-
stantly confront the office in the adjudication of these claims. Is the
land mineral; is the substance claimed as mineral so recognized by
mining authorities; has there been a discovery of such mineral suffi-
cient in character to warrant the location of the mining claim; should
the claim be in the form of a lode or a placer; has the claim been iden-
tified with accuracy on the ground; does such identification appear of
record; have all prior valid claims been excluded; does the applica-
tion for patent show clear abstract of title ? Tliese and many more
questions must be settled even in an ordinary claim, but where the
confficts are numerous and the adverse claims sharply contested, the
difficulties encountered in reaching a satisfactory solution increase
in a manifold ratio. It may be fairly said that our mining laws alone
present a wide field of jurisprutience for the exercise of the best legal
talent on the bench, at the bar, and in the Land Department. The
reports of our courts. State, Federal, and Supreme, attest the truth
of this statement. The complexity of the laws under which a min-
eral patent is to be obtained and tlie immense values it often repre-
sents have been prolific in the production of mining engineers, min-
eral experts, mining lawyers, textbooks, and legal decisions, all to
be heard and considered by the commissioner in the exercise of his
quasi-judicial authority. In the consideration of these cases it is not
an unusual thing for counsel to be heard orally, as well as by brief,
and, in many cases, such hearings are attended by attorneys from the
mining sections of our country at great expense to their clients, prose-
cuting the contest, in some cases, through a period of years before all
the various interests have been finally adjudicated. C^nr\n](>
96 COMMISSIONEB GBNBEAD LAND OFFICE.
COAL LANDS.
The general mining laws are not applicable to the disposition of coal
lands, special legislation being provided therefor. The coal land
laws embrace certain features of the old preemption law, in the mat-
ter of sale and the preference right of purchase, and other elements
of the mining laws in the matter of discovery and development.
The right of one person or association of persons to purchase is
limited in the matter of acreage, and the right once exercised is ex-
hausted. The purpose of these restrictions is apparent — that is, to
distribute the ownership of coal lands among as many individual
owners as possible, and thus to try to prevent a monopolistic control
of a valuable public asset, there being, however, no supervision of
any kind retained in the Government after patent issued. This fea-
ture of the law has been a failure.
To so administer the law as to secure this result demands of the
Land Department diligent attention to matters of statutory con-
struction in considering applications to purchase these lands and
prevent evasions of the law by which, either through dummy entry-
men or other fraudulent devices, undue advantages under the law
may be secured.
The legal difficulties heretofore encountered in the adjudication of
cases under this branch of the public land laws bid fair to be largely
increased by the recent acts of March 3, 1909, and June 22, 1910,
recognizmg the right to issue an agricultural patent for the surface of
the land, while reserving to the United States the right to dispose of
the coal thereunder.
SETTLEMENT CLAIMS — HOMESTEAD.
The judicial duties imposed upon the Commissioner of the General
Land Office in the construction of what are styled the settlement
laws, meaning thereby generally agricultural claims, are exceedingly
diverse and call for a very careful consideration of legislation which
has been enacted through a period of many years. The principal
one of these, known as the homestead law, originally enacted in 1862,
since many times amended and modified, but still retaining the fun-
damental principle of providing a home for the permanent settler,
deserves special attention. The law has been adapted to meet the
necessities of certain localities, as the Kinkaid Act — ^limited to the
State of Nebraska — the enlarged homestead act — limited to certain
States containing semiarid lands — and the reclamation act, applica-
ble to the lands entered under the act of June 17, 1902.
Under the general provisions of the law the exercise of the home-
stead right once exhausts the privilege, but several acts of Congress
have granted the right to make second entries to people who through
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OOMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 97
some specified cause have not enjoyed the benefit of the origmal
entry. In handling cases that arise under the homestead laws, the
most careful attention is exacted on the part of the General Land
Office in ascertaining whether the entryman is fully qualified in the
matter of citizenship, and other respects, to make the entry, and that
the land is subject to such appropriation, and, later, that he has fully
complied with the law in the matter of residence, together with im-
provements and cultivation of the land. All this must be done by
trained experts acting under the inmiediate direction of the commis-
sioner, whose duty it is to primarily see that the law is properly in-
terpreted and apphed. The number of homestead patents issued in
the last fiscal year was 52,076, which will convey some idea of the
amount of labor entailed in the administration of this one act.
DESERT-LAND CLAIMS — WATER RIGHTS.
The desert-land act of 1877, as modified by the amendment of.
March 3, 1891, recognized the desirability of aJSfecting the reclama-
tion of desert land through the efforts of individual entrymen. At
the time of the enactment of these laws there were many sources of
water available to the individual of which he could take advantage
and thus secure a water supply sufficient to irrigate the land covered
by his entry. like the homestead law, the exerdse of the right once
exhausted the privilege. It also was limited to persons duly quali-
fied in the matter of citizenship, who at the time of entry were resi-
dents of the State in wliich the entry was made. The apparent pur-
pose of these limitations was to prevent the misuse of the beneficent
intention of the act by fraudulent and speculative combinations made
with the purpose of obtaining unlawful control of large bodies of the
public lands. It therefore becomes necessary for the Land Office,
in the admimstration of this law, to carefully consider the good faith
of the claim, whether the land is of the character subject to such
entry, and, later, whether it has been reclaimed by securing a perma-
nent supply of water sufficient to effect irrigation of the entire tract.
What constitutes land desert in character is largely dependent upon
relative conditions, all of which must be taken into consideration in the
adjudication of these claims. The most difficult question, however,
is one pertaining to water rights. The Land Department must deter-
mine whether, under the laws of the State where the entry is made,
the entryman has secured such a water right as will be appurtenant
to the land and fully accomplish the intended reclamation. The
value of water in States containing arid and semiarid lands has been
recognized by appropriate legislation, imder which all water rights
must be adjudicated by the State authorities, and it is incumbent
upon the Land Department, in passing to title a desert-land entry,
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 7 ^ .
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98 COMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
to see that under such laws and adjudications the entryman has se-
cured a permanent water right.
The gradual absorption of the water supply from the smaller
streams by the individual entryman naturally resulted in the neces-
sity of organizing water companies to bring water from a great dis-
tance, and this has led; in some instances, to relations between entry-
men and water companies that require the utmost scrutiny to prevent
the acquisition of large holdings through entries nominally made
for the benefit of the individual, but actually in the interest of the
company.
TIMBER AND STONE ACT.
Attention ^hould be also called to the important judicial duties
resting upon the General Land Office in the matter of administering
the timber and stone act of June 3, 1878. Public attention has of
late years been so sharply directed to the necessity of preserving, so
far as possible, the public forest lands that but little need be said
here to emphasize the necessity of careful construction of the statutes
that permit the purchase of these lands. Lands, though valuable
for timber and subject to sale under this act, are also enterable under
the homestead law. The result of this is that in the guise of home-
steads valuable timber lands are sought, not for the purpose of secur-
ing a homestead, but the timber on the land. But inasmuch as the
act of 1878 is limited to lands chiefly valuable for timber and unfit
for cultivation, and the homesteader is required, in complying with
the homestead law, to show cultivation, it becomes possible, by care-
ful attention to conditions in the field and final proofs, to determine
whether the entry was made in good faith and, if not so made, to
prevent its consummation. So it will be seen that in the discharge
of his duty the commissioner must determine the character of the
land as weU as disputes between rival claimants under the act itself,
and also asserted rights under other adverse claims, and at the same
time exercise a wise supervision over the entire subject in order that
the interest of the United States may be protected in the handling
of this valuable asset.
PRIVATE CONTESTS.
One of the heaviest judicial burdens resting upon the (xeneral
Land Office is the disposition of contested cases arising through the
assertion of adverse rights by rival claimants to the same tract under
the settlement laws or based on asserted priorities otherwise founded.
Li these cases it is usually a struggle between adverse claimants for
the same tract of land; but in another class of contests, arising under
the act of May 14, 1880, the contestant seeks not the assertion of a
prior right to the tract, but a preference right to make an entry for
the land in the event that he succeeds in securing the cancellation
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COMMISSIOKEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 99
of the existing entry by showing that the entryman in some way has
failed to comply with the law. As an illustration of the importajice
of this class of work, a case came before the Land Ofhce not long
ago said by the parties to involve half a miUion dollars. This case
was heard orally before the General Land Office, the hearing occu-
pying two days, at which time counsel of the highest ability, both
local and resident at the place of controversy, were heard. Add to
this the time necessary for the legal staff of the office to examine the
evidence and briefs and prepare the decision, and the labor and respon-
sibility incident to the determination of a case of this character may
be easily understood.
Other cases of a similar character might easily be cited where large
values are often involved, due to the fact that the land in dispute
may lie near a growing town or for some other reason have a special
value. Whether that be so or not, it in most instances represents
the home of one of the parties, or a large part of his investment at
least, for which he naturally contests with all the ability he may be
able to call to his command. Whether he is represented by counsel
or not, it is the duty of the General Land Office to examine carefully
the record, reading and weighing the evidence and applying the law
thereto, in order that justice may be done.
SCRIP.
Rights asserted before the Land Department in thejocation of scrip
and allied claims should not be overlooked in considering the judicial
duties of the commissioner. While there yet remains but little of
what may be defined as scrip, such as ^'Valentine," ''Porterfield,"
and "Gerard" scrip, there is, however, a class of claims closely akin
thereto, such as soldiers' additional homestead rights, forest lieu
selections, and exchange rights under the acts of July 1, 1898, March
2, 1899, and April 21, 1904. Each of these presents in itself peculiar
difficulties requiring the most careful judicial attention, involving
frequently laige values and great interests. The famous Hyde and
Benson cases, yet pending before the courts, arose under the forest
lieu selection act.
ACTIONS IN CIVIL COURTS.
Li the prosecution of cases before the courts on behalf of the Land
Department for the recovery of title wrongfully obtained or for dam-
ages resulting from trespass on the public lands, it is incumbent upon
the Land Department to carefully inquire into the various laws
involved and to so present the cases to the Department of Justice
by statements of fact and brief of legal authorities that it will be
enabled to take prompt action thereon. This in many instances
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100 COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
calls for the widest legal research, and the success or failure of the
case is largely dependent upon the abUity with which it is handled
in the Land Department.
REPAYMENT, APPEALS, ETC.
The act of June 16, 1880, and its amendments, provides for the
repayment of money where entries have been erroneously allowed
and can not be confirmed. To determine whether a claim for repay-
ment should be allowed, it is necessary to consider the law under
which the entry was made and ascertain whether it falls within the
terms of the repayment act. During the last fiscal year there were
stated 2,338 accounts, allowing repayment of $178,437.02, and during
said period there were rejected 712 claims for repayment.
No extended mention can here be made of private land claims
and special acts passed from time to time, or of a lai^e variety of
claims which incidentally arise in the Land Office, requiring the exer-
cise of the judicial function.
Li the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction during the last fiscal
year, the General Land Office received and disposed of more than 7,000
cases, of which number more than 60 per cent of the decisions were
final — that is, no appeal was taken from the action of the Oeneral
Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior.
To enable the General Land Office to hear, consider, and decide,
under an orderly procedure, the various matters confided to its
judicial determination, rules of practice have been formulated. The
attorneys practicing before the Land Department form a bar of
specialists, learned in the law, the equal of any practicing before the
courts.
As it exists now, the General Land Office, under an oi^anization
originaUy intended and equipped for executive duties alone, is
required to perform judicial duties not often imposed upon a court
of special jurisdiction.
8X7M1CABY AND BBCOMMBNDATION.
It is impossible for the commissioner and his assistant to pay the
judicial attention to these cases which they should receive. The bar
practicing before this office has very little opportunity to submit its
cases directly to those who are by law responsible for the decisions,
because of the multitudinous duties placed on these officers. The
head of the office can not find time to give individual attention to
many of the most important cases which are submitted for his con-
sideration; he has too many duties to attend which he can not detail
to others because he alone by law can perform them.
It necessarily follows, therefore, that:
(1) The commissioner is an executive officer having jurisdiction
over as many diverse duties as any other bureau officer4n the pov-
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C0MMI8SI0NEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 101
emment, having directly under him at the present time some 2,000
employees.
(2) He is also a judicial officer, having the determination of cases
great in number and of vast importance and over claims of great
value, with one assistant commissioner.
As an executive officer the work over which he has jurisdiction is
scattered over 103 land offices, 13 surveyors general, and 12 field
divisions, with a force of some 500 employees localized in Washington,
with a collection of, in round numbers, $10,000,000 a 3^car and with
the responsibility upon his shoulders of seeing that the work per-
formed by this brigade of employees is properly, done. From the
standpoint of work alone this is sufficient for one man to be responsible
for, but in addition he must, with the assistant commissioner, indi-
vidually assume responsibility for the text of the numerous decisions
rendered by the General Land Office.
Of the 526 employees in this office, 131 are graduate lawyers, and
in addition there are about 150 employees who by experience are
qualified to pass on matters of a quasi-judicial character. In other
words, there are over 280 men in this bureau who are passing upon
matters which require either a general legal knowledge or expert
knowledge in the interpretation of certain laws. It can easily be
seen, therefore, that it would be impossible to transfer to any tribunal
of the ordinary organization the matters which come before this
bureau for judicial determination. There can be no removal of these
cases from the jurisdiction of the Land Office. The intelligent way
is to give to a board of law review greater powers, namely, authority
to decide, as a judicial body, matters before the General Land Office,
under the supervision of the commissioner an appeal lying to the Sec-
retary of the Interior.
I reconunend, therefore, the enactment of legislation under which
there should be created the position of five members of a board of
law review, who should be given original jurisdiction upon all cases
written by the various law clerks of this bureau under which rights
of claimants are determined, with the right of review in the commis-
sioner and appeal to the Secretary. The two duties, executive and
judicial, will in this way be more adequately taken care of, as they
should be, and it would be possible for the work to receive from the
heads a more careful consideration than it does now. The commis-
sioner as an executive officer could give personal attention to many
important details for which he is responsible to which he can give
only brief attention at present, and by the creation of the positions
of five members of a board of law review ^-ith original jurisdiction
aU cases which are submitted to this office could receive closer and
more careful attention than they do at present.
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102 COMMISSIOKEK GENEKAL LAND OFFICE.
SALARIES.
In connection with the organization and the changes which have
been suggested, it is my duty to call attention to the inadequacy of
the salaries paid to the higher employees of the General Land Office.
The r6sum6 of the character of the work to be performed, as set
forth above, shows very plainly its importance, both in character and
in results. One chief of division, namely, that of surveying division,
receives $2,750; the chief clerk receives $2,500; the chief law clerk
receives $2,500; one chief of division, $2,400; two members of the
board of law review receive $2,200 and two $2,000 each. In addition
to these there are* only 27 employees receiving $2,000 each, only 37
receiving $1,800 each, and 69 receiving $1,600 each. There are
employed in the General Land Office 131 men who are graduates in
law, and it is of the greatest importance that this number should be
increased and the vacancies in the office recruited from professional
ranks in order that the work may be properly performed. It is
evident, therefore, that not only are the higher grade employees
underpaid but that, because of the inadequacy of the amount of
salaries, there is not sufficient inducement to the right class of men
to enter the General Land Office service. The policy is a poor one,
and in my opinion the Government suffers very materially. True
economy is in the paying of adequate salaries and in this way attract-
ing to the service men who are energetic and thoroughly competent
to do good work for the Government and by their force and abiUty
save the Government money and perform its work, properly and
intelligently. I can not lay too great stress upon this matter.
There should be places under the civil service in this bureau paying
$4,000 per annum, $3,500, and $3,000 per annum, and the number
of places from $1,600 to $2,000 should be increased. The ultimate
effect of a step of this character would be greatly to the advantage
of the Government.
COAIi LEGISLATION.
In my report for last year the following statement was made:
It is imperative that new l^^lation be passed covering the disposition of coal lands
in Alaska and in the United States . The inadequacy of Uie present laws is universally
conceded. This proposition, therefore, needs no argument. The progress of advance-
ment in the West is being retarded under present conditions by the difficulty in the
successful opening of new mines under legislation as it exists to-day. Competition has
been checked. The consumer is having to pay, therefore, a greater price than it would
be reasonble to expect he would have to pay if it were possible to open new mines
under legislation which would encourage the development of this resource. Legisla-
tion, however, which would not retain in the United States the right of supervision
over the marketing of the product would be a mistake. To throw this resource open
so that the coal deposits would ultimately pass into the hands of monopolies and trusts
would be to render the conditions worse than they are at present. Congress, therefore.
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OOMMISSIOKBB GBNEBAL LAKD OFFICE. 103
should caiBfuily guard the enactment of legislation and see to it that the requisite
control is retained in the United States, so that a combination for the purpose of unjustly
advancing prices can be checked through Government supervision.
The object to be obtained is the laying of this public necessity in the coal bins of
the ultimate consumer at the cheapest possible price consonant with a due adherence
to the principles of conpervation.
Since the report was published no legislation has been enacted on
this subject. There is as great necessity now as there was at the
time of writing my last report for the enactment of legislation looking
to the proper development of the coal fields of the West. A measure
providing for the leasing of the lands under proper regulations seems
to suggest the best means of meeting the situation, and it is to be
hoped that Congress will enact some law along this line.
WATER POWERS.
The same general theory should govern the enactment of legisla-
tion on the disposition of rights in water powers, namely, a guardian-
ship looking to the supplying of the public needs at the cheapest
rates. There is no destruction of supply in the use of water power,
ALASKA.
During this year the office decided in cases regularly before it
for adjudication the following important questions affecting the
Alaska public coal lands:
(1) An agreement or understanding entered into between two or
more persons that each person would enter and pay for 160 acres
of Alaska coal lands and thereafter upon the acquisition of the
title from the Grovemment that all the parties would combine
their claims into a single property for their common benefit was
in contravention of the act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat., 525), amend-
ing the Alaska coal land laws, and coal entries made pursuant to
such an agreement and understanding were held for cancellation.
(2) Work done to ascertain merely the coal character of the
land, and not with the intent to open and operate a mine, did not
confer a preference right within the meaning of the act of April
28, 1904.
(3) The locator of a coal claim in Alaska must file notice of his
location for record with the proper recording officer and also notice
thereof with the register and receiver of the local land office within
one year from the date of the location, and a failure to file for record
such notice of location with the district recorder and also with
the register and receiver within the year forfeits all rights under
the location and requires the rejection of a subsequent application
by the locator to enter the land.
(4) A location made and a declaratory statement filed for the
land could not thereafter be changed upon the option of the locator;
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104 COMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND QFFIOE.
an application for purchase presented by such person, who had made
a prior location and without cause abandoned it, was held for rejec-
tion. While some of the questions above mentioned were not new
in that the office had theretofore expressed an opinion thereon,
they were all new in the sense that prior to the decision rendered
during the present year none of the questions had been passed
upon in a case regularly submitted for adjudication.
In a report made by the chief of the Alaskan field division on
October 7, 1911 (time of writing this report), the total number
of Alaska coal cases is given as 1,125; applicatioiusi for patent filed,
521; notices of charges served, 172; answers to chaises filed, 125;
expiration notices served, 566; answers to expiration notices filed,
90; entries yet to be investigated as to good faith, 262. Up to
July 1911, indictments returned in Alaskan criminal proceedings
affecting coal lands covered 641 claims out of a total of 1,125 coal
claims.
These particulars with reference to the Alaskan work are empha-
sized for the purpose of showing that there has been exceptional
activity on the part of the agents in that field and a great deal of
work accomplished by them. But notwithstanding this fact there
still remains a great deal of work to be done in Alaska. Heretofore
the reports have referred either to the Bering River coal field or
the Matanuska coal field. Reports now coming in from the agents
refer to (a) the Bering River coal fields, (h) the Matanuska coal field,
(c) the Cook Inlet coal field, (d) the Alaska Peninsula coal field,
(e) the Admiralty Island coal field, (f) the Nome district coal field,
(g) the Fairbanks district coal field, Qi) the Afognak Island coal
field. It must be expected that a practicaDy undeveloped terri-
tory, covering an area of over 500,000 square miles, will give rise
to more work for the field service than that at present shown.
AT1A8KA LAW OFFIOBB.
The laws relating to public lands as applied to Alaska are acknowl-
edgedly inadequate. Such as they are, however, they must be
enforced. It is not the province of the General Land Office to
legislate. The best way to call attention to the inadequacy of
legislation is to enforce the law as it exists. With the amount of
work which arises out of the number of applications for lands in
Alaska, it has been deemed wise to designate an officer of the board
of law review to whom all applications for lands in Alaska are referred,
of whatsoever nature they may be. In this way it is hoped to
obtain perfect uniformity in decisions and interpretation of the
laws such as they are. The place should be permanently estabUshed
by legislation with an adequate salary attached thereto.
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COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAKD OFFICE. 105
PROOFS.
In the report of last year the following suggestions were made:
At present proofi are taken before the register and receiver. This necessitates in
many cases a long trip from the land to the local office and entails a large expenee
upon the applicant, who has to journey thereto and bring his witnesses to testify
in supx>ort of his claim. If this course be not pursued, the proof is taken before a
United States commissioner. There is attached to this course the expense of the
journey to his office on the part of the claimant and his witnesses. Apart from this
expense of the claimant the procedure is not satisfactory. The work of a special
agent is laigely that of investigating cases where false proofs have been made. It
is respectfully recommended that a more expeditious way, and one where there
would be less cost to the claimant, would be Under a system allowing proofs to be
taken upon the land itself, before a special agent designated to visit the land, who
should be authorised to collect from the claimant a fee, the amount of which should
be based upon the distance of the claim from some given i>oint within the land dis-
trict. The expenses of the agent pould be so arranged that his visit would cost the
claimant less, and the proof would be very much more satisfactory. There would
also be a great saving in rendering unnecessary the expenses of a subsequent examina-
tion by a special agent to detect fraudulent proofs.
It is repeated with emphasis. By careful organization a system
could be elaborated whereby the making of proofs could be simplified^
promptness gained; and time saved. Much vexation is caused
by the suspension of proofs on complaints made, and the charge
has been made that the delays made pursuant thereto are not justified.
It is unsafe to ignore complaints; there can be no forms established
controlling the methods of making them; they do not come to
the various field headquarters in any regular proportion to the
proofs submitted; to maintain a force of agents large enough to
keep pace with them when at their maximum would necessarily
mean that many of the agents would have to be idle when the com-
plaints dropped from the maximum to the minimum, and a larger
appropriation of money would have to be demanded of Congress
for the special agents' force; a waste of money and energy would
ensue; all this could be obviated by the enactment of a law author-
izing the procedure above recommended. If the proofs were taken
on the homestead the facts would be established and the delay,
now ensuing, of an investigation necessitated on account of the
complaints made before or after the taking of the proof obviated.
liOCAIi I4AND OFFICES.
BECEIVEB.
The recommendation made in the report for the fiscal year ended
June 30; 1910, in regard to the abolishment of the ofiice of receiver
is renewed. A far better organization at less expense could be per-
fected. There is no business reason to be advanced for the retention
of the present organization of local land offices. It originated in the
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106 COMMISSIONER GEKEBAL LAND OITICE.
era of sale, when the money value of the land disposed of was the
paramount idea; it was retained without any real reason through
the era of development; the coming era should see it abolished. The
recommendation last year was as follows:
The oiganization of the local land officea should be changed and a great deal of
money saved, and better administration secured, by the abolition of the positione of
register and receiver and the creation of one position in lieu of the two. The poeltionB
of registers and receivers were created under the original organization when the duties
were those of sales agent and recording oMcer. By additional legislation, as stated
above, the duties of local officers have been changed. Under this dual system there
is a divided responsibility. The register and receiver have to sign decisions and they
are responsible together for the work of the office. This divided responsibility is not
a successful method of management for any office. Experience has shown that there
are frequent clashes between the two officers. The simplest oiganization would be
the creation of a new office and the placing of one man in chaige of all the work of the
local office, and substituting for the receiver a bonded clerk. This bonded clerk
could be secured for the work to be performed at a salary ranging from $1,500 to |2,000
a year; and the difference between that and the salary now paid to receivers would
amount in saving to the Government, in round numbers, to about $150,000 a year.
Better administration would be secured, and the Government would save a consider-
able smn.
HALL. OF RECORDS.
The necessity of a Hall of Records is recognized. It is to be hoped
that an appropriation will be made by Congress to provide this much-
needed building. This was urged in the report for last year. The
urgency of the erection of this edifice is realized more eveiy year.
It is to be hoped that it will be provided before some disastrous fire
may have destroyed papers which can not be replaced.
THE FIELD SERVICE.
On June 25, 1910, Congress appropriated the sum of $760,000 for
the "Protection of public lands, timber, etc.," for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1911, which amount was to be immediately available.
The average number of special agents employed per month under
this appropriation dunng the fiscal year was 155. From this appro-
priation were also paid the salaries of the clerks to the chiefs of field
divisions and the necessary temporary employees in this office to
properly handle the work incident to the large number of reports
being received from the field.
The total amount of cash collected and turned into the Treasury
as a result of the work of the special agents in the field during the
fiscal year is $229,193.68. Of this total amount collected, $100,099.70
was accepted as settlement for timber trespass and $129,093.98 was
recovered by civil and criminal actions brought through the Depart-
ment of Justice in cases of timber trespass and fines imposed and
paid in cases of conspiracy, perjury, subornation of perjury, and
unlawful inclosures, etc.
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OOMMISSIOKER GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 107
As a result of investigations, 2,200,401.25 acres have been restored
to the public domain. Of this total amount restored, 703,680 acres
represent area of fraudulent entries (taking an average of 160 acres
to each entry) canceled on special agents* reports; 1,475,381 acres
restored to open range on abatement of unlawful inclosures; and
21,340.25 acres were restored through suits to cancel patents fraudu-
lently acquired, brought by the Department of Justice, on the recom-
mendation of this office based on special agents' reports.
Special agents have personally examined and reported on 26,505
entries, 10,022 of which were adverse and 16,483 were favorable.
In addition to the reports of special agents, 90 adverse reports
and 181 favorable reports have been received from forest officers on
entries within national forests. Reports on amplications for rights
of way over the public domain for reservoirs, canals, ditches, etc.,
were rendered on 220 such applications, 60 of which were adverse
and 160 were favorable. Beports have been received on 31 State
segregation lists, under the Carey Act, on which final action has not
yet been had.
Nineteen civil suits were recommended for the setting aside of
grants of rights of way over the public domain for reservoirs, canals,
ditches, etc. Investigations are now in progress involving all such
grants heretofore approved for such purposes, with a view of bringing
civil action against all grantees where the evidence shows misuse,
nonconstruction, or abandonment of such privileges.
During the year 630 civil suits were recommended, 304 civil suits
have been won and 82 have been lost, of which 141 timber-trespass
cases were won, recovering $107,772.42. and 40 were lost; 74 suits
to vacate patents were won, restoring 21,340.25 acres to the public
domain, and 33 such suits were lost; and 79 cases of unlawful in-
closure were won, restoring 893,015 acres heretofore held under fence
unlawfully.
At the close of this fiscal year 482 cases wherein criminal prosecu-
tion was recommended were pending before the Department of
Justice.
Of the criminal cases closed during the year, 31 were convictions
for timber trespass, of which 6 were prison sentences, and $8,227 in
fines were assessed by the court and $1,640.18 paid; 21 were con-
victions for conspiracy, 17 of which were prison sentences and $20,050
in fines assessed, of which $9,200 were paid; 8 convictions for perjury
and 6 prison sentences, $1,900 paid; 47 were convictions for main-
taining» unlawful inclosures on the public domain, $4,377.60 fines
were assessed and paid; and 17 convictions were secured in cases of
intimidation, etc., making a total of 124 convictions secured and 47
prison sentences imposed.
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108 COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
SURVEYING.
June 30, 1911, was the close of the first fiscal year under the direct
system, and it is gratifying to be able to report that it has been an
unqualified success. When the change of method from the contract
to the direct system was first considered, it was expected that the
cost of production would not be greater than that in the procedure
which it was proposed to abandon. It was conceded that greater
expedition would ensue and better work be accomplished, and this
alone would have justified the change. The work of last season and
this season, however, has shown that the average cost of survey of a
township under the direct system is $750, or a saving of about $5
per mile, the average cost of surveys under the contract system
being $15 per mile. As the number of miles surveyed during the past
fiscal year will approximate 30,000, the saving to the Government,
therefore, will be in the neighborhood of $150,000, this amount being
available for the surveying of a larger mileage, thus greatly benefiting
settlers in the West. There is in addition a saving from one to two
years in time, counting from the time of the appropriation to the
completion and adoption of the survey and the filing of the field notes
in the surveyor general's oflice under the new system. This result
has only been accomplished by the closest attention to economic
equipment and means of subsistence of men and forage for animals,
and by the employment of the best available engineers who have
been engaged solely upon their past record for efficient services.
An important factor in minimizing the expense has been the
purchase, where possible, of animals for transportation purposes.
Great care has been used in selecting such stock as will be the most
durable and efiicient, taking into consideration the nature of the
country to be surveyed and its climate. In one State the rate of hire
for horses was found disproportionate to the value of the animals,
and 36 horses were bought, at an average price of $85. These horses
had saved for the Government in rent witliin three months after
their purchase an amount equivalent to their cost at the rental
asked by owners of horses of the same carrying capacity.
The instrumental equipment, which was at the date of the change
of system very meager and necessitated the renting by the surveyors
of their own transits, is now nearly complete, and all transitmen and
surveyors are furnished with the most modem of solar instruments,
thus securing the maximum of accuracy and expedition.
The iron comers now in use everywhere on public-land surveys are
a considerable item of expense, but the universal praise given these
monuments by settlers and interested parties justifies their employ-
ment wherever practicable to erect them. The main item is the
expense of transportation from St. Ijouis to the outfitting point.
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COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 109
Invitations have been sent to manufacturing establishments m a
number of large cities nearer the surveys to submit proposals for
making these posts^ but no favorable responses have been received.
By shipping in carload quantities I have been able to reduce this
expense, so that the freight charges have not averaged the past season
over 20 per cent of the cost of manufacture.
The greater part of the force was taken from the ex-contractors,
those whose work had been passed upon and found correct by exami-
ners of surveys. Tliey are not in the classified service, but examina-
tions are to be held by the Civil Service Commission this winter,
under which all unclassified transitmen or instrumentmen in good
standing will be examined and duly certified to this office. All of the
transitmen now in the service have signified their intention to take
part, and it is believed an ample register of eligibles will be ready by
the opening of next season.
During the past year the number of parties in the field have been
increased to 115.
In addition to the surveyors, it has been necessary to maintain a
force of 15 United States surveyors in examining surveys entered
into by contract prior to July 1, 1910. This work, of course, will
soon be brought to a finish. These surveyors were also engaged in
executing fragmentary surveys, State boundary surveys, island
surveys, etc.
In addition to the above force at work upon public-land surveying,
this office, under existing regulations, undertakes the subdivision of
Indian reservations for the purpose of allotment and subsequent
opening for disposal to the public. The expenses for this work are,
under the law, paid out of the appropriation for surveying and
allotting Indian reservations. In this latter class of surveys it has
been found possible, and in accordance with law, to perform not only
the rectangular surveys but to do the topographic work in addition;
the combining of the two has been shown to be more economical than
by the detailing of special topographic parties to do this character of
work after the rectangular survey has been completed. Under the
laws now existing authority is not given to the commissioner to do
the topographic work in conjunction with the township surveys. It
is respectfully submitted that this authority ought to be given on
grounds of business expediency and expedition; this especially so
because of the demand in the West for the selection of lands for irrigar
tion purposes under the Carey Act. A topographic survey made at
the time of the rectangular survey would, without doubt, be of great
assistance to those who desire to make Carey Act and other selections
for the purposes of irrigation.
The office has received the heartiest cooperation from the surveyors
general in the West in the installation of this new system, and a great
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110 OOMMISSIONEB GENEBAL LAND OFFICE.
deal of the success is due to the assistance and advice which have
been received from these officers.
ALASKA StTBVEYS.
The duty of making subdivisional surveys in Alaska was assigned
to this bureau during the last winter, and active preparations were
set on foot to place as many parties in the field as the nature of the
country and the demands of settlers would justify.
Three centers were decided upon at which to begin operations —
Fairbanks, Chitina, and Seward. A double party, comprising a
surveyor at the head of each party and an associate transitman in
charge of an auxiliary party — ^in all, six parties — ^were equipped and
received instructions the latter part of April in Seattle, leaving for the
field early in May.
The Geological Survey had b^un this work the previous year and
had subdivided an area in the vicinity of Fairbanks. This region
was occupied in May by a double party under this office and the
sectionizing of the land continued. No report has yet been received
of the acreage surveyed by them near this place, and only partial
reports have come in as to the progress made by the other four
parties.
However, a report has been received from Surveyor Warner of the
work with this double party in the Copper River country, showing
an area of 66,000 acres subdivided, and it is assumed that the other
parties will have accomplished an equal amount before the season
closes.
If this be correct, an aggregate output of 200,000 acres will be ac^
complished for the season's work, which, with the many difficulties
to be encountered in that remote region, is submitted as an excellent
result and one only to be accomplished by the most careful and
energetic management.
Geodetic ties were made last year connecting two of the independent
systems, and by the aid of an astronomer of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey the remaining system (Copper River) was geodetically
determined this year.
TEXAS-NEW MEXICO BOtTNDABY.
Congress having passed a resolution providing for the retracing
and monumenting of the boundary line between Texaa and New
Mexico as surveyed by J. H. dark in 1859, the work waa assigned to
this office and began in April last.
Two parties were put into the field on the east and south boundaries
under the direction of one of the supervisors of surveys of this office,
Arthur D. Eidder, and the work was vigorously prosecuted through
the summer, with the result that at the time of writing this report,
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GOMMISSIONEB aENEBALi LAND OFFICE. Ill
October 7, the field work was completed, which consists of careful
retracing of the line as moniunented by Clark, running the random
lines between his comers (which were irregularly placed and very
insufficiently marked, consisting as they did of only heaps of stones,
rendering the identification extremely difficult), and afterwards
establishing the true line between these points and erecting on the
site of the old monuments very substantial cylindrical pillars made
of cement and surmounted by brass caps firmly embedded in the
cement, and suitably inscribed with the date of the reestablishment
and the names of the two States. The commissioners appointed by
Texas and the Govemment accompanied these parties.
In addition to the concrete monuments, of which 36 were set,
mile comers were established, consisting of tubular iron posts flanged
at the bottom, filled with cement, and capped with brass heads firmly
riveted to the top and marked with the number of miles and the date
of the reestablishment.
These metal monuments at the end of each mile were employed as
the most desirable re-marking of the line that could be devised and
are especially adapted to the character of the country. It is believed
that the settlers upon the adjacent lands will have no difficulty in
the future in identifying the exact location of the State line.
The hiatus between the thirty-third and thirty-fourth parallels, left
unsurveyed by Clark, was closed by the establishment of an oblique
line connecting the termini in accordance with the provisions of the
joint resolution by methods agreed upon by the commissioners upon
the ground.
This important work was authorized by Senate Joint Resolution
No. 124, approved February 16, 1911, under the terms of which two
commissioners, Hon. Francis M. Cockrell, appointed by the President,
and Hon. Samuel R. Scott, appointed by the governor of Texas,
supervised and directed the field operations.
The sum of $20,000 was appropriated by Congress for this work,
and I am glad to state that the expense of reestabUshing this 530
nules of line so completely and conspicuously monumented will not
exceed the appropriation. This result has been attained by pursu-
ing the most economical business methods in procuring supplies and
in managing the prosecution of the work so that no time should be
lost or needless expenditures incurred.
The instruments used on the work were loaned by this office, but
aside from that the expense of the reestablishment, including the
compensation of the commissioner on the part of the Govemment,
has been paid from the fund provided by Congress except that on
the south boimdary the party in charge employed Govemment teams.
The field notes and maps are now being prepared in triplicate for
the approval of the commissioners and acceptance by you, and there-
after fiJing in this office and those of the State and Territory interested.!
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112 COMMISSIONER GENEBAL LAND OFFICE.
CAREY ACT.
A conservative estimate would indicate that there will be 4,000,000
acres included in segregation lists for Carey Act projects during the
coming year. During the last fiscal year there were examined in the
neighborhood of 1,650,000 acres of selections by the various Carey
Act land States. There have already been withdrawn under the act
of March 15, 1910, for Carey Act exploration and survey, 3,500,000
acres. While a small amount of this land will probably be relin-
quished, the greater part of it will be included in segregation lists
during the coming year.
Under present practice investigation in the field of lands withdrawn
for Carey Act projects is a very thorough one. Not only is the ques-
tion of adaptibility for irrigation of the lands selected gone into very
thoroughly, but the mineral character of the land is also investigated
and the question as to whether or not sufficient rights can be obtained to
provide water for the lands to be irrigated. The General Land Oflaice has
in its force competent engineers who are detailed to perform this duty.
The records of the office show that their reports are exhaustive, and
all the features necessary to protect the interests of the United States
thoroughly covered. The necessity for this thorough investigation
is amply shown by the difficulties which ensued from the insufficient
examination made prior to the amended regulations now in force.
The work upon Carey Act projects heretofore approved is pro-
gressing rapidly in all directions, and it is an assured fact that a large
number of Hsts for patent will be received during the coming year
which, like the segregation lists, must be promptly investigated and
reported upon. I have been informed by a number of Arizona people
who are interested in the Carey Act that there is no doubt that the
next legislature of that State will accept the provisions of the Carey
Act as soon as possible after it convenes. It is also assured by them
that at least 10 segregation lists are all ready for filing as soon as the
State (or Territory) accepts the provisions of the act.
RESERVOIR DBCIiARATORY STATEMENTS.
Owing to a recent decision of the department that where a reservoir
under the act of January 13, 1897 (29 Stat., 484) covered only a
portion of one or two smallest legal subdivisions, the applicant is not
necessarily entitled to the full 160 acres unless it be shown that such
amount is actually necessary for the support and maintenance of the
reservoir, it has become necessary to call upon the field force to
investigate the conditions surrounding these applications with a view
to determining just how much it is necessary to segregate in connec-
tion with the reservoir. This is practically a new class of field exami-
nation, and will probably grow larger.
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COMICISSIONEB GBKERAL LAND OFFICE. 113
BIGHTS OP WAY.
The work devolving upon the field force of investigating approved
right-of-way applications under the acts of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat.,
1095), May 11, 1898 (30 Stat., 404), February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790),
and February 1, 1905 (33 Stat., 628), for irrigation, power, and other
purposes, where the approvals are over 5 years old, with a view to
obtaining forfeiture if not constructed, will be much heavier during
the coining year than ever before. The field service will be called
upon to investigate all approved right-of-way applications imder the
act of March 3, 1875 (18 Stat., 482), for the purpose of determining
whether they have been constructed, and if not, whether they are
forfeited under the act of June 26, 1906 (34 Stat., 482) and the act
of February 25, 1909 (35 Stat., 647), and if found so subject to for-
feiture, to clear the recoiji of them.
RAILROAD SEUSCTIONS.
The work relative to railroad selections for patent, either because
the lands are within the primary limits of the grant, and are selected
as indemnity for losses within the primary limits, or as an indemnity
under the act of 1898, is constantly increasing. The work of the field
service is augmented accordingly. The work is being increased not
because more land is selected but because the lists are smaller. Here-
tofore a list of from 200,000 to 300,000 acres was a common thing
and could be disposed of in large lists for patent; now the lists range
from 40 to 1,000 acres usually. It is nearly as much work to investi-
gate one 40-acre list, so far as the mechanical part of it is concerned,
as to examine a 10,000-acre list. The field service naturally feels
this, as in the examination of a large list the tracts are all contiguoxis
and can be examined at the same time, while the examination of one
40-acre tract or 80-acre tract will take nearly as much time as is nec-
essary to examine a 5,000-acre or 10,000-acre tract.
RECIiAMATION WORK.
The absence of precedents and the novel character of questions
which have arisen in the administration of the reclamation act, have
necessitated careful consideration by this office and close supervision
by the local land officers. Much time has been given to instructing
the local officers in the matter of collecting water-right charges,
and executing the new water-right contracts, as well as the more
general questions that have arisen.
A new form of contract for ^^e in the sale of water for lands in
private ownership has been adopted, intended to afford additional
security to the United States, in the form of a direct lien on the
lands irrigated; and the accounting system in connection with the
11355*'— iiiT 1913— VOL 1 8
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114 COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
payment of water-right charges under the reclamation act has been
revised to meet the changed conditions and the rapidly increasing
collections.
COLLECTION OF WATEB-KIGHT CHABGES.
The law provides for the collection of water-right charges on lands
within reclamation projects by the receivers for the local land offices,
who deposit the same to the credit of the reclamation fund. In most
instances the local land offices are considerable distance from the
projects, and the department has permitted the payments to be made
to the project engineer, who transmits the money collected to the local
land office. The project engineer acts only as agent for the water
users and the payments are not considered as made until the local
land office has received the same. The water users are required to
pay the cost of sending the money, so collected, by money order to the
local land office.
In order that the project engineer may be informed at all times as
to the right of any water user to the use of water, it is necessary for the
local land office to send him copies of all notices requiring payments of
water^right charges, receipts of payments, and all letters tending to
affect the status of entries or water rights. Both the project engineer
and the local land office keep accounts of water-right payments for
the same project, and the General Land Office keeps separately com-
plete records for all projects.
The work would be very much simplified by a provision of law au-
thorizing a local reclamation official to collect the water-right charges,
and deposit the same to the credit of the reclamation fund.* The
Reclamation Service could report to the General Land Office entries
which should be canceled because of failure to pay the charges. This
would reUeve the Land Office of a large amount of work without very
materially increasing the work of the Reclamation Service. It would
be much more convenient for the water users, and also the local recla-
mation officials, being on the ground, are in possession of valuable
information as to conditions of crops, individuals, and other matters
affecting the time when payments should be required, which the Land
Office can not obtain without special investigation.
STATE SEIiECTIONS.
There were pending June 30, 1911, State and Territorial selections
aggregating, in round numbers, 1,900,000 acres, practically all requir-
ing examination in the field.
There were received during the year ending June 30, 191 1 , selections
to the amount of 523,636.16 acres; and during the year ended June
30, 1910, selections to the amount of 1,406,326.31 acres were received.
Upon the admission of Arizona and New Mexico, they will be
entitled to select 4^700^000 acres, the aggregate of their specific grants,
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GOMMISSIONEB GENERAL. LAND OFFICE. 115
in quantity, made by the enabling act of June 20, 1910. It has been
the custom of new States, immediately upon their admission, and as
soon as the machinery of the State government is in running order,
to b^in actively the selection of lands in satisfaction of their quantity
grants. In addition, each of these two States, upon its admission,
may make school indemnity selections to the amount of not less than
1,000,000 acres.
FIEIiD EXAMINATION OF SEIiECTKD liANDS.
As a safeguard against the acquisition of title to mineral and coal
lands imder grants of nonmineral lands provision is now made for
field examination of indenmity school land and other State and Ter-
ritorial selections.
In view of the fact that selections in satisfaction of these grants,
except imder the Carey Act, may not be made for lands withdrawn
or classified as coal lands, or valuable for coal, and that a very con-
siderable portion of these withdrawn and classified lands is of a class
well adapted for purposes of selection, it is recommended that the
provisions of the act of Congress approved June 22, 1910 (36 Stat.,
583), be extended so as to authorize surface right selections in aid of
conmion schools, and under specific grants in quantity for educational
and other purposes. In this connection attention is respectfully
called to a report made by the department August 9, 1911, on Senate
bill 3116, Sixty-second Congress, first session.
IMPERIAL VALLEY LANDS.
The adjustment and adjudication of claims in the Imperial Valley,
Cal., is proceeding satisfactorily. About 800 patents have been
issued to claimants who have shown bona fide compliance with the
requirements of the laws under which their entries were initiated.
The locations of all but two of the school sections, with reference to the
plats of the resurvey of these lands, have been fixed by office deci-
sions, subject, however, to review by the department on appeal.
A large niunber of conflicting claims have been amicably adjusted
and such further surveys as may be necessary are to be executed
during the coming winter by an official of this office.
SWAMP LANDS.
This office continues to receive and dispatch a considerable volume
of work in connection with the adjustment of the swamp-land grants
made to the several States by the acts of Congress approved March
2, 1849 (9 Stat., 352), September 28, 1850 (9 Stat., 519), and March
12, 1860 (12 Stat., 3).
On March 29, 1911, it disposed of a controversy of considerable
importance, the parties to which were the State of California on one
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116 COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
hand, and settlers to the number of 100 or more on the other side,
and involving 99,840 acres of land, situated in the valley of the
Colorado River, about 200 miles southeast from the city of Los
Angeles. The State of California asserted its title to this land by
virtue of the swamp-land grant, which claim of title was resisted by
the settlers, who claimed that the lands were not, and never had
been, of the character of lands embraced by that grant. The decision
of this office sustained the claims of the settlers.
On February 19, 1909, the department gave direction for an
examination in the field whereby to determine the character of
lands in the Chippewa Indian Reservation, in Minnesota, in so far
as any of said lands were being claimed by the State of Minnesota
under the grant of swamp lands made to it by the act of March
12, 1860 (12 Stat., 3). The claim of Minnesota to swamp lands
not within an Indian reservation is tried and determined by an
inspection of the field notes of the Government survey, and the
method thus adopted for an adjudication of her claims to land
within the Indian reservation was a departure from the practice
followed in other cases. This change of method had effect to let
in numerous settlers upon lands within said reservations to contest
the State's claim, and about 150 such contests have been filed in
the local land offices at Cass Lake and Crookston. With few ex*
ceptions, this office has granted and directed hearings to be held in
these contests, and the results of these hearings are now being
reported.
It is beUeved to be appropriate in this connection to refer to the
related matter of the ' 'Arkansas sunk lands," determined by the
department, by its decision of December 12, 1908, to be pubUc
lands of the United States, as a consequence of the compromise
agreement between the United States and the State of Arkansas,
approved by the act of Congress of April 29, 1898 (30 Stat., 367).
The survey of these lands is being prosecuted with all possible
expedition, and it is anticipated that the plats will be completed,
approved, and filed some time earlj^ in the year 1912, and said
lands soon thereafter duly made subject to disposition under the
public-land laws.
NATIONAL. FORESTS.
Since the issuance of the last annual report, one national forest
has been established under section 24 of the act of March 3, 1891
(26 Stat. L., 1095), and four new administrative units have been
formed by subdividing certain national forests, with additional
areas from the public domain in some instances. Forty-three
national forests have been enlarged and 61 reduced under the act
of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat.; 36), and the San Luis National Forest has
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COMMISSIONER GENERAL. LAND OFFICE. 117
been consolidated with the Santa Barbara National Forest in Cali-
fornia. The Focatello National Forest, in Idaho, was enlai^ed by
act of February 18, 1911 (public, 390), and by Executive order of
May 31, 1911, the Fort Wingate Military Reservation was included
in the Zuni National Forest, in New Mexico. There are now 153
national forests, embracing 190,608,243 acres. The decrease in
area of national forests since the beginning of the fiscal year is
2,322,954 acres, due in part to the elimination of lands therefrom
and in part to the revision of areas to conform to recent surveys
and computations.
During the fiscal year, 4,598,705 acres have been excluded from
the national forests, by reclassification or otherwise, and the unap-
propriated public lands in 4,125,405 acres thereof restored to set-
tlement and entry. Areas temporarily withdrawn but not needed
for forestry purposes are released from withdrawal upon the recom-
mendation of the Secretary of Agriculture. Since the issuance of
the last annual report 2,653,534 acres have been released from such
withdrawal and the public lands therein opened to settlement
and entry.
During the fiscal year 18 ranger stations, embracing 1,678 acres,
have been withdrawn by Executive order under the act of June
25, 1910 (36 Stat., 847), for use by the Forest Service in the admin-
istration of the national forests, one right-of-way site and 162 admin-
istrative site withdrawals have been revoked, embracing 24,113
acres. There are now 24 rights of way for wagon roads and 3,983
administrative sites withdrawn, embracing 570,848 acres, 153 sites
and 21,632 acres being near and 3,830 sites and 549,216 acres in
the national forests.
NATIONAIi MONUMENTS.
Under authority of the act approved June 8, 1906, the President,
during the year, by formal proclamations prepared, created the
following monuments from lands under control of the United States:
Colorado National Monument, Colorado, exhibiting extraordinary
examples of erosion, of considerable scientific interest.
Devils Postpile, California, including Rainbow Falls, within the
Sierra National Forest, and under the jurisdiction of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
The Lei^is and Clark Cavern, Montana, was also more definitely
located, by a second proclamation, and the boundaries of the Petri-
fied Forest, in Arizona, were materially reduced.
There is great need of funds for the proper protection and admin-
istration of such of the national monuments, created out of the public
lands, as consist of or include within their boundaries historic and
prehistoric ruins, or other objects easily injured or destroyed by
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118 COMMISSIONER GENEBAL LAND OFFICE.
vandals, and unauthorized collectors of curios for sale or exhibition
for a fee. The former departmental estimate of $5,000, which has
failed to receive the approval of Congress, should by all means be
renewed.
HOMESTEAD ENTRIES IN FOREST RESERVES.
In accordance with the provisions of the act of June 11, 1906
(34 Stat., 233), notices were issued during the past year in 2,153
lists, by which approximately 215,300 acres of agricultural lands
in national forests were opened to settlement and entry under the
homestead laws.
SAIiES OF ABANDONED MII^ITARY RESERVATIONS.
The lands in Fort McEinney abandoned military reservation
were offered for sale on January 18 and 19, 1911, under the provis-
ions of the act of July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 103), and there were sold
11,557.92 acres for $25,128.11, an average of $2.17 per acre.
On November 21, 1910, there were sold under the same act 22
lots having an area of 213.61 acres, in the Fort Davis abandoned
military reservation, Texas, the price realized being $2,272.50.
or an average of $10.63 per acre. The lands in the Camp Bowie
abandoned military reservation, Arizona, were offered for sale on
June 20, 1911, and 2,408.81 acres were sold under said act for
$4,281.32 an average of $1.77 per acre. Portions of all of these
reservations were unsold and will be offered at some time in the
future, when there is prospect of securing bidders therefor.
POWER- SITE RESERVES.
Pursuant to the provisions of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat.,
847), 196 withdrawals have been made for power-site purposes,
and there are now withdrawn for said purpose 1,510,647 acres,
embracing lands in twelve States and Territories. These lands
are subject to all of the provisions, limitations, exceptions, and
conditions of the act cited.
AGRICULTURAL. ENTRIES ON liANDS BEARING OH*,
PHOSPHATE, AND NATURAL. GAS.
Bills are now pending consideration by Congress which will in
some measure make oil, gas, and phosphate bearing lands available
for appropriation by agricultural entrymen. The bill S. 3045 (62d
Cong., 1st sess.) provides for disposal of oil-bearing lands in the
same manner as lands valuable for coal are disposed of under the
act of Congress approved June 22, 1910 (36 Stat., 583), while the
bill S. 1587 (62d Cong., 1st sess.) provides for an absolute reservation
of all phosphate, asphaltum, oil, and natural gas in the public lands
of the United States, including lands in Alaska, leavmg, by impli-
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COMMI6SI0KBB OfiNeRAL LAND OFFICE. lid
cation at least, the surface free to disposal under laws providing
for agricultural entries. The department has heretofore submitted
a report favorable to the first-above mentioned bill, after some
suggested amendment has been efFected. One of these proposed
amendments would make the provisions of the bill operative as to
lands containing phosphate and natural gas, as well as to lands
containing oil, the only exception being as to lands valuable on account
of the superficial deposits of phosphate rock.
I am of the opinion that the propriety and wisdom of such legisla-
tion as would thus be accomplished is scarcely debatable, and its
early enactment would afford relief to a very considerable number
of persons who have gone upon lands of that character prior to
any withdraw^al thereof for classification purposes.
INDIAN AliLOTMENTS.
It is estimated there are pending Indian allotments aggregating
about 4,500, requiring field examination. It is probable that about
800 to 1,000 may be received during the coming year.
INDIAN-AIjIiOTMBNT APPLICATIONS.
On April 4, 1911, I directed field examination and report with
reference to timber, mineral, coal, phosphate, oil, power-site possi-
bilities, the settlement of the Indian on the public domain, the
character and approximate value of his improvements, etc., in all
cases of Indian-allotment applications made under the provisions
of section 4 of the act of Congress appro vied February 8, 1887 (24
Stat., 388), and acts amendatory thereof. Results under this
order can not be reported as yet, but it is believed that it will result
in rendering much more difficult the exploitation of public lands
under guise of Indian claims and at the same time aid in the pro-
tection of bona fide Indian settlers.
CREEK LANDS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
By the treaty of 1832, the Creek Tribe of Indians ceded to the
Government all of their lands east of the Mississippi River, the
United States engaging to allow 90 principal chiefs to select one
section each and every other head of a family one-half section each,
which were to be ** reserved from sale for their use for the term of
five years unless sooner disposed of by them." Twenty sections,
in addition, were to be selected, under the direction of the President,
for the orphan children of the Creeks, and divided and retained or
sold for their benefit, as the President might direct. Articles 3
and 4 of this treaty are as follows:
Art. III. These tracts may be conveyed by the persons selecting the same to any
other persons for a fair consideration, in such manner as the President may direct.
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120 COMMISSIONER GEKElLAL LAlO) OFFICE.
The conta'act shall be certified by some person appointed for that purpose by the
President, but shall not be valid until the President approves the same. A title
shall be given by the United States on the completion of the payment.
Art. IV. At the end of five years, all the creeks entitled to these selections, and
desirous of remaining, shall receive patents therefor in fee simple, from the United
States.
A very large part of these selections remain unpatented. Such aa
the records show to have been sold by the Indians and the contracts
of sale to have been approved by the President will be taken up and
considered with a view to the issuance of patent, so that this matter,
which has lain dormant for three-quarters of a century, may be
closed.
There are a number of cases, however, where the records either do
not show the sale to have been approved by the President or that
the purchase money was paid, or do show that he disapproved it or
that the purchase money was not paid; and in other cases this bureau
has been informed that the local records in Alabama indicate that the
Indian sold the land after the expiration of five years, when he was
entitled to a patent, as provided in Article IV of the treaty.
The situation thus presented calls for speedy action by Congress.
The lands involved have become valuable, and there appears to be
much uneasiness and uncertainty in the minds of the present claimants
to the lands.
INDIAN RESERVATION OPENINGS.
During the last year there were 131 tracts, a part of lands formerly
reserved and used in connection with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe
School at Darlington, Okla., offered for sale imder the provisions of
the homestead laws, at public auction; 60 tracts were sold at an
average of $38.60 per acre, 43 tracts at an average of $48 per acre, 16
tracts at an average of $66 per acre, and 10 tracts at an average of
$67.20 per acre. This is the highest price at which lands were ever
disposed of under the homestead laws.
Three hundred and four lots in the Timber Lake town site, in the
Cheyenne Kiver Reservation in South Dakota, were sold at public
auction, and the amount bid for the same aggregated $79,581, the
prices ranging from $25 to $1,400 per lot, which was greatly in excess
of their appraised value.
In the town site of Dupree, in the Cheyenne River Reservation,
S. Dak., there were sold 255 lots, the amount bid aggregating
$46,615, the prices ranging from $40 to $1,200 per lot, an increase
over their appraised value.
The unentered lands in the ceded portion of the Crow Reservation
in Montana, and in the former Uintah Reservation in Utah, were
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COMMISSIONER OENEEAL LAND OFFICE.
121
offered for sale at public auction, and portions of them were sold at
prices ranging from 50 cents to $20.50 per acre. The remainder of
these lands were not sold because of lack of desirable bids.
CHIPPBWA IX>aaiNO, MINNESOTA.
During the past fiscal year there were logged under contracts on
ceded Chippewa lands 80,005,150 feet of timber of the value of
$572,830.73, against totals of 88,503,880 feet of timber, valued at
$553,005.42, the preceding year.
On September 15, 1910, a sale of timber was held at Cass Lake,
Minn., at which there were sold under the act of June 27, 1902 (32
Stat., 400), the timber on 118,362.98 acres, estimated to contain
51,310,000 feet of white pine and 263,475,000 feet of Norway pine,
the total amount of the accepted bids being $2,709,330.04, an average
price of $8.59. This is the largest sale of Chippewa timber yet held,
and the highest prices were realized.
All of the imsold pine timber on ceded Chippewa lands is to be
offered for sale at Cass Lake, Minn., on October 21, 1911.
The ''cut-over" lands, or lands from which all the timber has been
cut, are opened to homestead settlement and entry from time to time,
45|779.12 acres of such lands having been opened to entry on August
22, 1911.
The following statement shows the amoimt of timber sold and the
amount of the bids at the different sales, based on the original Govern-
ment estimates, the amount of timber actuaUy cut, and the price
paid for the timber.
Proceeds of Chippewa logging.
Dates of sales.
Oovenunent
estimate
(feet b. m.).
Estimated
(feetbTm.)
Price paid.
Mar. 2, 19081..
Dec. 6, 1003...
Dee.28,lM3..
Nov. 15, 1904..
Not. 17, 19041.
July 17, 19071..
Mar. 15, 19101.
Sept. 15, 1910..
Special sales...
Trespass
Interest, etc...
i3,«3a.noo
I6»,;mj)00
N". %^. '00
00
00
. ....,-00
3lW,7?i5,tX)0
504,000
KS,5S9.70
1,434,071.68
1,218,132.02
932,320.12
56,128.45
18,705.06
15,378.09
2,709,330.04
4,930.60
26,816,000
342,426,000
299,110,000
188,188,000
18,786,000
3,754,000
3,559,000
21,507,000
219,000
2,667,000
$138,
2,069,
2,111,
1|214,
07,
34,
26,
188,
1,
22,
326.20
216.17
017,28
746.17
624.77
160.52
885.06
634.21
40
640.61
020.03
Total..
887,657,000
6,456,566.26
007,142,000
6,933,242.41
1 Sale completed ,all timber sold haying been logged.
The trespass statement includes trespass on Indian allotments and
State swamp selections.
The average price realized per thousand feet has been $6.51^.
The percentage of white pine has been nearly 64 ^ per cent.
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122 OOMMISSIONEB GEKEBAL LAND OFFICE.
The total expense of logging the past year has been $28,580.88,
and the total expense to date has been $263,496.44^ which is 4.3 per
cent of the total receipts.
IJEEU SEUBCTIONS FOR liANDS IN INDIAN
RESERVATIONS .
The act of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat., 211), provided for an exchange
by an owner of private land over which an Indian reservation has
been extended by Executive order, for vacant, nonmineral, non-
timber, surveyed pubUc lands of equal area and value and situated
in the same State or Territory. Lieu selections of lands under this
act have been made in the Zuni and Navajo Indian Beservations in
New Mexico, and Moqui Indian Reservation in Arizona, aggregating
433,113.70 acres. Patents have issued on such selections for
237,545.88 acres, and selections for 1,703.51 acres have been approved
by the Secretary of the Interior. In addition, selections of 42,360
acres have been recommended for approval, and selections for
151,504.31 acres are under examination.
REUNQTJISHMENTS.
The misuse of the relinquishment very often is the cause of an
additional expense to the honest homeseeker, and prevents him from
securing the right to enter a tract of land, because of an existant
entry by some party, who has no intention of perfecting his claim,
but who holds the land until he can get some one who will pay him to
relinquish it back to the Government. Every possible method has
been adopted under existing legislation to prevent the practice of
trafficking in relinquishments. The greatest evil arises in the mis-
use of soldiers' declaratory statements. In three land offices in one
State there were more than 3,000 soldiers' declaratory statements
filed between May, 1910, and July, 1911. Less than 5 per cent of the
declarants transmuted their declaratory statements; the remainder
were made on the instigation of parties who have filed them for the
purpose of compelling honest settlers to deal with them and pay
money to secure a right which they should have without cost. Those
who have trafficked in relinquishments have been indicted at various
times, but it seems almost impossible to stamp out the evil.
The difficulty of legislating on this question is that there are, no
doubt, many worthy cases wherein it would be a hardship to prevent
in any way a man who is unable to perfect his entry from selling the
improvements on his place to a homeseeker. I am of the opinion,
however, that legislation could be enacted which woidd protect the
honest homeseeker and would also put an end to this unwholesome
trafficking in relinquishments. To that end, I have the honor to
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GOHHISSIONEB GENEBAL LAND OFFICE. 123
recommend that section 1, of the act entitled "An act for the relief
of settlers on public lands," approved May 14, 1880, might appro-
priately be amended to require proof of the good faith of the entry
sought to be relinquished, and that the entryman has actually resided
upon the land and made valuable improvements thereon in all cases
where the relinouishment is presented within one year from the date
of the entry.
SUMMART OF PROPOSED LEGISIiiWTION.
In summary of and addition to foregoing recommendations relative
to new l^islation, I would strongly urge the importance of statutory
provisions covering and embracing the subjects now to be briefly
enumerated and specified, as foUows:
(1) To transfer to the Reclamation Service all duties pertaining
to the collection and disposition of moneys due on account of building,
maintenance, and operation charges, in connection with Government '
reclamation projects. This is the subject and object of a pending
bill (S. 889) in reference to which a favorable report was submitted
by the department under date of May 29, 1911.
(2) Entry for town site purposes of lands valuable for coal, oil,
or gas, should be permitted, with provision whereby the Government
will retain the title to the coal, oil, or gas contents of the lands so
entered, in like manner as such deposits or contents are excepted
from conveyance by the act of Congress approved June 22, 1910
(36 Stat., 583).
(3) Ovnng to the nonexistence of any common law of crimes which
the Federal courts can administer, many forms of false swearing
seem to be not punishable by proceedings in those courts. Attempted
prosecutions for false oaths in relation to the character of the land
of which entry is sought, or concerning the legal qualification of the
would-be entryman, have failed of success because it was held that
these oaths were not specifically required by statute. The facts
bearing on these questions must always be ascertained by the depart-
ment, and I earnestly recommend that this defect in the law be
repaired.
(4) Registers and receivers are empowered by law (act of Congress
approved Jan. 31, 1903, 32 Stat., 790) to issue subpcenas for witnesses
in cases pending before them. They should also be empowered to
require a witness to bring with him and produce papers, books, and
documents in his possession and constituting material and important
evidence in relation to any issue in the pending cause.
(5) The act of Congress approved January 31, 1903 (32 Stat., 790),
does not prescribe the fees chargeable by officers before whom the
depositions therein provided for are submitted. The provisions of
this statute are very extensively availed of by the Government in
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124 COMMISSIONER GENERAL, LAND OFFICE.
eases inyolving the validity of public land entries, and, owing to the
▼aiying statutes of the several States, and to the difference between
these statutes and the Federal law relating to fees (act of Congress
approved May 28, 1896, 29 Stat., 184), some considerable burden of
inquiry has been imposed on the accounting officers of the Oovern-
ment, and some confusion in the practice and accounts of field officers
has resulted. I reconunend that the act of 1903 (supra) be so amended
as to provide for uniform fees of 20 cents per folio of 100 words in
every such deposition, and 10 cents per folio for every copy furnished
a party to the cause, on his request therefor, with no other charge
for or on account of administering the oath to a witness or preparing
a certificate to complete the deposition. A minimum fee of $2 for
the first deposition taken at the instance of any party to a cause
should be permitted.
(6) The act of Congress approved January 13, 1897 (29 Stat., 484),
providing for reservations of public lands as sites for stock-watering
reservoirs, has ceased to be of any very considerable public advantage.
On the contrary, it has for some time been a means whereby such
reservations are procured for purposes foreign to the law. Very
often it is employed to accomplish the reservation of lands until such
time as the applicant for such reservation can qualify himself to
acquire the legal title under some other law. In other cases it is
obtained purely for speculative purposes and is placed upon the
market inunediately following accomplishment of the reservation,
the reservoir claimant offering his relinquishment for sale. I respect-
fully reconunend that this statute be promptly repealed.
(7) The several statutes providing for rights of way and easements
for canals, ditches, telegraph and telephone lines, reservoirs, and
other structures, are heterogeneous and wholly lacking in any uni-
formity of principle or rule in relation to the character of the interest
or estate secured, and in respect of the duration of such interest or
right. Some provision should be made whereby rights under these
grants will terminate automatically at the expiration of a stated
period of time, in the event of failure to construct the proposed
works, or following nonuser or abandonment for a similar length of
time. As the law now exists, the Government is unable to relieve
the public land of the burden of these paper easements without resort
to suit in a court; of equity, whereby to obtain a decree of forfeiture.
A siniilar provision for automatic forfeiture should be provided for
rights of way granted to railroads by the act of March 3, 1876 (18
Stat., 472). "
(8) The appropriation of $3,000, made by the act of Congress
approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 775-997), to be used in the prepa-
ration and publication of a revised edition of the Manual of Survey-
ing Instructions, has not been expended, preparation of the revision
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
C0MMI8SI0NEB GENEBAL LAND OFFICE. 125
being unavoidably delayed by the urgency and volume of other
lines of work. Considerable progress has been made in the execu-
tion of that object, however, and publication may soon be resorted
to. I wish, therefore, to urgently recommend that said appropria-
tion be continued and made available during and until the expiration
of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913.
(9) I wish to renew the recommendation heretofore presented in
annual reports from this office, urging the repeal of section 2301
of the United States Revised Statutes, by which the residence and
cultivation required of homestead entrymen may be commuted on
payment of $1.25 for each acre of the entered lands after 14 months
from the date of entry. It is unnecessary here to repeat the rea-
soning by which this recommendation has been justified, or to state
the objectionable consequences of the practical operation of this
statute.
(10) The attention of this office has been ofttimes invited to the
evils and hardships resulting from the practices of incompetent and
unscrupulous professional locators. Field-service representatives
receive frequent complaints from persons who have been victimized
by these gentry, representing that persons employed for a compen-
sation to locate them lipon desirable tracts of public lands had
exhibited to them lan^s which afterwards proved to be not public
lands or lands which were not of the description supplied to them.
In most cases this misrepresentation is designed and intentional,
while in a few it is the consequence of gross ignorance and total
want of care or caution. It seems to me that these persons who
intervene between the Government and the would-be settler upon
public lands should be placed under some responsibility to the law
and afforded some reason, other than a purely moral one, for keeping
good faith with the settler by whom they are employed. I believe
that this evil could be remedied by legislation along the line now
to be suggested, as follows:
Any peraon who, for a reward paid or promiiBed to him in that behalf, shall under^
take to locate an intending purchaser, settler, or entryman upon any public lands
of the United States subject to disposition under the public-land laws, and who shall
willfully, wrongfully, and falsely represent to such intending purchaser, settler, or
entryman that any tract of land shown to him is public lands of the United States,
subject to sale, settlement, or entry, or that it is of a particular surveyed description,
thereby deceiving and intending to deceive the person to whom such representation
is made, or who, without sufficient or any knowledge of the focts concerning the
character and description of such lands, shall make such representation, and accom-
plish such deceit, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished
by a fine of not exceeding three hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not
exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Legislation of this character would appear to be subject to no
constitutional objection. (United Stated v. Hall, 98 U. S., 343;
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126 COMMISSIONEB QENEBAL liAND OFFICE.
United States v. Fox, 95 U. S., 670; Frisby v. United States, 167
U. S., 160; United States v. Van Leuven, 62 Fed. Rep., 52.)
(11) The reservation made by the tenth section of the act of Con-
gress approved May 14, 1898 (30 Stat., 409), for the purpose of pro-
viding a public roadway 60 feet wide along and parallel to the
shore line of navigable waters in Alaska, should be continuous and
unbroken if it is to be of any real value. For this reason, I recom-
mend such amendment of section 26 of the act of Congress approved
June 6, 1900 (31 Stat., 321), as will subject mining claims to the
easement of that roadway. Such easement would not, of course,
in any wise diminish the right of the mining claimant to extract
minerals beneath the surface of the {"oadway, and would, on the
other hand, greatly enhance the value of the wharves and landing
places reserved by the tenth section of the act of 1898, supra, making
them accessible from any and every point in the near vicinity thereof.
Owing to the existence of streets and highways through and across
town sites, the provision in the act of 1900, supra, exempting town-
site entries from the reservation in question is not objectionable.
GENERAIi LAND OFFICE BTJIIJ>ING.
Your attention is again invited to the condition of the floors in a
very great majority of the rooms in this bureau. These are of
slate and our experience with them has forced the conclusion that
wooden floors alone will meet the requirements of this bureau. We
have tried linoleum and have found that it is practically impossible
to have the same laid in a manner that will prevent its curling up
at the seams, thereby becoming dangerous to walk upon, and it
does not wear sufliciently long to warrant further experiment with
it. I imderstand that the department has planned to lay wooden
floors in all the rooms of this ofiice, those already laid being eminently
satisfactory, and I urge that further effort be made to secure an
appropriation necessary to install this needed improvement.
Fbed Dennett,
Commissioner,
The Secretary of the Interior.
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COMMIS8IONEB QBNEBAL LAND OFFICE.
127
STATISTICS RELATING TO THE BISPOSITION OF THE
PUBIJEC BOMAIN.
Area of States and Territories.
[Based apon careful Joint calculations made In the General Land Office, the Geological Suryey, and the
Bureau of the Census.]
States or Territories.
Land surface.
Water surface.
Total areas.
Alabama..
Arizona...
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas....-
Kentucky
Louisiana
ICaine
Ifaryland
Matsachuaetts
Michigan
Kinnesota
ICississippi
Missouri.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohto
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgfaiia
Washington
WestVTrginla
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Guam
Hawaii
Panama Canal strip.
Philippine Islands. . .
Porto Rico.
Sq.m.
61,279
113,810
52,525
155,652
103,658
4,820
1,965
60
54,861
68,725
83,354
56,043
35,815
66,586
81,774
40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039
67,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,201
76,808
100,821
9,031
7,614
122,503
47,664
48,740
70,183
40,740
69,414
95,607
44,832
1,067
80,495
76,868
41,687
262,398
82,184
9,124
40,262
66,836
24,022
65,256
97,594
2,973,890
Tutuila Group, Samoa.
Total.
Aeret.
n-^^ -60
TJ.c. .XK)
a:i,r,ii.,,iiOO
9Q,fiI7p280
r6,^l J20
:^,r^^L;«0
3,-^1-00
;is.i00
3-5,111 /^O
37,581,100
53,34'V,rjC0
35,917,.'i20
23,0'.8,H0O
35,57o,f40
5a,335.:iC0
25,715,840
20,0^1,7^50
ia,132.«)0
r>,SV2.240
5,144 ,£60
3fT,787 ,300
51,749,120
29.r^7L'80
93,. ¥.8 .^40
43j.'i7j20
70,2!^Ki40
5JTy.S40
4,8<kS,'J60
30JLI'^,,'J60
3Ma^.^oo
44,1^17.120
Sd.OTaa'OO
44,424.E«0
WJf.^.-180
2S,09'J.480
(>'^2.S80
19,6Ui,S0O
2rh,(l7l),t«0
I<j7/j;j4,;20
52.5y:,roo
a,N;i«,.360
25,Tr.:.ti80
42. 77.^1. 1(40
i5.;t:4.ieo
r^^.:^i.;^S40
i:..>.4u,.t60
8q.m.
719
146
810
2,645
2S0
145
405
10
3,805
540
534
622
309
661
384
417
3,097
3,145
2,386
227
600
3,824
603
693
796
712
869
310
710
131
1,650
3,08^
664
300
643
1,092
294
181
494
747
336
3,498
2,806
440
2,365
2,291
148
810
320
1,903,289,600
62.899
Acre*,
460,160
93,440
518,400
1,692,800
186,600
92,800
269,200
6,400
2,435,200
345,000
341,760
398,080
197,760
369,040
245,760
206,880
1 ,982,080
2,012,800
1,627,040
145,280
320,000
2,447,360
321,920
443,520
509,440
455,680
566,160
198,400
454,400
83,840
992,000
2,359,040
418,660
192.000
411,620
608,880
188,160
116,840
316,160
478,080
214,400
2,238,720
1,795,840
281,600
1,613,600
1,466,240
94,720
518,400
204,800
Sq. TO.
61,998
113,966
53,335
158,297
103,948
4,966
2,370
70
68,666
69,265
83,888
66,666
36,364
56,147
82,158
40,698
48,606
33,040
12,327
8,266
67,980
84,682
46,866
69,420
146,997
77,620
110,690
9,341
8,224
122,634
49,204
52,426
70,837
41,040
70,067
96,099
46,126
1,248
30,989
77,616
42,022
266,800
84,990
9,664
42,627
60,127
24,170
66,066
97,914
33,855,300
3,026,789
690,884
210
6,449
474
116,026
3,436
77
3,743,344
Aeret.
33,278,720
72,931,840
34,134,400
101,310,080
66,626,720
3,177,600
1,616,800
44,800
37,646,240
37,929,600
63,688,320
36,266,600
23,266,600
36,934,060
62,681,120
25,982,720
31,043,840
21,146,600
7,889,280
5,290,240
37,107,200
54,196,480
29,993,600
44,428,800
94,078,080
49,612,800
70,841,600
6,978,240
5,263,360
78,486,700
31,490,660
33,662,640
46,335,680
26,266,600
44,836,480
61,887,360
28,880,640
798,720
19,832,960
49,673,600
26,894,080
170,173,440
64,393,600
6,120,960
27,281,280
44,241,280
15,468.800
36,882,240
62,664,960
1,937,144,960
378,165,760
134,400
4,127,360
303,3(i0
73,616.640
2,198,400
49,280
2,396,740,160
Owing to their location adjoining the Great Lakes, the States enumerated below contahi approximately
an additional number of square miles as follows: Illinois, 1,674 square miles of Lake Michigan; Indiana,
230 square miles of Lake Michigan; Michigan, 16,653 square miles of Lake Superior, 12,922 square miles
of Laj» Michit^, 9,926 square miles of Lake Huron, and 460 square miles of lakes St Clair and Erie;
Mtnneeota, 2,614 square mJleB of Lake Superior; New York, 3,140 square miles of lakes Ontario and Erie;
Ohk), 3,443 square miles of Lake Erie; Pennsylvania, 891 sauare miles of Lake Erie; Wisconsin, 2,378
square miles of Lake Suporior and 7,600 square miles of Lake Mkihigan.
In additkm to the water areas noted above, California claims Jurisdfction over all Padflo waters lying
within 3 Engltth miles of her coast; Oregon claims jurisdiction over a similar strip of the Pacific Ocean
1 marine league in width between latitude 42* nortn and the mouth of the Columbia River: and Texas
daims Jurtodiction over a strip of Gulf water 3 leagues in width, adjacent to her coast and between the
Rfc> Grande and the Sabine River.
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128
COMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
OnUed StaUs dUtrict land officu.
Established.
Opened.
Established.
Opened.
Alabama:
Montgomery....
Alaska:
Fairbanks
Juneau
Nome
Axlzona:
Phoenix
Arkansas:
Camden
Harrison
Little Rock
California:
Eureka
Independence. . .
Los Angeles
Redding
Sacramento ....,
San Frandsoo..
SusanviUe
Visalia
C<^rBdo:
Del Norte
Denver
Durango
Glenwood
Springs.
Hugo
T^mftr
Leadville
Montrose
Fuebk)
Sterling
Florida:
Gainesville
Idaho:
Blackfoot
Boise
Coeurd'Alene..
Hailey
Lewiston
insas:
Dodge City
Topeka.
Louisiana:
Baton Rouge...
Mkhifan:
Marquette
Minnesota:
Cass Lake
Crookston
Duluth
Mississippi:
Jackson
Missouri:
Springfield
Montana:
Billings
Boceman
Glasgow
Great Falls
Havre
Hetona
KalispeU
Lewistown
Miles City
Missoula.
July 10,1832
May 14,ig07
Apr. 2,1902
May 14,1907
July 26,1906
Jan. 10,1871
July 14,1870
Feb. 17,1818
Mar.
Apr.
June
May
July
Mar.
Feb.
Mar.
29,1868
22,1886
12,1860
13,1890
26,1866
4,1911
10,1871
29,1858
June 20,1874
June 4,1864
Apr. 20,1882
July
Feb.
Aug.
Apr.
Jan.
May
Feb.
3,1884
6,1890
4,1886
6,1879
4,1888
27,1870
6,1890
June 8,1872
Sept. 3,1886
July 26,1866
July 14,1884
Jan. 24,1883
July 26,1866
Dec. 20,1893
July 24,1861
Jan. 6,1911
Mar. 19,1867
Apr. 1,1903
Apr. 29,1878
Mar. 27,1862
June 23,1836
June 26,1834
Feb.
June
Feb.
May
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
Apr.
5,1906
20, 1874
26,1907
8,1902
15,1910
2,1867
2,1897
1,1890
30,1880
1,1890
Jan. 1,1834
July 1,1907
June 20,1902
Joly 1,1907
Oct. 2,1906
Mar. 20,1871
Feb. 27,1871
Sept. 1,1821
July 24,1868
Mar. 22,1887
Sept. 22, 1869
July 16,1890
Nov. 12,1867
May 1,1911
Mar. 2,1871
July 10,1858
Mar. 22,1876
Aug. 16,1864
Oct. 2,1882
Nov. 10,1884
Sept. 7,1890
Jan. 3,1887
July 1,1879
Sept. 1,1888
Jan. 16,1871
Aug. 1,1890
Apr. 30,1873
Nov. 16,1886
Jan. 13,1868
Dec 21,1885
July 16,1883
Sept. 26,1871
Feb. 3,1894
Sept. 10,1861
Apr. 1,1911
July 14,1867
July 1,1903
May 6, 1879
Jan. 15,1863
July 26,1836
Oct. 4,1838
July
Oct.
June
Aug.
July
Apr.
Jifly
Nov.
Oct.
Apr.
2,1906
6, 1874
1,1907
1,1902
1,1910
27,1867
1,1897
26,1890
19,1880
20,1891
Alliance
Broken Bow
Lincoln.
North Platte....
O'NeiU
Valentine.
Nevada:
Carson City
New Mexico:
Clayton
Fort Sumner. . . .
LasCruoes
Roswell
SanUFe
Tucumcaii
North Dakota:
Bismarck
Devils Lake
Dtekinson
Fargo
Mtoot
Williston
Oklahoma:
El Reno
Guthrie
Lawton
Woodward
Oieson:
Bums
La Grande.
LakeviBW
Portland
Rosebuig
TheDalfes.
Vale
South Dakota:*
Timber Lake
Bellefourche
Chamberlain
Gregory .-
Lemmon
Pierre
RapklCity
Utah:
Salt Lake City...
Vernal
Washinjrton:
North Yakima. .
Olympia
Seattle
Spokane.
Vancouver
Walla Walla
WaterviUe.
Wisconsin:
Wausau
Wyoming:
Buffalo
Cheyenne
Douglas
Evanston
Lander
Sundance
Apr. 16,1890
do
July 7,1868
Apr. 22,1872
Apr. 7,1888
June 19,1882
July 2,1882
Dec. 18,1888
June 22,1910
Mar. 10,1883
Mar. 1,1889
May 24,1858
Mar. 16,1906
Apr. 24,1874
Mar. 3,1883
Mar. 16,1904
Dec. 20,1873
Sept. 26, 1890
Apr. 26,1906
July 4,1901
Mar. 3,1889
July 4,1901
Aug. 26,1893
June 1,1880
July 3,1866
June 6, 1877
Aug. 24,1854
Sept. 15,1859
Jan. 11,1876
Mar. 16,1910
Feb. 12,1911
Feb. 6,1909
Feb. 10,1890
July 14,1880
May 29,1908
Feb. 10,1890
Dec. 13,1888
July 16,1868
May 9,1906
Apr.
May
June
June
May
Mar.
May
11,1886
16,1890
27,1887
23,1883
16,1860
3,1871
16,1800
June 19,1872
Mar. 3,1887
Feb. 6,1870
Apr. 23,1890
Aug. 9, 1876
Apr. 23,1890
Apr. 3,1890
July 1,1690
July 7,1890
Sept. 7,1868
Apr. 11,1873
Jidy 16,1888
July 7,1883
Mar. 1,1864
Aug. 12,1889
Oct. 1,1910
May 1,1883
Dec 9,1889
Nov. 24,1868
July 1,1908
Oct. 12,1874
Aug. 24,1883
July 1,1904
Sept. 1,1874
Oct. 1,1891
Aug. 1,1906
Aug. 6,1901
Apr. 22,1880
Aug. 6,1901
Sept. 16,1893
Sept. 2,1880
Nov. 16,1867
Aug. 6, 1877
Jan.
Jan.
June
July
May
July
Apr.
Jan.
Aug.
May
Jan.
Nov.
July
1,1865
8,1860
1,1875
1,1910
1,1911
1,1900
3,1890
3,1882
1,1906
12,1890
15,1880
1,1868
1,1906
Apr. 24,1885
Oct. 1,1890
3,1887
1,1883
8,1861
17,1871
6,1890
Dec
Oct.
July
July
Nov.
Aug. 19,1872
May 1,1888
Aug. 10,1870
Nov. 1,1890
Aug. 13,1877
Nov. 8,1890
Oct. 27,1890
NoTB.~The land offices in Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa are abolished, and the vacant tracts of
Dublio lands in those States are subject to entry and location at the General Land Office, Washington,
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COHHISSIONEB OEKEBAL LAND OFFICE.
LiH o/afficei of United States turveyors'general.
129
LOCStlODS.
EfltsbUshed.
I Ji
AilMiia: Phooniz.
CUUbniia: SanFnnolaoo
GoionMlo: DooTer
Idaho: Boise
Montana: He..
Nerada: B«do
ICay 17,1884
Feb. 24,1888
Mar. 8,1861
Feb. 28; 1881
June 20,1866
Jolj 2,1864
July 4,1866
NewMezioo:8anteFto
Oxecon: Portland
Boau Dakota: Huron.
Utah: Salt Lake aty..
Washington: Olympla.
Wyoming: Cheyenne..
Mar. 2,1807
Joly 17,1864
Apr. 10,1800
JiSy 16,1808
July ir,l^
Feb. 8,1830
Field division headquarters of special agents cf General Land Office,
Field diviflion:
1 Portland , Oreg .
2 San Franciflco, Gal.
3 Seattle, Wash.
4 Helena, Mont.
5 Denver, Colo.
6 Los Angeles, Cal.
Field division— Continued.
7 Cheyenne, Wyo.
8 Dnluth, Jjlinn.
9 Little Rock, Ark.
10 Salt Lake City, Utah.
11 Gainesville, Fla.
12 Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Average nwn^ber of employees of the General Land Office,
In General Land OflSce, Washington, D. C 526
In 13 offices of surveyors-general. 185
In 103 district land offices 416
In the field servic e 185
In the surveying service 142
Total 1,454
Final homestead entries from the passage of the homestead act to June SO, 1911.
Fisoal year ended June
80-
Nomber.
Aoras.
Fiscal year ended Jane
80-
Nomber.
Acres.
1868
2,772
3,066
4.f341
5,*«7
5,^.17
10,41
14,120
IK .08
2.>, «)
lA 00
-n. m
IT. 01
It', -141
1.^. 77
17, 174
2i,-;48
Hi. 86
l1^ -86
ti, 18
2c^ 40
2^Leo
S04»a)1.07
519,7^.84
7^7. w. a
1, - 93
2, - ]■!
% -:.30
1, . .JH.76
2, ■ioi.SO
2, H4.B1
2, 74.72
8 'TO. 11
2, .^(53
2 :;7.«
8, ifN>. (H
8, ii'i.Si)
4 ■..-.■.12.77
1801
^,(586
34,204
;!<J,M4
2^1,000
2«J, 118
n,isi
a2,Kl2
25.386
^.568
3Ut27
2i>,378
2.^,. ^10
25,008
3,0Mi687.7T
3,250,507.07
3>477,m.Oi
2,y2-MW.4.
2,9Qo,8Qe.n
1860
laS::;;;;;;;:;:;;;;;:::::
1870
1808
i8n
1804
1872
1806
1878
1806
2, 790, 2« M
1874
1807 ;
2,778,404 20
8,096,017.76
3,477,*42, 71
1876
1808
1876
1800
18n
1900
1878 ;
1901
£,241jm7fl
1870.;:;:::::::::;:;:::;:;;
1902
4,Ut,747.-m
3, 57t\ 9Ci. ] 4
1880
1908
i88i;;:; ::::;;;:;;;;;;:;;;
1904
3,23^,718.75
3,41&,3S7*16
1882
1905
iS;::; :::::;:::
1906
a,J12e,74S.68
3, 740, S67* 71
1884
1907
1885
1906
4, 342, 710. 6A
1886
1900
3, 6M, 466179
2,7mfSm,9A
1887
1910
1888
1911
J, 620, 107.12
1880
Total
i8oo:::::::;;::;::::;:;;;::
800,880
128,640,8661 60
11365*— INT 1911— VOL 1 9
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130 CfOMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
Timber and 9Ume entries from the passage of the act of June S, 187S^ to June SO, 1911,
states or Tei^
rltorieB.
Num-
ber of
entries.
Acres.
Amount
reoefved.
States or Ter-
ritories.
Num-
ber of
entries.
ACVBS.
Amount
reodTBd.
Alabama
Ajixona
Arkansas
OaUfonila
Colorado
Florida
THfihn,
228
3
2,090
19,514
2,707
765
7,148
3
1,531
1,566
11, 9U
80
4,684
•
18,978.77
2QO.00
228,866.49
3,755,791.76
335,557.76
88,242.68
963,668.95
119.36
135,906.17
131,299.84
1,348,559.67
5,796.82
608,675.50
860, 144. n
600.00
677,419.03
6,913,965.66
846,8ia47
230,926.33
2,472,484.01
296.40
335,369.97
331,016.17
8,389,418.32
14,512.19
1,542,094.07
Nebritfka
Nevada
North Dakota.
OUaboma....
SouSbDakota!
Utah
1
49
81
1
26,439
606
18
15,764
1,067
3,176
97.20
6,222.32
4a 00
3,688,179.54
56,665.84
1,761.21
2,099,357.30
77,734.67
360,065.22
8243.00
15,668.19
21,807.26
loaoo
9,152,394.15
143,569.92
4,068.09
Iowa
LoolslaQa
Michigan
MInnesoU
MJssisrippi....
Montana
wisoonsm
Wyoming
Total...
5,285,094.79
194,811.45
882,115.35
97,348
12,870,460.97
32,438,749.54
Desert-Umd entries from the passage of the act of Mar. S, 1877, to June SO, 1911,
states or
Teiritories.
Entries.
Area.
Amount.
*2?-
Final.
Original.
Final.
Original.
Final,
TotaL
Axinma
California
Colorado
Dakota Terri-
tory
5,861
14,266
14,081
35
14,082
26»7a9
i;432
9,178
512
5,136
8,513
6,703
4,766
14,963
873
2,474
2,002
1
2,839
10,313
189
1,089
90
1,111
301
1,704
391
5,107
ilcret.
1,780,451.20
3,333,751.60
2,669,2ia61
20,021.00
2,501,036.49
5,170,744.60
343,964.72
1,797,764.44
84,496.13
891,618.10
544,906.01
1,203,718.46
816,580.74
3,383,924.26
Aeret,
241,802131
607,816.66
348,964.41
300.00
673,879.20
1,963,774.61
44, 87a 60
152,749.42
16,457.15
191,812.24
53,785.02
281,514.90
42,713.83
1,163,196.13
8447,835.41
848,457.11
667,817.1;
5,006.26
625,008.27
1,296, 56a 06
86, 23a 07
451,282.19
21,123.99
222, 67a 02
135, 54a 36
307,714.97
215,193.63
852, 76a 67
8243,284.87
580,868.69
348,80a09
300.00
672,627.58
1,994,624.41
44,803.12
252,362.32
16,521.89
190,769.12
53,944.96
287, 29a 18
56,463.31
1,171,867.62
8691, 12a 28
1,879,315.70
1,016,625.20
5,306.25
M^Oin....
1,297,685.85
8,283,174.47
131,039.19
708,644.51
37,645.88
418,439.14
189,491.32
596,013.15
271, 65a 94
2,024,634.29
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico....
North Dakota..
Oregon
South Dakota..
Utah
Washington ....
Wyoming
Total
121,136
29,403
24,362,209.25
5,823,639.47
6,185,207.91
6,864,534.06
12,049,741.97
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COB^MISSIONER OEKBBAL LAND OFFICE.
131
S
a
g
^
•S'
a
li
I
I
2)8S8!I8S838SS&88SS$«SB8S
S8S8
8S88e
8 -^V
sasscas
mtm
sstssss
S8388SS8888SS8S8
8888«8S8S888e88S88888S
93S3
5^ ea?
mm
ef p* ef
iH-*'e« oT M 00* ^ ^
s-si • -n^Hnn :»gss«§ :s
ef ei «o i>r^eo c«
f-T oot^tf '*'^S M»c«g ^»HrCe%^oft «■
il-S
It
s^g^
lllslllt
^S&&S^^&^&^o&0^^^
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132 COMHI8SIOKEB QEKERAL LAND OFFICE.
Coal-land entrieifrom the poieage of the act of Mar, S, lS7St to June SO, 1911.
Stetei or TttiitoriM.
Aoief.
Amoniit*
CUUnmla..
Ookndo...
CotofBdo>.
DakDte*...
llontaiUL
Nevada.
NewMexioo...
North Dakota.
OiMon..
Sooth Dakota.
Utah
WaaUngton...
Wyoming
8
7
864
6
IM
131
61
37
801
861
660
2ae.4o
87,011.81
8,828.80
6,688.06
164,377.66
66,786.77
688.67
848.18
68,80a00
640L11
83,420.28
7,801. n
8,308.88
2,668.74
66,748.78
66,686.63
100,788.88
82,804.00
870,118.68
40,288.00
81,68LaO
2,160,870.80
840,888.00
6,886.70
8,48L80
088,687.60
8,002.20
848,607.40
110,442.40
87, 74a 80
28,887.40
1,108,260.76
886,066.40
1,706, 686188
Total.
I
8,014
607,246.87 8,882,843.01
> The showing of 160 " entries " in this table includes looations on which final oertiflcatas have issued and
those on wliioh pajmont has been made bat for whkdi upoelTer's receipt only has issued. There are only
86 ooal claims in Alaska on which final oertifloatea have issued to date, whieh carry an area of 6,446.84
aons, ftyr wliioh there has been paid 864,468.48. No ooal olaima have been patented. This explanation is
made in view of the fiMSt that in prior reports all proofli apon which payments were made wore given as
for railroad and mUilary
) to June SO, 1911.
• Within the Ute Indian Resenratlon.
• Tenltory.
Land coneeseione by ode of Congreee to Statee and <
T purpoeeefrom the year IS
BTATE ORANT8.
niinoiB: Acres.
lUinoifl Central 2, 5»5, 133. 00
MiflBiBsippi:
Mobfle A Ohio River ^ 737, 130. 29
Vicksbuig A Meridian 1W,10L61
Gulf A Ship Mand 139,113.22
1,075,345.02
Alabama:
Mobile & Ohio River M19,528.44
Alabama A Florida 399,022.84
Selma, Rome A Dalton 458, 555. 82
Ck)oea A Tenneaoec 67,784.96
Mobile A Giraid « 302, 181. 16
Alabama A Chattanooga 653,888.76
South A North Alabama 445, 43a 43
2,746,400.41
Florida:
Florida Central A Peninsular 729,834.70
Florida A Alabama 166,691.08
Penaacola A Geoima 1,279,236.70
Florida, Atlantic A Gulf Central 29,384.18
2,205,146.66
X In the adjustment of this grant the road was treated as an entirety and wltbont reference to the State
Une; hence Alabama has had mproved to her more and Mississippi kss than they would appear to be
entitled to in proportion to the lencth of the road in the respective states.
s This grant was adjusted Apr. 24, 1803. and 302.181.16 acres were allotted to the company. The balance
of the pra^toosly cernfied lands were ordered restored to entry under the forfeiture act of Sept 20, 1890.
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COMMISSIONER GENERAL. LAND OFFICE. 133
Louisiaiia:
Vicksbuig, Shreveport A Pacific 463,74«.78
^ New OrleanB, Opelousafl <Sb Great Western (>)
Arkanaas:
St. Louis, Iron Mountain A Southern 1,325,856.46
LitUe Rock A Fort Smith 1,062,082.51
Memphis <& Little Rock 184,667.33
2,562,095.30
MiflBOuri:
Southwest branch of the Pacific Road 1,161,284.61
Hanni'oal A St. Joseph 611,323.36
St. Louis, Iron Mountain A Southern 66, 120. 31
1,837,728.17
Iowa:
Burlington A Missouri River 389, 990. 11
Chicago, Rock Island A Pacific '483,214.36
f 161,532.81
Cedar Rapids A Missouri River { > 922, 813. 67
( 244,022.06
Dubuque A Sioux City .\ *.. '656,406.74
Iowa Falls A Sioux City 683,067.34
Des Moines VaUey 840,09L36
Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul 326,216.10
McGregor A Missouri River \ qoo a^o oi
Sioux City A St. Paul / 3^»*1^»A
4,929,758.26
Michigan:
Port Huron A Lake Michigan 37,467.44
Jackson. Lansing A Saginaw 743, 787. 58
Grand Rapids A Indiana 862,52L10
Flint A Pere Marquette 512,877.03
Marquette, Houghton A Ontonagon * 305, 929. 59
Ontonagon A Brule River 34,227.08
Bay deNoquet A Marquette 128, SOL 05
Chicago A North Western 518,065.36
3, 133, 176. 23
Wisconsin:
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis A Omaha (formerly West Wiscon-
sin) 813,706.71
Wisconsin Raiboad Farm Mortgage Land Co 163,159.65
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis A Omaha (formerly St. Croix A
Lake Superior) 816,487.76
Branch to Baj^eld 471,72L14
Chicago A North Western 546,446.20
Wisconsin Central 838,227.69
3,649,749.16
1 Certiflfld lands, footing 719,1S0.79 tons, wwb raoonveyad to the United States by thefovemor of
Louiaiana Feb. 34, 1888, the sraot having been forfeited by the act of July 14, 1870 (16 Stot., 277).
s Inclnde835,68£40 acres ofUie Chicago, Rook Island A Padflo R. R., 109,760.86 acres of the Cedar Rapids
ic ICIsBOQri River R. R., and 77,635.23 acres of the Dnbaqoe A Sioux City R. R., situated in the old Des
Moines River mat of Aug. S, 1840, which should be deducted from the foregoing amount. ( Woloott v. Des
Mollies Ca, 5 WaU., 831.)
• Excess of 131,48L71 acres originally oertifled under this grant reoonveyed by State or entered under
act Mar. 3, 1887, by MUhigan Land A Iron Co. (Ltd.), grant having been fortolted In part by act Mar. 2,
1880 (26 Stat., 1008).
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184 OOMMISaiONEB QBITEBAL LAKB OmOB.
Minnesota:
St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba (fonnerly fint division, St'
Paul <Sb Pacific)...
Westem Railroad (succeeded by St. Paul & Northern Pacific
BailroadCo.)
St. P^tul, Minneap
uil, Minneapolis A Manitoba (formerly St. Vincent exten-
sion of the St. Paul & Pacific)
» 3, 256, 477. 73
Minnesota Oentral 179, 734. 29
Winona A St. Peter 1,680,974.92
St. Paul A Sioux City 1,126,678.66
St. Paul A Duluth 860,973.62
Southern Minnesota, from a point on the Mississippi River to]
Houston e^ 745. 4i
Southern Minnesota, extension (now Chicago, Milwaukee A St. '
Paul)
Hastings A Dakota 377,776.15
8,028,999.95
Minnesota, North Dakota^ Montana^ Washington:
St. Paul, Minneapolis A Manitoba, now Great Northern (main
and branch), a special act (Aug. 5, 1892, 27 Stat. L., 390) to
provide for mdemnity for lands relinquished by the company.. (^
KansM:
Leavenwordi, Lawrence A Galveston ' 249, 446. 13
Missouri, Kansas A Texas « 976, 593. 22
Atchison, Topeka A Santa Fe 2,944,788.14
St. Joseph A Denver City 462,933.24
4,633,760.73
Grand total of State grants 37,860,300.39
OOBPORATION GRANTS.
Union Pacific 11, 930, 685. 95
Central Pacific 5,842,717.72
Central Pacific (successor by consolidation with Westem Pacific) 458, 147. 97
dential Branch Union Pacific 223, 080. 50
Union Pacific (Kansas Division) 6, 175, 660. 63
Union Pacific (successor to Denver Pacific Ry. Co.) 807,564.76
Burlington A Missouri River in Nebraska 2, 374, 090. 77
Sioux City A Pacific (now Missouri Valley Land Co.) 42, 610. 95
Northern JPacific 33, 279, 866. 99
Oregon Branch of the Central Pacific (California A Oregon) 3, 154, 994. 16
Oregon A California 2, 765, 677. 10
Atlantic A Pacific (now Santa Fe Pacific) 4, 280, 502. 45
Southern Pacific (main line) 3, 677, 509. 83
Southern Pacific (branch line) 1, 451,281. 08
Oregon Central 128,618.13
New Orleans Pacific 1,001,783.27
Grand total to corporations 77,594,792.26
iDMtandtobeonegrant. (See 32 L. D., 21.)
s See Minnesota for original grants.
■ Includes 186,036.72 acres of the " Osage ceded reservation," which are to be deducted f!rom the above
amount tmder the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the Leavenworth, Lawrence A Oalveston
Railroad v. The United States (02 U. 8., 733).
« Inchides 270,970.78 acnss in the *' Osage ceded reservation, " which are to be deducted under the dedaioo
dtedinnote(3).
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GOMMIS8I0KEB Q£NBBAL LAND 0F7I0S.
136
WAGON BOAOB.
From Lake Erie to Ck>imecticut Weatem Reserve 80,773.54
From Lake Michigan to Ohio River 170,680.24
From Fort WiUdfiB, Copper Harbor, Mich., to Green Bay, Wis 302,930.96
From Fort WiUdns, Copper Harbw, to Wisconsin State line 221,013.35
Qregtm Oentzal Military Co. (now California <Sb Oregon Land Co.) 666,655.78
Oorvallis and Yaquina Bay 81, 895. 25
Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain 861, 51L 86
Dalles Military Road 556,827.04
CooB Bay Military Road 105,240.11
Grand total." 3,047,428.13
WUhdruwak under the ad of Mar, IS, 1910 (36 8UU.^ tSf), during thejiaeal ywr ended
June SO, 1911.
SUtes.
Appliodfor.
Rejected or
reUnquiahed
before
withdrawal.
Withdmwn.
Bertored. '
Ooioraao
Aere$.
443,447.07
103,466.67
110,027.61
768,875.70
166,461.44
236,106.91
221,007.67
Aerea.
68.83
5,519.46
87,063.83
Acret.
272,577.73
162 846.72
82,976.29
266,031.22
166,373.72
167,611.03
18; 691. 17
Aera,
160.00
JA9h^
18,196.88
MvntftpV ":
Nevada
10,044.07
OrMOP
160.00
36.88
} 8,47
TTm.. . .
Wyovning
Total
2,ia7,»76.47
42,862.46
1,077,085.88
28,400.40
RECAPITULATION.
Applied for.
Acres.
2,187,975.47
2,187,975.47
Withdrawn
Rejected or relinqaiahed .
Acted on
Aflcee.
1,077,085.88
42,852.46
1,018,037.13
2,137,975.47
TFUhdrawdU under theoetof Mar. 15, 1910, from the paeeage of the act to June SO, 1911-
SUtes.
Amount
applied for.
Rejected or
eliminated
before
witfadiawaL
Withdrawn.
Restored.
Colonido. , -.,,...,.
Aera.
605,823.79
204,927.99
110,027.61
768,375.70
10,000.00
165,461.44
242,653.28
224,151.66
Aeret.
68.83
12,524.78
87,063.83
Aera.
272,6n.73
267,812.86
32,976.28
206,081.22
Aera.
160.00
Idaho..
18,196.83
Montana
Nevada
10,044.07
New Mexico . .
160.00
86.88
8.47
166,873.72
167,611.03
18,691.17
uSSir.
Wyomtng , , .
Total
2,430,926.82
40,857.74
1,171,474.02
28,400.40
N(xn.— Two inlbnnal apj
from this report; estlmaf
f the State of Wyoming, which have not been perfected, are omitted
included in tne report ibr the year ended June 30, 1910.
of the State of
were
RECAPITULATION.
Applied for.
Acres.
2,420,926.32
2,420,926.32
Withdrawn
Reiected or reUnquiahed
Acted on
Acres.
1,171,474.02
49,857.74
1,199,694.56
Digitized by
2,420,926.32
Google
136
COMMIS^tOlTfiit a£K£RAL LAm> osviafi.
Stale duertrland Megregation wndet udion 4 of the act of Aug, 18, 1894 (t8 Stat,, Syt-^tt),
and the acts aMendaU)ry thereof, commonly K^^ Carey Act, wUh the action taheri
thereon, from the paeeage of the act to June SO, 1911,
states.
Applied for.
Segregated.
Releotedor
zelinquisbed.
Patented.
BeoQD*
Tsyed.
Ttaneto
redafaiiez-
tondad.
Colorado
Acta.
878,508.66
8,001,645.50
688,588.02
107,643.88
10,164.68
655,706.10
427,660.74
155,640.80
1,760,677.24
Acre;
272,197.08
1,284,804.02
172,400.01
36,808.50
7,564.68
206,588.55
186,820.63
'087,625.66*
Aera,
46,213.25
521,240.08
148,061.06
46,740.85
2,600.00
227,657.12
267 060.88
155,640.30
284,620.86
Aeru,
Aaa,
Acru,
Idaho
221,084.00
18,206.01
Vi6,'i64.'68'
51,178.46
Montana
62,604.06
Nevada
NftwMffriflo...... .....
Orecon
51,588.18
6,014.40
uSi : :: :
"WYomJn*
07,430.15
1,102.80
17,807.68
Total
7,116,330.10
3,108,314.80
1,404,502.74
888,408.70
17,811.32
131,180.04
> Remains aegngated.
RECAPITULATION.
Acres.
Aons.
Applied for.
7,116,830.10
Segregated
Rdlnqulshed or rejected
Acted on
8,198,814.30
1,404,502.74
2,618,522.00
7,116,339.10
7,116,330.10
INihlic and Indian lande entered ead^ year ended June 30, from 1906 to 1911, wdueive.
Stetes or TeiTl-
tofioB.
1005
1006
1007
1008
1000
1010
1011
Alabama.
Ariiona
Arkansas..
California..,
Colorado...,
Florida
Idaho
Uinols
Indiana. . . .
Iowa
Kansas.
Michigan
Mtnnesote
Mississippi....
Missooxi.
Montena
Nebrasla.
Nevada
New Jersey
New Mexico...
North Dakote.
Oklahoma
South Dakote.
Utah
Washington...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Aetet,
07,561.08
2,073.11
151,340.84
416,583.11
1,032,758.82
621,100.25
826,570.30
600,668.10
40.00
0.80
1,010.84
278,100.34
200,200.68
41.510.50
835,314.20
77,034.04
104,096.72
1,066,290.05
4,792,351.65
88,568.48
Acta.
102,621.51
4.925.86
107,054.87
441,580.07
800,811.28
Acru,
92,530.80
7,182.16
86,121.64
406,015.40
579,294.98
1,597,010.382,483,666.60
166,053.78
734,763.70
40.00
603,264.07
1,679.722.76
770.225.35
769,480.58
1,028,149.12
185,517.13
773,541.23
72.012.71
347,714.82
617,293.21
1,707,684.39
413,090.21
989,907.66
55,592.44
634,431.94
100,663.08
1,162,745.25
296.30
129.70
195.65
611,726.97
89,606.79
42,828.40
324,418.22
55,645.28
154,871.72
1,218,780.97
1,785,762.47
47,254.63
957.03
660,438.67
80,086.61
38,669.10
897,567.07
75,856.78
101.426.80
1,782,270.00
1,736.964.79
278,904.38
00.03
1,235,050.382,758,006.01
3.325,828.232,256,423.56
1,426.806.46 2, 007, 753| 84
Aeru.
81,228.56
8,834.80
106,500.64
333.676.41
766,082.98
2,127,661.90
83,072.78
1,067,402.94
40.00
10.08
1,438.69
332,931.81
59,450.26
46,147.59
429,351.12
85,545.87
129,157.20
1,494.052.02
1,781,828.80
60,131.50
.icret. Acret, Aeret,
50,98a86 47,358.42 49,518.88
10,772.88 17,508.06 J5,477.60
468.160.64 541,798.28 IS6,066.86
171,316.50 137,687.76 201,006.00
1,290,570.461,214,348.861,064,644.89
1, 083,:078. 58 3, 994, 757. 50 2, 272, 068. 90
125.744.65 121,837.68 144,809.48
1, 383, 443. 88 1, 768, Oia 84 1, 191, 012. 91
40.00
564.04
166,375.14
80,428.40
33,813.58
885.816.56
85,908.88
53,560.91
2,460,905."
1,970,872.
78,190.07
556,
101,
160.02
157,311.86
22,844.86
19,612.94
205,177.03
29,339.15
52,600.66
,616,784.004,
,688,485.72-
261,125.24
122,810.10
24,432.68
17,180.17
230,880.60
84,440.75
10,202.74
,660,282.48
,505,584.66
812,510.88
051,481.34
1,502,411.24
334,827.36
011.327.34
28,966.92
897,679.50
2,850,337.
1,383,957.
514,159.
1,021,001.
2,066,171.
460,311.
825,813.
57,595.
829,614.
112,542,
" 877,
297,
29^1,091,
822,219,
- 619,
608.
19,
897,
799.181,
649.71
572.80
680.561,
560.822,
802.07
546.85
061.18
479.961,
924,145.46
807.512.18
193,002.96
060,728.53
046,827.
577,450.86
560,780.20
17,007.33
877,068.74
377,568.07
513,357.48
146,60a50
742,040.87
711,620.48
603,770.08
481,480.10
' 17,970.86
167,042.50
Total 17,066,622.27 10,481,187.47 20,097,566.58 19,090,856.78 19,892,503.76 26,391,269.00 19^11,872.27
Digitized by
Google
COIfMtfiSlOlTfiR OBNERAL LAND OPPICfi.
Unappropriated landi on Jtau 30, 1911.
[A oirealw ihowiiig ana unappropriated, by ooontiet, is distrlbated on reqiieit.1
137
StateaorTtonritoriM.
Area unappropriated and unreserved.
Surveyed.
Unsurveyed.
TotaU
AkhoBft. .
Aeret.
100,300
Aerm.
V368*0ii,'29i*
28,963,466
Aert9,
100,200
AiMltm...
368,011,291
41,022,883
615 455
Arivnui .. ...
12,040,428
615,466
18,012,903
19,060,684
321,638
6,180,332
106,402
70,313
106,130
1,769,027
51,960
ArbiiMM . .
CaHfcmla
5,360,061
1,629,476
166,631
17,942,706
23,362,964
Colorado.:;;::. ;;;;:. :...:.;.;...... :...:.........:....:.
20,'609ii00
Florida
477,160
Maho!!.:;:;:;;;;;;;::;:;::;;;:;;:::::;;::::::::;:::;:;:;:;:::;
34,123.037
106,402
Y<iMiWaiia
70,313
i«^*7Sr
105,130
vimmta
46^965
1,804,992
ffl^SSi"
51,960
Mi^Si^V.. .....:..::::::::..:;::::.:.: ..;.:::..:.:;:..
1,483
1,483
ifontana... ..
]-.„ 283,718
1 :i16,499
L^^. '.134,771
-;^^^«,519
1.100,333
42,919
l:(/^7,246
J.:>50,673
11,7*7,660
IJ36,231
13,600
3^j.i^,363
16,746,988
"*26,'668,'377"
10, en, 848
32,030.646
NAh^SC; ■
iMm
Nevada^!.:::;.:.: :
64,963,148
NfiwMmrim.. .
33,771,367
North Dakote
1,300,333
"Vlalwma
42,919
Oregon. ..J
3,905,939
133,720
23,447,035
781,660
17,268,175
BaniY\ Dakota
3,673,293
Utah
35,034,604
Wuhta|ton
1,977,791
13,500
Wyoming ^...
2,664,242
33,639,605
Grand total
188,889,136
606,612,123
605,401,269
1 The unreserved lands in Alaska are mostly unsurveyed and unappropriated.
Public landt surveyed and remaining uneurveyed.
States or Territories.
Land area.
Surveyed
during
fiscal year
ended June
30, 1911.
Surveyed to
June 30, 1911.
tJnsur-
veyed.
Alabama.
^cret.
!r?.^8,fi60
;f:^,ifv,.760
:-.^;.7Jl00
.■i.^JJ.lN.il0O
y^j.V'^.HSO
ui.:ill. L20
:i.VM 1.040
:i:..stl.J80
■.'•J.^.rfi.-WO
:i;.,".>..>40
^:j-.l.v.i60
■^i-.i. '^■1.760
:'.^.7K7,30O
.■.l,74',M20
^'^i.'.7i.fW)
■k.:.i's- J80
vi::.-).;. 1.^40
i.i.l.-.7.i20
T'k.-JvV t40
7^, Jill no
■M.-n; 120
--,117:-.. iW)
'^i.i^^,i80
11 ui^WO
.1-! \'r. '00
'60
m
L--.;. .. m
iL\4yj. 160
Acrm,
Acra.
.??.«r'^,5i60
Ui.713
:i:'.,'iiNjl0O
7H, 3:4:1 /J88
CJ, 177.457
30,912,571
3S,g4l.J80
22,0^,^0
27,049.799
£:^,3S^,:J60
27,177.180
:ie.7K7/J00
4^.822,176
2&,<I7],4»0
4.\ftK:i, -580
■KS,:i<^L !.,23
^■i.i. -.7,130
.■.N./ii.-,.J70
>^7i,:.«3
L'..'.:r.i94
.^^ ■'.:■■ iW)
M, ^-Ji.\60
lE 3.'k 160
■(^i.li-i..»6
i'i..i-»'-.:63
:i;..:iio.S40
.;.',.::4.i75
^;',:i^\.i>60
iiCTM.
AfcSSr* ; " : ;:
1,448
146,806
378,149,047
Arifmn ..
61,579,120
ArlnmnMi . . ...
caiifarSaj..; :::.
54,035
393,281
21,548,612
Colorado
3,163,663
Vh»i^% _
4;i96;460
lUinoto..^
indiimiT; . . . ;
lon^
IdSS
853,923
26,568,761
^^Zit'
LoulaiAna
484
1,884,280
MirihKST'.
^biiMsota. . .
364,986
1,936,944
^Mnimd
iSSSS.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
'*2;762,'296'
llontana
34,996,517
nS??A
Nevwla _,
110.326
281,114
23,263
30,580,170
NewlCe'idcb
24,634,067
North T>ak(^ta..
2,339,926
ohS?.^!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Oregon.
307,860
11,838,330
<)ir&hoina
Sonth Palrota.
4,770
706,133
' 353,' 272*
518,632
81,124
utah..^!?::. .:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::
25,990,997
WianftTMin
Wftriiincton
10.400,565
iWyomtnK
5,112,110
TotaL
1.630,588,240
6.812,638
1,185,545,518
i
684,092.723
Digitized Dy VjjOO^ iC
138
OOMMISSIONEB GENSBAL LAND OFFIOB.
Estimated area qfexieUng riaificnalfweeU June 30, 1911,
[Reyised to ooDform to recent soryeys and oomputatioDo.)
Acne.
26,748,860
Arizona 14,898,000
Arkansas 2, 225, 890
California 27,736,456
Colorado 14,761,900
Florida 674,970
Idaho 19,643,355
Kansas 308,937
Michigan 163,771
Minnesota 1 , 204, 750
Montana 19, 305, 100
Nebraska. 556,700
Area embraced {n additions to national forests during year ^ 2, 806, 267
Area embraced in eliminations from national forests during year 4, 598, 705
Area embraced in temponry forest withdrawals June 30, 1911 3, 319, 495
Area embraced in existing national forests June 30, 1910 192, 931, 197
Area embraced in existing national forests June 30, 1911 190, 608, 243
Area decreased during the fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1911, of which
decrease there is 530,516 acres due to revision of areas to conform to
recent surveys and computations 2, 322, 954
National monuvMnie.
Nevada 5,660,347
New Mexico 11,111,300
North Dakota 13,920
Oklahoma 61,640
Oregon 16,148,900
Porto Rico 65,950
South Dakota 1,287,700
Utah 7,667,585
Waslungton '. 11,684,680
Wyonung 8,4N^, 543
Totalarea 190,608,243
states and names.
Date created.
Area.
States and names.
Date created.
Area.
Alaska:
ACTtM.
New Mexico:
Aera.
81tka ...
Mar. 23,1910
157.00
^^SSSS^-:.
Mar. 11,1907
20,620.40
160.00
Arisooa:
Deo. 8;i906
Onnd OanyoD >. .
Jan. 11,1006
1806,400.00
Oila Clilf Dwett-
Dec. 8,1906
160.00
in»i«
Nov. 16,1907
160.00
Navajo
Mar. SO, 1000
Dec. 10,1907
* 600. 00
OranQulyira.....
Orecpn:
Oreeoo Caves *. . .
South ^EOcota:
Nov. 1,1900
1 160.00
Toirto«
1640.00
TnmacaoorL
Bept U,1908
July 31,1011
10.00
July 12,1900
1480.00
Petrified Forest...
«2S,62S.60
California:
Jewel Cave*
Feb. 7,1906
11,280.00
Cinder Cone*
May 6,1907
15,120.00
Utah:
Laaeen Peaks....
do
1 1,280.00
Mukuntuweap....
July 31,1909
115,840.00
ICmr Woods
Jan. 9,1906
905.00
Natural Bridges..
Rainbow Bridge..
Sept. 25,1909
« 2, 740. 00
Pinnacles
Jan. 16,1008
12,080.00
May 30,1910
160.00
Devil PostpUes...
July 6,1011
1800.00
Washington:
Colorado:
Mount Olympua *
Mar. 2,1900
1608,640.00
Wheeler'
Dec. 17,1006
May 34,1011
300.00
13,883.06
Wyomins:
Devijs Tower
Sept. 24, 1906
Colorado
1,162.91
Montana:
Shoshone Cavern.
Sept. 21,1900
2iaoo
Big Hole
Lewis and Clark
June 28,1010
May 16,1011
15.00
«I00.00
Total
U,50e, 027.07
Cavern
1 Estimated area.
s Under Jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture.
* Based on 15 known ruins: within Indian reservation.
« Aooording to second proclamation.
Digitized by
Google
COMMISSIONEB GENERAL LAND OFFICE.
139
Aggregate auh receipts fn^n the diepoeal of public and Indian Umdifrom May 20, 1786,
to June SO, 1911,
Fiacolyean.
MaT»U785,toJmiis
18S1.
piaso..
um.
me.,
1000..
1001.,
1903..
lOOI.
Ifl04..
leas..
190&..
1Q07..
looa..
!«)»..
mo.,
mi.
Total.
Cnelisaiea,
Amoont of
fees and
commis-
aiona.
t3,J!3i,«fi0.9a
g, 657,002. 2S
I0,a04,£82.49
6,223,BS6.74
fi, 75?, 891.06^
g,Z4fi,321.33
8,018,264. S)
6,3*9,17124
4,160,009.07
£322,860.01
8,103,280.64]
l,a5S,08Q.7l]
1,116, 090. 07i
1,083,006. fie
017,911.191
l,29I,07e.lO
t,7D3,9£g,S2;
3,899,731.83.
S,9dd,&l2.B6
4.189, 26a 47i
8, WO, 471.181
7,44S,fi01B4
4,3«,76&06
4,SS6,98S,82
7,728,114.80
9,760,570.19
7,008,337.03
6,342,744.76
5,783,093.39
Total re- Heoelpta
€cipti from from ^lea
dlspo^l of of Indian
public Uuids. I lands.
Deous oelpta I^m
receipts* 1 oJlsouioea.
1860,833.66
1,124,631.16
1,423,339.10
1,636,410.6a
1,462,188,06
l,654,b76.25
1,537, €00. 39
1,49»,000,05
1,251,971.23
1,121,680.07
944,938. 6£
1,064,S0&,26
998,184 66
1,021,206.08
7^,7iams
793,567,82
67!*,4ta65
863,26i">.60
890,702.17
1,157,081.03
1,340,894.29
1,740,820,18
1,597,147.48
1,349,990.80
1,286,621.93
1,642, 488. ,5t^
1,819,159,21
1,731,883,57.
l,53a,8Q0.67
2,028,892.35
1,461,6K30
395,
763,
0«0,
MJ,
m\,
412,
783.
701,
270,
470,
106,
387,
191
674,
S06j
847,
596,
144,
504,
ose,
307,
S80,
567,
796.
36,
528,
547,
4y2,
235,
371,
195,
384.
307.
861.
903.
114.
7fi7.
921
072.
225.
870.
037.
670.
465,
285.
800.
463.
380.
341.
690.
812,
437.
OSS,
61&
m2.
387
477.
273.
453.
227-
637.
187.
6311,006,091.
07, 634,617,
38 625,404.
07 938, 137.
80 933,48a
31! 1,C07,72»,
72 1,4S4,302.
00 821,113.
38S*,521
293,062.
318,333-
456,681.
284,752.
i 91,981.
14a, S79.
214, 700.
438,716.
100,317.
442,913.
239,709.
fi8£,6Gl.
908,939.
333,757.
791,807.
__ 967,632.
51 1 J,8B2,80S.
76i 997,972.
70 2,3:^,885.
10 2,037,551.
69 2,M22,e00.
63
22
27
26
52,
63
30l
77
72
30
42
65
03'
48;
42
31
m
73
39|
27f
68
14
62
67!
50'
70
62.
471
681
71, J
.11208,069,667.14
36,727.901 5,408,804.16
8,3&4,616.04
11,713,883.70
12,789,406.00
8,623,430.18
9,031,084.34
12,389,008.87
13,&47,137.42
9,685,901.34
6,69L75
8,118.05'
10,274. 76
8,821.86
10,687. 40
20,784,85
24,961.66
2«,I50.80
16,6e6u00
5,849.00
16,757.68
3,516.30'
1,557.50
16,773.801
44, 197. 84.
7,780,517.61
5,429,220.14
4,860,109.60
4,479,784.14
2,767,824.32
2,033,45403
2,106,361.07
52,834. 23i 2,087,931.28
33,336.09 2,277,P9f..l8
32,533.12 3,070,137.34
83,175.85 4,379,758,10
79,062.87 4,972,160.79
93,171,85 6,261,927.18
168,185.851 11,024,743.66
153,690.631 9,283,341.118
89,615.721 7,017,811.38
89,514.02 7,5a6,523.nO
113,098,79 11,563,17800
225,283.181 12,716,71^946
330,J36.61 12,216,415.39
064,736.28 1 1 , 463, 924. E>6
l,O22,U3.20i 11,089,927.60
I
I
\
446,605,525.17
1 Inoludes leclMnatkm wster-rlght charges.
Anuyunie accrued and paid to States on account of arants of t, 5, and 6 per cent of net
proceeds of sales of pyJblic lands for purposes of education or of making public roads
and improvemmUs,
states.
Total to June
80,1009.
Fiscal year
1010.
Aggregate to
June 90, 1010,
inclusive.
Alabama.
Arkansas.
Califoxnla.
Colorado..
Florida...
IdAho
Illinois
India
Iowa
S^ans
Louli
ICichigan
ICinnesota.:::
Missi^^i...
Montana.*. J. 1
Nebraska.....
Nevada.
Newllezioo..
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma....
Oregon
Boutti Dakota
Utah
Washington..
Wisoonnn....
Wyoming....
Total...
$1,076,654.85
317,366.12
1,032,896.35
408,000.01
130,141.00
206,723.76
1,187,908.80
1,040,266.26
633,638.10
1,112,246.88
467,253.06
686,186.10
674,081.29
1,009,843.01
1,067,166.94
300,661.88
640,376.06
23,324.27
72,076.23
433,906.02
000,863.01
38,643.63
676,370.06
178,438.36
64,286.60
367,700.64
686,046.06
160,186.06
1740.18
1,676.80
16,71&68
20,617.21
l,0g&88
13,440.14
6,180.63
170.76
803.77
7,006.76
1,803.40
31,66&77
4,638.07
2,660.66
28,203.48
89,44&72
11,484.23
13,632.00
36,009.76
17.310.06
18,01&42
01.62
14,442.66
11,076,404.08
310,082.02
1,048,614.08
420,227.12
131,280.88
220,163.80
1,187,008.80
1,040,266.26
638,638.10
1,118,426.61
467,482.81
686,670.06
682,077.06
1,060,843.01
1,068,070.48
332,310.66
644,016.02
26,084.82
05,360.71
473,864.64
000,863.01
60,127.86
688,002.14
213,608.12
71,606.66
880,71&06
686,137.60
174,627.02
15,330,310.08
276,401.02 ^,606,721.
igitizedby VjOOy
fe
140
COMMlSdtOKfiB oeKS&AL LAND OPFtOB.
Amo%mt$ covered into ike Treasury to (he credit of the redamaUon fund from the sake of
pvhlie landt and fees and commissions in the several States and Territories under the
act of June 17, 190t (St Stat. L., 388).
states or Territories.
Fiscal years-
Total for 10
years ended
June 30, 1910.
1001 to 1000
1010
AriiQiift.......
i^,50L85
3,i3fi,4fi7.60
4,410,107.06
3,7^.5tU-ll
ijir,,7l0.61
4.T44.*k-^h4.26
\AraM2:i.57
27tv 157.64
^.^-^y.SKSM 68
9,5Mi,tl2ti 66
ri,:?i:4-.,3i^.48
yj;NV>,7^>.66
3.M5,7i'.2.27
'^!I^..H17.64
S.52S,{)K4,64
L^5^f.O,36'>.88
li6iVS41.40
355.952.70
734,356.07
3.'jiUil5.10
13 S, 1^49.26
LJ^3. 721.82
14':, 367.60
5^^428.00
i;Ki?i,^17.86
fe&2, 714.62
^M. 481.44
349,:i31.78
93^.514.16
3t>^, 468.68
f 21 «, 218.60
3G^,^ill.l8
1704,033.34
O^Ubmii
4.194.440.30
Colorado. . ...
6J 44, 463. 12
Idaho
4. U.S. 576. 30
Xanffiw , , , .
754, 1^*6. 77
IfontuA
5>jSj.76.68
NeltjraalEft.
l.?15.39L07
Nevada,,
^ 86.68
NewMoiico.
2 26.89
North Dakota
10 85.17
^ViA^mp^ T .
5 04.87
OiQi^n
9 67.39
SouUi Dakota...
4 76.48
Utah.
1 81.22
Washington
6 08.13
Wyoming?
3 78.01
K Total
68,828,018,09
7,028,186.78
66,357,104.72
Amount of collections from recUmuOwn water-right diarges, etc,, during the fiscal years
ended June SO, 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911.
[No water-fight cfaarges collected prior to July 1, 1907.]
States and land offices.
1906
1909
1910
1911
California:
Los Angeles
Idaho:
Hailey ,
Montana:
Billings
Glasgow
Gi^ Falls
Miles City
Nebraska:
Alliance
Nevada:
Carson City
New lCexk!oi
Roswell
North Dakota:
Willlston
Oregon:
LA Grande
Lakeview
South Dakota:
BeUefonrche
Rapid City
Washington:
North Yakima.
Waterrille
Wyoming:
Cheyexme
Lander
16, 06.18
38,43L85
*'i,6si.66"
8,447.96
fiS.OO
850.00
8,412.58
17,708.66
15,090.46
18,041.62
100.60
4,767.47
15,026.02
7,626.75
556.50
6,114.60
7,150.48
6,060.26
11,316.82
8,875.20
14.00
52,827.70
342,260.51
184,882.60
37,085.22
0,453.25
14,926.78
8,026.00
68,667.09
58,108.18
72,488.60
4,397.47
61, on. 44
66,112.00
39,880.62
00.00
60,457.47
22,475.50
3,839.80
39,405.88
Total
Total to June 30, 1911..
68,402.51
159,490.93
770,586.85
310,602.48
180,470.71
54»140.32
3,566.00
10,960.16
4,826.25
26,092.00
75,878.56
70,949.35
5,552.18
78,658.17
115,107.00
91,108.96
103,047.28
27,842.50
57L40
88,550.99
892,414.29
1,885,894.08
Digitized by
Google .
COMMI88I0NEB GENERAL ULKD OFFICE. 141
BhdnuexmMnidinQmiarfdlAUidOJ!^ 1911,
Kinds of cnMBs.
1910.
Re-
Total.
proTod.
Ou»-
Othei^
diB-
IXMSd
Total.
Pend-
TudbSO
1911.
Oiteiiiftl
Fffirr.
OtW II F mit^n - ...................
SokUar'B additional
Timber and atonB
Denrtland:
Original
piiSjrr.
YeorproofieiBmlnBd
ABBignmeota OTainhiod
Sxteniion of time examined.. .
Ifinerel, final
Ooal.flnl
Timber onltnre:
OT%inal
Final
Pnemptica, final
Indian aDotmenti
Indian homeeteads
Town sites
Town lots
Pablic sales (toolated tracts)
Liea seleotions (act Jane 4, 1897). .
liilitaiy bounty land warrants... .
MIsoellaneoas entries
344,210
7,806
1,404
967
86,078
8,794
70,790
26,777
17,679
966
1,848
16,199
3,373
414.980
80,971
38,486
3,870
3,310
61,307
6,067
36,936
1,614
3,760
8,391
163
la
191
4
7,378
1^
47,130
1,119
3,371
1,347
404
63
160
364
1,794
1,103
194
8
349
1.499
1,160
966
4,936
6,049
19
9
699
4,310
140
137
3,886
3,849
638
161
647
6,848
19
13
848
5,709
1,290
1,068
7,761
180
14
376
*»»
10
660
4,316
406
107
1,074
136
310
418
60,411
38,197
31,897
939
1,704
9,649
3,776
7,699
1,333
1,644
908
188
47
36
375
3,916
19
10
668
4,464
460
317
3,418
364,619
8,774
4,088
1,481
606
41,668
3,393
1,441
390
16
136
373
3,937
3
196
1,356
880
766
6,388
State and TerrUorud grantt, fiMoal year emded June 30, 1911 .
Kinds.
On
July 1,1910.
Bcliool ssieotions
Unlverrity ssieotions
Afllcaltural-ooUsge selso-
Improvement of tbe Rio
A cm,
1, 708, 081. 87|464, 947. 6613, 163, 978. 98
IntemaHm Lt^ veumnt s^
leotionB.
PnbUebafldmgB
Insane asylmns
Ednoational, ebarltable,
eto
Deaf and dumb asylmns..
Reform sebools
Sobool of mines.
Normal soboolB
BUnd ajiylnms.
Reservoffs.
Ifiners' hospltale.........
Forestry— Wisoonsin
UnlverBlty preparatory
Asricaltmal I
ical ooUege
Colored agrlooltural and
Specific grant total,
Grand total
Pending and reoelTed.
Aent.
38,648.01
16,060.09
300.07
9,607.77
1,714.79
19,436.48
3,936.83
1,307.68
1,766.10
3,660.73
318.30
9,438.66
839.06
893.78
1,
3,909.39
40.00
99,633.86
Since ra-
il eret.
47,784.98
1,346.38
830.00
494.38
1,081.76
160.00
986.78
160.00
7,069.18
4,416.96
6,019.
68,688.60
TotaL
.icref.
389,138.17
76,377.94
17,806.47
330.00
694.46
10,589.63
1,714.79
19,586.48
3,913.10
1,807.68
1,935.10
9,629.90
818.30
9,438.56
839.05
893.78
1,093.40
7,836.35
5,069.38
168,310.96
1,807,558.73538,686.163,331,189.88316,573.44
Dtoposed oL
Ap-^
1,037.38
1,480.00
89.57
515.61
380.00
713.11
6,709.87
964.81
814.70
883.78
1,063.40
8,470.64
17,449.37
Oanoeled. TotaL
Aeret.
38,440.01
A era.
327,568.181
60,463.83
130.00
454.81
819.68
40.00
68.46
800.67
130.00
40.00
1,577.17
130.00
51,489.60
i,6oaoo
494.38
515.61
599.68
753.11
68.45
7,510.04
1,104.81
354.70
863.78
1,063.40
5,047.81
130.00
54,118.05 71,663.83
83,558.06309,135.601,933,064.38
Pending
JmieSO,
1911.
Aerei,
,885,415.75
34,788.84
15,706.47
330.00
300.07
10,589.53
1,199.18
18,986.86
8,160.99
1,807.63
1,856.66
3,119.86
318.30
8,323.74
474.86
4a 00
40.00
2,378.44
4,939.33
96,648.68
Digitized by
Google
142
GOMMISSIONEB GEKEBAL LAND OFFIOE.
State and Tgrriional grant9^ReeapUulaHon.
Indemnity school land.
Other grants. 1
states or Territories.
Pending and
selected.
Confirmed.
Canceled.
Fending
and se-
lected.
Confirmed.
Canceled.
f^alifomla..
Aer€t.
452,979.72
38,923.77
3,062.41
. 230,874.98
.icret.
4,048.97
6,069.13
1,144.66
Aera.
6,907.98
4a 00
Aera,
464.81
Aent.
Aera,
46481
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
1,054.22
1,402.76
130.12
30.67
32a 66
4a 00
2, 68a 40
mo7
62,413.14
1,044.17
20,647.06
Kansas .
40.00
30.67
T.nnliri<mA
1,432.62
644.28
60.22
If l<^iifinni .
160.56
iSiSSSr^
4a 00
Montana
253,083.91
11,498.67
1,36a 00
Nevada
New Mexico
646,973.64
3,199.86
160.00
66,680.16
37,059.77
361,962.17
46,237.66
106,391.90
11,740.68
717.26
60,462.32
North Dakota
nviAhnma
11,232.41
1,607.17
Oregon X . .
20,316.01
60.93
140,904.63
5,839.43
4ea74
222.76
8,552.60
16a 00
South Dakota.
Utah
66,676.05
203.36
802.78
30,176.12
2,841.08
i,oaai3
WnifhfnFtnn
WiSOOD^
852.78
2,443.43
Wyoming
131,734.19
2,700.38
3,146.66
43a 63
Total
2,162,978.93
200,123.17
28, 44a 01
166,2ia06
17,44a 27
64,113.06
Swamp land gfonU. «
LAKD IN FLAOB 0LAIM8, SSTDCATBD.
Pending and received: ^f*^^
OnWd July 1, 1910 659,319.12
Received 47,387.76
Total 707,706.88
Diflpoeedof:
Patented 234,976,99
Rejected and canceled 51,63L86
286, 608. 95
Pending June 30, 1911 420,097.93
INDBMNmr, GASH AND LAND.
On hand July 1, 1910 1,513,764.62
Rejected and canceled 13, 52a 00
Pending June 80, 1911 1,600,244.62
Digitized by
Google
0OMMI8BION1SB GBNEBAL LAND OFFICE.
143
8taUde9ert^landaegr€aaikmitmder»eahn
and the aet$ amenaiucry thereof, ctmmohly hnovm a$ tie Carey Aetf during the fieeoL
year ended Jvne 30, 1911.
StatiB.
A^
Segregated.
Rejected
arreUn-
qptehed.
Patented.
ReooQ-
▼eyed.
Time to ».
cJAimes*
tended.
Ctdorado
Aerm.
26,962.66
360,306.13
9,14&00
Aer€t.
181,238.76
79^876.48
16a 00
26,562.67
7,56168
232L90
10,635.00
22, 63a 27
Aer€9.
38,1061 66
206,187.01
116,881.56
24,123.79
2,6oaoo
87,166.04
30, 96a 00
86,762.26
Aarm.
Aeret.
Aeret.
IdAho
64,0«L70
Vi^'ioi'oB*
61»17&46
10,104.08
Montanft
Nflva/«#..
N4^U^«fm
Otmod
80,079.24
22,868.80
479,266.38
1,28a 00
6,01449
UUn ...
6,20a82
16a 00
Totil
976,62&61
828,794.67
606,69&21
60, 63a 62
16,37&63
61,282L49
1 Bemalns Mgregsted.
RECAPITULATION.
Acres.
Acfes.
Applied for.
976,628.61
tquJabed or rejected
Acted on
828,794.67
606,09a 21
138,037.73
976,628.61
976,628L61
Lande certified or paUnted on account o/railroad and leoffonrroad granie during thejleeal
year ended June SO, 1911.
Railroads.
State.
Acres.
Stategrants:
Florida Central A Peninsular
St Loois, Iron ICotmtaln it Soathem.
Florida...
Arkansas.
8,14a 99
8a 00
Total.
Corporations:
Atlantic ic Padflo (now San^ Fe Padflc)
Central Padflo (successors to California & Oregon).
Central Padflo...... - -.
Do
Nertlum Padflc
Do >.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
New Orieaas Padflo
Soathem Padflc (Ivanehllne)
Sonthem Padflo (main line)
/Arisona
\NewMezioo...
Calilomia
Nevada
Utah
Idaho
Minnesota
Montana
North Dakota.
Wa
Wyoming.,
Louisiana.,
Califomla..
....do....
8, 22a 99
41,711.22
8a 00
8a 67
76,894.32
14,6ia61
33,406.41
6,267.11
646,391.68
4,844.74
18,144.64
6,242.14
«aaoo
76a 94
125,673.96
199,373.80
Total of cofporattons .
1,088, aiL 62
f agon roads:
CaUforaia A Orefon Land Co. (saooessors to Oregon Central Military
Road).
Oregon.
60^ 79a 16
RECAPITULATION.
Acres.
Stategrants 8,23a99
Corporations 1,068,811.62
Wagonroads 60,79^16
Total.
•jgitizetd*by"
.Cl»401,S7a973
144
GOMMISSIONEB QBNEBAL lAKD OFFIOE.
AlUgedJrauduient eiUnet aeUd on during ymxr.
Pend-
ing
June
3O,10ia
Be-
oeiTsd.
PiQMMdof.
Pend-
ing
80,1911.
Hearinnor-
decedby-
Kinds of entries.
ui^f^L
Gan-
oekML
Othec^
wisa
dis-
Total.
Oen-
ecal
Land
OAoe.
Fonst
Senr-
pCvVVHl.
loa.
Homestead:
OiiglDals
14,040
257
482
1,408
4M6
40
106
1,006
564
1,146
600
320
430
36
135
374
8,437
5,887
2,063
1,271
268
66
16
236
403
210
228
286
880
49
12
10
2,144
?884
2"
8"
' *734'
74
318
10
4
10
106
17
0
12
6
25
3,006
542
436
1,306
no
6
20
306
206
306
258
253
312
9
17
47
6,537
3,229
3,374
1,709
231
10
88
414
947
406
370
269
337
9
36
59
713
16,840
61
1,060
473
lOi
84
1,806
10
060
667
368
991
75
121
225
1,431
2,174
40
17
79
21
48
FlPFte.,
a
Cash
1
DenrtLand:
Originals
fitSSTT^
1
Timber culture:
OriginalA
Ftnaitt
Timber and stone:
Sworn statements
Hmih
39
16
36
287
14
140
Mlnecal:
AppUoations
1
^puoaaoiHi
4
SeleetioDs:
State
Forest
1
tndfiii^ allotments. .
Bquatter claims
■"*423'
9
12
291
10
176
4
Iflmnil lomtlonff
a
SoldieiB' additiOtel
Total
23,304
23,353
6,648
4,308
7,510
18,567
28,100
3,008
64
Field reports on alleged fraudulent entriei, *
Field:
Forester — -
Adverse 90
Favorable 181
Agents —
Adverse 10,022
Favorable 16,483
Indictments f convictions^ acquittals and dismissah, fines imposed and paid, and prison
sentences, June 30, 1910, to June SO, 1911.
Offenses.
Indict-
ments.
Convio-
Uons.
Prison
sen-
tences.
Finesim-
posed.
Acquit-
tals and
dismis-
sals.
TtmYm* trmpass
24
00
20
53
31
21
8
47
6
17
6
88,237.00
20,06a 00
2,uaoo
6,769.00
$1, 64a 18
e,2oaoo
i,ooaoo
4,377.60
160
106
66
TTniAwil indoffunw
11
lliffmll<MM¥H1fP.. .
Sabocnatlon of petjury
6
5
21
8
2
2
3
1
7
Intimidatingnomesteaders. ..".....
1
7
3
2
1
10
3
1
1
4,329.78
2,679.78
Using mails^ defraud
Section 31, Penal Code
75.00
Siwtion 39i Penal Code. ... -
Section 13^, Penal Code
Removing ' Oovenmient comer
stone
1
Section 134, Penal Code
3
3
Fofgery...'
1
1
3
Setnng fonwt firm.
1
Failora to obey subpoena
1
4a 00
4a 00
Section 4746.......... . ..
70
MfsawoffnndSa
1
Offering bribe. .
1
Total
286
124
47
40, 54a 78
19,837.56
<->
377
T
Digitized
by v^oog
;le
COMMISSIONBB GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 145
Cku9y number J and area of patents iseued during fiscal year ended June 30 ^ 1911,
Classes.
Number.
Area.
Classes.
Number.
Area.
Commuted homestead —
Timber and atone
Public sale
Caah, mJaoeUaneous
Deaertland
Town site
Town lot
Homestead
Soldjen' additional home-
stead
Fonat homestead
Indian homeatead
Reclamation homostead. .
Military bounty land war-
rant 1
Forest lieu selection
Timber culture
Commuted timber Culture
Indian trust
Mineral
Coal
Private land claim
22,156
2,403
4,876
805
2,789
8
627
29,020
736
127
9
1
85
560
19
1
4,990
905
141
19
Acrei.
3,267,442.857
294,757.23
478,296.79
82,367.242
434,888.15
1,122.20
420.231
5,301,686.241
39,714.666
14,246.693
917.90
80.00
5,537.91
97,182.03
2,880.00
16a 00
575,309.57
45,725.516
18,757.08
20,750.83
Small holding claim
Railroad
Swamp
Sioux hall-breed scrip
Choctaw scrip
Valentine scrip
Cherokee school land
Porterfield scrip
State desart-Iand segrega-
tion
Abandoned military res-
ervation
Cemetery site
Mission site
Umatilla Indian land
Isaac Crow lieu
White Earth town lot . . . .
Special and miscellaneous
acts
187
76
21
6
2
6
3
1
297
3
4
97
13
199
Total.
72,189
Acres.
11,781.820
1,142,486.21
224,664.27
876.98
157.26
195.17
100.61
4a 00
60,659.52
17,494.63
100.00
83a 52
16,276.72
780.66
66.36
113,738.66
12.272.496.435
Oases approved and awaiting patent July 1, 1910.
Cases received for patenting during the year
6,047
n,286
Total
Acreage of Indian fee patents not included in the above.
70,333
215, 796. 9n
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1-
-10
Digitized by
Google
146
COMMISSIONBB GENBBAl, I.AND OFFICE.
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COMMIS8IONEB OBNEBAL lAKD OFHOK.
147
7,826.42
8,921.88
8,686.74
2,005.80
9.780.50
10,184.64
10, 02a 00
11,527.50
9,752.26
9,834.28
9,896.06
11.663.99
8,500.98
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2.100.42
8,421.83
2,685.74
37.45
3.780.50
4. 184. 64
4.020.00
5,527.50
3,752.25
3,834.28
3,826.06
5.653.92
2,544.76
i i es
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5,726.00
5,500.00
6,000.00
1,968.35
6,000.00
6,000.00
6,000.00
6,000.00
6,000.00
6,000.00
6.000.00
6.000.00
5,966.18
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96,581.16
76.825.77
168.526.75
261.939.30
41.826.59
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18,281.89
43,419.20
53,685.16
4,881.00
5.642.37
116,228.75
58,273.41
46,748.11
71,027.54
61,885.95
30,761.87
66.518.26
34,708.66
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8
S«2
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8,060.45
25,126.41
37,473.68
1,205.75
6,561.78
33,254.45
40,222.24
17,944.88
26,183.62
15,429.82
18,061.77
14.960.33
7,067.98
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156
OOMMISSIONES GBKEBAI. LAND OFFICE.
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OOMMISSIONEB GEINERAL LAND OFFICE.
SdUs of Indian lands during fiscal year ended June SO^ 1911,
167
Orlgliutl entries.
Number.
Area.
Receipts—
sales and
Interest.
Alabama:
Montgomery— Cherokee Indian school lands .
Arisona:
Phoenix— Colorado Indian Reservation
CUifomia:
Eureka— Roond Valley Indian.
Loe Angeles— Yuma. .
6
167
1
Roond Valley..
mdVi
San Francisco— Round Valley
Colorado:
Durango—
Southern Ute (act Fab. 20, 1806)
Ceded Ute (acts June 16, 1880, and July 28, 1882)
Qlenwood Springs— Ute (acts June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1882).
Montrose— Utegkcts June 15, 1880, and July 28, 1882)
Idaho:
Blackfoot, Fort Hall, PocatiUo town lots
Coeur d'Alene-Coeur d'Alene (act June 21, 1906)
272
43
550
876
Dodge City— Osage trust and dhninished reserve.
Topdca— Kansas trust and diminished reserve
Mixmesota:
Cass Lake— Chippewa
Crookston—
Chippewa
Red Lake
Duluth— Chippewa
Mootana:
BillingB— Crow Indian
Glasgow— Fort Peck town lots
EalispeU-Flathead
Missoula-
Flathead
Bitter Root
Nebraska:
lincobi— Pawnee Indian
O'Neill— Omaha
North Dakota:
Devils Lake— Sioux Indian
Oklahoma:
El Reno-
Wichita Indian
Comanche and Apache
Guthrie-
Wichita
Comanche and Apache
Eliowa, Comanche, and Apache
Lawton— Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache
Oregon:
LaG
I Grande— Umatilla Indian
Booth Dakota:
Aberdeen-
Cheyenne River Indian
Standing Rock
Gregory— Rosebud
Lemmon —
Standing Rock
Cheyenne River
Pierre— "Lower Brule
Timber Lake-
Cheyenne River
Standing Rock
Utah:
Vernal— Uintah Indian
Washinf^ton:
Spoxane—
Colville Indians
Spokane Indians
Waterville— Colville Indians
Wyoming:
Lander— Shoshone or Wind River Indian..
700
626
1,044
339
91
1,626
604
606
2
20
125
96
1,984
238
342
125
289
44
1,232
209
14
257
62
320.04
160.00
2,169.71
320.00
18,609.96
3,214.61
42,190.75
78,462.36
91,216.90
2,005.53
34,928.35
99,920.63
14,646.21
4,428.85
275,047.16
70,613.96
56,218.74
160.10
23.02
32.84
1,360.01
10,263.23
2,238.04
40.00
8,592.72
220,566.76
37,191.98
43,448.95
146,836.37
14,176.83
44,419.60
6,935.96
193,724.40
23,382.81
1,412.95
14,330.58
8,603.92
1600.37
9,416.26
205.97
3,163.86
1,225.61
174.40
10,860.47
722.96
23,992.52
60,441.80
1,370.00
109,803.11
4,281.13
20.22
29,733.80
31,356.61
49,382.66
6,126.28
215,113.33
25,857.26
49,096.70
63,176.28
862.60
77.72
821.00
16,268.11
5,861.03
54,965.05
2,997.67
600.25
1,386.39
588,906.52
6,441.93
179,560.78
29,503.19
851,833.00
86,678.46
7.63
8,867.73
28,427.61
5,237.46
223,854.36
12,165.04
2,883.95
8,073.88
20,240.01
Total.
13,501
1,572,272.73
2,822,600.71
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
159
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COMMISSIONERS OF PENSIONS SINCE 1883.
Name.
Edwards, James L....
Heath, James E
Waldo»LorenP
Iflnot^Joslali
Whiting, George C...
Barrett, Joseph H —
Cox, Christopher C . . .
Van Aernam, Henry..
Baker, James H
Atkinson, Henry M. . .
Glll,CharlesR
Bentley, John A
Dudley, William W..
Clarke, Otis P. 0
Black, John C
Tanner, James
Raum, Green B
Lochren, William
Morphy , Dominic I. . ,
Evans, Henry Qay. . .
Ware, Eugene F
Warner, Vespasian. . .
Davenport, James L..
By whom appointed.
Jackson..
Fillmore.
Pierce....
....do....
....do....
Lincoln . .
Johnson.,
Grant...
....do...
....do
....do
....do
Garfield...
Arthur. . . .
Cleveland.
Harrison..
do
Oeveland.
do
McKinley.
Roosevelt.
do
Taft
Whence appointed.
Virginia..
....do....
Connecticut
New Hampshire.
Virginia
Ohio
Maryland
NewYork
Minnesota
Nebraska
Wisconsin
do
Indiana
Rhode Island
llUnoU
NewYork
IlUnols
Minnesota
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Kansas...
IlUnols
New Hampshire.
Date of oom-
miasion.
Mar.
Nov.
Mar.
Aug.
Jan.
Apr.
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Mar.
June
Nov.
Mar.
Mar.
Oct.
Apr.
May
Apr.
May
Mar.
Nov.
3,1833
27,1850
17,1853
1,1855
19,1857
15,1861
28,1868
1,1869
20,1871
26,1876
10,1876
28,1876
27,1881
15,1884
19,1885
27,1889
19,1889
13,1883
28,1806
1,1897
10,1902
4,1905
26,1909
160
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Depabtment op the Intebiob,
Bureau op Pensions,
WashingUm, D, 0., September 16, 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report, showing the
operatioiis of the Bureau of Pensions for the fiscal year ended June
30,1911:
OENEBAIi STATEMENT.
In Exhibit 1 will be found the gains and losses to the roll and also
the amounts disbursed to each class of pensioners during the year.
Gains and losses in pension roll during the fiscal year 1911 .
Losses to the roll:
By death 52,933
By remarriage 867
By minors attainmg the age of 16 years 870
By fedlure to claim pension for 3 years 287
From aU other causes 228
Total 55,185
Gains to the roll:
By original aUowances, 25,490
By restoration and renewal allowances 710
Total 26,200
Net loss to the roll 28,985
The number of survivors of the Civil War on the pension roll at
the close of the fiscal year was 629,884. The number of survivors
whose names were dropped from the roll during the year on account
of death was 35,243. There were more than 2,000 certificates issued
during the year to survivors of the Civil War who had never been
pensioned before. The net reduction during the year in the number
of survivors on the roll was only 32,731.
The number of individuals in the military and naval service of the
United States during the Civil War is estimated at 2,213,365. It is
believed that only about 25 per cent of those who rendered service
in the Civil War are now living. The death rate of the survivors is
now slightly in excess of 6 per cent per annum. The average age of
the survivors is now about 70 years.
11355"— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^11 ^161
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162
BEPOBT OF THE CX)MMI88I0N£B OF PENSIONS.
In the following summary is shown the number of pensioners on
the roll at the close of the fiscal years 1911 and 1910, together with
the net gain or loss in each class during the year:
Pensioners on the roll June SO, 1911 , and June SO, 1910,
1911
1910
Gam.
u«.
Revolutioimry War:
Dftughtor
1
338
1,560
3,823
2,042
6,359
363,433
121.581
70,687
445
8, 391
368
300
533
78,601
4,000
336
220,826
442
22,783
1,183
330
3,072
512
7
2
13,180
2,727
136
1,011
152
7
8
1
Waror]ll2:
Widows,
279
1,387
2.639
1,639
6,982
S5«,8a0
113.063
67,600
386
1,877
278
353
506
69,991
3,983
375
228,198
^I06
23,383
1,217
326
3,082
522
9
1
13,757
2,790
149
1,066
152
8
5
69
Indina win:
178
Widows
193
War with Mezioo:
SaryiYon
403
Widows
377
Civil War:
Act Feb. 6, 1907—
Survivors
6,603
8,518
Oeneral law-
Invalids
Widows
8,078
60
Minor children
Motben
614
Fathers
90
Brothers, sisteni. sons, ^nd dauchters
53
Fi^IpkHmnhndf^n
26
Act June 27, 1800—
Invalids
18, 6W
Minor children
Helpless r-hlMren
40
7,372
Act Apr. 19, 1908—
wfiows
Army nurses ,
36
War with Spain:
Invalids/.
600
34
Widows
Minor children
4
Mothers
40
Fathers
10
2
TlrDtherfi. sIstenT. sons. And daughters
Helplees children
1
Regular establishment:
Invalids
577
73
13
55
Widows
Minor children
Mothers
Fathers
Brothers, sistBrR. sons. Mid daughters. ....
1
Helpless children
3
Total
892,098
921,083
8,829
37,814
Net loss
28,986
The number of soldiers and sailors on the pension roll at the close
of the year was 570,050, the number of dependents and widows was
321,642, and the number of Army nurses was 406.
In Exhibit 2 will be found the number and amount of first pajonents
in each class of new certificates issued during the year. The total
amount of first payments made during the year was $4,842,925.60 on
93,632 issues. The number of pension certificates issued during the
year upon which the first payment had not yet been made at the
close of the year was 4,578, upon which the amount accrued was
$246,566 83.
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BBPOBT OF THB 00MMIS8I0NEB OF PBN8I0NB.
163
The amount paid as attorneys' fees upon new issues was $163,610.06.
The following table shows the first payments made on new certifi-
cates each year during the last five years:
First paymmU made during the last five fiscal years.
Fl^malyear.
Nam'ber.
Amount.
Avenge.
Fisoalyear.
Number.
Amount.
Average.
wu
98,683
91,448
124,684
$4,842,925
4858,604
6,489,416
$61.72
62.13
62.07
1908
816,500
186,973
$13,394,633
6,643,768
$42.32
wio
1907
65.02
1909
Average first payments in each class.
Average value of first payments:
In original cases $88. 43
In original regular establishment cases 110. 88
In original act Feb. 6, 1907, cases 69. 73
In original general law, Civil-War cases : . . 162. 18
In original act June 27, 1890, cases 272.81
In original act Apr. 19, 1908, cases : 60. 72
In original War with Spain cases 267.72
In increase and reissue cases 34.49
In original War with Mexico cases 168. 28
In original Indian war cases 273.22
In Exhibit 3 is shown the appropriations and disbursements for
the fiscal year 1911 and the unexpended balances at the close of the
year, a summary of which is as foUows:
Appropriations and disbursements for fiscal year ended June SO, 1911.
Appropriation for pensions $157, 500, 000. 00
Repayments to the appropriation 7, 359. 74
Total amount available for pensions 157,507,359. 74
Amount disbursed 157, 325, 160. 35
Unexpended balance.
182, 199. 39
Appropriation for medical examinaticms.
Repayments to the appropriation
Total amount available
Amount expended and authorized
250,000.00
3.00
250,003.00
206, 768. 33
Unexpended balance.
43, 234. 67
Appropriation tor salaries and clerk hire, pension agencies.
Amount disbursed
472, 000. 00
456, 507. 15
Unexpended balance.
15,492.85
Appropriation for rent and contingent expenses of agencies.
Amount expended and outstanding obligations
34, 500. 00
24, 472. 02
Unexpended balance.
10, 027. 98
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164 REPORT OP THE CX)MMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Appropriation for inspection of agencies $1,500.00
Amount expended 168. 96
Unexpended balance 1, 331. 05
Appropriation for salaries, Bureau of Pensions 1, 526, 120. 00
Amount expended 1,509,689.96
Unexpended balance 16, 430. 04
Appropriation for salaries, per diem and expenses, special examiners. 306, 000. 00
Amount expended 283, 219. 34
Unexpended balance 22, 780. 66
Summary of unexpended balances ^ exclusive of pensions^ covered into the Treasury at th$
close of the fiscal year 1911.
Salaries in bureau $16,430.04
Sallies, per diem and expenses, special examiners 22, 780. 66
Fees, examining surgeons 43, 234. 67
Salaries and clerk hire, pension agencies 15, 492. 85
Contingent expenses of agencies 10, 027. 98
Inspection of agencies 1, 33L 05
Total 109,297.25
In Exhibit 4 is shown the amount disbursed for pensions, salaries,
clerk hire, and contingent expenses at each of the pension agencies.
It also shows the amount disbursed by the pension agency, New
York, N. Y., for rent, and that disbursed by the pension agency in
Washington, D. C, for fees of examining surgeons. It will be ob-
served that the amount expended at the smaller agencies for clerk
hire is much larger in proportion to the number of pensioners paid
than at the larger agencies. It is not possible to conduct a small
agency with the same degree of economy as it is a large agency.
This same fact has been fully demonstrated in the conduct of large
business enterprises.
In the agency at Concord, N. H., the amount required for clerk
hire per annum is about 52 cents per pensioner, while at the Topeka
(Kans.) agency the amount is only about 37 cents per pensioner.
The two agencies are cited not as any criticism on the conduct of the
smaller agency. If the agency at Concord, N. H., paid as laj^e a
number of pensioners as the one at Topeka, Kans., the cost per
pensioner at the Concord agency would undoubtedly be no greater
than at the Topeka agency. The average salary paid the clerks at
the Concord agency is about $900 per annum, while at the Topeka
agency the average salary paid the clerks is about $1,200 per annum.
In the large agencies much saving has been effected by the intro-
duction of labor-saving devices, which are not practicable in the
smaller agencies. In a number of the larger agencies addressing
machines have been installed for addressing envelopes and preparing
vouchers. One clerk, by the use of an addressing machine, can
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
BSPOBT OF THE GOMMISSIOKEB OF PENSIONS.
165
address more envelopes in one day than could be addressed by 10
clerks by hand.
If it were possible to transact the business of all the agencies with
the same degree of economy as that which obtains at the largest
agencies, the saving in clerk hire would amount to $50,000 per
annum.
The amount paid out for contingent expenses in this city largely
exceeds that of any other agency. This agency is required to pay
postage on mail addressed to pensioners residing in foreign countries,
which is charged to contingent expenses. This expense alone is
about $400 per annum and does not obtain at any other agency.
The largest item of the contingent expenses of this agency during the
last fiscal year was due to a fire in the rooms occupied by the agency
in the Pension Building, which occurred January 13, 1911. This
fire destroyed the addressing machine, the fiUng cabinets, the desks,
chairs, and other furniture in two of the rooms. It was necessary
to replace the articles destroyed by the fire, and the expenditure
therefor came out of the contingent fund or appropriation for sta«
tionery and other necessary expenses of the pension agencies.
The amount disbursed for fees of examining surgeons during the
year was $168,414.20. The fees for the medical examinations held
during the last quarter of the fiscal year could not be paid until
after the close of the year and therefore do not appear in the table of
disbursements. It is estimated that the total cost of medical exami-
nations held during the fiscal year will amount to $206,768.33 after
all the accounts shall have been paid.
The amount expended for Navy pensions was $5,392,485.31.
This is an increase of $67,028.04 over the previous year.
The law provides that Navy pensions shall be paid from the in-
come of the Navy pension fund, so far as the same shall be sufficient
for that purpose. The income from this fund during the fiscal year
1911 was $387,159.22, a small fraction of the amount required for
the payment of Navy pensions.
IfUerest on Navy pension fimd and the amount paid for navy pennons each year for the
past five years.
Fiscal year.
Interest.
Navy
pensions.
Fiscal year.
Interest.
Navy
pensions.
1911
$378,159
302,299
371,345
15,392,485
6,335,457
5,337,014
1908
$360,409
361,406
$4,934,350
1910
1907
4,248,712
1909
The amount disbursed for pensions from July 1, 1790, to June 30,
1866, was $96,446,444.23. The amounts disbursed each year since
that date, the cost of administration, including the entire expenses
of the bureau in the settlement of claims, the cost of the/pensionr
igitized by VjOOQ IC
166
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOK^R OF PENSIOKS.
agency service, and fees of examining surgeons, and the number of
pensioners on the roll at the close of each fiscal year are shown in
the following table:
Disbursements for pensions and for maintenance of pension system^ 1866 to 1911.
Ftocalyetfr.
1866
1S67
1868
1889
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
Total.
Paid I
$15,450,549.88
20,784,789.60
23,101,509.36
28,513,247.27
29,351,486.78
28,518,792.62
29,752,746.81
26,982,063.89
30,206,778.99
29,270,404.76
27,936,209.53
28,182,821.72
26,786,009.44
33,664,428.92
56,689,229.00
60,583,405.35
54,318,172.05
60,427,573.81
57,912,387.47
66,171,937.12
64,091,142.90
73,762,997.08
78,950,501.67
88,842,720.58
106,003,850.99
117,312,690.50
139,394,147.11
156,906,687.94
139,966,726.17
139,812,294.30
138,220,704.46
139,949,717.35
144,661,879.80
138,355,052.95
138,402,130.66
138, 631, «3. 84
137,504,267.99
137,759,653.71
141,093,571,49
141,142,861.33
139,000,288.25
138,155,412.46
153,093,086.27
161,973,703.77
159,974,056.08
157,825,100.35
4,133,936,285.93
Cost, malnte-
nanoe, and ex-
penaes.
8407,165.00
490,977.35
553,020.34
564,526.81
600,997.86
863,079.00
951,253.00
1,003.200.64
966,794.13
982,605.35
1,015,078.81
1,034,459.33
1,032,500.09
837,734.14
936,027.28
1,072,059.64
1,466,236.01
2,591,648.29
2,835,181.00
3,392,576.34
3f, 245, 016. 61
3,753,400.91
3,515,067.27
3,466,968.40
8,526,382.13
4,700,686.44
4,896,665.80
4,807,734.42
8,963,976.31
4,838,620.21
3,991,875.61
3,987,783.07
4,114,091.46
4,147,517.73
8,841,706.74
3,868,795.44
3,831,378.96
3,993,216.79
3,849,366.25
3,721,832.82
3,528,269.51
3,309,110.44
2,800,963.36
2,852,583.73
2,657,673.86
2,517,127.06
120,879,861.74
Total.
Namber
of pen-
alonera.
$15,857,714.88
21,275,767.04
23,654.529.70
29,077,774.08
29,952,486.64
29,381,871.62
30,703,999.81
27,965,264.53
31,173,573.12
30,253,100.11
28,951,288.34
29,217,281.05
27,818,509.53
34,508,163.06
57,624,256.36
51,665,464.99
55,779,408.06
63,019,222.10
60,747,568.47
66,564,513.40
67,386,159.51
77,506,397.99
82,466,558.94
92,309.688.98
109,620,282.63
122,013,326.04
144,202,612.91
161,774,372.36
143,950,702.48
144,160,314.51
142,212,080.07
143,937,500.42
148,766.971.26
142,502,570.68
142,303,887.39
142,400,279.28
141,335,646.95
141,752,870.50
144,942,937.74
144,864,004.16
142,523,557.70
141,464,522.90
155,894,049.63
164,826,287.50
162,631,729.94
159,842,287.41
4,254,816,147.67
126,722
155,474
169,643
187,963
198,606
207,405
232,229
238,411
236,241
234,821
232,137
232,104
223.906
242,755
250,802
285,097
808,668
322,756
845,125
365,783
406,007
452,557
489,725
537,944
670,160
876,068
966,012
969.644
970,524
970,678
976,014
993,714
991,519
998,529
997,735
999,446
996,646
994,762
998,441
965,971
967,371
051,687
946,194
921,063
892^098
It will be observed that the cost of administration in connection
with the settlement of pension claims and the payment of pensions
was $140,546.80 less during the last fiscal year than in the previous
year. The cost was less in 1911 than in any year since 1882.
I wish especially to call attention to the appropriation for the main-
tenance of the pension system for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912,
as compared with that for 1909. The appropriation for 1909 pro-
vided for salaries in the Pension Bureau, $1,650,270; for salaries, per
' ' ' igitizecl by V ' ^
REPORT OF THB COMMIB8IOKEB OF PEKSIOKS. 167
diem and expenses of special examiners; $380,000; for fees of exam-
ining surgeons, $600,000; and for salaries, clerk hire, and other
expenses of pension agencies $553,000, making a total of $3,083,270.
The appropriation for 1912 provides for salaries in the Pension Bu-
reau, $1,483,620; for salaries, per diem and expenses of special
examiners, $273,500; for fees of examining surgeons, $200,000; for
salaries, derk hire, and other expenses of pension agencies, $486,500;
and for a card index of the records of the bureau $10,000, making a
total of $2,453,620, and a net reduction in expense of $629,650.
The number of pensioners on the roll is less than at any time since
1892. There haa been a net decrease of more than 100,000 in the
number in the last six years.
PENSIONS OF THE SEVERAL WARS AND OF THE PEACE
ESTABLISHMENT.
The amomits that have been paid for pensions to soldiers, sailors,
and marines, their widows, minor children, and dependent relatives
on account of military and naval service in the several wars and in
the regular service since the foundation of the Government to June
30, 1911, are as follows:
WaF of the Revolution (estimate) $70, 000, 000. 00
War of 1812 (service pension) 46,853,024.19
Indian wars (service pension) 11,192,206.52
War with Mexico (service pension) 45, 279, 686. 83
CivOWar 3,986,719,836.93
War with Spain and insiurection in Philippine Islands 34, 142, 976. 37
Regular establishment 21, 705, 852. 33
Unclassified 16,488,147.99
Total disbursements for pensions 4, 230, 381, 730. 16
In Exhibit 5 is shown the number of pensioners by dasses on the
roUs of each of the agencies June 30, 1911, and the total number of
pensioners on the rolls of each agency June 30, 1910. It will be
observed that there was a decrease in the number at each of the agen-
cies, the greatest being 3,147 at the Topeka agency. The smallest
decrease was 271 at the San Francisco agency.
In Exhibit 6 is shown the number of pensioners in each State and
Territory of the United States, each insular possession, and each
foreign couiiitry at the close of the fiscal year, and the amounts paid
to pensioners diming the year in each of the localities mentioned.
In Exhibit 7 is shown the number of pensioners of the various
classes at each rate on the roll at the close of the year, except those
pensioned by special acts of Congress, which are shown in Exhibit 8,
In Exhibit 9 is shown the total number of pensioners on the roll
by classes under the provisions of the general pension laws and also
those pensioned by special acts of Congress. The annual value of
each class is also shown. r^^^^T^
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168
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
The total annual value of the pensions under the provisions of the
general pension laws at the close of the year was S148,222;880.809 the
total number of pensioners being 869,775.
The number of pensioners on the roll under special acts of Con-
gress at the close of the year was 22,323, and the annual value of such
pensions was $6,611,357.
The increase in the number of ''special-act" pensioners during the
year was 2,901, and the increase in the annual value of such pensions
was $886,111.
The annual value of the pension roll is the amount which would be
required to pay all the pensioners on the roll at the close of year for
one year at the rates then existing, should no new names be added
to the roll and none be dropped therefrom.
There was a decrease in the annual value of the pension roll of
$3,498,154.02 during the last fiscal year.
The average annual value of each pension at the close of the year
was $173.56, an increase of $1.66 per pensioner during the year.
Average value of each pension far the last five years.
1911
1910
1909
1908
1907
ATeiBgB cuoiraal Talue of each pension
$173.66
173.63
228.58
143.26
128.47
173.47
144.99
$171.90
173.26
224.44
139.96
127,62
170.91
145.16
$169.82
181.77
219.96
135.55
126.83
169.40
145.42
$167.59
173.76
215.30
130.75
126.87
167.70
145.10
$145.60
B<^i]^r A9t(LblisT>ment .*.... ... . ....
173.12
Oenerol law, CivU War
204.20
Act of June 27, 1890
112.32
War ^th Spw"
127.19
Act of Feb. 6, 1907 ,
17a 00
Act of Apr. 19, 1908 !
Exhibit 10 is a statement of pension certificates issued during the
year. The following summary shows the number of issues by classes:
• Pension certificates issued during the fiscal year.
Renewals 1,490
Supplementals 173
Total 92,336
Originals 25,519
Increases 42, 767
Additionals — 17
Reissues 22,155
Restorations 215
The classes of certificates may be defined as follows:
OrigiTidls. — Cases in which no pension has before been granted.
Increases. — Cases in which increased rates are granted.
Additionals. — Issues under act of June 27, 1890, in lieu of pension
under the general law.
Reissues, — Issues to allow for additional disabilities under the
general law, to correct errors in former issues, and to allow pension
under the general law and under the act of February 6, 1907, in lieu
of pension under the act of June 27, 1890.
RestorcUions, — ^Issues to restore to the roll from date of last pay-
ment.
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SEPOET OF THB 0OMMI8SIONEB OF PENSIONS.
169
Rerhewdk. — ^Issues to renew pension from a date when new title is
shown.
Supplementdls, — Cases in which title exists under different laws and
issue is made under one law for a period not covered by the other
issue.
The total number of pension certificates issued in the last 10 years
is as follows:
Pevuion certificates issued during last 10 years.
1902 119,824
1903 132,821
1904 153,938
1905 185,242
1906 136,905
1907 236,616
1908 328,676
1909 123,742
1910 97,242
1911 92,336
It will be noticed that the number of certificates issued was the
least issued in any one of the last 10 years. The largest number was
issued in 1908. During that year the most of the claims filed under
the act of February 6, 1907, immediately after its passage, were
adjudicated and since then there has been an annual falling off in the
number of certificates issued.
Most of the soldiers of the Civil War are now pensioned under the
act of February 6, 1907, and apply for increase only as they become
70 or 75 years of age.
In addition to pension certificates, as above stated, there were also
issued during the year 2,769 dupUcates of certificates lost or destroyed
and allowances of accrued pension made in 20,618 cases, being issues
made for payment, in cases of deceased pensioners, from date of last
payment to date of death.
Exhibit 11 is a summary of the pending files of the bureau at the
close of the year, showing the number of claims of each class on file
as well as the number of claims of each class based upon disabiUties
incurred or service rendered in each of the wars and in the regular
establishment.
The number of applications for pension of all kinds pending at the
dose of the year was 36,793, as against 47,295 pending at the begin-
ning of the year.
In addition to the above there are a large number of claims in the
abandoned files of the bureau. If the prosecution of any of these
claims is resumed and material evidence is filed therein they will
be restored to the pending files for adjudication.
The following is a recapitulation of the pending files:
Claims pending at dose of fiscal year, June SO, 1911.
Old wars 17
Regular eatablishment 2, 874
CSvilWar 25,153
War with Spain 8, 386
Mexican War 189
Indian wars 173
War of 1812 1
Total 36,793
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170
REPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIOKEB OF PENSIOKS.
In addition to pension claims there were pending before the bureau
June 30, 1911, 28 original applications for military bounty land
warrants and 4 appUcations for duplicates of warrants claimed to
have been lost or destroyed.
ACT OF FEBRUARY 6, 1907,
From the date of its approval to June 30, 1911, there were 629,605
appUcations for pension or increase of pension filed under the act of
February 6, 1907. Some of them, however, were duplicates of
former ones filed by the same persons and did not constitute separate
claims. During the last year 55,167 certificates were issued under
this law.
The following statement shows the number of certificates issued
under this law each year:
CerHficaUs isstied under act of February tf, 1907.
1907 119,337
1908 257,865
1909 67,219
1910 67,634
1911 66,167
Total 667,212
Of the above only 21,775 were original allowances or pensions
granted to persons never before on the roll.
The following table shows the ages, at the dates the claims were
allowed, of the survivors of the Civil War and of the War with Mexico
who have been granted pensions under the act of February 6, 1907.
Survivors of Mexican and Civil WarSf by ogee.
Age.
Number of sur-
vivors.
A«8.
Number of sur-
vivors.
avU
War.
Mexican
War.
avii
War.
•^r
62
104,857
36,289
83,412
26,995
25,576
19,618
14,965
8,646
60,181
17,439
14,865
12,425
7,606
18,292
8,693
6,262
5,086
4,038
3,805
2r413
2,086
88
1,456
1,171
844
731
411
264
128
84
48
41
S3
16
5
I
228
63
84
174
64
85
124
65
S::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
78
76
87
61
67
1
88....
38
68
1
89
21
S:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
90
18
60
91
8
71
3
1
4
17
69
132
187
265
ai4
419
369
368
92
4
n :
93
2
73
94
2
74
95
75
96
76
97
77
98
78
103
79
107
80
108
81
Total
82
446,579
2,916
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BBPOBT OF THE COMMI8SIONEK OF PENSIONS.
171
ACT OF APRHj 19, 1908.
The second section of the act of April 19, 1908, grants pension at
the rate of $12 per month to widows of persons who served 90 days
or more in the Army or Navy of the United States during the Civil
War, and who were honorably discharged, without regard to their
pecuniary condition, if they were married prior to June 27, 1890.
The records show that prior to the close of the last fiscal year
88,224 applications were filed under tins law and that up to that time
67,801 certificates had been issued thereunder.
While this is the number of certificates that have been issued
under this act since its passage the number of widow pensioners now
borne on the roll thereunder is very much larger. As the first section
of this act iQcreased from $8 to $12 per month the pensions of all
widows on the roll under the act of June 27, 1890, the names of all
widows on the roll under that law were transferred to the roll imder
the act of April 19, 1908, immediately after its enactment.
There have not been any widow pensioners borne on the roll under
the act of June 27, 1890, since 1908.
TEN YEARS' SUMMARY*
The following table shows the operations of the bureau in the
adjudication of pension claims each year for the past 10 years. "No
benefit cases'' are allowances under one law when the claimants are
already in receipt of pension at an equal or higher rate under another
law. As two pensions under different laws can not be paid to the
same person covering the same period, the applicant iq a case of this
kind is permitted to elect which pension he will receive*
It should be stated that the number of applications filed during
each year is not the exact number of separate or distinct claims filed.
It is very frequently found upon an examination of the papers, that
a declaration is a duplicate of a former application filed by the same
person, and hen<;e it is not considered or adjudicated as a separate
claim.
Summary of work for 10 yean ending June SO, 1911,
Year.
Cases on
Office
hand.
force.
139, 4M
1,741
804,809
1,736
886, &33
1,734
220,822
1,709
182,463
1,684
358,181
1,534
123,483
1,464
86,228
1,385
47,206
1,317
36,793
1,222
filed.
Adml»*
Rejec-
tions.
No bene-
fit
Total
number
of oases
ad)udl-
oatad.
1002
1908
19M
1906.
1906.
1907.
1908,
1909.
1910.
1911.
188,626
226,871
264,333
317,435
201,322
440,517
185,622
152,009
132,012
120,814
117,286
130,109
151,211
182,207
138,800
238,249
325,140
123,610
07,207
92,274
118,464
118,794
108,114
81,868
82,038
60,573
59,449
52,199
38,032
30,980
10,441
8,203
8,725
4,915
4,013
3,892
3,403
1,772
1,198
1,065
246,173
252,106
268,050
268,975
226,690
302,715
387,992
177,681
136,437
124,310
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BEPOBT OF THE O0MMI8SIONEB OF PENSIONS.
SPECIAIi ACTS.
Since 1861 there have been granted by special acts of Congress
35,987 pensions and increases of pensions, of which 22,323 are now on
the roll, with an annual face value of $6,61 1,357. Only a part of this
is properly chai^eable to special acts, as most of the beneficiaries had
been previously pensioned under the general laws at lower rates.
During the third session of the Sixty-first Congress 3,586 persons
were included in the special acts passed, at the rates specified in the
summary following:
Pensions granted by special act during the third session of the Sixty-first Congress,
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
Rates specified.
Number
granted.
S60
1
1
44
84
132
4
1,116
1
14
1,636
212
1
6
58
9
$14
1
$56
$12:: ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::
211
$50
$10
3
$40
$6 ;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
4
$36
Inoperative:
$35
3
$30
$36
8
$27
$30
20
$25
$24
16
$24
$20
8
$20
$lfi
1
$18
$12
3
$17
Total
$16
3,586
$15
Of the above, 235 were granted to persons not in receipt of pensions
and 3,361 to persons then receiving smaller pensions.
The annual value of said special-act pensions is $1,100,532, and the
annual increase in payment due to the same is $518,736.
The following statement shows the number of pensions and increases
of pensions granted by special acts during each Congress since March
4, 1861:
Number of pensions granted by special acts each Congress since March 4, 1861.
Congress.
Nomber.
Congress.
Number.
Thirty-seventh (1861-1863)
12
27
138
275
86
167
182
98
230
96
216
698
856
1,016
Fifty-first (1889-1891) '.
1,388
Thirty-eighth (1863-1866)
Fifty-second (1891-1883)
217
Thlrty-nifnth (1866-1887)
Fifty-third (1893-1896)
119
Fortte th ( 1867-1869)
Fifty-fourth (1896-1897)
378
Forty-flrat (1869-1871)
Fifty-fifth (1897-1899)
694
Forty-second (1871-1873)
Fifty-sixth (189^1901)
1,391
Forty-third (1873-1876)
Fifty-seventh (1901-1903)
2,171
Forty-fourth' (1876-187t)
Fifty-eighth (1903-1906)
3.355
Forty-fifth (1877-1879)
Fifty-ninth (1906-1907)
6,030
Forty-sixth (18T9-1 881 )
Sixtieth (1907-1909)
6,600
Forty-seventh (1881-1883)
Sixty-first (1909-1911)
9,649
Fortv-eiehth ^1883-1886'^ '
Total
Forty-ninth (1886-1887) '.!!...!!.!!.]
36,987
Fiftieth (1887-1880)
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BEPOBT OF THE OOMMIBSIOlfl^lSB OF FEKBIOKB.
173
CRIMINAIi PROSECUTIONS.
There were 59 new cases presented by the bureau to the Depart-
ment of Justice for prosecution on account of offenses against the
pension laws, and indictments were found in 57 cases.
There were 53 cases brought to trial during the year, in 51 of which
convictions were secured. Only 3 of these were cases against per-
sons who had rendered military or naval service. At the close of the
year there were 109 cases pending in the hands of United States
attorneys.
Two civil suits were instituted ; one was disposed of and a judgment
for the United States for $538.54 obtained, and one was dismissed by
reason of a heavy fine imposed upon the defendant in a criminal case.
There were four suits pending in the courts at the close of the year.
Money was recovered as follows: From civil suit, $538.54; from
refundments, $1,869.40; total, $2,407.94.
BOUNTY-liAND WARRANTS.
During the year three original bounty-land warrants were issued,
granting 480 acres of land. Service to give title to bounty land must
have been for at least 14 days, or in a battle, prior to March 3, 1855,
and if the Regular Army or Navy must have been in some war.
The following statement shows the total number of bounty-land
warrants of all classes issued by the bureau (including partial esti-
mate of those issued for service in the Revolutionary War) and the
number of acre&granted to June 30, 1911 :
Bounty-land vxvrranU issued to June SO, 1911.
Number.
Acres.
War of the Revolution
War oflSU, acts prior to 18G0
Act of 1847, Mexican War
Act of ISflO, War of 1812, Mexican and Inditui wars
Act of 1863, War of 1813, Mexican and Indian wars
Act of 1856, War of 1812, Mexican and Indian wars
Total
16,063
29,171
88,374
189,146
11,993
363,139
598,686
2,666,080
4,891,520
13,213,640
13,168,560
604,400
34,157,350
68,791,550
This bureau has no record of the warrants issued directly from the
General Land Office under special acts of Congress or of those issued
on account of the Virginia mihtary land grants satisfied by the United
States after the cession of the Northwestern Territory, and they are
not included in the above table.
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174
BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF FEN8I0K8.
SURVIVING OFFICERS OF THE CIVIIj WAR AND IiENGTH
OF SERVICE.
A report has recently been obtained from the pension agencies
showing the number of officers of the Civil War who are now on the
pension rolls.
OfficerB who served six mcmihs or more during the Civil TFor, with the rank of each.
Major general 2
Brigadier general 13
Colonel 173
Lieutenant colonel 423
Major 768
Captain 5,844
First lieutenant 7, 697
Second lieutenant 5, 834
Total 20,844
In addition to those above given, there are a number of surviving
officers of the Civil War on the pension roll who have been granted
pensions on account of disabilities contracted by them in service
prior to their promotion to the rank of a commissioned officer.
Under the general law, the pension is .granted as of the rank held
at the date of the incurrence of the disability. The number of such
officers now on the pension roll who are not included in the above
list can not be determined.
In an examination of several hundred thousand claims in this
bureau some years ago data was compiled as to the length of service
rendered by those who participated in the CivU War, from which
the average length of service of the surviving officers may be esti-
mated.
Estimate of the length of service rendered by the survivors of the Civil War now on the
pension roll.
Length of aervlce.
Four years or more
Three years and lees than fonr..
Two years and less than three . .
One year and less than two....
Six months and less than one
year
Percent^
0.042
.203
.221
.244
.203
Numher.
22,255
107,666
117, 105
129,292
107,566
Length of servloe.
Three months and less than six
months
Less than three months
Percent-
age.
0.6B4
.003
Total..
Nomber.
44,510
1,500
529,884
PAYMENTS OF PENSION WITHOUT A VOUCHER.
The act making appropriation for the payment of invahd and
other pensions of the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1912, and for other purposes, approved March 3, 1911, contains the
following provision:
The Gommiflsioner of PenflioDB Ib directed to formulate and embrace in his next
annual report a simplified plan for the payment of pensions whereby all preliminary
vouchers shall be abolished and the only vouchers required shall be attached to or a
part of the payment checks, and the commissioner shall further report what, if any,
changes in the law are necessary to carry such plan into effect.
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BBPOBT OF THE CX>MMI8SIONEB OF PENSIONS. 175
Since the passage of this act the methods employed in the pay-
ment of pensions have been given very careful consideration. As a
result of such consideration the plan outlined below is recommended.
This plan would, if carried into e£Fect; greatly simplify the methods
of paying pensions, result in the mailing of the pension checks on the
date upon which the pension falls due, eliminate the cost to the
pensioners in a large majority of cases of the execution of pension
vouchers, and decrease the work to a considerable extent in the
drawing and mailing of pension checks.
The plan reconunended and the changes in the laws necessary to
carry such plan into effect, together with tentative draft of a bill in
accordance with the suggestions offered, are herewith submitted:
Section 4764, Revised Statutes, provides that within 15 days
immediately preceding the 4th of March, June, September, and
December in each year the several agents for the payment of pen-
sions shall prepare a quarterly voucher for every person whose pen-
sion is payable at the agency, and transmit the same by mail directed
to the address of the pensioner named in such voucher, who, on or
before the 4th day of March, June, September, and December next
succeeding the date of such voucher, may execute and return the
same to the agency at which it was prepared and at which the pen-
sion of such person is due and payable. This section, so far as the
dates of payment are concerned, was modified by the act of March 3,
1891 (26 Stat. L., 1082), which authorized the Secretary of the
Interior to arrange the various agencies for the payment of pensions
into three groups, and provided that he might from time to time
change any agency from one group to another as he might deem
convenient for the transaction of the public business. This act
further provides that the first group shall make its quarterly pay-
ments of pension on January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4 of
each year; the second group shall make its quarterly payments of
pension on February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4 of each
year; and the third group shall make its payments of pension on
March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4 of each year.
I. The plan under consideration contemplates that the act of
March 3, 1891 (26 Stat. L., 1082), shall be amended to authorize
and empower the Secretary of the Interior to arrange the pensioners
instead of the various agencies for the payment of pensions into
three groups as he may think proper, and that he may from time
to time change any pensioner or class of pensioners from one group
to another as he may deem convenient for the transaction of the
public business; that the pensioners in the first group shall be paid
their quarterly pensions on January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4
of each year; the pensioners in the second group shall be paid their
quarterly pensions on February 4, May 4, August 4, and Novem-
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176 REPOBT OF THE OOMMI88IONEB OF PENSIONS.
ber 4; and the pensioners in the third group shall be paid their
quarterly pensions on March 4, June 4, September A, and December 4
of each year; and that the Secretary of tjie Interior shall be further
authorized and empowered to cause the payments of pension to be
made for the fractional parts of quarters which may be made neces-
sary by the transfer of a pensioner from one group to another. This
will so amend section 4764, Revised Statutes, that the pensioners
may be arranged in three equal groups, one group or one-third of the
pensioners to be paid each month. By having the pensioners instead
of the agencies arranged in three groups it will be practicable to place
small classes of pensioners all in one agency, regardless of the district
in which they reside, which will greatly simplify the rendition of
accounts and the auditing of the same by the Auditor of the Treasury
for the Interior Department.
As an illustration, reference is made to one class of pensioners —
widows of the War of 1812. There are 279 pensioners of this class.
These are divided among the 18 agencies, 4 of the agencies having
only 3 each, while the Knoxville agency has 85. It is necessary for
each of the agencies to render a separate account for this particular
class of pensioners. Were this act amended the entire number of
1,812 pensioners could be placed on one agency and accounted for in
1 account rather than in 18. No objection could be urged to placing
all of any class of pensioners on one agency on the ground of thereby
delaying payment to some of such pensioners, since under the pro-
posed plan of payment the checks of all would be issued and mailed
on the date the quarterly payment becomes due. A similar condition
to the 1812 pensioners exists as to survivors and widows of the Indian
wars. There are 1,387 survivors and 2,629 widows of the Indian
wars divided among the 18 agencies; and 1,639 survivors with
5,982 widows of the War with Mexico, also divided among the
18 agencies. As the law now exists it is necessary to place these pen-
sioners on the agency according to the district in which the pen-
sioner lives. With the law amended as suggested, the entire number
of survivors and widows of the Mexican War might be placed on one
agency, the survivors and widows of the Indian wars on another
agency, and the widows of the War of 1812 on another agency, each
separate class being accounted for by one agency only, instead of by
18 as now. In addition, pensioners are constantly changing their
post-office addresses. It is estimated that some 25,000 or 30,000
pensioners change their post-office addresses each quarter, a very
large number going from one agency district to another, thus ren-
dering necessary constant transfers from one agency to another.
The pensioners are also changing each month from one branch of the
soldiers' home in one agency district to another branch home in
another agency district; and each time such a change is made it is
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BBPOBT OP THE OOMMISSIONEE OF PENSIONS. 177
necessary to transfer the pensioner from one agency to another.
By authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to arrange the pensioners
into 3 groups, instead of the agencies, the necessity for the trans-
fer of the pensioners from one agency to another would be largely
overcome.
Another very important result could be secured by this change in
the law. It is necessary under the present statute to pay all the
pensioners on the rolls of one agency at the same time. By the
change su^ested authorizing the grouping of pensioners instead of
agencies, it would be possible to pay one-third of the pensioners on
the rolls of any one agency each month, having their quarterly pay-
ments falling due in different months. This could readily be done by
having the quarterly payment of one class of pensioners on each
agency paid their quarterly pensions on January 4, April 4, July 4,
and October 4 ; another class of pensioners on each agency could be
paid their quarterly pensions on February 4, May 4, August 4, and
November 4; another class could have their quarterly pensions paid
on March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4 of each yean
By this arrangement the work of each agency could be so adjusted
as to be evenly divided each month, making it possible to use the time
of the clerks to much better advantage, the result being a more
economical administration.
II. The plan further contemplates that section 4764, Kevised
Statutes, shall be so modified as to authorize the Secretary of the
Interior, in his discretion, to cause the payments of pension to be
made in the case of any pensioner as they become due, without
requiring the pensioner, or the payee of the pension or any part
thereof, to submit a voucher therefor, whenever in his judgment the
public interests and the convenience of the pensioner, or the payee
of the pension or any part thereof, may be promoted thereby. It
is essential to the success of the plan that the Secretary of the Interior
shall be authorized, in his discretion, to pay pensions without a
voucher in the case of any pensioner as they become due, as it is not
believed practicable to discontinue vouchers altogether. It is nec-
essary in the case of a pensioner laboring under a legal disability
to require a voucher or certificate from the guardian before making
payment therein, to show that the pensioner was living when the
pension became due. It is also doubtful whether this new plan
may be extended to include foreign pensioners, as this Government
has no jurisdiction over the delivery of mail to such pensioners. It
is likewise desirable to continue the present system of payment in
the cases of inmates of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer
Soldiers and Sailors, paying the pension to the treasurer of said home;
also in the case of inmates of the Government Hospital for the Insane;
11355"— INT 1911— VOL 1 12 ' r^^^^T^
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178 BEPOBT OF THE COMMI8SIONEB OF PENSIONS.
and it is believed to be necessary to require a youcher or certificate
from widows who are given an increase of pension on account of
minor children, to show that the minor children were alive when the
pension became due, the increase of pension on account of such minor
children of course terminating upon the death of the children. There
are also a number of other cases where vouchers might be desirable
such as where one-half of the pension is being paid to the deserted
wife of the pensioner, or the entire pension is being paid to the wife
where the pensioner is insane or imprisoned as punishment for
offenses against the law. The law in such cases authorizes the
payment of pension to the wife, she being a woman of good character
and dependent upon the pensioner for support. It is, however,
necessary before maiUng the check to have a voucher or certificate
showing that the pensioner was still alive on the date the pension
became due.
III. Section 4765, Revised Statutes, provides that upon the receipt
of a voucher properly executed and the identity of the pensioner being
established and proved in the manner prescribed by the Secretary of
the Interior, the agent for the payment of pensions shall inunediately
draw his check on the proper assistant treasurer or designated depos-
itary of the United States for the amount due such pensioner, payable
to his order, and transmit the same, by mail, directed to the address of
the pensioner entitled thereto. This section should be modified to
provide that all payments made as herein authorized shall be by check
on the proper assistant treasurer or designated depositary of the
United States, prepared in such form and manner as the Secretary of
the Interior may prescribe, and such check shall be transmitted by
mail to the last-known address of the payee. It is also essential to
the success of the plan under contemplation that the check shall be of
a special design, in some such form as follows:
No
Interior,
United States Pension Agency.
Washington, D. C,
(Date.)
Assistant Treasurer of the United States,
BaUimoret Md.
Pay dollars (I ) to the order of
a pensioner of the United
States by certificate No
U. 8, Pension Agent.
By
Clerk.
This will enable the pension agents to insert the name of the pensioner
on the face of the check, together with the certificate number, class,
and post-office address. For this purpose addressing machines, which
are now in use in many of the agencies, may be employed, a plate
being prepared for ea«h pensioner. The checks w^ J^ mailed in a
BBPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIOlSrEB 07 FEKBI0N6. 179
specially designed ''outlook" envelope in order to prevent errors in
mailing. It requires constant watchfulness on the part of the mailing
clerks to see that the check of a particular pensioner is inserted in the
collect envelope. By using the ''outlook" envelope all errors in the
mailing of checks will be avoided.
As pensions are due and payaUe quarterly, the death of any pen-
sioner terminates such pension from the date to which pajrment was
last made. The names of over 4,000 pensioners are dropped from the
rolls each month on account of death. Also the remarriage of any
pensioner who is on the roll as a widow or dependent mother termi-
nates her pension. It is necessary to provide against the payment of
checks drawn in the name of deceased pensioners or of pensioners
whose title has ceased, and it is therefore contemplated that some such
indorsement shall be printed on the back of the checks, as follows:
This check ib void in case the payee died, or lemanried if a widow, prior to the date
of iaflue.
It is payable only when personaUy indorsed in ink by the payee in ihe presence
of two responsible witnesses who shall certify to the identity of the payee with the
pensioner.
(Slgnatnre of payee.)
We certify that the above indorsement was made in our presence by the payee
who exhibited to us the certificate named in this check and is the identical person
named therein.
IV. In order to provide fiuiiher against the payment of checks
issued in the names of deceased pensioners or to widows or dependent
mothers who have remarried, the law should provide that postmas-
ters, delivery clerks, letter carriers, and all other postal employees be
prohibited ftx)m delivering any such mail to any person whomsoever
if the addressee has died or removed or, in the case of a widow, is
believed by the postal employee intrusted with the delivery of such
mail to have remarried, but shall return such mail to the proper office
with a statement showing the date of death or remarriage, or that the
addressee has removed, as the case may be. It should be further pro-
vided that the envelope in which the check is mailed shall contain
instructions thereon in accordance with this provision, and, further,
that the checkis returned as provided on account of the death or remar-
riage of the pensioner shall be canceled. It is believed that with such
a provision the delivery of mail in the case of a deceased pensioner or
in the case of a widow or dependent mother who has remarried can be
laigely prevented, especially with the further provision on the check
that such check is void if the payee has died, or remarried if a widow,
prior to the date of issue. If this plan shall be adopted, all pensioners
will be notified that their checks will be mailed to the last-known post-
office address, and that if there has been any change in such address
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180 BEPOBT OF THE GOMMISSIONEB OF PEKSIOKB.
the check will be returned to the pension agency and not be forwarded.
This will cause pensioners to notify the pension agent promptly of any
change of address in order that the check may be properly mailed.
It is found that the forwarding of pension checks from one post
office to another causes a great deal of delay, and frequently the letter
thus forwarded falls into the hands of some person of similar name
who is not entitled thereto. In a large number of instances checks
thus forwarded have been presented for payment by persons repre-
senting themselves as the payee of such checks. By having the cer-
tificate number on the face of the check, and by having two respon-
sible witnesses certify to the identity of the pensioner, it is believed
that the interests of the pensioner will be subserved and that fraud
in the indorsement of checks will be practically eliminated.
y. It is further necessary to provide for the cancellation of the
checks in order that the issuance of the check may not constitute a
disbursement and charge against the appropriation. Unless such
checks shall be canceled it will be necessary for the pension agent to
be given credit for the amount covered by them, which would neces-
sitate a large increase in the appropriation each year for the payment
of pensions, as the accounts would show the disbursements even
though such checks should never be presented for payment. By
having the checks canceled this increased disbursement nlay be
overcome, as all checks returned as provided may then be canceled
and the pension agent in submitting his account will debit himself
with all canceled checks, thus leaving the amount covered by such
checks to remain to his official credit with his designated depositaiy.
The cancellation of such checks will leave the amount of pension
unpaid from the date to which any (pensioner was last paid to the
date of death as ^ 'accrued pension." Under the act of March 2, 1895
(28 Stat. L., 964), the accrued pension due in the case of a person
pensioned on account of service or disability is payable, first, to his
widow; second, if there is no widow, to his child or children under the
age of 16 years at his death; third, in the case of a widow pensioner,
to her minor children under the age of 16 years at her death. In the
case of a person pensioned on account of service or disability, and in
the case of a person pensioned as the last surviving child, who was
such minor at the soldier's or sailor's death, and in the case of a
person pensioned as a dependent mother, father, sister, or brother,
the accrued pension, in so far as may be necessary, may be paid to
reinrburse the person who bears the expense of the last sickness and
burial, provided they do not leave sufficient assets to meet such
expense. As will be seen, the law now fully provides for the payment
of accrued pension, and no change in such law will be necessary. In
fact the cancellation of the check will in a great many cases simplify
the payment of the accrued pension. At present when an unindorsed
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BEPOBT OF THE 00MMI8SI0KER OF PENSIONS. 181
pension check is left by a pensioner on whose estate no administration
IS required, it is necessary for the widow or person entitled to the
proceeds of the check to file a claim therefor with the Auditor of the
Treasury for the Interior Department, and evidence must be filed
with this claim showing that the expenses of the pensioner's burial
have been paid. The widow or other person entitled to the accrued
pension must also file a separate claim for the unpaid pension not
covered by the check, with the Comnussioner of Pensions, and
support the same by proper evidence. The proposed plan will leave
the entire unpaid pension, including that covered by the canceled
check, as accrued pension, and payable as provided in the act of
March 2, 1896.
VI. It is also important to provide some means whereby the death
of pensioners or the remarriage of persons pensioned as widows or
dependent mothers shall be promptly reported to the proper office,
in order that the names may be dropped from the roll before the
pension for the current quarter shall become due, thus preventing
so far as possible the issuance of checks in such cases. It is therefore
recommended that the act shall contain further provision requiring
postmasters to report promptly to the office from which the pension
is paid the death of any pensioner or the remarriage, if a widow,
whenever such information comes to the knowledge of their offices,
and to give the date of death or remarriage if known. It is believed
that with the cooperation of the Post Office Department the plan as
outlined can be operated with entire safety to the Government as
well as added convenience to the pensioners. There are now some
900,000 pensioners on the roll, and each pensioner must execute a
voucher quarterly or four times during the year, the average cost to
the pensioners of executing such vouchers being estimated at 25 cents
each or 91 per year. In a great many cases and localities, especially
with widow pensioners, 50 to 75 cents is charged for the execution of
pension vouchers. It is true that in many cases clerks of courts are
required to execute vouchers free of expense to pensioners, but it is
believed that the average cost for the execution of each voucher will
not be far from 25 cents. This would mean a saving to the pensioners
of nearly $1,000,000 per annum.
VII. It is further reconuuended that provision shall be made to the
effect that whoever shall forge the indorsement of the person to
whose order any pension check is drawn, or whoever with the knowl-
edge that such indorsement is forged shall utter such check, or who-
ever by falsely personating such person shall receive from any person,
firm, corporation, or officer of the Government of the United States
the whole or any portion of the amount represented by such check
shall be fined not more than $1,000 and imprisoned not more than
five years; and, further, that provision be made to the effect that
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182 BSPOBT OF THE G0MMI8SI0NEB OF PENSIONS.
whoever having been granted a pension by the United States shall
enlist in the Aimy or Navy of the United States, or who having been
granted a pension as a widow or dependent mother, or who having
been granted renewal or continuance of widow's pension shall remarry,
or who having been granted a pension as dependent mother or father
has ceased to be dependent, shall knowingly receive payment of
pension for any period subsequent to the date of such enlistment,
marriage, or termination of pmod of dependence, shall be imprisoned
not more than five years and shall be fined not more than $1,000;
and that whoever having knowingly procured the allowance of a pen-
sion by fraud or by concealment of an essential fact, shall receive
from the United States any payment of pension to which he is not
entitled, shall be imprisoned not more than five years and fined not
more than 91,000. The plan as outlined provides four distinct means
for the prevention of fraud in the payment of pensions, as follows:
(a) Prevention of delivery of mail in case the pensioner hsa died or removed or if a
widow is believed to hav« remarried.
(b) Indorsement on the pension check that it is void in ctae the payee has died or
remarried if a widow prior to the date of iasue.
(c) The identification of the pensioner by having the certificate number on the face
of the check and the certificate of two identifying witnesses as to the identity of the
payee with the pensioner.
(d) Provision for the punishment of fraud.
It will, as heretofore stated, further reduce to a considerable ex-
tent the work involved in the payment of pensions. Each pension
agency is now authorized during quarterly payment to employ tem-
porary clerks for a period not to exceed 10 days. The number of
temporary clerks thus employed varies at the different agencies from
5 to 25. If the plan as outlined shall be approved, and the legisla-
tion necessary to carry it into effect enacted, it will no longer be neces-
sary to employ temporary clerks during quarterly payments, and
this expense will therefore be entirely eliminated. As the checks im-
der this plan will all be isbued and mailed on the 4th of the payment
month, the pensioners will receive payment at a much earlier date
than under the present system, a large number of the pensioners
receiving their checks on the 4th of the payment month, the exact date
when the pension is due. The adoption of this plan will also elimi-
nate the printing of about 4,000,000 vouchers each year. These
vouchers are printed at the Government Printing Office and for-
warded by mail to each of the pension agencies. They are prepared
at the agencies by inserting the name of the pensioner, the certificate
number, and the date of the certificate, and forwarded through the
mail to the pensioner, accompanied by a "return penalty" envelope.
The voucher is held by the pensioner until the expiration of the quar-
ter, when the same is executed and returned to the pension agent, by
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BBPOBT OF THB OOMMIBSIONEB OF PENSIONS, 188
mail, in the return penalty envelope. Upon the completion of the
quarterly payment all paid vouchers are forwarded by mail to the
Auditor for the Interior Department by the pension agents. It will
thus be seen that each voucher is carried through the mail four times.
The adoption of the plan as outlined will, as before stated, discon*
tinue the printing and mailing of the vouchers and render no longer
necessary the '^ return penalty" envelope now in use, which is also
carried through the mail free of charge.
Very careful consideration has also been given to the subject of
'^ voucher checks" — ^that is, of having a voucher attached to the check
as a coupon thereof, the same to be executed before a notary public
or other magistrate by the pensioner, and provision made that the
check will not be payable unless accompanied by the voucher at-
tached thereto. It is found, however, that in the execution of pen-
sion vouchers many errors occur. At some of the agencies it is neces-
saiy to return 10 per cent of the vouchers for correction before making
payment. It is believed that if a voucher check should be used in
the payment of pensions the many errors made by magistrates in the
execution thereof would result in bankers declining to pay such checks
upon presentation. It is probable that after the return of a few
checks for correction bankers would require all such checks to be
deposited for collection, and decline to make payment thereon until
satisfied that the check and voucher were acceptable to the Govern-
ment. This would cause a greater delay in the payment of pensions
than is the case under the present system. The check as heretofore
outlined is therefore considered superior to the "voucher check," as
the check, when indorsed by the pensioner as provided, with two iden-
tifying witnesses, becomes a negotiable instrument and will be readily
accepted by any banking institution. It is much more simple than
the voucher check, and there will be no trouble experienced in its
return for correction.
The following is a tentative draft of a bill to carry into effect the
recommendations above made:
SKcrnoN 1. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized
in the payment of pensions to arrange the pensioners in three groups
as he may think proper, and may from time to time change any pen-
sioner or class oi pensioners from one group to another as he may
deem convenient for the transaction of the public business.
^ The pensioners in the first group shall be paid their quarterhr pen-
sions on Januarv fourth, April fourth, July fourth, and October K)urth,
of each year; the pensioners in the second group shall be paid their
quarterly pensions on February fourth, May fourth, August fourth.
and November fourth of each year; the pensioners in the third
sroup shall be paid their quarterly pensions on March fourth, June
Fourth, September fourth, and December fourth of each year.
The Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorised to cause pay-
ments of pension to be made for the fractional parts of a quarter,
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184 BEPOBT OF THE 00MMI88I0NEB OF PENSIONS.
which may be made necessary by the transfer of a pensioner from one
group to another.
Sec. 2. The Secretary of the Interior is further authorized and em-
powered, in his discretion, to cause the payments of pension to be
made in the case of any pensioner as the}"- shall become due, without
requiring the pensioner, or the payee of the pension or any part tiiereof ,
to submit a voucher tnerefor, whenever In his judgment the public
interests and the convenience of the pensioner, or the payee of the
pension or any part thereof, may be promoted thereby.
Sec. 3. All payments made as herein authorized shall be made by
check drawn on the proper assistant treasurer or designated deposi-
tary of the United States, prepared in such form and manner as the
Secretary of the Interior may prescribe, and such check shall be trans-
mitted by mail to the last luiown address of the payee.
Sec. 4. Postmasters, delivery clerks, letter earners, and all other
postal employees are hereby prohibited from delivering any such
mail to any person whomsoever, if the addressee has died, or removed,
or in the case of a widow is believed by the postal employee intrustea
with the delivery of such mail to have remarried, but shall return
such mail to the proper office with a statement showing the date of
death or remarriage, if known, or that the addressee has removed,
as the case may be.
Sec. 5. The envelope in which tlie check is mailed shall contain
instructions thereon in accordance with the above provisions. The
checks returned as herein provided on account of the death or remar-
riage of the pensioner shall be canceled.
Sec. 6. Postmasters are hereby required to report promptly to the
office from which the pension is paid the death of any pensioner, or
the remarriage if a wiaow, whenever such information comes to the
knowledge of their offices, and to give the date of death, or remar^
riage, if known.
Sec. 7. Whoever shall forge the indorsement of the person to
whose order any pension check shall be drawn; or whoever with the
knowledge that such indorsement is forged shall utter such check; or
whoever by falsely personating such person shall receive from any
person, firm, corporation, or officer of the Govenunent of the United
States the whole or any portion of the amount represented by such
check, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars and impris-
oned not more than five years.
Wlioever having been granted a pension by the United States shall
enlist in tlie Army, Navv, or Marine Corps of the United States, or
who having been granted a pension as a widow or dependent mother,
or who having been granted renewal or continuance of widow's pen-
sion, shall marry, or who having been granted a pension as a depend-
ent mother or father has ceased to be dependent shall knowingly
receive payment of pension for any period subsequent to the date of
such enlistment, marriage, or termination of period of dependence,
shall be imprisoned not more than five years and shall be fined not
more than one thousand dollars.
Whoever having knowingly procured the allowance of a pension
by fraud, or by concealment or an essential fact, shall receive from
the United States any payment of pension to which he is not entitled,
shall be imprisoned not more than five years and fined not more than
one thousand dollars.
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BBPORT OF THE 00MMI8SI0NEB OF PENSIONS. 185
CARD INBEX OF RECORDS AND REMOVAL OF USELESS
PAPERS.
In my report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, I stated that
3,067,611 of the estimated 7,000,000 cards that would be required
for the card index of the records of this bureau had been written,
compared, arranged, and filed. During the fiscal year just closed
1,040,554 cards were written, compared, arranged, and filed, bringing
the total number of completed cards now m use in lieu of the old,
worn-out books to 4,108,165.
The carding of the old war and the Navy records has not progressed
as rapidly as the carding of the Army records. It is more difficult
to get complete records of sailors than of soldiers for the reason that
they were of ten. transferred from one ship to another, and the card
index will indicate the ships on which they served.
As stated in my last annual report, on the fourth floor of the build-
ing are stored all admitted claims. Nearly all of the space on this
floor is utilized, and more will be needed in the near future for admit-
ted and abandoned claims. An. estimate of the papers filed there
was made, with the result that it was found there were 910 long tons
weight occupying 27 rooms. Congress, at tlie request of the Secre-
tary, gave permission to take from the old cases the waste paper.
There have been removed from the cases and turned over to the con-
tractor 423,210 pounds, or more than 180 long tons of waste paper.
Eight rooms have been vacated.
The papers removed from these cases are calls for evidence which
have been returned with the evidence, orders for medical examina-
tion, printed and written instructions to examining surgeons, letters
of inquiry as to status, duplicate jackets, file slips, congressional and
attorney call-up slips, old envelopes, old canceled pension certificates,
powers of attorney and substitution, transfers, fee agreements which
have served their purpose, and credibility replies from postmasters.
The instructions are that no paper of present or future value for his-
torical purposes, or for any other purpose, shall be removed from
these cases; and I have every reason to believe that tlie instructions
are carefully carried out. Many misfiled papers are found and
returned to their proper places. As stated in my last report, tliis
work can be appreciated only by those who know the existing con-
ditions.
CHECKING THE PENSION ROLIi.
Last fall it became apparent from letters received in the bureau
and certain press articles that the impression obtained in some parts
of the country that the pension roll was honeycombed with fraud.
To settle the question beyond all controversy by determining whether
the pension roll was a roll of honor or otherwise, I obtained verbal
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186 BEPOBT OF THE COMKISSIONER OF PEK8I0HS.
permission from those in authority over me to check up the pension
roll. I mean by that, ascertaining whether every person drawing a
pension is the person entitled to it. The task is no small one, as the
bureau must first get the names and last-known post-office addresses
of the pensioners from the pension agents, and then field men must
go from pensioner to pensioner to learn whether the proper persons
are drawing pension.
This work was begun last December. The Washington agency roll
is practically completed and the examiners are now working on the
KnoxviUe roll. Up to this date 47,181 pensioners have been seen and
questioned as to their identity and their certificates examined. As a
result of this checking up 5 widows' names have been dropped from
the rolls for violation of the act of August 7, 1882, 1 on the ground
that she is not the legal widow of the soldier, and the names of 2
invalid pensioners because it was shown that they deserted from
former services and received bounties for reenlistment. There are
now under consideration with a view to dropping the names of 10
widow pensioners for violation of the act of August 7, 1882; 2 on the
ground that the pensioners are not the legal widows of the soldiers;
3 who have remarried and have continued to draw pension; 1 invalid
pensioner found to have been a deserter; and 2 invalid pensioners who
served in the Confederate service and enlisted in the Union Army
subsequent to January 1, 1865; making 18 more whose names will
probably have to be dropped, a total of 26 in all out of 47,181 . There
are a few other cases where doubt exists as to title which will have to
be specially examined to determine the facts.
The special examiners on this work have succeeded in causing the
arrest of two bogus special examiners, a^s well as in ascertaining the
names of two others, for whom a thorough search is now being made.
Up to date it has been found that 210 pensioners are dead whose
names had not been reported to the bureau. In none of these cases
had the pension been drawn.
A few irregularities in executing vouchers were discovered. A
large number of pension certificates with blank vouchers were found
in the hands of a pension attorney. While he declared that his pur-
pose in holding them was in the interest of the pensioners, it was
discovered that for executing vouchers his fee ranged from 50 cents
to S3 each.
It was decided to check up the rolls of tlie Washington and Knox-
viUe pension agencies and by the result to determine whether the rolls
of the other agencies should be looked into. I am of the opinion that
should Congress permit the payment of pensions direct by check,
further checking up of the agencies would not be necessary. The
safeguards to be thrown about the payments, as contemplated by the
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BBPOBT OF THE 0OMMI8S10NBB OF PENSIONS. 187
bureau, would make it very difficult for anyone not entitled to
pension to get possession of a check and to obtain the indorsements
required to secure payment thereon.
The special examiners employed upon this work hare paid particu-
lar attention to the marital relations of the pensioners and have
reported thereoU; and the data so obtained will assist greatly in dis^
posing of widows' daims when the same are filed. Whenever it has
been ascertained that a pensioner is known by any name other than
that under whidb pensioned a full investigation has been made to
prove Identity and age at enlistment, which will also be of benefit in
adjudicating claims which may hereafter be filed.
It may be added that the department commanders and the com-
manders of GraAd Army posts throughout the country, who heartily
approve of this work, have rendered valuable assistance to the special
examiners by giving in|ormation relative to pensioners.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR RECORDS.
There have been placed in flat files the papers in 59,8d0 claims
based upon service in the Revolutionary War. Approximately 20,000
claims in the rejected files and 2,507 bounty-land grants remain to be
disposed of. Tliere are 13 clerks employed on this work and on that
of writing letters giving the military history during the Revolutionary
War of the ancestors of those w^o now seek to join the Sons or the
Daughters of the Revolution or other historical societies connected
therewith. This correspondence is increasing rapidly and will soon
necessitate the assignment of more clerks to this section.
HISTORICAIi.
There are now no pensioners on account of the Revolutionary War
on the roll, the last pensioner of that war having died during the last
year. Mrs. Phoebe M. Palmeter, who was pensioned by a special act
of Congress as the daughter of Jonathan Wooley, who served in a New
Hampshire company, died at Brookfield, N. Y., April 25, 1911, aged
90 years. The last widow pensioner of that war was Esther S. Damon,
of Plymouth Union, Vt., who died November 11, 1906, aged 92 years.
The last survivor of the Revolution was Daniel F. Bakeman, who died
at Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., April 6, 1869, aged 109 years
6 months and 8 days.
The last surviving pensioned soldier of the War of 1812 was Hiram
Cronk, of Ava, N. Y., who died May 13, 1905, aged 105 years and 16
days. The names of 279 widows of the War of 1812 remained, on the
pension roll June 30, 1911.
Mrs. Brittannia W. Kennon, who died during the last year at
Tudor Place NW., in this city, probably drew a pension as a widow
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188 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMIBSIOKEB GF PEKSIONS.
longer than any other person. She was married to Beverley Kennon
by the pastor of Christ Church, Georgetown, D. C, December 8, 1842.
Her husband was a captain in the Navy, and was killed February 28,
1844, by the bursting of a cannon on the U. S. S. Princeton, two
members of the Cabinet of President Tyler having been killed at the
same time. She was granted a pension under the laws existing at that
time at the rate of $50 per month from the date her husband was
killed, and she received such pension from that time until her death,
January 27, 1911, a period of almost 67 years. She was a great-grand-
daughter of Martha Washington, wife of the first President of the
United States. She was bom January 28, 1815, and was 96 years of
age at the time of her death.
MISCEIiliANEOUS.
There were 1,512 claims for reimbursement for expenses of the last
sickness and burial of deceased pensioners pending at the beginning
of the year, 7,417 such claims were received during the year, and 72
which had been formerly disallowed were reopened, making a total
of 9,001. Of these, 5,808 were allowed, 1,166 disallowed, and 600
abandoned, leaving 1,427 pending at the close of the year.
The mail received during the year numbered 1,694,236 pieces, and
the outgoing mail aggregated 863,069 pieces, making a total of
2,557,305 pieces handled, an average of over 8,300 daily.
During the year 124,319 pension claims were adjudicated, of which
92,274 were admitted, 30,980 rejected, and 1,065 approved in which
no certificates were issued because they would not have benefited
the applicants. There were also 40 claims for military bounty-land
warrants adjudicated during the year, of which 3 were allowed and
37 rejected.
Out of 2,962 appeals decided by the department during the year
the bureau was reversed in only 187 cases, being 6.31 per cent of the
number disposed of.
Since the passage of the act of March 3, 1899, providing for the
division of pensions of resident pensioners of the United States who
desert their wives or minor children, or who are inmates of national or
State soldiers' and sailors' homes, 13,423 claims have been filed there-
under, 7,209 of which have been allowed and 5,987 rejected, leaving
227 pending.
During the year 147 pensioners were dropped from the roll for
various causes after due legal notice had been given. The pensions
of 20 persons were reduced, and reissues were made in 56 cases to
recover erroneous payments.
Most of the surgeons appointed to examine applicants for pension
or increase of pension are organized into boards of three members
each; byt it is sometimes necessary to have single surgeons or spe-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
KBPORT OF THB OOMMIS8IONEB OF PBNSIOKB. 189
cialists make examinations of claimants who can not go before a
board, or who reqtdre the attention of a specialist. On Jmie 30,
1911, there were 4,631 examining surgeons, and during the year
26,220 examinations were made at an expense of S206,768.33.
During the year 120,814 new applications for pension, or increase
of pension, were received in the bureau. There were also received
6,523 applications for accrued pension due at death of pensioners,
7,417 applications for reimbursement for the expenses of the last
sickness and burial of deceased pensioners, 713 applications for divi-
sion of pension, and 52 applications for military boimty-land warrants.
The ntunber of cases for special examination on hand July 1, 1910,
was 2,823, and the ntunber referred for such examination during the
year was 5,813, making a total of 8,636. Of these, 5,710 were dis-
posed of, leaving 2,926 on hand June 30, 1911. The average number
of special examiners in the field during the year was 121.
Very respectfully,
J. L. Davenport,
Ccmvnmsumer of Pensions,
The Secretary of the Interior.
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190
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BBPOBT OF THE C0MMIS8I0KEB OF PENSIONS.
191
2,090,776.06
787,431.05
111,123.67
52,919.57
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22,063
4,817
720
280
338
2,042
6,359
1,560
i
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192
BEFOBX OF THE COMMI8SIONEB OF FENSIOKS.
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BEPOBT OF THB 00MMI88I0NEB OF PENSIONS.
193
9
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194
BEPOBT OF THK GOMMISSIONEB OF PENSIONS.
§
1
60
1
T
W
3
s
I
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BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
195
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196
BEPOBX OF XHB OOMMI88IOITEB OF PENSIONS.
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BEPOBT OF THE 00MMIS8I0NEB OP PENSIONS.
197
Exhibit 6. — Number of pennonen in each State and Territory ^ each inmlar poesestion,
and each foreign country on the roll June 30 ^ 1911, and the amounts paid therein during
the fiscal year 1911,
State or Territory.
Number.
Alabama
Alaska
Ariaona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia. . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa ,
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massacbusetts
Michiiran
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampabire
New Jersey
New Mexico
NewYoric
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Amount.
3,648
83
838
10,667
29,531
9,138
11,201
2,555
8,241
4,747
3.38C
2,563
61,374
54,290
31.402
34,725
23,701
6.360
15,894
12.015
37,301
37,508
15,217
4.606
44,277
2.438
14,635
415
7,102
20,978
2,134
75,182
3,897
1,780
86,474
12,318
8,239
85,572
5,040
1,924
5,333
17,311
9,143
1,110
7,214
8,313
11,005
11,388
21,328
985
1596,445.74
15,466.02
139,171.26
1,642,605.50
5,067,136.23
1,619,447.75
1,872,539.05
454,244.10
1,471,994.53
815,836.77
543,352.41
438,664.66
10,833,222.56
10,281,779.61
5,696,518.38
6,160,168.06
4,157,678.90
1,024,613.60
2,946,461.42
2.132,611.17
6.271,153.27
6,803,461.80
2,663,654.03
724,961.82
7,875,111.93
404,917.85
2,507,084.41
09,970.12
1,324,358.53
3,490,412.71
891,671.60
13,172,308.83
654,072.49
333,067.17
15,638,286.83
2,179,264.47
1,360,963.81
14,646,640.04
849,318.43
302,562.44
1,055,579.05
3,190,810.87
1,504,851.68
190,883.54
1,413,376.88
1,489,553.80
1,821,604.85
2.044,688.65
3,845,894.64
165,667.09
Total
886.444
156,307.1.31.53
INSULAK POSSESSIONS.
Hawaii
so
• 60
30
2
14.858.40
Philippines
16,629.12
Porto Kioo
5,820.00
Panama
192.00
Total
178
37,499.52
Algeria
1
16
103
36
6
4
2
24
108.00
Arfr^tlna
2, 852. 50
Australia
18,364.90
Austria-Hungary
Afores
6,418.80
1,080.00
792.00
TlAh%TTTa* .
Barbados
216.00
Belgium
4,279.10
State or Territory. | Number.
Bermuda.
Bolivia
BraxU
British East Africa
British West Indk». . .
Bulgaria
Canada
Cape de Verde Islands.
Ceylon
Chile
China
Comoro Islands
Costa Rk»
Cuba
Danish West Indies
Denmark
Dominican Republic. . ,
Dutch West Indies
England
FIjiblMids!*
France.
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hongkong
India
Ireland
Isle of Man
Isle of Pines
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Korea
Liberia
Madeira
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
Newfoundland . . . .
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Portugal
Russia
Salvador
Samoa
Scotland
Seychelles Islands.
Slam
South Africa
Spain
St. Helena
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Tasmania
Tonga Islands
Turkey
Uruguay
Venezuela
Wales
Total.
6
1
4
1
3
1
2,712
1
2
12
18
1
4
60
2
51
2
6
486
3
1
70
632
8
3
1
2
3
17
462
3
2
61
7
34
1
7
1
2
189
10
4
16
2
77
34
1
14
5
18
1
1
80
1
1
11
3
1
1
81
68
2
2
ao
4
1
31
Amount.
11.044.00
180.00
698.00
144.00
298.00
148.40
483,599.60
96.00
504.00
2,268.00
3,200.40
120.00
517.60
10,606.80
324.00
9,092.30
241.00
948.10
86,650.80
330.00
?i,
-J, 549. 67
95,853.33
1,941.41
465.00
108.00
252.00
597.00
3,031.10
82,370.60
395.50
372.00
10,875.30
1,876.20
6,060.20
36.00
912.00
345.00
324.00
33,706.70
1,668.00
612.00
2,847.50
288.00
13,726.10
6,048.90
340.00
2,496.10
828.00
3,197.60
144.00
96.00
15,333.67
216.00
144.00
1,728.00
432.00
144.00
473.67
14,443.10
12,126.40
2,332.93
432.00
3,665.00
909.60
144.00
5,626.30
978,471.98
1 No payment.
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198
BBPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PENSIONS.
Exhibit 6. — Number ofpennoners in each State and Territory, eadi insular posBesnon^
and each foreign courUry on the roll June SO, 1911, and the amounts paid therein during
the fiscal year iPJfl—Continued.
SUMMARY.
Pensioners.
Payments.
Pcnskm^rR nffiidinir In Rtfttps and Territories and i>ftTTiMfitff to them
886,444
178
6,476
S156, 307, 131.53
87,409.62
Pensfonf^nf n>8idin? in for^im coimtrieB and iMtyinents to tbem
978, 471. jW
Total
892,098
157,323,108.08
2,067.32
Payments by Treasury Department (Treasury settlements)
Total payments on account of Army and Navy pensions for the fiscal year
157,325,100.36
Exhibit 7. — Statement showing, by classes, the different monthly rates paid to pensioners
under the general pension laws and the number at each rate on roll June SO, 1911,
Civil War.
War
of
1812.
Rate.
Regular
establish-
ment.
Act of
General law.
Act June 27,
1890.
Act of
X
1906.
War with
War with
Mexico.
Indian
ware.
i
1
1
Feb. 6,
1907.
^
"^
i
i
j
9
1.
a
1
1
i
00
i
1
1
OQ
i
82.00
2
2
5
11
3,837
1
8.00
::::i::::;: :::::::
:::::::::
1
4.00
1
6.00
:::::::::::::! ::::
6.00
667
1,074
10,146
6
6.26
7.00
1
9
5
1
606
7.60
14
1,960
1
39
4,114
40
8.00
4 1.933
38
1,063
&60
1 ...
'
9.00
9.60
1
1,369
3
10.00
1
1,691
2,622
10.60
1
11.00
3
2
15
1
11.26
24
11.60
2
1
,
11.76
1
2,207
1 ...
12.00
12.26
1,567
3,067
177,315
10,161
6
9
43
37
1
3
310 61,662
55,288
4,320
228,198
4,658 259
23
5,709
2,540
12.60
8
10
44
12.76
•
13.00
4
'
1
13.37i
1
t....
13.50
1
1
608
1
1
1
13.68
14.00
3 8,833
1
759
14.60
14.76
2
16.00
42
62
110,370
672
1
2
1,194
1
86
34
3
16.26
16.60
1
1
1
1
16.64
16.68
16.76
1
1
37
16.00
129
2,480
16.25
1
4
16.60
2
1
1
16.68
16.75
3
25,351
17.00
1.^
13
116
1,838
1,387
60
17.44)
17.60
6
1
17.76
17.86
1
18
18.00
208
\'.'.v.\y..\.\.
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BBPOBT OF THE COMinSSIONEB OF PENSIONS.
199
ExBDrr 7,-StatemerU showing, by classei, the different monihiy rates paid to pen»ioner$
under (he aeneral pennon lawi and the number at each rate on roll June 30, 1911 —
Gontinuea.
Civil War.
War
of
1812.
Rate.
Renilar
esSbUsh-
xnent.
Act of
Feb. 6.
1907.
General law.
Act June 37.
1800.
Act Of
T
look
War with
Spain.
War with
Mezloo.
Indian
waxB.
5
1
a
T.
«
i
a
i
a
i
1
1
1
i
i
S1&18
1
2
l&fiO
2
18
2
1&75
1
7
19.00
2
2
1
1
1
1
" ■
10.18
1
* 1
10.26
2
1
1
10.fiO
1
t
10.08
1
10.76
1
10.84i
1
72
1
6
3
i
1
00.00
177
00,007
2,070
1,764
108
73
,'•«
00.36
%•—
aaso
'
1
20.68
21.00
'i »
1
21.18
1
!
I" "
21.26
13
1
1
63
2
2
2
2
\
"'
**;*"!
21.60
21.08
1
22.00
1,453
1
48
3
22.60
2
21
22.08
...
22.04}
1
23.00
3
1
1
23.25
2
!
****!
"■
23.60
1
1
806
9
1
1
23.86
24.00
i
23,171
1
-«4
24.18
'!!"
24.86
<
I ' '
,"'
24.60
2
1,310
1
1
...
25.00
75
136
4
400
20r 35
25.26
25.60
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
25.60)
1
26.75
:::::::i::::::
26.00
1
1
1
26.36
1
.....
36.68
1
.
-..
26.60}
.
i;.::.
26.76
1
713
1 .
27.00
7t
i
6
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
7€0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
27.36
27.60
1. 2
1
1
28.00
28.60
! 1
38.68
1 * t
20.00
::::::::::::::""
1
1
30.18
30.36
.....
30.68
,
.....
aaoo
210
i 11.033
308
414
23
80.60
2
aaoo
Sl.OO
1
n.i8
31.26
8
. ....
31.60
32.00
2
33.18
1
.
33.36
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
32.60
2
33.00
2
33.60
33.86
34.00
1
■ 1
34.18
1
[
Digitize
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ile
200
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
Exhibit 7. — Statement thowingt by claeue, the different irumMy raU$ paid to penekmen
under ihe general peneian lavm and the number at eath rate en roll June 30, 1911 —
Continued.
ClviJ War.
War
of
1812.
Rate.
Reffular
establish-
ment.
Act of
Feb. 6,
1907.
General law.
Act June 27,
1890.
Act of
T
1908.
War with
Spain.
War with
Mexico.
Indian
wars.
1
1
2
1
2
3
6
. 2
2
1
1
1
2
i
i
5?^
1
?
a
i
?
d
?,
CO
?
09
1
$S4.25
84.44^
84.fiO
1
84.86
35.60
1
8&.68
86.00
2
3»
1
1
86.18
86.50
86.£0i
86.641
86.fi^
1
87.00
1
87.18
1
87. IM
1
1
8
2
1
2
87.8?
1
:::::::::::
87.50
Si 1
1
87.68
87.86
88.00
. t --
WV'X"
88.25
1
88.86
1
89.00
1
89.00)
i
156
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
40lOO
2,831
92
40l60
4a 641
4a 68
4a74i
41.00
41.68
1
41.78
42.00
42.094
1
42.68
1
43.50
1
2
1
44.00
44.04)
1
1
1
1
44.86^
1
44.60
1
45.00
3
1
j
I
45.50
1
83
.1
. .,
1
1
46.00
1,265
61
1 .
)
46.18
2
2
1
1
1
47.00
1
:::::::::::::
1
1
47.25
47.50
1
48.00
1
48.50
1
1
48.86
1
40.00
1
1
2
40.50
5a 00
78
1,006
62
1
5a 36
52.00
4
1
1
36
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58.641
64.00
55.00
1,414
32
55.36
57.50
58.00
50.00
1
2
,
6a 00
61.18
62.36
62.86
n.64^
Digitized by
Google
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
201
Exhibit 7, Statement thawing ^ by elaseeey the different monthly rates paid to pensioTiera
under the general peneion laws and the number at each rate on roll June SOf 1911 —
Continued.
CivU War.
War
of
1812.
Rate.
Reeular
estabUsh-
ment.
Actor
Feb. 6,
1907.
General law.
Act June 27,
1890.
Act of
1906.
War with
Spain.
War with
Mexico.
Indian
wars.
1
'3
i
1
>
?.
i
1
2
5
i
1
1
m
?
OQ
?
$72.00
64
1
2
fm
._..J.......
^48
72.68
•
::::::::::
8<X00
; 1
82.50
1
1
88^00
100 00
35
1
450
1
13
:::::.:::.
ioai8
106.00
1
1
96,837
... . .
1,424
5,709
Total.
13,566
3,766
366,830
310
67,060
SO, 991 '4, 358,228, 19822, 981 4,883, 259
ill 1
1,063J2,540
Exhibit 8. — Statement showing ^ by classes ^ the different monthly rates paid to pensioners
under special acts of Congress arid the number at each rate on the roll June 30, 1911.
Rate.
Recuiar |
eetabliflh- General law,
ment.
War with
Spain.
War
of
1812.
War with
Mexico.
Indian wars.
Inva-
Uda:
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Inva-
Ifdn.
Nurses.
Wid-
ows,
eta
Inva-
lids.
Wid-
ows,
etc.
Wid-
ows.
Sur-
vi-
vors.
Wid-
ows.
Sur-
vi-
vors.
Wid-
ows.
16.00
8.00
10.00
5
11
8
60
""'ss'
6
27
8
361
12
28
22
143
1
5
17
6
20
1
82*
15
2
2,016
2
1
30
12.00
12.50
120
2
15
244
3
87
14.00
4
3
10
9
3'
1
5
22
27
28
90
1
9
589
7
7,974
30
1
3
89
206
137
15 00
4
6'
1
14
1
268
16.00
17.00
2
1
17.50
18.00
1
13
4
26
1
1
38
6*
44
737
3
35
2
34
1
1
13
1
3
20.00
22.00
1
171
2
1
24.00
26
3
6
161
131
1
1
26
15
1
26.00
1
1
27.00
28.00
1
22
30.00
76
5,720
197
1
52
20
23
7
32.00
38.00. .
1
1
495
467
27
17
232
22
10
3
1
28
2
17
35.00
30
1
" "74'
12
i
1
6
36.00
2
!
11
1
1
40.00
2
11
1
46.00
46.00
3
13
1
50.00
57
13
56.00
'
00.00
1
'
65.00
67.00
72.00
2
2
5
1
1
i'
75.00
5
7
1
100.00
1
126.00
2
2Qg.^X
1
416.0n
1
^^'m***
Total..
201
423
16,226
96
3,850
402
224
20
216
273
304 89
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202
BEPOBT OF THE COMMI88IONBB OF FENSIOKS.
Exhibit 9. — Statement ahomrig the number of pensioners in each class under the general
pension laws and *^ special acts" of Congress ^ together with the annual value of each
on the roll at the close of the fiscal year ended June SO^ 1911.
Claaaes.
General laws.
Nnmber. Annual vahie.
Special acts.
Number. Annual value.
Invalids, regular establishment
Widows, etc., regular establishment. .
Invalids, act Feb. 6, 1907
Invalids, general law
Nurses
Widows, etc., general law ,
Invalids, act June 27, 1890 ,
Minors, etc., act June 27, 1890
Widows, act Apr. 19,1908
Invalids, War with Spain
Widows, etc.. War with Spain
Widows, 1812
Survivors, War with Mexico
Widows, War with Mexico
Survivora. Indian wars ,
Widows, Indian wars
13,556
3,750
856,830
96,837
310
67,060
59,991
4,358
228.198
22,981
4,883
259
1,424
5,709
1,083
2.540
82,243,375.70
655,404.00
61,901,105.00
25,82?i,281.50
44, 64a 00
10,163,772.00
8,428,821.00
790,066.00
33,067,792.00
2,761,755.60
764,386.00
37,296.00
330,372.00
822,096.00
103,968.00
266,760.00
201
423
161,904.00
163,804.00
16,226
96
3,850
6,272,327.00
15,672.00
7M,424.00
402
224
20
215
273
304
89
87.504.00
56,604.00
5,232.00
53.076.00
42,336.00
56.428.00
13,066.00
Total 869,775
148,222,880.80
22,323
6,611,357.00
Total number of pensioners 892,006
Total annual value $154,834,237.80
Averse annual value of each pension :
AU classes 173.56
Regular establishment 173.63
General law. Civil War 228.58
Act of June 27, 1890 143.26
War with Spain 128.47
Act of Feb. 6, 1907 173.4T
Survivors, Civil War 191.41
Act of Apr. 19,1908 144.00
Exhibit 10. — Certificates issued during the fiscal year ended June SOj 1911,
Classes.
S[f:
In-
crease.
Addi-
tional.
Reis-
sue.
Res-
tora-
tion.
Re-
newal.
Sup-
pla-
mental.
Total.
General law:
Army—
Invalids
29
7
771
1
12
6,174
2
74
35
4
3,031
227
92
14
15
859
17
10.126
Nurses
10
Widows, etc
13
395
4
8
1
13
1
1
1,493
Navy-
Invalids
133
Widows, etc
34
Old wars-
Invalids
1
Widows, etc
2
2
War of 1812— Widows
1
1,098
32
1
War with Spain—
Annv-
invalids
947
214
26
12
774
229
414
132
201
1,041
10
50
44
6
7
16
1
23
8
2
2
3,128
Widows, etc
Navy-
Invalids
281
68
Widows, etc
12
Regular establfafliment-
Army—
Invalids
674
12
161
7
213
10
16
17
34
4
21
2
31
27
2
2
1
11
12
2
31
•
1
1,406
Widows, etc
848
Navy-
Invalids
639
Widows, etc
141
Act of Jane 27, 1890:
Army—
invalids- .- r
51
18
3
2
6
10
64
68
1
5
67S
Mhiors.etc
1,174
Nayy-
Invallds
41
Minors, etc
68
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BBPOET OF THB OOMMISSIONEB OF PEKSIONB. 203
ExHiBir 10. — Coti^oatet x$9ued during theJUeal year ended June SO, 19tl — Oontinued.
ClaoBes.
S2f:
In-
oreasB.
Addl-
tkmal.
Rda-
sae.
Ree-
torap
tion.
Re-
nawBl.
Snp-
ple-
mental.
Total.
Art of Feb. «, 1907:
Apny-^CI^IWar
2,050
192
1
17,481
57S
1
206
21
114
82,846
1,290
18.096
40
3
128
10
58,101
N«¥y— Civil War
'561
4
1 »
2GU
Mflxfcwi Wa'
8
AotofApr.l9,190B:
Army widows
29
11
17,544
578
Navy widows
War with Mexloo, act 1887, etc.:
95
1
6
Widows
1 '
1
208
mdiaii wan:
116
Widows.
1
114
1
Total
26,519
42,767 17 1 22,155
215
1,490 178
02,336
Certificates issued each month during fiscal year.
July, 1910 6,512
August, 1910 r. . 6, 611
September, 1910 7,077
October, 1910 9,105
November, 1910 7,744
December, 1910 6,906
January, 1911 8,154
February, 1911 6,871
March, 1911 10,842
April, 1911 8,225
May, 1911 7,458
June, 1911 6,931
Total 92,336
Exhibit 11. — Classification of claims pending June 30, 1911,
CSvil War:
General law —
Ori^nal invalid 322
Reissue invalid 125
Increase invalid 4, 818
Orijg:inal widows 1, 262
Reissue widows 199
Increase widows 37
On^nal minora 151
Reissue minors 29
Increase minors 12
5,265
1,498
Original dependents.
192
39
Act of June 27, 1890—
Original invalid 255
Additional invalid 15
Increase invalid 1, 680
6,994
Original widows 744
Supplemental widows 3
Original minors 603
1,950
1,350
Act of Mar. 3, 1901 — Remarried widows
Actof Feb. 6, 1907—
Original 1,229
Reissue 628
Increase 6,099
3,300
631
7,866
Actof Apr. 19, 1908— Original widows 6,372
Digitized by
25.153
Google
204 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF PEKSI0K8.
Regular establishment:
Original invalid 2, 349
Increase invalid : 249
2,598
Original widows ^ 156
Original minors 0
Original dependents 120
276
2,874
War with iSpain:
Original invalid 6, 881
Increase invalid 821
7,702
Original widows 487
Original minors 32
Original dependents 165
684
8,386
Mexican War:
Survivors (act Jan. 29, 1887) 5
Survivors (act Feb. 6, 1907) 5
10
Widows (act Jan. 29, 1887) 179
189
Indian wars (acts July 27, 1892; June 27, 1902; and May 30, 1908):
Survivors 28
Widows 145
173
War of 1812: Original widow 1
Old wars:
Original invalid 2
Increase invalid 9
11
Original widows 6
17
Total 36,793
Agencies y dates of payment, and districts,
AUGUSTA, MB.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District, — ^The State of Maine. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Boston,
Mass.
BOSTON, MASS,
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — ^The States of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, and all
Navy pensioners residing in this and the Augusta and Ck>ncord districts.
BUFFALO, N. Y.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — ^The counties in the State of New York not in the New York City dis-
trict. All Navy pensioners in the State are paid at New York City.
CHICAGO, ILL.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — ^The State of Illinois, and all Navyjpensioners residing in this and the
Columbus, Des Moines, Detroit, Indianapolis, Louisville, MilwauKee, and Topeka
districts.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — ^The State of Ohio. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Chicago.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
BEPOBT OF THE 00MMIS8I0KEB OF PENSIONS. 205
CONGOBD, N. H.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
Dtstriet. — ^The States of New Hampshire and Vennont. Navy pensionen in this
district are paid at Boston.
DBS HOINES, IOWA.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District. — ^The States of Iowa and Nebraska. Navy pensLoners in this district are
paid at Chicago.
DETBOrr, MICH.
Quarterly payments March 4, Jime 4, September 4, and December 4.
District. — ^The State of Michigan. Navy pensioners in this district ai6 paid at
Chicago.
INDIANAPOUB, IND.
.yments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
le State of Indiana. Navy pen'inoners in this district are paid in Ghi-
KNOXVILLB, TENN.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — The States of Alabama^ Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana^ Mis^
sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. Navy pensioners in
tms district are paid at Washington, D. C.
LOUISVILLE, KT.
Quarterly payments February 4. May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — ^The State of Kentucky. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at
Chicago.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District.— The States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsm.
Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Chicago.
NEW YORK CrTY, N. T.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District. — ^The following counties in the State of New York: Albany, Clinton,
Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Essex, Greene, Kincs, Nassau, New York, Orange,
Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rocklana, Saratoga, Schenectady, Suf-
folk, Sullivan, Ulster, Warren, Washington, and Westchester. The following coun-
ties in the State of New Jersey: Beigen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon. Middlesex,
Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union, and Warren; all Navy pen-
sioners in the State of New York, and all pensioners residing in the island of rorto
Rico.
PHILADELPHIA, FA.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District.—The following counties in the Siate of Pennsylvania: Berks, Bradford,
Bucks, Carbon, Chester, Columbia, Dauphin, Delaware, Lackawanna, Lwicaster,
Lebanon, Lehi^, Luzerne, Monroe, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, North-
umberland, Philadelphia. Pike, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Wayne, Wyo-
ming, and York. The following coimties in the State of New Jersey: Atlantic, Bur-
lington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, Mercer, Ocean, and Salem,
and all Navy pensioners in the State of Pennsylvania.
P1TTSBT7B0H, PA,
Quarterly payments January 4, April 4, July 4, and October 4.
District.—The counties in tne State of Pennsylvania not in the Philadelphia dis-
trict. AU Navy pensioners in the State are paid at Philadelphia,
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206 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PENSIONS.
BAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
DiMrict, — ^The States of California, Idaho. Montana^ Nevada, Oregon^ Utah, Wash-
ington, and Wyoming; the Territories of Alaska, Arizona, and Hawaii; the Philip-
pines, Guam, and the Samoan Islands belonging to the United States; including
all Navy pensioners.
TOPBKA, KANS.
Quarterly payments February 4, May 4, August 4, and November 4.
District, — ^The States of Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, and the Terri-
tory of New Mexico. Navy pensioners in this district are paid at Chicago.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Quarterly payments March 4, June 4, September 4, and December 4.
Dittrict. — ^The States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Viicinia; the
District of Columbia; all pensioners residine in foreign coim tries, and all Navy pen-
sioners residing in this and the Enoxville districts.
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KEPORT OF THE C03IMISSI0NER OF TATENTS.
207
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Department op the Interior,
United States Patent Office,
Washington, D. C, October 20, 1911.
Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith the following report of the
business df the United States Patent Office for- the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1911:
Applications received dwring fiscal year ended June SO, 1911.
Applications for patents for inventions 65, 154
Applications for patents for designs 1, 315
Applications for reissues of patents 206
Applications for registration of trade-marks 6,857
Applications for registration of labels 879
Applications for registration of prints 266
Total applications^ 74, 677
Disclaimers 8
Appeals on the merits 1, 698
Total applications, disclaimers, and appeals 76,383
Applications awaiting action.
Applications awaiting action on the part of the office July 1, 1911 17, 809
Applications for patentSy including reissues, designs, trade-marks, labels, and prints.
Year ended June 30:
1902 51,258
1903 54,256
1904 55,468
1905 66,228
1906 68,881
Year ended June 30— Continued.
1907 66,795
1908 68,441
1909 73,026
1910 72,533
1911 74,677
Applications awaiting action on the part of the office.
Year ended June 30:
1902 11,042
1903 9,842
1904 13,069
1905 16,077
1906 21,958
Year ended June 30— Continued.
1907 13,634
1908 20,043
1909 17,153
1910 14,675
1911 17,809
Patents withheld and patents expired.
Letters patent withheld for nonpayment of final fees 7,098
Letters patent expired 22, 546
Applications allowed, awaiting payment of final fees 12, 926
11355'-iWT 1911— VQi, 1 14
Digitized by
G%lc
210 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Patents granted and trade-^marks^ labehy and prints registered.
Class.
1907
1906
1909
1910
1911
Letters patent. .
Design patents.
Reissue patents.
Trade-marks...
Labels
Prints
Total
33,644
529
165
8,798
660
34,003
748
151
6,135
636
279
721
162
4,547
779
331
86,287
629
142
4,342
176
59
33,513
777
138
3,791
576
181
44,121
41,952
40,772
41,635
38,976
Expenditures.
Expended.
Estimated r
liabilities.
TotaL
Salaries t
Sdentiflc libruy
Postage on foreign matter.
Stationery
Ice.
Telephones
Washing towels
Fnmiture, carpets, Unolenm, matting, and smidrles
Law library
Public use
PhotoUthocniphlng. paid contractor
Photograpnlc printuig. paid contractor
Printing old speciflcaoons, paid Public Printer
Printing and Binding:
Official Gazette and indexes
Specifications
Miscellaneous
International Convention for Protection of Industrial
Property
31,378,840.55
1,270.06
070.00
10,421.55
317.34
955.99
157.36
15,649.88
416.61
25.56
114,435.92
9,009.90
16,564.17
130,100.39
338,859.80
19,049.38
617.61
Total.
1,937,652.09
31,11417
13.16
18,222.44
$1,278, 84a 55
2,384.25
970.00
10,421.55
317.34
05&99
157.36
15,640.88
429.76
25.56
114,42Sl03
9,009.90
16,564.17
148,322.83
338,850.80
19,040.38
617.61
19,349.76
1,957,001.85
Receipts and expenditures.
Receipts from all eources - . $1, 987, 778. 58
Expenditures (including total in all appropriations) 1, 957, 001. 85
Surplus 30,776.73
Comparative statement of receipts and expenditures^ 1901 to 1910,
/
Year ended June 30—
tteoeipts.
Expenditures.
1902
31,491,538.85
1,591, 2SL 04
1,663,979.99
1,737,334.44
1,811,297.84
1.859,592.89
1.874,180.75
1.975,919.97
2,022,043.26
1,987,77a 58
31,329,924.63
1903
1,433,094.40
1,469,124.40
1904
1905
1,472,467.51
1906
1,538,149.40
1907
1,584,480.70
1906
1,606,202.01
1909
1,887,443.35
1,953,549.76
1910
1911
1,957,001.85
As specified in the foregoing statement, there were received in the
last fiscal year 65,154 applications for mechanical patents, 1,315 appli-
cations for designs, 206 applications for reissues, 6,857 applications for
trade-marks, 879 applications for labels, and 266 applications for
prints. There were 34,428 patents granted, including reissues and
designs, and 3,791 trade-marks, 576 labels, and 181 prints were
registered.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
REPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 211
The number of patents that expired was 22,546. The number of
allowed applications which were by operation of law forfeited for non-
payment of the final fees was 7,098. The total receipts of the office
were $1,987,778.58; the total expenditures were $1,957,001.86, and
the net surplus of receipts over expenditures was $30,776.73. The
total net surplus for all years of receipts over expenditures of all
kinds (including salaries of the fofce) is now $7,029,004.37. This
surplus covered into the Treasury represents the net earnings of the
bureau, and it has aU been paid by the inventors.
CONDITION OF WORK.
Tlie work of this bureau is at present in a very satisfactory condi-
tion and practically up to date in all its branches. Of course, the
work naturally falls into arrears during the period of the year from
July 1 to October 1, which is the time when the force is taking its
annual leaves of absence, but it is always brought up to date by
December 31 each year, and continues so until the next vacation
period comes around.
Congress has been fairly liberal in its appropriations for the Patent
Office by increasing its force and salaries and providing new positions,
and I have thus been able to bring about, during iny incumbency of
the office of commissioner, many needed reforms. I think I may
safely say that the bureau is in better condition than ever before as
regards the transaction of business and the salaries paid employees.
I wish to state here that I do not believe there is anywhere in the
Grovemment service a more competent, intelligent, hard working, or
efficient class of employees than can be found in the Patent Office.
The examining corps to-day is made up entirely of men who have been
graduated fyom various technical colleges and schools, and they possess
a very thorough foundation of knowledge when they enter the office
through the competitive examinations. With but a few exceptions,
they all take courses at some of the law colleges of Washington which
provide night sessions, with the result that in about four years of
service they become graduates and are admitted as members of the
bar, both in general and in patent law.
I regret to say, however, that although the salaries have been
materially increased in the past three years, I have been unable to
hold as great a percentage of this specially trained class of men as is
desirable to obtain the best possible aggregate efficiency. There is
still a certain percentage that separates from the service after a com-
paratively short period — generally when they have become most
valuable. This is on account of the low salaries as compared with
the inducements offered by the large corporations and established
law firms.
I have not, however, asked that the salaries of the examining corps
be again raised at this time.
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212 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
GAINS IN EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY.
I am glad to state that changes are constantly being made looking
to greater efficiency and economy in the service, and a great deal of
good along these lines has been accomplished during the past three
years.
Within the jBscal year just ended a change has been made in the
manner of printing certificates of trade-mark registration which has
resulted in the saving of between five and six thousand dollars
annually. This will be a continuous annual saving.
Plans are now under way to accomplish an economy in the method
o{ publishing and issuing the Official Gazette. At this time I am
able to say that a saving of between eighty and ninety thousand dol-
lars a year will be made possible, and these contemplated changes will
not detract from the efficiency of that publication as a work of refer-
ence, but will rather add to it in that respect. It will not be so bulky,
and in its more compact form will be appreciated by those who must
economize in shelf space, which is quite important, especially to those
in large cities where rents are high.
Certain changes have been formulated in the rules of practice
relating to the registration of trade-marks which, when they become
effective, will accomplish a considerable saving of time to examiners
in searching this enormous class of applications. At the present
time it is required that the examiners search through some 20,000
pending applications, which are in various stages of prosecution. It
is proposed to have the same rules apply to applications for the
registration of trade-marks as now apply to applications for patents;
that is, they must be amended within one year or the application
becomes abandoned. This will not cause forfeiture or undue hard-
ship, because applicants will still have the right to file new applica-
tions if deemed desirable.
LEGISIiATION.
From time to time I have made recommendations to the Congress
which were put into the forms of bills and referred to the Committees
on Patents, which if enacted into laws would very materially relieve
conditions in various directions in the Patent Office, and also result
in a great saving of time and money to inventors as well as reducing
the expenses of the office.
One important bUl has as its object the elimination of one of the
appeals within this office. Under the present law appeals he in ex
parte cases from the primary examiners to the board of examiners
in chief, thence to the commissioner (the first assistant conmiissioner,
or the assistant commissioner), and from his decision to the Court of
Appeals of the District of Columbia, and in interference cases the
course of appeals from decisions of the examiner of interferences is
the same, there being three appeals in each case, ^ t
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BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS. 213
The purpose of the proposed amendment to the statute is to shorten
the course of prosecution by the elimination of one of the appeals
within the office. This is designed to be accomplished by combining
the commissioner, first assistant commissioner^ assistant commis-
sioner; and examiners in chief into a single appellate tribunal, any
three of whom shall constitute a quorum, to which all appeals shall
lie, whether from a primary examiner or from the examiner of inter-
ferences, and from which appeals would he to the Court of Appeals
of the District of Columbia.
The present course of appeals is not well adapted to the volume of
business which the office is now called upon to handle, for the f oUowing
reasons:
It imposes on applicants an unnecessary amount of delay and
expense. The very purpose of the patent system is to place at the
service of the public at as early a date as practicable inventions as
they are made, and tmnecessary delays affect not only applicants
but all interested in the industries to which the inventions relate.
One appeal within the office, together with the appeal to the Court
of Appeals of the District of Colmtnbia, would seem to be ample,
especially in view of the fact that in a suit on a patent a single appeal
takes the case from the trial court to the court of appeals. The
elimination of one appeal would materially shorten the time required
for the ultimate disposal of appealed cases and effect a considerable
saving of expense to applicants.
Section 4910 provides for an appeal to the commissioner in person
from the board of examiners in chief. The work of the office and the
consequent number of appeals have increased to such an extent that
it has become difficult, and will soon be impossible, for the commis-
sioner to give to each case the amount of personal attention proper
to its disposal.
The board of examiners in chief as at present constituted consists
of three members, and no provision is made under the present law to
supply a temporary vacancy caused by the sickness or absence from
other cause of any of the members. The absence of one member
often results in an evenly divided board, with the consequent necessity
for a rehearing, and the absence of two members causes an entire
suspension of business. With the proposed appeUate board the
presence of a quorum of three would be practically assured at all
times, which has not been the case in numerous instances in the past,
owing to frequent absences of a member of the board on account of
periods of illness of greater or less duration and also by reason of
annual leave and other causes. The work of this tribunal has so
greatly increased during the last few years that it is almost impossible
for its members to give the thorough joint consideration to each case
which it deserves.
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214 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
The existing trade-mark law proyides for appeals from the examiner
of trade-marks and from the examiner of interferences in trade-mark
cases directly to the commissioner (first assistant, or assistant com-
missioner). From these tribunals appeal lies to the Court of Appeals
of the District of Columbia, as in patent cases. The amendment sub-
mitted merely substitutes the proposed board of appeals for the
commissioner as the appellate tribunal of the office in cases relating
to trade-marks, making the course of appeals in this class of cases
conform to the course of appeals recommended above in cases involv-
ing applications for patents.
These changes in the coiu^e of appeals would not only have the
effect of expediting the prosecution of appUcations on appeal, but the
elimination of an appeal would be a saving to the inventors of one
appeal fee, the attorneys' fees, and other expenses incident thereto.
Furthermore, having but one appeal within the office in lieu of two
would result in giving greater stability to the decisions of the office
tribunals, and would also obviate any want of comity that has at
times existed in the past between the decisions of the Commissioner
of Patents and the assistant commissioner. These proposed changes
in the law in no wise affect the present legal status of the Commis-
sioner of Patents, the first assistant commissioner, the assistant
commissioner, or the examiners in chief.
Bills embracing the substance of this recommendation were intro-
duced by Senator Smoot and were passed by the Senate. No action,
however, was taken upon these bills in the House. I most earnestly
recommend that the attention of Congress be again directed to this
matter and that the passage of such bills be urged, in view of the
following facts:
It is the practically imanimous opinion of inventors and manufac-
turers throughout the country that one appeal should be eliminated
in the Patent Office in order to save the great cost and loss of time
now involved in obtaining a final adjudication and consequent grant
of patent.
That no general protest has been lodged and no effective arguments
have been made against the passage of the bill.
Scientific journals have favorably commented upon this measure
by editorials and otherwise and offered no protest or objection.
That a great amount of time and labor would be saved to the tri-
bunals of the Patent Office. Under tlie present system the work is
done twice to no good effect.
This is an important part of the plan to expedite business and to
grant patents to inventors within a reasonable time, which they have
demanded and to which they are entitled.
I desire also to recommend the passage of certain bills introduced
in Congress and referred to in my report to Congress dated December
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BEFOBT OF TH£ COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 215
31, 1908. In my report I pointed out the importance and necessity
for these proposed amendments to the patent laws. The most
important deals with the safeguarding of appUcations from possible
mutilation or fraudulent amendment during their pendency in the
Patent Office, and with increasing the certainty of examinations of
applications. The others comprise merely verbal changes in sections
4917 and 4893 of the Revised Statutes, in the interest of accuracy
and clearness.
The first provides for the amendment of section 4889 of the Re-
vised Statutes. Certain changes in phraseology of the statutes are
provided by the bill; but the really essential provision is that there
shall be required to be filed with an application for patent, in addi-
tion to the drawing, two photographic copies of such drawing. This
imposes upon every applicant for patent an additional statutory
requirement, to wit, to file with each application of which a signed and
attested drawing forms part two photographic copies of such signed
and attested drawing.
The purposes of this requirement are (1) to guard against and
enable the detection of unauthorized changes in the original drawing
or abstraction of such drawing and substitution of another; (2) to
lessen the danger of serious mistakes on the part of the office in failing
to detect interferences between copending applications for the same
invention.
It is proposed to accomplish the first purpose by causing to be
filed in secret archives, in charge of the chief draftsmen, one of these
photographic copies, which may serve as a permanent standard of
comparison with the pen-and-ink drawing from which the copies that
form a part of the patent are taken. At present the drawing may be
sent to the attorney's room upon request of any one appearing of
record as having an interest in the application, or it may be changed
or abstracted and replaced by any corrupt employee of the Patent
Office, leaving no evidence, or at best negative indications, that any
unauthorized changes have been made. An illuminative example of
what imauthorized changes may be made is found in the caae of the
Heany patent. No. 872,936, where no drawing was filed originally with
the application, but one was filed subsequently, which was later
abstracted and replaced by another of entirely different character,
the last drawing being the one which now forms a part of the patent.
If at the time the Heany application was filed all apnlicants had been
required to file a photographic reproduction of the drawing, the
changes could hardly have been made without detection, except by
the collusion of two or more persons, and with great difficulty.
It is proposed to accomplish the second purpose by retaining the
second photographic copy of the drawing in the file wrapper and send-
ing it with the file to the attorneys' room, upon order, or to any other
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216 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
division or any tribunal of the Patent Office, when required, leaving
the original drawing in the examining division, where the applicar
tion is classified for examination; or, if for any reason it should be-
come necessary to send the original drawing out of the examining
division, the photographic copy could be retained therein, where it
would be discovered in interference searches. Under the present
procedure, both drawing and file wrapper are sent out of the division
on attorneys' orders, also when they are placed in interference or
are appealed; and the drawing is frequently sent out on orders of
the official draftsman or the chief of the copy and manuscript divi-
sion for extended periods, amounting in interference proceedings to
years. While, the drawing is out of the examining division inter-
ferences between the application of which it forms a part and other
subsequently filed applications may be overlooked, as the interfer-
ence search is made by means of the drawing. The memory of the
examiner can not always be relied upon to recall interfering applicsr
tions, especially as the personnel of the force changes continually.
The size of the sheets upon which the proposed photographic copies
shall be made, their character and disposition, may be left to the
discretion of the Commissioner of Patents, who may prescribe, sub-
ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, all proper re-
quirements by rule under the authority of section 483 of the Revised
Statutes.
It is very clear that it is desirable for applicants filing applications
for patent to accompany the same with photographic copies of the
drawings. This has been the opinion of my predecessors in office.
Commissioner Butterworth issued an order to this effect, but subse-
quently revoked it because he was convinced that he could not
legally enforce that order without statutory authority. The recent
developments in the Patent Office in regard to the tampering with
patent records make it essential that the statute be amended as
requested, so as to give statutory authority to the requirement for
the photographic copies. It may be said, however, that this is the
first time that the records of the Patent Office have been tampered
with during its history, covering a period of 121 years, and it is the
only patent so tampered with in more than 1,000,000 patents which
have been granted by the United States to date.
The other two bills provide for slight amendments to sections 4893
and 4917, Revised Statutes, to which they apply, respectively.
These amendments change only the word "claimant" in section
4893 to read "appUcant," and the word "claimant" in section 4917
to read "patentee."
The word "claimant" is not, in my opinion, the proper word to use
in these statutes. In all other statutes relating to patents the inventor
18 formally referred to as an " applicant" or as a "patentee." These
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BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIOKEB OF PATENTS. 2 17
two statutes are the only ones using the word "claimant." These
amendments, therefore, will bring these statutes into conformity
with the other statutes relating to patents.
The application for a patent isnot a claim against the Grovemment,
and the attorney in a patent case is not prosecuting a claim against
the Government. The patent, on the contrary, is in the nature of a
contract and is so construed by the authorities on the subject and
by the courts. The inventor having created something new, offers
by his application to fully disclose his invention at once and to give it
to the public at the end of 17 years, provided the United States will
allow him to have the exclusive possession thereof in the meantime.
In granting a patent for an invention the Government is not parting
with anyUiing possessed by the public prior to appUcant's disclosure.
If the inventor chooses not to disclose his invention, but to practice
it in secret, the public is the loser. In payment for the invention
the inventor obtains the right to bring suit in the Federal courts
against infringers during a period of 17 years.
I also respectfully recommend the passage of the bill prepared by
me and introduced and referred to the Patent Committee of each
House of Congress in the Sixty-first Congress, and reintroduced by
Mr. Oldfield, chairman of the Patent Committee, requiring that an
application for patent shall be prosecuted within six months after
any action by the Patent Office. The present period within which
the applicant is allowed to amend is one year, and under the existing
practice there have been many instances of cases being amended just
within the one-year limit, in order to keep them alive, they thus
serving as dragnets in many cases to catch inventions along similar
lines which may be subsequently appUed for, thereby involving
inventors in expensive interference proceedings. It has been the
effort of the office to get the old cases out of the office whenever
possible consistent with good work. The office has been severely
criticized recently, especially in the last year or two, for allowing
applications, particularly those owned by corporations, to rest in
the office for such long periods as to really have the effect of extend-
ing the patent period in case such apphcations are later passed to
issue. Instructions have been repeatedly given to the examining
corps to, as far as possible, get rid of all such cases as are delayed
apparently by the applicant or his attorney. Had this bill passed
it would have almost entirely overcome that criticism.
Full hearings were given on all these bills by the Patent Com-
mittees of the Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses and these bills
were prepared by the office and their passage strongly urged for
fully three years by the present administration of the office. The
bill for shortening the period during which amendments may be
filed and the bill eliminating the appeal within the Patent Office
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218 BBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
were strongly opposed before the Patent Committee by certain
members of the patent bar of Washington and a few attorneys not
members of that association. Despite this opposition, however, the
bills were favorably reported by the committees, but were not reached
on the calendar. These bills have since been reintroduced by the
chairman of the House Committee on Patents, Representative Old-
field, of Arkansas, who was a minority member of the former Patent
Committee, and it is hoped that these measures will all be enacted
into laws at the coining session of Congress. I trust you will see
yoiu* way clear to lend your favorable support to this desired result.
These bills, which are now pending in tiie Committee on Patents
of the House, are H. R. 7609, providing for the elimination of one of
the appeals within the Patent OflSice; H. R. 7711, requiring the filing
of photographic copies of drawings accompanying applications for
patents; H. R. 7710, authorizing the commissioner to issue certifi-
cates of correction; and H. R. 8388, requiring that applications shall
be completed and prepared for examination within six months after
the filing of the application.
In connection with the bill for the elimination of one of the appeals
within the office, and to illustrate the heavy appeal docket, the fol-
lowing table is furnished:
Appeals) fiscal year 1911,
Number of interferences declared during the year 1, 537
Decisions of the examiner of interferences on priority in interference cases 298
Appeals to examiners in chief in interference cases 171
Ex parte appeals to examinezs in chief 931
1, 102
Appeals to commissioner in interference cases 151
Appeals to commissioner in opposition cases 21
Appeals to commissioner in cancellation cases 6
Ex parte appeals to commissioner 168
Interlocutory appeals to commissioner 225
Ex parte appeals in trade-mark cases 79
650
Petitions to commissioner 2, 262
2,912
Appeals to Court of Appeals, District of Columbia:
Ex parte cases 21
Interference cases 37
Opposition cases 6
Cancellation cases 1
65
THE CASE OF EVERDING, BARTON, AND HEANY.
In the fall of 1907 my suspicions were aroused as to probable irregu-
larities in Patent No. 872936, and also as to several applications for
patent pending in the name of John Allen Heany^ of York, Pa., for
improvements in tungsten lamps.
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BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 219
I personally conducted for some three weeks the investigation as
to these matters. I appointed a board consisting of Examiner-in-
Chief Frank C. Skinner^ £xaminer-in-Chief Levin H. Campbell, and
Examiner of Classification Eugene D. Sewall, the sessions being held
and all the witnesses examined in my private office.
These inquiries resulted in placing the evidence in the hands of the
United States district attorney for the District of Columbia, and the
same were by him presented to the grand jury, who, at the January
term, 1908, returned indictments against Henry E. Everding, a
patent attorney of Philadelphia, Ned W. Barton, an assistant exam-
iner in the Patent Office, and John Allen Heany, inventor, of York,
Pa., for forgery and violation of sections 6403 and 6440 of the Revised
Statutes, based upon the destruction of certain papers forming parts
of original applications for patents filed in the Patent Office by said
Heany and the substitution therefor of forged and fraudulent papers.
The case came on for trial in the fall of 1908. Barton pleaded guilty
and was immediately sentenced to the penitentiary. Everding and
Heany stood trial, with the result that in a verdict rendered by the
jury December 24, 1908, Everding was convicted and Heany acquit-
ted. Both Everding and Barton served their terms in the peniten-
tiary. The Government was represented at the trial of the criminal
case by United States Attorney D. W. Baker, assisted by Jesse C.
Adkins and then Principal Examiner F. C. Skinner, the latter two
being appointed by the Attorney General at my request to represent
the Patent Office.
After the termination of the criminal trial, I then issued an order
against John Allen Heany, the alleged inventor, to show cause why
certain interferences in which his applications were involved should
not be dissolved and his applications included therein and also certain
other applications also tainted with fraud should not be stricken from
the files and treated as a nullity.
At that time being under appointment by the President as expert
attache to the United States delegation to the Fourth International
Conference of American States at Buenos Aires, 1910, and also subse-
quently and during the period of these later hearings occupying the
position, by appointment of the President, as chairman of the Ameri-
can delegation to the conference of Washington of the International
Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, which conference
was wholly placed in my charge by the Secretary of State, and as my
whole time was occupied with these and other important duties, I
assigned the further investigation and the hearings and determination
of the questions which would result from my order to Heany to show
cause to First Assistant Commissioner Cornelius C. Billings.
This investigation was begun in the summer of 1910 and was car-
ried on for a period of several months, and a great many witnesses
were examined. During these hearings the Goven^^t(^was repr>'a-
220 REPOBT OP THE C0MMI8SI0NEB OF PATENTS.
sented by Mr. Jesse C. Adkins, who was continued specially in the
case at my request by the Attorney General, and also by Mr. Webster
S. Ruckman, chief law clerk of the Patent Office.
The investigation was very thorough and complete, and the conclu-
sions arrived at by Mr. Billings are set forth in a very able decision,
which will be found published in the Official Patent Office Gazette of
the issue of October 24, 1911. The interferences in which the said
Heany applications were involved were dissolved and patents to
Heany were refused on the ground of fraud.
The conclusions reached by Mr. Billings and expressed in his decis-
ion meet my full and unqualified approval, and I wish also to express
my appreciation of the very valuable assistance rendered by Messrs.
Skinner, Campbell, and Sewall in detecting and bringing to the surface
the very craftily disguised fraudulent sheets and inserted matter in
these cases.
I also wish to certify in this report to the very able assistance given
by Messrs. Adkins and Ruckman to Mr. Billings in the further inves-
tigation and decision reached in the subsequent case noted.
The department and the Patent Office are to be congratulated at
the very satisfactory termination of the criminal case and the office
investigations as well. As I stated in my previous report, and also to
the press, that this is the only case of its kind that has ever occurred
in the Patent Office during the 117 years of its history, a very won-
derful record for a bureau, especiaUy in view of the fact that there
are so many possible temptations by reason of the great interests
passed upon therein.
THE PATENT BAR.
I desire also to be permitted to invite your attention to the
necessity for legislation which would result in the establishment of
a patent bar. It is strongly urged that a law be enacted which will
provide that before an individual shall be permitted to practice
before the United States Patent Office he be required to pass an
examination as to his moral, legal, and technical qualifications; that
a committee be appointed by the Commissioner of Patents, composed
of officials in the Patent Office and patent attorneys of well-known
standing in the profession, who shall conduct the examination under
the commissioner's supervision, the report of such committee to be
subject to his approval.
Authority should be given by such legislation to an appropriate
committee to regulate the advertising by attorneys practicing before
the Patent Office, and also from time to time to pass upon all com-
plaints of improper advertising and other matters wliich are con-
sidered outside of professional ethics. Such a bill was drafted and
submitted to your predecessor, but apparently overlooked and was
not forwarded to Congress. A redraft will be prepared and pre-
sented for your approval in a short time. ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Google
BSPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 221
CHANGES IN THE TRADE-MARK LAW AND REORGANI-
ZATION OF THE TRADE-MARK DIVISION.
A slight amendment was submitted by me to the trade-mark law
of 1905, passed by Congress, and approved during the fuial session
of the Sixty-first Congress. This change permits the registration of
a technical trade-mark, although it forms a part of the name of the
appUcant.
Looking to the reorganization of the Trade-Mark Division, I
recommended to Congress in my last report that a competent force
of assistant examiners of trade-marks be provided. Appropriation
was made for six examiners of trade-marks and designs at $1,500
each, strikinfy out four of the higher grades, which I trust will be
restored at the next session of the Sixty-second Congress. I have
made recommendation therefor.
SCIENTIFIC lilBRART.
I have also in mind the thorough reorganization of the scientific
library in this bureau. That branch is of very great importance to
inventors and the office, the number of volumes having reached
between 40,000 and 50,000, all scientific works, wliich are constantly
searched by interested people and the examining corps in the con-
duct of their work of examining applications for patents. It is my
desire to thoroughly digest that whole subject matter, so that it will
be readily accessible and will be a saving of much time and expense.
I deem it quite necessary that an additional translator should be
provided, as the present translator is compelled to do much translating
for the various bureaus of this department, and in view of the great
number of patents that are received in the scientific library from all
parts of the world, and as all governments exchange patents, it is
quite necessary that competent translators should be provided who
are familiar with five or six languages at least. The present translator
is familiar with 10 languages and has a working knowledge of half a
dozen in addition.
Of course the number of foreign publications and patents increase
each year, as a great many nations other than the larger countries,
who have had patent systems for many years, are inaugurating them,
and we are now receiving patents printed in many languages. It is
highly important that assistant translators be provided who can
translate these numerous languages in order that the patents may
be at once classified and sent to the various examining divisions to be
used as references in the examination of applications for patents.
Translations are made for inventors and others, and the office receipts
therefor would pay the salaries of this force.
An addition of five assistant examiners has been asked of Congress
to assist the librarian in speedily digesting the library mateqal. It
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222 REPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOKER OF PATENTS.
is quito necessary that we should have men who possess technical
quaUfications and knowledge to some degree of languages, as many
of the works are in foreign tongues.
Since Congress allowed me a force for the purpose of bringing up
the work of classification of United States patents^ the extent of the
work accompUshed has been the classification of about half of the
more than 1,000,000 United States patents. The very slight increase
requested for the library will be siifficient to begin the classification
of foreign patents and scientific works as above indicated. When
this work is finished there will be an immense saving of time and
money in the work of examining patents, and the patents when
issued will have been more thoroughly searched and will of course
have a greater degree of validity attached to them, which is a con-
dition very desirable to be brought about in order to materiaUy
reduce the expenses of possible litigation to the patentee after the
patent issues. It will not be necessary to so constantly apply to
Congress for increases to the force of high-salaried examiners, as the
field of search will be enormously lessened.
INTERNATIONAIi CONFERENCES AND TREATIES.
The Fourth International Conference of American States was held
in Buenos Aires in the summer of 1910. . The United States delegare
tion to this conference consisted of ex-Ambassador Henry White;
Judge Advocate Gen. Enoch H. Crowder; Prof. John Bassett Moore,
of Columbia University, New York; Lewis Nixon, Esq.; Prof. Ber-
nard Moses, of the University of California; Lamar C, Quintero, Esq. ;
Prof. Paul H. Reinsch, University of Wisconsin; and Prof. David
Kinley, of the University of Illinois, and to which I had the honor to
be appointed by the President as expert attachfi.
Two conventions relating to patents and trade-marks and one
relating to copyrights were prepared by me, and after thorough and
protracted discussions by the committees and the conference they
were finally adopted. These three conventions have all been ap-
proved by the United States Senate and ratified and are now await-
ing ratification by the 20 Latin-American nations, several of whom
I am informed have ratified them, and the others have the conventions
still under consideration.
The register of copyrights, Mr. Solberg, and the Librarian of
Congress, Mr. Putnam, pronounced the convention relating to copy-
rights one of the best ever formulated, and it is expected to be of
great benefit to all the signatory countries when ratified.
The conventions relating to patents and trade-marks were made to
harmonize with the provisions of the International Convention of
Paris of 1883, and the subsequent amendments thereto, and also to
the laws of the United States, so that when these shall have been
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BBPOBT OF THE GOMMISSIONEE OF PATENTS. 228
ratified the nations of the world will be in harmony as to these sub-
jects. These conventions are of the greatest benefit to and are
strictly in the interest of the manufacturers, inventors, and authors
of the United States.
THE CONFERENCE AT WASHINGTON.
The International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property
met in conference at Washington May 15, 1911, and held daily
sessions imtil June 2, 1911. This union was first organized in Paris
in 1883, under what is known as the Convention of Paris, which
provided, among other things, for the establishment of an interna-
tional bureau to be located at Berne, Switzerland. The bureau is
a clearing house for patents and trade-marks and matters pertain-
ing to them, in which are interested all the nations which adhered
to the original convention. At the present time there are 25 adher-
ing nations, each nation contributing to the support of the bureau.
At the congress of Brussels in 1897, an invitation was extended
by President McKinley to the union to hold its next conference at
Washington, the date to be fixed later. The conference of Brussels
accepted the invitation, subject to the approval of the respective
governments, which was subsequently obtained, and the date fixed
for May, 1910. Owing to the inability, however, of some of the
nations to prepare for a conference at that time, the date was even-
tually set forward one year. For the expenses of entertainment
of this important conference Congress made two- appropriations of
$10,000 each, and the President appointed as delegates on behalf
of the United States Edward B, Moore, Commissioner of Patents,
chairman; Frederick P. Fish, of Boston; Robert H. Parkinson, of
Chicago; Melville Church, of Washington, D. C, and Charles H.
Duell, of New York, ex-Commissioner of Patents and former justice
of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. Mamice M.
Moore was appointed secretary to the delegation and William Osbom
was disbursing officer on behalf of the Department of State.
Delegations from 40 nations were present at the conference,
including representatives of the adhering nations and those repre-
senting nations specially invited to participate but who had no
plenary powers. Important conventions affecting changes in both
the patent and trade-mark laws were discussed at the conference,
and the final convention was adopted and signed by the delegates
subject to the ratification of their various governments. The
treaty of Paris provided that the language of the conference and
all ite publications, invitations, etc., should be in French.
The conference is expected to result in much good to the adher-
ing nations. The French ambassador, M. Jusserand, the British
ambassador, Mr. Bryce, the Mexican ambassador, SefLor Zamacona,
the minister of Portugal, Viscount de Alte, and the vice president
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224 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
of the conference, M. Georges de Ro, of Belgium, all expressed
themselves at the official banquet in very kind and flattering terms
as to the work accomplished and also regarding the entertainment
furnished the visiting delegates by the United States Government.
The formal conference was opened by me as chairman of the United
States delegation, and after addresses by the Secretary of State,
Hon. Philander Chase Knox, and the Secretary of the Interior,
Hon. Walter Lowrie Fisher, who welcomed the delegates on behalf
of the United States, the chair was relinquished to the permanent
president of the conference, ex-Ambassador Charlemagne Tower.
The deliberations were presided over by M. de Ro, of Brussels, the
vice president of the conference.
It was the announced opinion of all the delegates present that it
was the most successful conferdnce of the union ever held.
Aside from the very desirable changes of the laws of nations relating
to patents and trade-marks, there is another important underlying
reason why these conferences are desirable. They bring together
men familiar with the subjects to be discussed and who become
well acquainted and talk over their differences not only in formal
session but in private conversations.
During the conference I received a cablegram which stated that
the German Reichstag had passed a patent law which upheld the
treaty between Germany and the United States providing that
patents of American inventors should not be revoked by the German
Government for failure to work or manufacture the same in Germany
within four years, provided, however, the same is manufactured in
the United States in the same period of time. This so-called "work-
ing clause " is embraced in the laws of nearly all nations, but since the
treaty with Germany has been entered into, several of them have
modified their laws in this respect. In addition to negotiating the
treaty with Germany, I also visited several other countries at the
direction of Secretary of State Knox and Assistant Secretary
Huntington Wilson, and the result has been the revision of the laws
relating to the working clause in Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland,
so that the manufacture of patented inventions in these countries
by United States citizens is no longer required in order to sustain
their patents. It is thought that several other countries will speedily
ollow this example.
NEED FOR ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR THE PATENT OFFICE.
In my previous fiscal year reports to the Secretary of the Interior
and in the reports to Congress which the Commissioner of Patents is
required by statute to make in the month of January of each year,
I have strongly advocated the provision of more room for housing
the United States Patent Office. I now wish to urge this in tho
strongest possible terms, ^ I
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. 225
It is, of course, well known throughout the country among invent-
ors and manufacturers and the public generally that the present
accommodations for the Patent Office are entirely obsolete and
inadequate as to both space and equipment, and are so much so as to
seriously interfere with the expeditious and careful handling of the
work of the office and a downright hardship to the inventors and the
public. Congress has provided more force and larger salaries, but
the great present need to-day in this bureau is more room.
I submitted to your two predecessors. Secretaries Garfield and
Ballinger, plans for the remodeling of the present building,_in order
to provide additional space. Those plans were prepared under my
direction and submitted to the Supervising Architect of the Treasuiy
and to the Architect of the Capitol, who approved them without
change. The plans called for the excavation of the sidewalks around
this buUding, so as to provide suitable storage vaults roofed with
cement walks, lighted beneath by electricity and affording a housing
for the several million copies of patents which are necessary to retain
in stock, where they are called for daily, and which now fill every
available foot of blank wall and storage space in the present building
from the basement to the roof, with the exception of what is termed
*' the secretary floor."
These plans also contemplated the removal of the mass of earth
in the court, which rises 10 feet above the lower basement rooms and
shuts off light and makes those rooms damp, and the erection on
the level space thus obtained a one-story buUding with a glass roof,
which would also afford many thousands of feet of storage space;
also that a structure two rooms wide be erected from north to south
across the court, four stories in height, which would give additional
rooms for the working force without cutting off light and air, and that
the roof of the present building be raised and another floor placed in
the top story which was formerly used for model halls. There is
great waste of space in the present building, which was erected
before any such large increase in the business of the Patent Office
was expected. Another floor could easily be put in and the basement,
sidewalks, and court excavated as suggested, which would afford
accommodations for the Patent Office and the secretary's office too,
which I know is also congested.
The present structure is not fireproof, and is piled high with tons
upon tons of inflammable matter, comprising the secret archives of
the office, which, if destroyed, could never be replaced and the loss
of which would work untold damage to the commercial interests of
the country. Much of this material is stored in wooden cases and
on open phelves, subject to the ravages of time and other destructive
agents. There are also recorded in this office the deeds of all assign-
11365'— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^15
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226 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP PATENTS.
ments of titles to inventions^ which are of the greatest value in
determining the ownership of valuable patents, and the loss of which
by fire or otherwise would be a tremendous blow to the commercial
interests of this country.
Probably in view of the then existing deficit in the Treasury it was
necessary to refuse the appropriation for the performance of this work.
But conditions have been growing worse and worse, so I can say that
we have about reached the hmit of congestion. Many tons of val-
uable books and reports were removed from the basement in a rotted
condition, owing to the dampness caused by the earth of the court,
and the* conditions are so deplorable that I tliink some immediate
action should be taken by Congress, which is quite conversant with
the conditions. The District fire department, and other officials,
were invited by Chief Clerk Ucker to inspect, and they have pro-
nounced the building unsafe as to fire, and the engineers of the War
Department have said that the walls should be lightened of their
great weight, especially in the northwest corner of the building.
All these reports are on file in the department.
If you will permit me, I will suggest that some suitable building
be rented for the Patent Office, to be used until the present building
could be thoroughly remodeled, and if thought desirable, when that is
done the bureaus which are now in rented quarters, such as the
Geological Survey, the Reclamation Service, and the Bureau of
Mines, could be housed in the present Patent Office Building and
a new building erected to accommodate the constantly growing force
and business of the Patent Office while the Patent Office was occu-
pying temporary quarters.
A bill was introduced by the late Senator Daniel in the Sixty-first
Congress (S. 1629) providing for the erection of a new building for
the Patent Office on the property adjoining the Congressional Library
on the north. This is a desirable site, as a subway could be arranged
which would give the Patent Office access to the Library of Congress
and the readers in the Library would have access to the scientific
library of the Patent Office. That site too, it is thought, would be
very convenient to out-of-town inventors, manufacturers, and
attorneys arriving at the Union Station, which is witliin three squares
of the proposed site, and as there are several first-class hotels in the
immediate neighborhood it would be an ideal location.
I make these suggestions as to remodeling the Patent Office Build-
ing and the erection of a new structure, and the temporary housing
of the Patent Office, for the reason that the work of the Patent
Office is current and can not be interrupted for the purpose of re-
modeling the present building. As the surplus of receipts over
expenditures of the Patent Office amounts to more than $7,000,000,
it is only fair that some, if not all, of this sum should be used to fur-
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BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF PATENTS.
227
nish larger and better quarters with modem facilities for the force,
which would then be in position to accomplish the best possible
results in the work for which the outside inventive public pays the
total cost.
Great Britain and Grermany have each been forced within the past
five years to provide larger buildings owing to the great annual
growth of business pertaining to patents, trade-marks, designs, and
labels and prints.
I can not too strongly ui^e the great need of immediate and special
relief for this bureau, both as to room and safeguards against fire as
well.
I attach hereto for your information a table showing a compara-
tive statement of the business of the Patent Office from 1837 to De-
cember 31, 1910, inclusive.
Very respectfully submitted.
Edward B. Moobe,
Commissioner of PcUerUs.
The Secretary of the Interior.
Comparative Hatement of the biuineu of the office from 18S7 to 1910, indtuive.
Year.
1837.
1838.
1839..
1840.
1841..
1843.,
1843..
1844..
1845..
1846..
1847..
1848..
1849..
1850..
1861..
1KB..
1853..
1864..
1855..
1856..
1867.
1858..
1850..
I860..
^1861..
ma..
1863..
1864..
1865..
1866..
1867..
1806..
I860..
1870..
mi..
1873..
1873..
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
1881..
Applica-
tions.
7t»
847
761
810
1,045
1,246
1,273
1,531
1,628
1,955
2,103
2,258
2,630
2,673
3,324
4,435
4,960
4,771
5,364
6,225
7,653
4,643
5.038
6,014
6,972
10.664
15,260
21,276
20,445
19,271
19,171
19,472
18,246
20,414
21,602
21.638
21.425
20,308
20,260
20,059
23,012
26,069
Caveats
filed.
228
312
201
315
380
452
448
533
607
606
60S
760
996
901
868
906
1.024
1,010
943
1,079
1,064
700
824
787
1,063
1,932
2,T23
3,597
3,706
3.624
3,273
3,366
8,090
8,248
8,181
8,094
2,607
2,809
2,765
2.020
2,490
2,406
Patents
andre-
436
620
425
473
495
617
619
497
560
653
1,077
909
872
1,019
961
1,844
2,013
2,505
2,896
3,710
4,638
4,819
3,340
3,521
4,170
5,020
6,616
9,460
13.016
13,378
13,966
13,321
13,033
13,690
12,864
13,609
14,837
15,595
14,187
13,444
13,213
13.947
16,564
Cash received.
129,289.06
42,123.54
38,019.97
38,056.61
40,413.01
36.505.63
36,316.81
42,509.26
61.076ul4
60,264.16
63,111.19
67,576.69
80,762.78
86,927.05
96,738.61
112,066.34
121,627.46
163,780.84
216,460.35
192.588.03
196,132.01
203,716ul6
245,942.15
266.362.50
137.354.44
215,754.99
195.693.29
240,919.96
348,791.84
496,665.38
646.661.02
661,666.86
693,145.81
669,456.76
678,716.46
609,726.39
708, 191. 77
738.278.17
743,453.36
757.087.66
732.342.85
725,375.55
703,931.47
749,685l32
8S3,66&89
Cash ex-
pended.
133,606.96
37,338.02
34,643.51
39, 02a 67
62,666.87
31,241.43
30,776.96
36,344.63
39,395.65
46,158.71
41,878.36
66.906.84
77,716.44
80.100.05
86,916.93
95,916.91
132,860.83
167,146.32
179,540.33
199,931.02
211,562.09
193,193.74
210,278.41
262.820.80
221,491.91
182,8ia39
189,414.14
229,868.00
274,199.34
361,724.28
630,263.32
628,679.77
486,430.74
657,147.19
563,001.64
666,69&00
601,178.96
679,288.41
721,657.71
652,642.60
613,152.62
693,062.80
629.638.07
538,865.17
606,173.28
Suzplus.
$4,784.02
3,476.46
6,26420
4,638.85
6,164.73
11, 68a 40
4,106.46
31,232.84
8,670.86
3,096.84
6,826.10
8,821.68
16,139.48
36,919.02
10,522.42
36.663.74
3,681.70
32,044.06
6,179.15
11,051.08
74,602.50
133,941.10
7,318.60
62.886.09
206,715.07
112.309.57
116,624.82
34.131.39
12,012.70
68.060.76
21,795.65
105,445.05
110,190.23
132,292.66
174,292.60
210,820.15
248,492.61
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228 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
Comparative statement of the buainess of the office from 18S7 to 1910 ^ indusive — tk>n.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1890..
1891.
1892..
1893..
1894..
1806.
1896..
1897..
1898.
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
1906..
1907..
1906..
1909..
1910..
*5s!^
Caveats
filed.
Patents
J^iiefl.
31,522
2,663
19,267
34,676
2,741
22,383
35,600
2,682
20,413
35,717
2,552
24,233
36,968
2,613
22,608
36,613
2,622
21,477
35,797
2,251
20,606
40,675
2.481
24.158
41,048
2,311
:^^.L92
40,562
2,406
2;v.-44
40,763
2,290
■l\,-m
38,473
2,247
'!:■'>. .69
38,439
2,^286
-!.>., -67
40,680
2,415
'2-2. ^'bl
43.982
2,271
•J-i .73
47,906
2,176
-:!.:^
35,842
1,660
■2-1 .67
41,443
1,716
LVr 27
41,960
1,731
2'> 99
- 46,449
1,842
,'7 73
49,641
1,861
_7 ^86
60,213
1,771
„i.i,99
52,143
1.808
30,934
54,971
1,806
30,399
56,482
1,885
31,966
68,762
1,967
36,620
61,475
2,110
33,682
66.839
1,948
37.421
1 64,629
1
970
36,930
Caoh rocelved.
SI, 009,
1,146,
1,075,
1,188,
1,154,
1.144,
1,118,
1,281,
1,34"
1,27
1,28
1,24
1,18
1,24
1,32
1,37
1,13
1,33
1,35
1,44
1,55
1,64..
1,667,
1.800,
1,790,
1,910.
1,896.
2.042,
2,025,
219. 45
240.00
798.80
060.16
651.40
509.60
516. 10
728.05
78
88
64
58
93
83
72
48
03
63
16
08
..W..81
326.63
768.14
921.38
618.14
847.67
828.14
636.69
Cash ex-
$683,867.67
675,234.86
970,679.76
1,024,378.86
992,503.45
994,472.22
973, 108. 78
1,063,955.96
1,099,297.74
1,139,713.35
1,110,739.24
1,141,038.46
1,100,047.12
1,106, 389. «
1,113,413.71
1,122,843.13
1,136,196.20
1,211,783.73
1,260,019.62
1.297,385.64
1,393,345.64
1,448,646.81
1,476,000.38
1,479,633.22
1,554,891.20
1.631,468.36
1,712,303.42
1,955.151.14
2,005,711.94
BurpJuB.
9325,361.78
471,006.14
106,219.04
163,7ia30
162,047.05
160,087.38
146,407.32
228,772.09
241,074.92
131,572.43
176,602.50
101,833. 10
87.392.46
138,857.44
210,646.12
252,798.60
1,538.28
113.673.30
90.808.91
152.012.62
169,613.54
193,156.00
181,326.15
327,124.02
236,030.18
279, ISO. 78
184,644.25
87.677.00
19,824.75
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STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
229
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STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION.
Departmekt of the Interior,
Bureau op Education,
Washington^ October 16^ 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following statement of the
operations of this office for the fiscal year ended June 80, 1911. The
work of the bureau during the last fiscal year was under the direc-
tion of Dr. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, whose resignation took effect
on June 80, 1911.
DIVISION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
This division was created by an order of February 3, 1911, and
the specialist in higher education who entered upon duty in Novem-
ber, 1910, was appointed chief of the division which has " charge of
all matters, including statistical work, relating to higher education,
agricultural and mechanical colleges, professional schools, and nor-
mal schools, and such other duties as may be formally assigned to
it from time to time, or which would naturally fall to it in the ordi-
nary course of the work of this office." To this division were as-
signed those persons who have hitherto had charge of the routine
work upon the reports, catalogues, and publications of these institu-
tions, and also the specialist in charge of land-grant college statistics.
Through the two specialists the bureau has been enabled to enter
upon the needed inspection of the work, equipment, organization,
and administration of the agricultural and mechanical colleges.
Thirty-two of them, nearly all of those located east of the Mississippi
River, have been visited during the past year. The irregularities in
the application of the Federal funds, more especially by the insti-
tutions for colored students, discovered in the course of these inspec-
tions show clearly the wisdom of providing for this field work. For
the promotion of advanced work in agriculture, in cooperation with
the committee on graduate study of the Association of American Ag-
ricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the division prepared
and issued a bulletin on Opportunities for Graduate Study in Agri-
culture in the United States. During the year there were examined
in this office the reports required to be made by the institutions en-
dowed under the acts of Congress approved August 80, 1890, and
March 4, 1907, for the more complete endowment and support of col-
leges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, and it was found that the
231
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232 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF EDUCATION, 1911.
appropriations made for said institutions were expended for the pur-
poses specified in those acts. Each of the 50 States and Territories
has, therefore, received for the year ending June 30, 1912, the sum of
$60,000, making a total amount of $2,500,000, paid out for the year
from the Treasury of the United States.
Upon the urgent request of the deans of the graduate schools rep-
resented in the Association of American Universities, the division
of higher education has given much time to the preparation of a
classified list of the large number of smaller colleges and universities
whose students in considerable numbers each year apply for admis-
sion to these graduate schools. YHiile the work of the division is not
yet far enough along with its investigations to warrant regular publi-
cation of the results, it has already been serviceable in several direc-
tions upon special application. In the prosecution of these investi-
gations the specialist in higher education visited 16 of the institutions
having graduate schools, holding conferences with the presidents,
deans, committees, and other officials. He also spent much time in
the field in the South Atlantic States investigating the work of
State institutions, colleges for men and for women, and institutions
for the colored race — 33 institutions in all. As a means of further-
ance of their work, the specialists have been detailed to attend nine
conferences and meetings of associations in different parts of the
country, which are concerned chiefly with higher education or
agricultural education.
DIVISION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION.
This division was organized May 11, 1910. It concerns itself with
those problems of school administration which -ere met in State and
city education offices, with a view to rendering the greatest possible
assistance to those in charge. Under the present organization each
of these two branches of work, State and city offices, has two sub-
divisions: (1) Administrative questions other than statistical, and
(2) the measurement of administrative facts by statistical methods.
Since the establishment of the division a standard scheme for the
classification of legislation and judicial decisions relating to educa-
tion has been prepared, and a file of the laws now in force has been
classified in accordance with this scheme. During the sessions of
the legislatures last winter a "Legislative circular," totaling 86
numbers, was issued, giving the most important facts relating to the
progress of educational legislation. The laws that were passed are
now being arranged for publication in the bulletin. The annual
reports of representative cities have been indexed for ready refer-
ence, A "City school circular" has been recently begun in which
it is intended to include the latest developments in the progress of
city school administration for the early information of all who are
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
8TATEHEHX OF THS G0MKI88I0NEB OF EDUOATIOKy 1911. 233
engaged in this field of labor. The division has also taken a promin-
ent part in the conferences of chief State education officers relating
to the recognition of teachers' certificates issued in other States, an
extended study of present laws and regulations having been made
and issued in part in printed form.
In the statistical branch of the work the division has cooperated
with other national agencies—committees of the department of super-
intendence of the National Education Association, of the National
Association of School Accounting Officers, andnp^ith the Bureau of
the Census — ^in securing the adoption of a standard form of fiscal
report for cities, which it is hoped will also become the standard in
accordance with which accounting systems of local school boards will
be revised. In addition this bureau has revised its fiscal forms in
accordance with this standard schedule, and is now endeavoring to
secure the adoption of certain standard items in all reports required
by State officers of local boards of education in order that imiformity
in national and State reports as regards the most essential items may
be brought about. In this respect satisfactory progress is being
made.
With the consent of the Secretary of the Interior, and at the re-
quest of the Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore, Md., the
Conmiissioner of Education undertook, in his official capacity, to-
gether with two prominent educators, a study of the public-school
system of that city. A considerable part of the report as submitted
was prepared by the Division of School Administration and the
Editorial Divison of this office.
In addition this divison has made a detailed study of the expenses
of certain city school systems based upon schedules prepared by agents
of the Bureau of the Census, and a study of salary schedules in city
school systems.
EDITORIALi DIVISION.
The following publications were prepared and issued during the
year:
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1010.
Annual Statement of the Commissioner of Education to the Secretary of the
Interior for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1910.
Bulletin of the Bureau of Education :
1910, No. 2. State school systons: III. Legislation and Judicial decisions
relating to public education, October 1, 1908, to October 1, 1909.
1910, No. 3. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education,
1867-1910.
1910, No. 4. The biological stations of Europe.
1910, No. 6. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher
education partially supported by the State.
1911, No. 1. Bibliography of science teaching.
1911,. No. 4. Report of the commission appointed to study the system of
education in the public schools of Baltimore.
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234 STATEMENT OF THE 00MMIS8I0NEB OF EDTJCATIOK, 19IL
Several additional numbers of the bulletin were sent to the Print-
ing Office during the fiscal year, but were not available for distribu-
tion until some time after the close of the year. The editor, who
served as chief of the division, resigned at the close of the year to
reenter the teaching profession at a considerable increase in salary.
STATISTICAL DIVISION.
In addition to the regular work of this division, a special inquiry
concerning agriculture in secondary schools has been sent to about
4,000 principals of such schools in order to obtain definite informa-
tion respecting this important work.
CORRESPONDENCE DIVISION.
During the year there was inaugurated the system of returning to
writers letters requesting publications of the bureau or making in-
quiries which can be answered with printed matter, and sending to
the writer a printed slip showing the action taken by the bureau.
This system relieves the files of a large amount of useless material,
renders unnecessary the preparation of a large number of letters, and
has resulted in the relief of one clerk from duty in that division and
his assignment to another division where additional assistance was
needed. There were distributed 106,116 copies of the publications of
the bureau.
LIBRARY DIVISION.
This division, besides maintaining its current work, has also made
considerable progress in the reorganization of those sections of the
library still requiring it.
The total number of volumes and pamphlets accessioned, which
were acquired by gift, by exchange, and by purdiase, wtis 2,312, as
against 1,890 in 1909-10 ; of serial and periodical publications, 16,234
numbers were accessioned. The binding accomplished — 1,310 vol-
umes— consists mainly of current publications, since the bulk of
accumulated unbound material had already received attention. There
were 6,772 volumes classified and catalogued, as against 6,020 in
1909-10, this year's increase being largely due to the cataloguing of
long series of State school reports. The number of bibliographies
compiled was 474.
A notable step toward improving the material equipment has been
taken by the introduction of six modem metal bookstacks. It is
hoped that this precedent may be followed in future to the point of
installing metal shelving throughout the library.
By arrangement with the Library of Congress, the bureau is now
receiving from that institution selected copyright deposit books trans-
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STATEMENT OF TSE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, 1911. 235
ferred under section 59 of the copyright act of March 4, 1909. These
transfers are expected eventually to prove an important source of
book supply.
ATiASKA SCHOOIj SERVICE.
During the fiscal year ended June SO, 1911, the field force of the
Alaska school service consisted of 5 superintendents, 101 teachers,
8 physicians (4 of whom also filled other positions), 4 nurses, 4
contract physicians, and 2 hospital attendants. Eighty-one public
schools were maintained, with an enrollment of 8,810 and an average
attendance of 1,692.
In addition to providing schools for the native population, the
Bureau of Education has continued its endeavor to furnish medical
and sanitary relief to the natives and to care for destitute natives.
In November, 1910, the medical work in southeast Alaska was ren-
dered more efficient by the establishment in Juneau of a hospital
for natives, and during the present summer a hospital for natives
was established at Nushagak, in western Alaska; in addition the
Bureau of Education has a contract with the Holy Cross Hospital at
Nome for the treatment of diseased natives upon the request of a
superintendent or teacher.
The experience of the Bureau of Education in endeavoring, throu^
its employees, to furnish medical relief to the natives of Alaska, dem-
onstrated the desirability of authoritative study of the prevalence of
disease among the natives of Alaska and of the means for its pre-
vention. Accordingly, upon the request of the Secretary of the In-
terior, the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service detailed Passed Asst. Surg. Milton H. Foster for duty, under
the direction of the Commissioner of Education, for the purpose of
supervising all measures relative to the medical and surgical relief
and sanitation of the natives of southern Alaska, and for the purpose
of making studies of the prevalence of disease in Alaska and of the
conditions which favor it^spread, with a view to inaugurating ade-
quate methods of prevention. In accordance with said instructions,
during the summer of 1911 Dr. Foster made a thorough investigation
of the sanitary conditions among the natives of southern Alaska. As
the residt of his investigations. Dr. Foster recommends the following
measures, which require action on the part of Congress : (1) The estab-
lishment of a sanitarium for cases of pulmonary tuberculosis requir-
ing hospital treatment; (2) the establishment of a home for destitute
blind and crippled natives; (3) authority for the Surgeon General of
the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service to
appoint one of the officers of that service to act as commissioner of
public health for Alaska. Dr. Foster also reconunends the extension
of the medical work in connection with the Alaska school service.
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236 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIOKEB OF EDUCATION, IQIL
The expenditures for the relief of destitute natives during the fiscal
year 1911 amounted approximately to $2,500, as against $4,000 in
1910 and $7,000 in 1909. Arrangements were made with the Bureau
of Fisheries for the distribution of seal meat from the islands of St.
Paul and St. George to destitute natives of the Aleutian Islands; also
with the Eevenue-Cutter Service for the distribution of medical sup-
plies and rations to destitute natives in remote villages where the
Bureau of Education has no representatives.
Upon the request of the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey, the sphere of usefulness of the teachers of the schools on the
coast north of Nome has been extended so as to include the securing
of information regarding the tides and currents of the Arctic Ocean,
the aimual cruise of the U. S. S. Bear being utilized as a means of
communication and instruction.
I respectfully recommend the enactment of legislation (1) requir-
ing the attendance at school of every child between the ages of 5 and
15 during such time as the family of said child is in the village, ex-
cept in case of mental or physical incapacity or when the services of
the child are needed to support the family or himself: (2) placing
all measures instituted by the Government for the medical and surgi-
cal relief of the natives under the general charge of the Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service.
The following is a summary of expenditures from the fund for
education of natives of Alaska :
Expenditure from appropriation for education of natives of Alaitka,
Appropriation $200, 000. 00
Salaries in Alaska ^ »8, 684. 17
Equipment and supplies 18, 687. 76
Fuel and light 20,444.68
Local expenses 2,281.94
Repairs and rent 5, 346. 24
Buildings _• 10. 538. 66
Medical relief 20, 861. 86
Destitution L 2, 836. 70
Ck)mmi88ioner'8 office salaries 6, 128. 17
Seattle office salaries 6,771.84
Commissioner's office expenses 225. 00
Seattle office expenses 701. 01
Traveling expenses 12,660. 62
Oontingencies 887.62
Total 200, 000. 00
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STATEMEKT OF THE GOMMISSIONEB OF EDUCATIOK? 1911. 237
THE AIiASKA REINDEER SERTICE.
The latest available statistics regarding the Alaska reindeer service
are those of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, according to which
the total number of domestic reindeer in Alaska was 27,325, distrib-
uted among 42 herds. Of the 27,325 reindeer 14,993, or 55 per cent,
were owned by natives; 3,730, or 14 per cent, were owned by the
United States; 4,194, or 15 per cent, were owned by missions; and
4,407, or 16 per cent, were owned by Lapps. Of the 42 herds 36 are
cared for entirely by natives.
The total income of the Eskimos from the reindeer industry dur-
ing the year 1909-10, including salaries earned by service in connec-
tion with the herds and the proceeds from the sale of meat and
skins, was $24,656.09.
The most notable extension in the reindeer enterprise during the
present year was the delivery to the Department of Commerce and
Labor of reindeer from the herds in Alaska for use in stocking St.
Paul and St. George Islands, in Bering Sea.
The following is a summary of expenditures from the fund " Rein-
deer for Alaska, 1911 '':
Expenditures from appropriation for reindeer in Alaska.
Appropriation $12, 000. 00
Salaries of chief herders 2, 060. 00
Supplies 9, 837. 79
Establishing new herds 100.00
Ck>ntingencie8 12. 21
Total 12, 000. 00
NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION.
The secretary of the National Education Association reports for
the year ended June 30, 1911, the value of the total personal prop-
erty of the association as $11,300 ; permanent invested fund, $180,000 ;
net revenue from invested fund, $is,797.7l ; total receipts for current
expenses, $48,909.08; total expenses, $34,978.95 ; balance June 80, 1911,
$4,030.13. The chief sources of revenue are membership fees, pro-
ceeds of sale of volumes and reports, and revenue from invested
funds. The chief sources of expense are printing and distribution of
the volumes of proceedings, maintenance of the secretary's office and
clerical force at Winona, Minn., and the expenses in connection with
the annual convention.
The total registration at the annual meeting held in Boston, Mass.,
July, 1911, was 11,480, including associate members. There are now
about 7,000 active members enrolled.
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238 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, 1911.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
It is very important that all statistical reports of this bureau be
issued within a short time after the date or period for which the in-
formation is collected, and these reports should be accurate and ex-
haustive for the subjects covered. Under the present plan of collect-
ing statistics neither of these ends is attainable, since for all statis-
tical data the bureau must, for promptness, accuracy, and thorough-
ness, depend alone on the good will and interest of many thousands of
school officers of various grades in all parts of the country, without
having authority to enforce compliance with any request of the com-
missioner, and without funds with which to remunerate anyone for
filling the blanks of the schedules prepared and sent out by the bu-
reau or for furnishing any other information. I am undertaking to
arrange with the chief school officers of the several States a plan by
which this bureau and the State departments of education may co-
operate to secure promptly complete and reliable statistics in all
educational agencies and activities, this bureau assisting State officers
in the collection and preparation of material, and receiving in return
from them all or most of the data needed for its use. From all of
these school officers with whom I have had an opportunity to confer,
I have assurance of the heartiest cooperation. If the plan proposed
can be carried out the State reports in most of the States as well as
reports in this bureau will be much improved. If the appropriations
asked for other purposes are made, it will be possible to so reorganize
the present force of the bureau as to make it possible to carry out this
plan of cooperation at a cost little greater than that of the present
inadequate plan. To make it entirely effective some additional legis-
lation may be necessary in. some States. This can be had, I think,
within a reasonable time.
That the work of the bureau may be brought to the att^tion of
teachers and school officers in the most effective way, and that the
Commissioner of Education may have first-hand knowledge of con-
ditions and needs which will enable him to direct the work of the
bureau most effectively, he should spend much of his time in the
field, attending conventions of teachersj school officers, and others in-
terested directly and indirectly in the problems of education, visiting
and inspecting typical schools of all kinds and grades, and con-
ferring with such people as can be helpful to the bureau in carrying
on any part of its work. The commissioner should also, as far as
possible, be relieved from the routine and details of office duty, to
the end that he may have more time to plan and direct more effec-
tively the larger work of the bureau. I therefore recommend that
the position of assistant commissioner of education be created, and
that sufficient traveling expenses be allowed for both the commis-
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STATEMENT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP EDUCATION, 1911. 239
sioner and the assistant commissioner. The assistant commissioner
should be a specialist in secondary education and serve also as chief
of a division of high-school education in the bureau.
The division of higher education in the bureau, with a specialist
in higher education at its head, should be strengthened by the addi-
tion of a specialist in normal-school education and the training of
teachers, a specialist in agricultural education to have general super-
vision of the expenditure of the large amount of money given an-
nually by the Federal Government for the support of agricultural
and mechanical colleges, and a specialist in agricultural education to
give his time to the agricultural and mechanical colleges for negroes
in the Southern States, helping them to a better use of the funds they
receive from the Federal Government. The salary of the specialist
in higher education should be so increased as to enable the bureau to
retain the services of a competent man in that position. This divi-
sion should have at least three additional clerks.
Much more than half the children in the United States live under
rural conditions in small towns, villages, and open country. All
their education must come through rural schools. The rural school
problem is admitted to be the most difficult of all school problems.
This bureau has in the past been able to give very little direct help .
toward its solution. There should be in the bureau a comparatively
large group of competent men and women giving their entire time
and energies to this problem, with freedom, under the direction of
the commissioner, to study it directly as well as indirectly wherever
it can be studied to best advantage, to prepare bulletins on this sub-
ject for the general information of the people, and to go to any
part of the country to give direct and specific assistance whenever
needed.
Over all the world the demand for industrial, or vocational, edu-
cation is growing. In our own country teachers and laymen in urban
and rural communities alike are demanding that the schools shall do
something to prepare the masses of boys and girls for effective service
in some industrial occupation, fit them to make a living and to con-
tribute their part to the commonwealth. How this shall be done and
in what kind of schools no one seems to know certainly and fully.
Experiments of many kinds are tried in many places. Much money
is being spent for it and much more will be spent, more or less wisely.
Commissions are sent abroad to study the efforts of other countries
to solve this problem. Committees have been appointed by many
societies in this country to investigate and report upon it. Educa-
tion conventions devote their programs to it. A national society for
the promotion of this kind of education has done much valuable
work. There is great need in this bureau for a group of competent
specialists and assistants to study the various phases of this problem ;
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240 STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, 1911.
bring together and digest the work and reports of associations, com-
mittees, and commissions; help toward the formulation of some
clearly understood fundamental principles; and assist State, county,
and city boards and supervisors in working out their practical appli-
cation, either in the ordinary schools, modified for this purpose, or in
new kinds of schools, as may finally seem most wise.
Twenty million children and young people in the United States
spend a good portion of their time in school every year. The indoor
sedentary life required by the work and discipline of the school is
more or less unnatural for childhood and youth, and unless the con-
ditions imder which the school work is done are intelligently con-
trolled, there is constant and grave danger that the health of the
children may be injured, their vitality lowered, and their happiness
and their value as citizens diminished throughout their lives. Modem
science has brought to light many important principles of health, the
means of the application of which fidiould be known to all teachers
and school officers. The Federal Government should give to the
health of its children and future citizens not less care and attention
than it gives to the health of the live stock of the country. To this
end there should be in this bureau a specialist in school hygiene and
sanitation, and he should have assistants and clerks to enable him to
do this work effectively.
The growth of our cities has been very rapid and the number of
large cities in the country has become very great. In such cities a
large proportion of the public revenues is spent on the schools. The
demands on these schools are more numerous every year than they
were the year before. The problems of city school administration
therefore are ever more difficult and complex. With a competent
specialist in city school administration, and an efficient group of
assistants and clerks, this bureau could render valuable and much-
needed service to the cities. It should be enabled to do it
The bureau now has one of the most complete collections of books,
pamphlets, and reports on education in the world, and many thou-
sands of bound volumes and pamphlets are added to it each year.
This library should be made more serviceable not only to the mem-
bers of the bureau itself, but also to students in education throughout
the country. To investigators in all phases of education it should
become the chief source of information. All such students and in-
vestigators should come freely to this library, and the material in
the library should be sent freely to them. In either case they should
receive from the bureau effective help in their studies and investi-
gations and wise guidance in the use of the material in the library.
For this purpose and for the supervision of the preparation of many
bulletins which the bureau has prepared from time to time by indi-
viduals and committees outside its own staff there should be in the
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STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF EDUCATION, 19U. 241
bureau a man well versed in the history, theory, and practice of edu-
cation, who might give his entire time to this work. The bureau
should also be able to carry on cooperative studies in secondary and
elementary education under varying conditions in different parts of
the country, securing for this purpose the services of expert teachers
and supervisors. A small appropriation for this purpose could be
made to bring very large results. The bureau needs also an assistant
editor, a skilled librarian, and at least one additional translator.
For the salaries of the specialists, assistants, and clerks required for
the purposes here set forth and for expenses for travel and other pur-
poses necessary to make their work effective I am submitting esti-
mates for new appropriations amoimting to $140,420. I feel sure
every dollar of this can be used by the bureau for the effective service
of the country.
For the education of natives of Alaska I am submitting estimates
for an increase in appropriation amounting to $48,000. Last year
Conmiissioner Brown asked for an increase of $50,000 for this pur-
pose and justified the increase on the ground of the '^expansion of
the sanitary and industrial education of the natives and the need of
extending this service to numerous villages which are well known and
are unprovided with either physicians or schools." A careful inves-
tigation of the reports of the Alaskan school service convinces me
that this increase is urgently needed.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
P. P. Claxtdn, Com/mhsioner.
The Secretary of the Interior.
USSS"— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^16
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
243
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THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF
THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Geobqe Otis Smith, Director.
The appropriations for the work of the United States Geological
Survey for the fiscal year 1910-11 comprised items amounting to
$1,477,440. The plan of operations was approved by the Secretary
of the Interior and a detailed statement of the work of the several
branches and divisions of the Survey is presented on later pages of
this report.
SPECIAIi FBATURES.
WOBK OK THB PTTBUC LANIM3.
The scientific investigations of the Survey have been continued
along lines similar to those followed in other years and the usual
amount of contributions have been made to the knowledge of geology
and related subjects. Among the special features of the year's
activities the work in the public-land States should be given first
place. The field examination of the public lands has become an
increasingly important feature in the Survey's work, yet the standard
attained is so dependent on past and present scientific investigations
that the credit is necessarily given to the same field organization for
both the scientific and the applied results.
In the last 12 months the amount of work done, both in field
investigations contributing to the classification of the public lands
and in the preparation of the results of land classification, has ex-
ceeded that done by the Survey during any preceding year. The
field investigations and examinations have been more extensive and
more detailed and reports covering a wider range of subjects have
been prepared and submitted to the Secretary's office and to the
General Land Office and the Office of Indian Affairs.
An illustration of the extent to which this contribution to public-
land administration depends on the accumulated results of the field
work of the Survey is afforded by the land-classification reports that
are based in large part on the work of the water-resources branch.
245
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246 THIBTY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOGICALr SURVEY.
These include reports to the Secretary of the Interior made in con-
nection with the designation of nonirrigable lands under the enlarged-
homestead act and with recommendations for the withdrawal from
entry of lands valuable for water-power or reservoir sites under
the withdrawal act, as well as similar reports furnished the Commis-
sioner of the General Land Office on right-of-way applications and
on applications for segregations of irrigable lands imder the Carey
Act. The preparation of these reports requires wide and intimate
knowledge of the conditions existing in the public domain, as well as
engineering judgment of a high order. Definite results concerning
much of this work could not have been attained had not records
of the surface and underground water resources of the public domain
been available — records which represent the accumulated results of
work done by the Geological Survey under appropriations covering
many years.
The extent to which the work performed in other years by the
geologic, topographic, and water-resources branches of the Survey
has been utilized to the advantage of the public can be inferred from
this year's records of the land-classification board, which in public-
land matters acts as the clearing house of the Survey's field service.
PITBLIC-LAND USGISLATION.
The increasing share which the Geological Survey has been asked
to take in the public-land administration by the Interior Depart-
ment has brought many of the problems connected with the public-
land laws more directly to the attention of those charged with the
work of this bureau. For*over 30 years, however, these problems
have interested the Federal geologists, who have had exceptional
opportunities for first-hand observation in nearly all the important
mining districts of the country, and for almost as long a period the
engineers of the Survey have been in touch with the irrigation and
power developments in the public-land States. This intimate ex-
perience with both field conditions and administrative problems jus-
tifies an expression of opinion concerning the land laws, which, it is
believed, will be appropriate to this administrative report. To a
large extent the principles here presented and the specific provisions
advocated have been expressed in memoranda submitted by the Geo-
logical Survey to the Secretary of the Interior during the last four
years.
PROPOSED AMENDMENT OF PTTBLIC-LAND LAWS.
PURPOSES AHD XEAHS OF AKEHDlCEirr.
The objects to be sought by amendment of the public-land laws
are, first, purposeful and economical development of resources for
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BPECIAIi FEATURES OP THE WORK. 247
which there is present demand, with retention of such control as
may insure against unnecessary waste or excessive charges to the
consumer, and, second, the reservation of title in the people of all
resources the utilization of which is conjectural or the need of which
is not immediate. The means that are essential to the attainment
of these objects are, first, the classification of the public lands, sec-
ond, the separation of surface and mineral rights, and third, the
disposition of the lands on terms that will secure the highest use,
enforce development, and protect the public interest. Legislation
based on these principles will not only secure the positive benefits
of immediate utilization, but will also avoid the evils of speculative
holdings of lands by fictitious use or by admitted nonuse for the
future enjoyment of the unearned increment or of the profits of
monopolization. With actual development made a condition of
possession, and with land classification and separation of estates
made preliminaries of disposition, the present-day utilization by
individuals or corporations and the reservation to the people for
future use become at once possible without conflict of interests.
The classification of the public land is essential to the administra-
tion of not only such laws as express the principle of separation,
but also of those whose purpose is to promote the highest use of the
land. Land classification is first of all the determination of the be^t
use to which each particular portion of the public domain can be
put, and by the organic act of March 3, 1879, this duty was spe-
cifically imposed upon the Director of the Geological Survey. The
progress now being made in this work is set forth in another part
of this report (See pp. 298-312.)
Separation of surface and mineral rights might be effected without
classification of land by the automatic reservation of all mineral
deposits to the United States in every patent issued as a result of
nonmineral 'entry, selection, or purchase. Legislation of this type
would possess the merit of simplicity and effectiveness, but the well-
known objection to limited patents would with considerable reason
be made the basis for the contention that the Government should
assume the burden of classifying its land before disposition.
The classification of the public domain is itself an outgrowth of
the principle of relative worth, which early found expression in the
land laws of this country, in that they provided for the reservation
of mineral lands from disposition for other purposes. The present
coal-land law also expresses this principle of relative worth by giv-
ing deposits of gold, silver, and copper priority over coal, and
coal, in turn, preference over agricultural values. Such distinc-
tions necessitate land classification based on adequate field examina-
tion, and with the classification data at hand the principle of relative
worth can be further developed. Wherever the different values of
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248 THIRTY-SECOND REPOBT OF GEOIX)GICAL SURVEY.
the land conflict the highest use should prevail, and under legislation
that does not oppose the principles of economic law the highest use
will prevail.
Under the withdrawal act of June 25, 1910 (Stat. L., vol. 36,
p. 847), classification is made possible in advance of disposition,
and disposition can be postponed to await immediate legislation.
Fully to accomplish this purpose, for which it was enacted, the
withdrawal act itself needs amendment in several particulars. No
withdrawal is effective against location or appropriation for minerals
other than coal, oil, gas, and phosphate, the apparent intent of the
law being to promote the exploration and discovery of metalliferous
minerals. However, this exception to the application of the with-
drawal law is far too broad, in that it would include such minerals
as potash or nitrates, the disposition of which is a matter of no
less vital concern to the agricultural interests of the nation than
is .the proper utilization of the phosphate deposits. So, too, it
is true that attempts are being made to claim sand and gravel
as minerals excepted by the law and under such contention to secure
control of power sites, even in the face of an executive withdrawal.
Connected with this defect in the law is the lack of recognition
therein of the principle of relative worth. There is a too evident
opportunity for a ^psum entryman, notwithstanding the fact that
the gypsum, by reason of poor quality or lack of transportation
facilities, may be worthless commercially, to set up a claim for title
to a tract of great prospective value for oil — a tract which is pro-
tected from oil entry by an oil withdrawal. Similarly, under the
mineral law it is possible to seek title to the walls of a narrow canyon,
withdrawn as a power site, in spite of the great discrepancy between
the utterly negligible value of the building stone it contains and the
strategic importance of the dam site.
BEFARATIOK OF BXTBLTACE AKD MINERAL RIGHTS.
Tlie first step, both in principle and practice, in any amendment
of the land laws, appears to be that of making possible by legislation
the separation of surface and mineral rights whenever the two
estates have values which can be separately utilized. A notable
advance in public-land legislation was the passage of the acts of
March 3, 1909 (Stat. L., vol. 35, p. 844), and June 22, 1910 (Stat
L., vol. 36, p. 583), which provide that patents issued thereunder
grant title to the surface of the land only and thus permit its
agricultural development, while at the same time the United States
retains title to the underlying coal deposits. The results have been
of undoubted value in permitting homestead and desert-land entries,
Carey Act selections, and reclamation-act withdrawals on lands which
are withdrawn or classified as coal lands or are known to be valuable
for coal.
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SPECIAL FEATUBES OF THE WORK. 249
A similar separation of surface and mineral rights should be ex-
tended to all other nonmineral entries, selections, or locations, to in-
clude oil, gas, and phosphate lands as well as coal lands, the mineral
rights to be reserved to the United States until they can be disposed
of most beneficially to the people. For all these lands the need of
legislation for the separation indicated is not academic but actual,
since under each class there are already requests for surface patents.
Similar legislation applying the principle of separation is demanded
in order to reserve to the Government the exclusive right to grant ease-
ments for the future development of water resources, for either power
or irrigation, and at the same time to make provision for grants of sur-
face patents for the agricultural use of the land, or of mineral patents
where mining may not interfere with water-power development. Dur-
ing the last year the principle involved in this proposed legislation was
recognized by the enactment of an item in the Indian appropriation
act which provides for the issuance of limited patents on the shores of
Flathead Lake, in Montana, where increased storage for power and
irrigation may be at some future time found to be advantageous.
A further recognition of this principle was given in the water-power
bill introduced by Representative Parsons at the third session of the
Sixty-first Congress (H. R. 33000), wherein provision is made for a
double use of land leased for water-power utilization and for the
reservation in perpetuity to the United States of all rights to future
occupancy and use for water-power development on all lands desig-
nated by the President. The need of statutory authority for limited
patents is most evident in regions where, because of the possibility of
future power development, lands are now withdrawn which possess
present value for agricultural use. Provision should be made
whereby future power development will be absolutely insured when-
ever the value of the lands for such use would exceed their actual
agricultural value.
The chief advantage of land withdrawal and classification lies in
its essential relation to the principle of proper disposition of the
public domain, the real purpose of public-land administration being
to insure such reservation or disposal of the people's land as will
result in its highest use. The question of amendment of the present
laws relating to the disposition of coal, oil, gas, and phosphate de-
posits on the public domain is recognized as fairly before the public
by the specific mention of these minerals in the withdrawal act.
LAW APPLICABLE TO OOAL LANDS.
The coal-land law is unquestionably the most satisfactory of the
present mineral-land laws in that it admits of the placing of an
adequate valuation upon the deposits, and in the administration of
this law the purpose is not only to base the appraisal price upon
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250 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL StJBVEY.
the <iuaiitity and quality of the coal present and to give considera-
tion to every known physical and commercial factor affecting the
value of the deposits, but also to make the selling price approach
as nearly as possible the present purchase price of a royalty under
a leasehold. Thereby it is intended to permit purchase for imme-
diate development and at the same time to prevent, or at least dis-
courage, purchase for long-time investment or for monopolizatioiL
So many factors, however, require consideration that an ideal ad-
justment of the values is well-nigh unattainable for many, if not for
most, coal lands, and on this account a strong argument may be
made for support of the lease over the sale system. -Under lease-
hold it would be comparatively easy so to adjust the relationship be-
tween ground rental and royalty as to prevent the acquisition of
coal deposits until such time as their development should be profit-
able. On the other hand, it is possible, under the present law, and
it IS the policy in its administration, to readjust the prices from
time to time, either by reduction to encourage development in spe-
cial cases or, more commonly, by raising the price on account of
increased value due to new discoveries or to changed commercial
conditions. The great-est advantage of the lease system to the op-
erator dire<»tly, and to the public indirectly, is relief from the large
capital outlay now required in the acquisition of the large acreage
absolutely necessary for a modem mine. This argument advanced
against the present policy of valuing the public coal lands at even
conservative prices thus becomes an argument for a leasehold law.
Thus contrasting the lease with sale outright to the coal operator,
the reduction in capital necessary for original investment and the
elimination of many of the risks in such investment must result in
reducing the cost of operation to the mine owner and thus make
possible a correspondingly lower price of coal to the consumer.
Hardly less important, moreover is the better control possible under
a lease system, although against the advantage of such control must
be weighed the cost of Federal management and the possibilities of
inefficient administration or even maladministration.
The present coal-land law, however, has one serious defect,
which should be remedied if a leasing law is not enacted. The re-
striction of area that may legally be acquired to a maximum of 160
acres for an individual and 640 acres for an association is not in
accord with good mining practice. The fixed charges on the cost
of a modern coal mine, provided with the up-to-date equipment
necessary to conserve life and property and to assure maximum re-
covery, are too high to be assessed against the output of so small a
tract, especially if the coal seam is of only moderate thickness. A
law designed to promote the practical utilization of coal deposits,
whether the system contemplates sale or lease, must provide for
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SPECIAL FEATXTBES OF THE WORK. 251
the holding of a large enough unit to permit the opening and equip-
ment of a modem mine and to warrant its economical operation.
Without such provision for commercial operation too great an ad-
vantage is given to the land-grant railroads and large coal com-
panies already in possession of considerable areas of high-grade coal.
LAWS APPLIED TO PHOSPHATE LANDS.
The present uncertainty whether the phosphate rock of the public
land should be entered under the lode law or under the placer law is
conclusive evidence of the need of legislation. As a matter of fact
neither of these laws is more applicable to the acquisition of beds of
phosphate-bearing limestone than it would be to that of coal beds.
The realization that the phosphate deposits are more extensive than
was known or suspected when the Survey geologists began land classi-
fication work in Idaho and Wyoming does not lessen but rather in-
creases the urgency for a leasing law which will provide for the
utilization of this large supply of mineral fertilizer, so as to meet both
present and future needs.
LAW NEEDED FOR OIL AND GAS LANDS.
The most urgent need of legislation for the disposition of mineral
deposits is in the case of oil and gas. It is most apparent that the
placer law, which is none too well adapted to meet modem conditions
in mining placer gold, is wholly inadequate if applied to public oil
lands, inasmuch as oil is discovered at a late stage in the exploration
and development of the land claimed under the law. Thus, large
expenditures, extending over several months, if not years, are neces-
sary before any right is acquired against the Government, and during
all this time there is no legal protection of the oil prospector against
unscrupulous claimants or competitors better backed by capital. The
need for remedial oil legislation is somewhat less pressing than it was
a year ago, by reason of the passage of the act approved March 2, 1911
(Stat. L., vol. 36, p. 1015), the effect of which is to validate a class of
claims that, although clouded by the construction which the depart-
ment was forced to place upon the misfit placer law under which title
to oil lands must now be gained, were bona fide in that the inception
of their development antedated the oil-land withdrawals. This legis-
lation was in accord with the spirit of the withdrawal act, which
provides for the protection of equities already established. The need
for a better law is, however, imperative, and the legislative action
demanded by the situation should not be limited to an attempt to
revamp the general placer law, but should consist of the enactment of
an altogether new measure, especially adapted to provide for the
sane and equitable development of this industry in the future. First,
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252 THIRTY-SECOND EBPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the new law shoujd authorize the issue of exploratory permits, grant-
ing to individuals or associations the exclusive privilege of occupa-
tion, the sole condition of such a grant being ^iligent and adequate
prosecution of development work, measured by the expenditure of
fixed sums within certain periods, with possibly the payment of a
small fee to the Government in lieu of such expenditure during the
first six months. The issue of this permit should preferably be
limited to one to each citizen or association of citizens, although after
the lapse or surrender of such a permit the former holder should be
allowed to apply for another exploratory permit. In the second
place, the law should provide that upon discovery the holder of the
permit be given a leasehold title with a royalty varied to meet local
and actual conditions. The " wildcatter " or prospector in unproved
country, whether such unproved territory is classified on geologic
evidence as oil land or not, should be given special privilege to offset
his greater risk. This privilege might take the form of an increased
acreage, held both under permit and under lease, or a practical ex-
emption from the payment of royalty, merely a nominal rental being
charged under the lease. The chief advantage of the leasehold for
oil over a fee-simple title lies in the prevention of monopolization
through large holdings. Such large holdings without production
would be guarded against by a ground rental sufficiently high to
discourage the acquisition of lands except for immediate and con-
tinued development although provision should also be made in the
lease for surrender under terms which would protect the Government.
This indirect control of development would be preferable to the direct
enforcement, by forfeiture, of continuous production, which should be
avoided because of the danger of disturbing the delicate equilibrium
between supply and demand. Transfers of interest, under either
permit or lease, should be permitted because of the absolute necessity
in. most instances of procuring capital for both drilling and operating
an oil well. The law, however, should set forth the purpose of the
control of such transfer, which would be to provide protection for the
original locators, most of them men of small means, and more espe-
cially to insure the prohibition of too large holdings of Government
leases by big companies.
LAWS RELATINCf TO METALLIFEROUS MINERALS.
Proposed amendments of the well-established laws relating to
metalliferous minerals always raise the warmest discussion. With
the opinion of mining men in general favoring revisi'on of mining
laws of the United States and with commission after commission
appointed by various bodies to suggest improvements, the statutes
have remained practically unchanged for nearly 40 years, while the
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BPBCIAI. FEATURES OF THE WORK. 253
geology of ore deposits and the technology of metal mining have
made marvelous progress.
The law of the apex has proved more productive of expensive liti-
gation than of economical mining. In many of the more recently
established and more progressive mining districts this statute has
been made inoperative either by common agreement or by ccmipromise
between adjoining owners. Its repeal could not affect established
equities under patents already granted, but would render possible
more certain property rights in large mining districts, not as yet dis-
covered, where new and valuable claims will be located a hundred
years from now. The unit of disposition should be the claim, pref-
erably square, limited on its four sides by vertical planes, and of a
size sufficient to allow the miner occupying two contiguous claims to
follow the vein or lode to considerable depth, even if its dip is only
45°. Such definition of a mining claim is found practicable in both
Mexico and British Columbia, and in the latter country the change
from the apex law was effected without trouble or confusion.
The same knowledge of natural conditions that leads to the sugges-
tion of a repeal of the law of the apex forces the further suggestion
that discovery of ore in place can not be made universally a pre-
requisite to the location of a mining claim. Geologic study of ore
deposits has furnished examples in a number of regions where the
present law can not be complied with, although rich deposits exist
underground and their extent can be more definitely surmised than
in most places where ore is discovered at the surface. To meet such
actual conditions the law should provide for the acquisition of metal-
liferous mineral land classified as such upon the basis of adequate
geologic evidence, whether actual outcrops are present or not.
Most important, perhaps, in any amended mining law would be
provision for enforced development, a principle expressed, it is true,
in the present law but not made effective in its workings. A require-
ment of actual use as a condition of occupancy of mineral land can
not be regarded as either novel or radical. As regards the large acre-
age of undeveloped land in many mining camps to which patent has
already been issued, it is perhaps true that the situation is without
relief, unless the western Australia plan is adopted, whereby the
Government steps in and permits mining under a lease, the proceeds
of which are assessed, collected, and paid over to the owner. The
principle invoked seems to be that no property owner can rightfully
oppose the development of the resources of the State.
In the case of unpatented claims a remedy should be sought for
what has been termed " the paralysis of mining districts," and the
rigid requirement of annual assessment work should be made actual
and effective by inspection and supervision, in order to put an end to
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254 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
the present procedure of allowing a claim to lie idle for practically
two years after its location, not to mention the many localities where
claims are held year after year with only perfunctory compliance, or
even without any performance of assessment work — a type of local
disregard for law that is in striking contrast to the observance
accorded to the district customs and regulations of earlier days,
whereby the right of possession was made absolutely dependent upon
continuous operation.
The remedy, then, for the existing evil of idle mining property
must be sought either in the adoption of leasehold, under which the
Government can enforce operation, a system which fully attains the
desired end of promoting mining development in Australia and New
Zealand, according to the report made in 1907 by Geologist Veatch,
of this Survey, to the President, or in the thorough revision of the
existing system. Radical amendment to the present law would be
necessary in order to secure something more nearly approaching
equality of opportunity. Some limitation should be put on the num-
ber of claims which an individual can locate in each mining district,
and the prevention of monopolization would be furthered by the
rigid enforcement of assessment development. The record of claims
kept by a local official elected by the miners should be reported to the
nearest land office in order to furnish the Federal Government with a
notice of the intention of the claimant, and thus to initiate the oper-
ation of effective inspection, the purpose of which would be to
enforce the use and development of mineral land as comtemplated in
the law.
LEGISLATION |t£QUIR£D FOR WATER POWER.
On the subject of water-power legislati(Mi the position of the
Geological Survey is essentially that set forth in January of this
year in a report addressed to the Secretaries of the Interior and of
Agriculture by a joint committee representing the two departments.
The legislation there outlined would provide for leases of public and
reserved lands of the United States valuable for water-power devel-
opment for a fixed term, not to exceed 50 years, with moderate
charges for use and occupancy of the land, revocable only upon
breach of conditions or on account of the charge of excessive rates
to consumers. These leases should be identical in terms, under what-
ever department they are granted, with joint and uniform regula-
tions governing all matters relating to water-power development
of land belonging to the United States. Provision should also be
made for periodic and equitable readjustment of charges, transfer
of leases, preferential rights to renewal, and compensation for im-
provements at the termination of the leasehold. The law should
specifically recognize water-power use as dominant, should insure
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE WORK. 255
to the lessee undisturbed occupancy of the land needed for such use,
and should reserve for future utilization all land believed to possess
value for water-power development, these lands to be designated by
the President but to be open to other entry, subject to this reserved
right wherever separation of the water-power use and other use is
possible.
EXAMINATIONS TJNDEIl THE WEEKS ACT.
The act approved March 1, 1911 (Stat. L., vol. 36, p. 961), which
provides for the acquisition of land for the purpose of conserving the
navigability of navigable streams, imposed a new duty on the Geo-
logical Survey. Section 6 of the law provides for an examination by
the Geological Survey of land whose purchase is under consideration
and the submission of a report based thereon to the Secretary of
Agriculture, " showing that the control of such lands will promote or
protect the navigation of streams on whose watersheds they lie."
The law thus places upon the Geological Survey the determination of
the fundamental question whether the control of the specific tract
of land pertains to the promotion or protection of navigability, and
stipulates that a favorable report to the Secretary of Agriculture
must precede the purchase of the tract considered.
The report thus required of the Geological Survey is believed to
involve something more than perfunctory action and to consist of a
showing of facts rather than an expression of opinion. The solu-
tion of complex scientific problems is required in order to estab-
lish actual and substantial relationship between control of head-
water tracts and the navigation of streams, and while the respon?
sibility for this determination had not been sought by the Geological
Survey, this new application of scientific investigation to an adminis-
trative problem has been accepted by the Survey as directly in line
with its geologic and hydrographic work. It was at once recog-
nized that as the determinative agent, whose favorable report must
precede any action by the National Forest Reservaticm Commission,
the Geological Survey would be exposed to criticism alike by those
favoring a " broad interpretation " of both natural and statutory law
and by those who had opposed the enactment of the Weeks law as
embodying a subterfuge.
On the initiative of the Survey a conference was arranged between
representatives of the Department of Agriculture and of the Depart-
ment of the Interior, and an agreement was reached concerning pro-
cedure in the administration of this new. law, so far as the Forest
Service and the Geological Survey are concerned, to the end that
the examinations of land by the two bureaus might be coordinated.
In this agreement, which was approved by the two Secretaries on
May 8, 1911, it is set forth that the examination by the Geological
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256 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SLTIVEY.
Survey will include the determination of the relation of the head-
water streams to the navigable streams to which they are tributary,
the local observation of the headwater stream or streams draining the
tract or tracts in question with reference to run-off characteristics and
to nature and amount of suspended material, the classification of the
surface formations of the tract with reference to permeability and
storage capacity and to resistance to erosion, and the securing of such
additional topographic data, in cooperation with the Forest Service,
as are needed by the two bureaus in their examination of the tract.
In accordance with the terms of this agreement work was prose-
cuted in Georgia, Tennessee, and New Hampshire in May and June,
resulting in the submission of two favorable reports to the Secretary
of Agriculture before the end of the fiscal year.
Report No. 1 refers to a tract of 31,377 acres in Fannin and Union
counties, Ga., and states the following general conclusions, based on
local field examination, which support the proposition that the con-
trol of this tract in northern Georgia will promote and protect the
navigation of Hiwassee and Tennessee rivers, in whose basins the
land examined lies.
(a) Toccoa River is a headwater stream contributing a relatively
large low-season flow, which makes its basin one of the class best
adapted to promote the navigability of the river during the dry
season.
(6) On the Gennett tract, as elsewhere in this general district, ex-
cessive soil wastage is in progress, which is chargeable to the prac-
tice of yearly burning over the forest lands, to the tillage of steep
slopes, and to the presence of fallow fields.
(<?) Control of these lands will to an appreciable extent insure
the continuance and possible betterment of the important low-water
contribution of Toccoa River and will diminish the present exces-
sive delivery of sediment into this tributary of Hiwassee and Ten-
nessee rivers.
The National Forest Reservation Commission, on the basis of this
report and the report presented by the Forest Service, authorized
the purchase of this tract.
Report No. 2 refers to a tract in Blount and Sevier counties,
Tenn. This tract comprises 58,213 acres in the upper drainage
basin of Little River, which enters Tennessee River below Knox-
ville. Little River itself is navigable in its lower part and the
importance of the Tennessee as a navigable stream is well known.
The general conclusions based on the local examination and pre-
sented below support the proposition that the control of this tract
will promote and protect the navigation of Little and Tennessee
rivers, on whose watersheds the land examined lies. Theee conclu-
sions are:
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KECBOLOQY. 267
(a) Little Siver is a stream whose headwater branches contribute
a low-season flow largely in excess of the average discharge of the
Tennessee drainage basin.
(b) Excessive erosion is observed in various parts of the tract,
especially in those parts which have been subject to repeated burn-
ing. A sensible reduction of the amount of sediment delivered to
Little Kiver seems possible through forest management.
Action on this report by the commission was postponed, because
of questions as to terms and conditions of sale raised in the report
submitted by the Forest Service.
Kepoirt No. 8, on adjoining tracts in Little River basin, aggre-
gating 3,365 acres, based on the field examination covering the tract
referred to in report No. 2, was transmitted to the Secretary of
Agriculture in July.
The only topographic work thus far found necessary in these ex-
aminations has been a resuRvey of the Little River drainage basin,
in Tennessee. Hydrographic work in the White Mountain region
was begun in May and will be continued through the summer, when
the necessary geologic examination will also be made of the tracts
selected by the Forest Service for proposed purchase. This plan of
procedure was decided upon early in May, and the selection of tracts
in the southern Appalachians for immediate examination and report
before June 30 was actuated, first, by the fact that much more work
had already been done in that area by the Geological Survey ; second,
by the fact that the geologic conditions in the region were believed
to be much more favorable to the contention that an indisputable
relation exists between forest lands and stream regulation, and fur-
ther by the fact that the oflfering of two large tracts having an area
of 90,000 acres in especially favorable localities, promised the maxi-
mum chance for favorable reports within a minimum time.
NECROLOGY.
SAMUEL FBAITELIN EMMONS.
The Geological Survey suffered an irreparable loss in the death
of Samuel Franklin Emmons on March 28, 1911, after a brief illness.
Mr. Emmons served the Survey as an administrative chief and a
scientific leader from the first year of its history, so that mention of
his attainments and his work furnishes also a record of the 32 years
of achievement and progress by the organization.
Mr. Emmons was graduated from Harvard College in 1861, and
after a period of study abroad joined Clarence King as an assistant
in the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel.
For nearly 10 years he remained with this organization, seeing varied
service and gaining wide knowledge of the geology of the West.
n866'— iWT 1911— VOL 1 ^17
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258 THIETY-SECOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
With Mr. Arnold Hague he was joint author of the second volume of
the great Fortieth Parallel series, entitled " Descriptive geology."
With the organization of the present Survey, in 1879, Mr. Emmons
was placed by King in charge of the Rocky Mountain division, with
instructions to give exclusive attention to the study of the mineral
wealth, and soon thereafter he began his study of the Leadville dis-
trict, then newly opened. His monograph and atlas on the " Geology
and mining industry of Leadville " ^ were published by the Greological
Survey in 1886, and at once established the reputation of their author.
The Leadville report was preceded in publication by Becker's mono-
graph on the ^^ Geology of the Comstock lode and the Washoe dis-
trict"* and by Curtis's less extensive report on the "Silver-lead
deposits of Eureka, Nev.," ^ but with these, and more decisively than
these, it marked the beginning of a new era in economic geology and
became a model for the numerous monographic reports on western
mining districts that have since been published by the United States
Geological Survey.
Until a few years ago Mr. Emmons continued in general charge of
the investigations of western ore deposits carried on by the Survey,
and many studies were planned and completed under his supervision
and with his suggestive advice. In some reports he appeared as col-
laborator; in others his share was less patent, although perhaps
scarcely less important. He was the semor author of the mono-
graph on the " Geology of the Denver Basin " and was the sole or
joint author of several folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United
States. His contributions to scientific periodicals and to the transac-
tions of societies were numerous and important. One of the most
notable of these contributions was his paper on the " Secondary en-
richment of ore deposits," * which was the outcome of long-continued
studies at Butte and elsewhere and which enunciated principles that
were at once generally recognized as being not only of unusual
scientific importance but also of great practical value.
During the later years of his life Mr. Emmons, freed from the
cares of ofiicial administration, returned to his studies at Leadville,
and, in association with Prof. J. D. Irving, of Yale University, was
engaged in extending his earlier results in the light of additional
facts brought out by extensive mining operations continued through
three decades. Although some of his newer material was published
in 1907 as the Survey's Bulletin 320, on the Downtown district of
Leadville, Colo., Mr. Emmons did not live to see the publication of
his final results. The task of completing the report has fallen to
Prof. Irving.
^Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 12, 1886.
s Idem, Tol. 3, 1882.
•Idem, vol. 7, 1884.
« Trans. Am. Inst Mln. Bng.. vol. 30, 1901, pp. 177-217.
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WORK OF THE YEAB — ^PUBUCATIONS. 259
Mr. Emmons was a prominent member of many scientific societies
and academies both in this country and abroad, including the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, of which he was treasurer at the time
of his death. In 1903 he held the office of president of the Geological
Society of America. In 1909 both Harvard and Columbia Uni-
versities conferred upon him the honorary degree of Sc. D.
The chief characteristics of his work were thorough painstaking
honesty of method, wide and penetrating vision in the interpretation of
his facts, remarkable soundness and stability of judgment, and clarity
of exposition. Himself able to express his thought in unusually clear
and felicitous language, Mr. Emmons was an invaluable critic, not
only of substance but of form, and those geologists who in their
younger days were so fortunate as to receive his kindly yet keen crit-
icism have found their appreciation of what he did for them grow
with the passing years and will always hold him in grateful remem-
brance. His own writings are an eloquent protest against the
view that sound science can find appropriate expression in slovenly
writing.
In the course of his long life Mr. Enmions had seen the Far West
make astonishing progress, especially in the mining industry, and he
had the satisfaction of knowing that by his work he had materially
advanced this development. He had received unsought and bore
modestly the honors that men of science most prize. His name not
only stood high on the rolls of science but was known to miners
throughout the Rocky Mountain region as that of the man who more
than anyone else had applied geologic knowledge in a way to convince
them of its value.
WORK OF THE THAR.
PUBLICATIONS.
The Survey's success in reaching the public with the results of its
scientific work is directly measured by the distribution of its pub-
lications. In spite of the organization of the Bureau of Mines and
the consequent removal of the deservedly popular technologic bulle-
tins from the Survey's publications, the t(^al number of reports and
maps distributed by the Geological Survey in 1911 was 1,208,797,
an increase of 6 per cent over the corresponding figures for 1910.
An even larger percentage of increase is shown in the number of
letters received containing remittances for sale publications, while
the receipts for topographic maps increased about 10 per cent. The
total distribution of topographic maps, which includes congressional
distribution, exchanges, and issue for departmental use, as well as the
half million maps sold, exhibits the gratifying increase of 15 per cent.
The total distribution to the public of books and maps is equivalent
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260 THIBTY-SEOOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
to more than 99 per cent of the number of copies receiyed during the
year from the Government Printing Office and the Survey's engrav-
ing and printing division.
The notable increase in the amount of editorial work also fur-
nishes a gratifying item in the year's record. The number of manu-
script pages read in 1911 exceeds the largest number read in any
previous year by nearly 10 per cent and exceeds the work of some
recent years by 100 per cent. In pages of final proof read and in-
dexed this year's record has been exceeded by only two years, and
this excess is in part apparent rather than real, by reason of changes
in measure of page and size of type, while the cost of editorial work
has been much less than in other years in which a comparable amount
of work was performed.
The publications of the last fiscal year are briefly described in the
following summaries:
Thirty-first Annual Report of the Director of the United States Geological Sur-
vey to the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 80,
1910.
A report on special features of the Survey's work, brief abstracts of pubU-
cations of the year, and a summary of the work by branches and divisions,
with maps showing the progress of topographic and areal surveys.
Professional Paper 68. The ore deposits of New Mexico, by Waldemar Llndgren,
Louis C. Graton, and Charles H. Gordon. 1910. 361 pp., 22 pis., 33 text
figured.
A detailed description of the commercially valuable ore deposits and an
exhaustive exposition of the general features of the geology of the region,
especially those related to the origin and occurroice of ores of metallic min-
erals, with descriptions of mines and prospects by counties and statistics of
mineral production. Numerous maps and diagrams show the surface con-
tour, the locations of particular mining districts, and the plans of workings
of particular mines. Several plates show the appearance of typical minerals
of the region in natural colors.
Professional Paper 72. Denudation and erosion in the southern Appalachian
region and the Monongahela Basin, by Leonidas Chalmers Glenn. 1911.
137 pp., 21 pis., and 1 text figure.
A report on the nature, efiTects, and remedies of erosion in general, with a
detailed account of special conditions in the region under discussion. The
relations of such Industries as agriculture, lumbering, mining, and power
development to erosion are considered, and suggestions for improving con-
ditions in the region are given. The effects of erosion are shown by numerous
illustrations, and several photographs are introduced to indicate methods of
regulating stream flow that have proved adaptable to particular conditions.
Bulletin 381. Contributions to economic geology, 1908 — Part II, Mineral fuela
Marlus R. Campbell, geologist in charge. 1910. 559 pp., 24 pis., 15 text
figures.
A bulletin consisting of 27 short papers and preliminary reports on inves-
tigations, made in 1908, of deposits of coal, lignite, natural gas, and petro-
leum, Including descriptions of mining districts, accounts of development
work in particular localities, and results of the investigation of the character
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — ^PUBLICATIONS. 261
Of certain mineral fuels. The Illustrations are mostly maps of coal fields and
sections of mines. The bulletin includes a list of other publications of the
survey on petroleum and natural gas. The bulletin includes papers having the
following titles :
Stratigraphy and coal beds of the Indiana coal field, by G. H. Ashley.
The Washburn lignite field, North Dakota, by C. D. Smith.
The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation lignite field. North Dakota, by G. D.
Smith.
The Fort Peck Indian Reservation lignite field, Montana, by G. D. Smith.
The central part of the Bull Mountain coal field, Montana, by R. W.
Richarda
The Milk River coal field, Montana, by L. J. Pepperberg.
NoteR on the coals of the Custer National Forest, Montana, by C. H. Wege-
mann.
The Powder River coal field, Wyoming, adjacent to the Burlington Railroad,
by R. W. Stone and C. T. Lupton.
The BufiTalo coal field, Wyoming, by H. S. Gale and C. H. Wegemann.
The coal field in the southeastern part of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, by
E. G. Woodruff.
The eastern part of the Little Snake River coal field, Wyoming, by M. W.
Ball and Eugene Stebinger.
The southern part of the Rock Springs coal field, Sweetwater County., Wyo.,
by A. R. Schultz.
Weathering of coal in the arid region of the Green River Basin, Sweetwater
County, Wyo., by A. R. Schultz.
Coal of the Denver Basin, Colorado, by G. C. Martin.
The South Park coal field, Colorado, by C. W. Washbume.
The Colorado Springs coal field, Colorado, by M. I. Goldman.
The Canon City coal field, Colorado, by C. W. Washbume.
The Trinidad coal field, Colorado, by G. B. Richardson.
Isolated coal fields in Santa Fe and San Miguel counties, New Mexico, by
J. H. Gardner.
The Casthage coal field, New Mexico, by J. H. Gardner.
The coal field between San Mateo and Cuba, New Mexico, by J. H. Gardner.
Geology and oil prosj^ects of the Reno region, Nevada, by Robert Anderson.
Two areas of oil prospecting in Lyon County, western Nevada, by Robert
Anderson.
Analysis of crude petroleum from Oklahoma and Kansas, by D. T. Day.
The Madill oil pool, Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff and W. J. Reed.
Development in the Boulder oil field, Colorado, by C. W. Washbume.
The Florence oil field, Colorado, by C. W. Washbume.
Survey publications on petroleum and natural gas.
Bulletin 425. The explosibility of coal dust, by George S. Rice, with chapters
by J. C. W. Frazer, Axel Larsen, Frank Haas, and Carl Scholz. 1910.
186 pp., 14 pis., 28 text figures.
A summary of experiments and mine investigations showing the explosi-
bility of coal dust and the available protective measurea A history of the
discussion of coal-dust explosions is given and also a brief account of recent
disasters. The origin of coal dust, its distribution and ignition, and the pos-
sible means of preventing the dangers it presents are considered in the light
of the results of recent experiments made in America and in Europe. The
value of exhaust steam to prevent the formation of coal dust is treated at
length.
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Bulletin 426. Granites of the southeastern Atlantic States, by Thomas Leonard
Watson. 1910. 282 pp., 27 pis., 22 text figures.
A report on the commercial granites of Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, Ala-
bama, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The introductory
chapter includes a discussion of the mineral and chemical composition, the
physical properties, and the geologic characteristics of granites in general.
Under the headings of the States named the distribution of granites in the
region is considered and the features of local varieties are described.
Bulletin 427. Manganese deposits of the United States, with sections on foreign
deposits, chemistry, and uses, by Edmund Cecil Harder. 1910. 298 pp.,
2 pis., 33 text figures.
Detailed descriptions of the deposits of manganese ores in the United States,
with chapters on the sources of the metal, the production of manganese in
foreign countries, its chemical compounds and alloys, its uses in metallurgy,
chemistry, and as a coloring material, and the status of manganese produc-
tion in the United States.
Bulletin 429. Oil and gas in Louisiana, with a brief summary of their occur-
rence in adjacent States, by G. D. Harris. 1910. 192 pp., 22 pis., 21
text figures.
Outlines the modes of occurrence and methods of exploitation of oil and
gas in Louisiana. Saline-dome oil and gas and stratum oil and gas are
considered separately, the numerous prospects and producing fields are
described, and the condition of development work is reported.
Bulletin 430. Contributions to economic geology (short papers and prelimi-
nary reports), 1909 — Part I, Metals and nonmetals except fuels. C. W.
Hayes and Waldemar Lindgren, geologists in charge. 1910. 653 pp.,
14 pis., 75 text figures.
Includes 42 short papers or preliminary reports on investigations made In
1909 of deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and other minerals. Some newly
developed deposits are described and the results of special investigations of
particular mineral fields are reported. In addition to chapters on the more
common metallic substances, contains chapters on aluminum ores, as-
phaltum, structural materials, abrasives, mineral paints, salines, phosphates,
sulphur and pyrite, and the rare metals. A complete list of the papers
included in the report follows :
Notes on the placer deposits of Greaterville, Ariz., by J. M. Hill.
Gold mining in the Randsburg quadrangle, California, by F. L. Hess.
The Weaver ville-Trlnity Center gold gravels. Trinity County, Cal., by
D. F. MacDonald.
Placer gravels' of the Sumpter and Granite districts, eastern Oregon, by
J. T. Pardee.
Survey publications on gold and silver.
The occurrence of copper in Shasta County, Cal., by L. C. Graton.
Geology of the copper deposits near Montpelier, Bear Lake County, Idaho,
by H. S. Gale.
The copper deposits of South Mountain in southern Pennsylvania, by
G. W. Stose.
Survey publications on copper.
Notes on the mineral deposits of the Bearpaw Mountains, Montana, by
L. J. Pepperberg.
Survey publications on lead and zinc.
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WORK OP THE YEAB — PtTBLICATIONS. 268
Notes on the occurrence of cinnatwr in central western Arixona, by How-
land Bancroft.
Some occurrences of molybdenite in the Santa Rita and Patagonia moun-
tains, Arizona, by F. G. Schrader and J. M. Hill.
Note on the occurrence of timgsten minerals near Calabasas, Ariz., by
J. M. Hill.
Some chromite deposits in western and central California, by E. C.
Harder.
An occurrence of monazite in northern Idaho, by F. C. Schrader.
Platinum in southeastern Nevada, by Howland Bancroft
The Virginia rutile deposits, by T. L. Watson and Stephen Taber.
Notes on tungsten deposits near Deer Park, Wash., by Howland Bancroft
Surrey publicatioijs on antimony, chromium, nickel, platinum, quicksilver,
tin, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, etc.
Some iron ores of western and central California, by £. C. Harder.
The Iron Age iron-ore deposit, near Dale, San Bernardino County, Cal.,
by E. C. Harder and J. L. Rich.
Iron ores near Dayton, Nev., by E. C. Harder.
The Jauss iron mine, DiUsburg, Pa., by A. C. Spencer.
Deposits of brown iron ore near DiUsburg, York County, Pa., by B. C.
Harder.
Preliminary report on pre-Cambrian geology and iron ores of Llano
County, Tex., by Sidney Paige.
Survey publlcaQons on iron and manganese ores.
Survey publications on aluminum ores.
Survey publications on asphalt.
Field investigations of structural materials, by E. F. Burchard.
Structural materials available in the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., by
E. F. Burchard.
Structural materials available in the vicinity of Austin, Tex., by B. F.
Burchard.
The slates of Arkansas, by A. H. Purdue.
The oolitic limestone industry at Bedford and Bloomington, Ind., by J. A.
Udden.
Supplementary notes on the granites of New Hampshire, by T. N. Dale.
Oolitic limestone at Bowling Green and other places in Kentucky, by J. H.
Gardner.
Survey publications on building stone and road metal.
Conent materials in Republican Valley, Nebraska, by N. H. Darton.
Gravel and sand In the Pittsburg district, Pennsylvania, by E. W. Shaw.
Sun-ey publications on cement and cement and concrete materials.
Fuller's earth and brick clays near Clinton, Mass., by W. C. Alden.
Survey publications on clays, fuller's earth, etc.
The gypsum deposits of the Palen Mountains, Riverside County, Cal., by
B. C. Harder.
Gypsum deposits near Cane Springs, Kern County, Cal., by F. L. Hess.
Survey publications on gypsum and plasters.
Survey publications on lime and magnesite.
Sur\'ey publications on glass sand and glass-making materials.
Survey publications on abrasive materials.
Ocher deposits of eastern Penn^lvania, by J. C. Stoddard and A. C. Callen.
Paint-ore deposits near Lehigh Gap, Penni^lvanla, by F. T. Agthe and J. L.
Dynan.
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264 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL StJRVEY.
Survey publications on mineral paints.
Preliminary report on the phosphate deposits In southeastern Idaho and
adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah, by H. S. Gale and R. W. Rlcharda
Phosphate deposits east of Ogden, Utah, by EUot Blackwelder.
Survey publications on phosphates and other mineral fertilizers.
The salt resources of the Idaho-Wyoming border, with notes on the geology,
by C. L, Breger.
Deposits of sodium salts in Wyoming, by A. R. Schultz.
Survey publications on salines, including salt, borax, and soda.
Survey publications on sulphur and pyrite.
Mica deposits of North Carolina, by D. B. Sterrett
Supposed graphite deposits near Brigham, Utah, by H. S. Gale.
Survey publications on miscellaneous nonmetallic products.
Bulletin 431. Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary
reports), 1909— Part II, Mineral fuels. M. R. Campbell, geologist in
charge. 1911. 254 pp., 12 pis., 4 text figures.
An introduction by Mr. Campbell gives a list of coal and oil fields examined
In 1909 concerning which reports are being prepared for publication by the
Survey. The body of the volume comprises the following papers :
Natural gas in North Dakota, by A. G. Leonard.
The San Juan oil field, San Juan County, Utah, by H. B. Gregory.
Gas and oil prospects near Vale, Oreg., and Payette, Idaho, by C W.
Washbume.
Gas prospects in Harney Valley, Oregon, by 0. W. Washbume.
Preliminary report on the geology and oil prospects of the Cantua-Panoche
region, California, by Robert Anderson.
The southern part of the Cahaba coal field, Alabama, by Charles Butts.
The Powell Mountain coal field, Scott and Wise counties, Va., by M. R.
Campbell and E. G. WoodruflT.
The eastern part of the Bull Mountain coal field, Montana, by C. T. Lupton.
Preliminary report on the Coos Bay coal field, Oregon, by J. S. Diller and
M. A. Fishel.
The Black Mesa coal field, Arizona, by M. R. Campbell and H. E. Gregpry.
Coal deposits near Pinedale, Navajo County, Ariz., by A. C. Veatch.
Coal in San Benito County, Cal., by M. R. Campbell.
Bulletin 432. Some ore deposits in Maine and the Milan mine, New Hamp-
shire, by William H. Emmons. 1910. 62 pp., 3 pis., 23 text figures.
An account of the geology and ore deposits of Maine, with detailed descrip-
tions of the mines and consideration of their commercial value. The area
covered by the report Includes Hancock, Somerset, Washington, and Oxford
counties, Maine, and the Milan mine in New Hampshire.
Bulletin 433. Geology and mineral resources of the Solomon and Casadepaga
quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by Philip S. Smith. 1910. 234
pp., 16 pis., 26 text figures.
An account of the geology and geography of Seward Peninsula, particu-
larly of the Solomon and Casadepaga quadrangles, with a statemait of present
economic development in those quadrangles. The work of Mr. Smith estab-
lishes the geologic relations of the rocks of the district to the rest of Seward
Peninsula and shows that their structure is very complex. Large-scale
geologic and topographic maps, in colors, accompany the report.
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WORK OF THE YEAB — ^PtTBLICATIONS. 265
Bulletin 4d4. Results of spirit leveling in Delaware, District of Columbia,
Biaryland, and Virginia, 1886 to 1909. R. B. Marshall, chief geographer.
1910. 74 pp.
Gives the elevation above sea level of about 600 points in the area con-
sidered, arranged by quadrangles. The work in Maryland and that in
Virginia during a part of the year 1908 was done in cooperation with the
States.
Bulletin 435. A reconnaissance of parts of northwestern New Mexico and
northern Arizona, by N. H. Darton. 1910. 88 pp., 17 pis., 8 text figures.
A detailed description of the geology of the Rio Grande Valley and the
Grand Canyon of the Colorado region, undertaken to determine the prospects
for obtaining deep-seated underground water supplies. The peculiar forma-
tions of the Grand Canyon are described, the mineral resources of the region
are considered briefly, and numerous well records are given.
Bulletin 436. The fauna of the phosphate beds of the Park City formation in
Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, by George H. Glrty. 82 pp., 7 pis.
Descriptions of invertebrate fossils found in the phosphate beds near Park
City, Utah, with illustrations showing the forms discovered.
Bulletin 437. Results of spirit leveling in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,
1896 to 1909, inclusiva R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 59 pp. 1910.
Gives elevations of about 500 points, arranged by quadrangles. The work
in Maine was done in cooperation with the State from 1899 to 1909, inclusive.
Bulletin 438. Geology and mineral resources of the St. Louis quadrangle, Mis-
souri-Illinois, by N. M. Fenneman. 1911. 73 pp., 6 pis., 1 text figure.
A brief geologic history of the district and deecriptions of its topography,
stratigraphy, and mineral resources. Contains a geologic map of the quad-
rangle and illustrations showing the structure and some other geologic
features. The coal, clay, quarry rock, oil, gas, sand, gravel, and water
resources of the quadrangle are described In connection with its economic
geology.
Bulletin 439. The fauna of the Morefield shale of Arkansas, by George H.
Girty. 1911. 148 pp., 15 pis.
Descriptions of invertebrate fossils of an important section of Mlssissipplan
rocks. The species are considered individually and in detail, and most of the
forms are illustrated in the plates.
Bulletin 440. Results of triangulation and primary traverse for the years 1906,
1907, and 1908. R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1910. 668 pp., 1 pi.
Gives the results of triangulation and primary traverse in the United States
from 1906 to 1908, inclusive, listing 716 triangulation stations and 6,243 pri-
mary traverse statiops, nearly all on United States standard datum. The
bulletin includes a map showing the condition of astronomic location and
primary control to January 1, 1909.
Bulletin 441. Results of spirit leveling in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee, 1896 to 1909, inclusive. R. B. Marshall,
chief geographer. 1911. 146 pp.
Gives the elevations of about 1.300 points in the States named. The report
includes all leveling by the Geological Survey In this area, arranged by
quadrangles. The work in Alabama from 1899 to 1905 and in North Carolina
in 1896 and from 1902 to 1909 was done in cooperation with those States.
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266 THIRTY-SECOND BEK)BT 0^ GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
Bulletin 442. Mineral resources of Alaska — ^report on progress of investigations
in 1909, by Alfred H. Broolss and others. 1910. 432 pp., S pis., 8 text
figures.
An annual report on the work of the Geological Survey in Alaska. Includes,
In addition to an administrative report, a large number of special reports on
various features of the work, among which are papers on the mining industry
in 1909, the utilization of Alaskan coal, the preparation and use of peat as a
fuel, and the auriferous quartz veins of the Fairbanks district. The report
includes papers having the following titles :
Administrative report, by Alfred H. Brooks.
The mining industry in 1909, by Alfred H. Brooks.
Alaska coal and its utilization, by Alfred H. Brooks.
The preparation and use of peat as a fuel, by Charles A. Davis.
Mining in southeastern Alaska, by Adolph Knopf.
Occurrence of iron ore near Haines, by Adolph Knopf.
Report of water-power reconnaissance in southeastern Alaska, by John G.
Hoyt.
Mining in the Chitina district, by Fred H. Moffit.
Mining and prospecting on Prince William Sound in 1909, by U. S. Grant.
Preliminary report on the mineral resources of the southern part of Kenai
Peninsula, by U. S. Grant and D. F. Higgina
Outline of the geology and mineral resources of the Iliamna and Clark
lakes region, by G. C. Martin and F. J. Katz.
Grold placers of the Mulchatna, by F. J. Katz.
Sketch of the geology of the northeastern part of the Fairbanks quadrangle,
by L. M. Prindle.
The auriferous quartz veins of the Fairbanks district, by L. M. Prindle.
Placer mining In the Yukon-Tanana region, by C. E. Ellsworth.
Occurrence of wolframite and cassiterite in the gold placers of Deadwood
Creek, Birch Creek district, by Bertrand L. Johnson.
Water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, 1909, by C. E. Ellsworth.
The Koyukuk-Chandalar gold region, by A. G. Maddren.
Mineral resources of the Nulato-Council region, by Philip S. Smith and
Henry M. Eakin.
Mining in Seward Peninsula, by Fred F. Henshaw.
Water-supply investigations in Seward Peninsula In 1909, by Fred F.
Henshaw.
Bulletin 443. Reconnaissance of the geology and mineral resources of Prince
William Sound, Alaska, by U. S. Grant and D. F. Higgins. 1910. 89 pp.,
12 pis., 9 ^xt figures.
Contains detailed descriptions of the many copper mines and prospects of
the district and notes on the occurrence of gold and other metals of com-
mercial importance. The topography and general geology of the region are
fully considered and the report is accompanied by a large-scale geologic map.
Bulletin 444. Bibliography of North American geology for 1909, with subject
index, by John M. Nlckles. 1910. 174 pp.
A list, arranged alphabetically by authors' names, of publications bearing
on the geology of North America, the adjoining islands, Panama, and the
Hawaiian Islands, with summaries of many of the publicationa The work
Is Indexed and includes lists of chemical analyses and of minerals, rocks, and
geologic formations described.
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WOEK OF THE YEAB — ^PUBLICATIONS. 267
Bulletin 445. Geology of the pegmatites and associated rocks of Maine, includ-
ing feldspar, quartz, mica, and gem deposits, by Edson S. Bastiu. 1911. .
152 pp., 19 pis., 8 text figures.
Describes in detail the general geology and th'' specific occurrence of peg-
matites in Maine and the relations of granites and pegmatites, and discusses
at length the economically important pegmatite minerals, in respect to their
occurrence, uses, production, and prices. Among these minerals are feldspar,
quartz, mica, tourmaline, and beryl.
Bulletin 446. Geology of the Bemers Bay region, Alaska, by Adolph Knopf.
1911. 58 pp., 2 pis., 4 text figures.
A report on the geology and ore deposits of the Bemers Bay region, at the
northwest extremity of the Juneau gold belt, describing the mines and pros-
pects of the region and the mineralogy of the ore deposits! Mr. Knopfs report
shows that the mineralization of south-c^itral Alaska was synchronous with
that of the Mother Lode district in California.
Bulletin 447. Mineral resources of Johnstown, Pa., and vicinity, by W. O.
Phalen and Lawrence Martin. 1911. 142 pp., 7 pis., 22 text figures.
A full discussion of the geology of this important coal-bearing region, with
descriptions of its mineral resources. Coal and clay, the most valuable re-
sources, are treated in detail by districts, and many analyses of coal and clay
from particular districts are given. The occurrence of glass sand, building
stone, lime, cement, and iron ores is also discussed.
Bulletin 449. A geologic reconnaissance in soiT^heastem Seward Paiinsnla and
the Norton Bay-Nulato region, Alaska, by P. S. Smith and H. M. Eakin.
1911. 146 pp., 13 pis.
A report on the geography, geology, climate, vegetation, and mineral re-
sources of a hitherto unexplored district Illustrated by maps and half-tone
plates. The gold placers and lode prospects of the region are described in
detail, and the coal exposures are also considered.
Bulletin 452. The Ijinder and Salt Creek oil fields, Wyoming: The Lander oil
field, Fremont County, by B. G. Woodruff; The Salt Creek oil field,
Natrona County, by C. H. Wegemann. 1911. 87 pp., 12 pis., 1 text
figure
Descriptions of the stratigraphy and structure of the two fields and full
accounts of the oil origin, condition of development, and available markets,
with large-scale maps of the oil fields.
Bulletin 453. Results of spirit leveling in Minnesota, 1897 to 1910, inclusive.
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 39 pp., 1 pi.
A report on precise and primary leveling in the State, showing the alti-
tudes above sea level of more than 600 places. The work in 1909 and 1910
was done in cooperation with the State of Minnesota. This and similar
bulletins contain a half-tone illnstration showing designs for bench marks
used by the United States Geological Survey, and all devotions are arranged
by quadrangles.
Bulletin 457. Results of spirit leveling in the State of Washington, 1896 to
1910, inclusive. R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 108 pp., 1 pi,
A report on precise and primary leveling in the State, showing the alti-
tudes above sea level of more than 1,800 places. The work in 1900 and 1910
was done in cooperation with the State of Washington.
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268 THIETY-SECOND REPOBT OF GEOLOGICAIi SUEVEY.
Bulletin 459. Results of spirit leveling in Missouri, 1896 to 1909, inclusiva
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 48 pp., 1 pi.
A reix»rt on preoiee and primary leveling in the State, showing the alti-
tudes above sea level of more than 450 places. The work from 1907 to 1909,
inclusive, was done in cooperation with the State.
Bulletin 460. Results of spirit leveling in Iowa, 1896 to 1909, inclusive. R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 32 pp., 1 pi.
A report on precise and primary leveling In the State, showing the alti-
tudes above sea level of more than 250 places. The work from 1907 to 1909,
inclusive, was done in cooperation with the State.
Bulletin 461. Results of spirit leveling in Michigan and Wisconsin, 1897 to 1909,
inclusive. R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 64 pp., 1 pi.
A report on precise and primary leveling in the two States, showing the alti-
tudes above sea level of more than 550 places. The work from 1901 to 1909,
inclusive, was done in cooperation with the States.
Bulletin 462. Results of spirit leveling in Oregon, 1896 to 1910, inclusive. R. B.
Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 82 pp., 1 pi.
A report on precise and primary leveling in the State, showing the alti-
tudes above sea ^evel of more than 750 places. The work from 1905 to 1910,
inclusive, was done in cooperation with the State.
Bulletin 463. Results of spirit leveling in Arizona, 1899 to 1909, inclusive.
R. B. Marshall, chief geographer. 1911. 94 pp., 1 pi.
A report on precise and primary leveling in the State, showing 'the altl
tudes above sea level of more than 800 places.
Bulletin 465. The State geological surveys of the United States, compiled under
the direction of C. W. Hayes. 1911. 177 pp.
Brief sketches of the origin and history of the geological surveys in the
several States and Territories of the United States, their organization, and
the laws governing them, with statements showing the amounts appropriated
and the purposes for which they have been expended. Compiled from reports
submitted by the State geologists or by other officials of the surveys.
Advance chapters from Bulletin 470, " Contributions to economic geology (short
papers and preliminary reports), 1910— Part I, Metals and nonmetals
except fuels," as follows:
Bulletin 470-A. Phosphates in Montana, by Hoyt S. Giile. 1911. 7 pp., 2 text
flgurea
A report on the location and structure of phosphate deposits at Melrose,
Mont., with reference to their value and accessibility.
Bulletin 470-D. Lead and zinc, by R. W. Richards and Rowland Bancroft.
1911. 30 pp., 4 text figures.
Papers on the lead and zinc deposits in the Metaline mining district,
Washington, and the lead and copper deposits in the Bear River Range,
Idaho and Utah, with a list of Survey publications on lead and zinc.
Bulletin 470-E. Rare metals, by F. L. Hess. 1911. 12 pp., 1 text figure.
Includes a report on the arsenic deposits at Brinton, Va., and a list of
Survey publications on antimony, chromium, monazlte, nickel, platinum,
quicksilver, tin, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium.
Bulletin 470-F. Iron and manganese, by Charles Butts. 1911. 22 pp., 4 text
figures.
A report on the iron ores in the Montevallo-Columblana region, Alabama,
with sketch maps showing the location of the deposits and a list of Survey
publications on iron and manganee.
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WOBK OF THE YBAB — ^PUBLICATIONS 269
Bulletin 470-1. Mineral paints, by B. L. Miller. 1911. 15 pp.
A paper on the paint shales of Pennsylvania and a list of Survey publica-
tions on mineral paints.
Bulletin 470-J. Sulphur and pyrlte, by R. W. Richards and J, H. Bridges.
1911. 8 pp., 1 text figure.
A report on the sulphur deposits near Soda Springs, Idaho, and a list
of Survey publications on sulphur and pyrite.
Bulletin 470-K. Miscellaneous nonmetallic products. 1911. 45 pp., 6 text
figures. Contains the following papers :
The types, modes of occurrence, and Important deposits of asbestos In the
United States, by J. S. Diller.
Dolomite for fiux in the vicinity of Montevallo, Shelby County, Ala., by
Charles Butts.
Graphite near Dillon, Mont, by A. N. Wlnchell.
Fluorspar near Demlng, N. Mex., by N. H. Darton and E. F. Burchard.
Water-Supply Paper 237. The quality of the surface waters of California, by
Walton Van Wlnltle and Frederick M. Eaton, In cooperation with the
California Department of Engineering. 1910. 142 pp., 1 pl.
A description of the drainage of the State, with analyses and assays of
surface waters and general conclusions regarding the adaptability of the
waters of the several streams for various uses.
Water-supply Paper 240. Geology and water resources of the San Luis Valley,
Colorado, by C. E. Slebenthal. 1910. 128 pp., 13 pis., 15 text figures.
A comprehensive view of the geology of the San Luis Valley and the sur-
rounding rim, with a description of the artesian basin, its development and
its prospects, and Information in regard to climate, agriculture, Irrigation,
and water resources.
Water-Supply Paper 246. Surface water supply of the United States, 1907-8:
Part VI, Missouri River basin, prepared under the direction of M. O.
Leighton by Robert Follansbee and J. E. Stewart 1910. 311 pp., 13 pis.,
2 text figures.
Water-supply Paper 251. Surface water supply of the United States, 1907-8:
Part XI, California, prepared under the direction of M. O. Leighton by
W. B. Clapp and W. F. Martin. 1910. 363 pp., 7 pis., 1 text figure.
Water-Supply Papers 246 and 2.51 contain the results of stream measure-
ments In the United States during the calendar years 1907 and 1908, con-
tinuing the Survey's series of reports on stream gaglngs. These papers give
gage-height records, results of current-meter measurements, rating tables,
and estimates of monthly dlscliarges at stations maintained, on many streama
Water-supply Paper 253. Water powers of the Cascade Range— Part I, South-
em Washington, by J. C. Stevens. 1910. 94 pp., 21 pis., 3 text figures.
The first of a proposed series of reports dealing with the water powers on
rivers flowing from the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon. The
area treated in this paper comprises the drainage basins of Klickitat, White
Sahnon, Little White Salmon, Lewis, and Toutle rivers and is located in
the southern extremity of the Cascade Range In Washington. Descriptions
of the several drainage areas are given, together with profiles of the streams
and principal tributaries, discharge data, and detailed statements of the
water powers capable of being developed at the average minimum stage of
the streams, ^ t
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270 THIBTY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOQICAIi SURVEY.
Water- Supply Paper 254. The underground waters of north-central Indiana,
by Stephen R. Capps, with a chapter on the chemical character of the
waters by R. B. Dole. 1910. 279 pp., 7 pis., 12 text figures.
A report on the quantity, quality, distribution, accessibility, and proper
safeguarding of the ground-water supplies of the farming districts and
manufacturing centers of north-central Indiana. Ck)nditions in 378 cities
and towns were investigated in its preparation. The paper includes the
results of numerous analyses and assays. The chapter by Mr. Dole considers
not only the mineral composition of the waters of the region but their value
for domestic and industrial uses as well. Methods of purification are also
discussed.
Water-Supply Paper 255. Underground waters for farm use, by M. L. Fuller,
58 pp., 17 pis., 27 text figures.
A brief report discussing the sources of farm water supplies with especial
reference to their protection from contamination and their conservation.
Describes many kinds of wells and tells what factors should govern the
selection of a certain type. Contains numerous illustrations showing water-
bearing formations and methods of sinking wells and raising water, and
diagrams showing different well conditions.
Water-Supply Paper 256. Geology and underground waters of southern Min-
nesota, by C. W. Hall, O. E. Meinzer, and M. L. Fuller. 1911. 406 pp.,
18 pis., 9 text figures.
A sketch of the physiography and geology of the region with special ref-
erence to the water-bearing capacity of the different geologic formations,
detailed descriptions by counties of the underground-water resources, and a
chapter on problems relating to wells. The illustrations include maps show-
ing underground-water conditions, geologic sections in the different counties,
and diagrams of well-drilling tools.
Water-Supply Paper 257. Well-drilling methods, by Isaiah Bowman. 1911.
139 pp., 4 pis., 25 text figures.
Designed for the needs of drillers and others interested in the development
of underground resources. Describes the occurrence of oil and gas in dif-
ferent parts of the United States so as to enable drillers to select well sites
with a definite idea of the rock formations that may be encountered. Gives a
short account of the development of well construction and describes methods
of drilling and boring in detail. The illustrations include well sections and
cuts of the differ^it devices and tools employed.
Water-Supply Paper 258. Underground-water papers. 1910. 123 pp., 2 pla, 32
text figures.
The fifth of a series of collections of papers that give brief accounts of
investigations of special underground-water problems by the United States
Geological Survey. Discusses some peculiar conditions affecting the economic
value of wells and the occurrence of water in certain rocks of widespread
occurrence. Contains the following papers :
Drainage by wells, by M. L. Fuller.
Freezing of wells and related phenomena, by M. L. Fuller.
Occurrence and composition of well waters in the slates of Maine, by F. G.
Clapp.
Occurrence and composition of well waters In the granites of New England,
by F. G. Clapp.
Pollution of underground waters in limestone, by G. C. Matson.
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WORK OP THE YEAB — PUBLICATIONS. 271
Protection of shallow wells in sandy deposits, by M. L. Fuller.
Composition of mineral springs in Maine, by F. O. Olapp.
Saline artesian waters of the Atlantic Ckwstal Plain, by Samuel Sanford.
Magnetic wells, by M. L. Fuller.
The utilization of the underflow near St Francis, Kans., by H. C. Wolff.
Water-Supply Paper 260. Preliminary report on the ground waters of Estancia
Valley, New Mexico, by Oscar E. Meinzer. 1910. 33 pp.
A brief report summarizing the geolog>' of the district, the character of the
soils, the source, disposal, recovery, and quality of its waters, and the pros-
pects of improving conditions by irrigation.
Water-Supply Paper 262. Surface water supply of the United States, 1909;
Part II, South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico, prepared under
the direction of M. O. Leighton by M. R. Hall and R. H. Bolster. 1910.
150 pp., 5 pis.
Water-Supply Paper 263. Surface water supply of the United States, 1909:
Part III, Ohio River basin, prepared under the direction of M. O.
Leighton by A. H. Horton, M. R. Hall, and R. H. Bolster. 1911. 192 pp.,
6 pis.
Water-Supply Paper 264. Surface water supply of the United States, 1909:
Part IV, St. Lawrence River basin, prepared under the direction of M. O.
Leighton by O. C. Covert, A. H. Horton, and R. H. Bolster. 1911. 130 pp.,
5 pis.
Water-supply Paper 265. Surface water supply of the United States, 1909:
Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, prepared under
the direction of M. O. Leighton by Robert Follansbee, A. H. Horton, and
R. H. Bolster. 1911. 231 pp., 4 pis.
Water-Supply Paper 270. Surface water supply of the United States, 1909:
Part X, The Great Basin, prepared under the direction of M. O. Leighton
by E. C. La Rue and F. F. Henshaw. 1910. 192 pp., 5 pis., 1 text figure.
Water-Supply Papers 262 to 265, Inclusive, and 270 contain descriptions of
the drainage basins named and the results of stream measurements In them,
namely, gage-height records, results of current-meter measurements, and
dally and monthly discharges. Illustrations showing typical gaging stations,
current meters, and rating curves accompany each book.
Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1909 ; 54 advance chapters,
namely :
Summary of mineral production In the United States In 1909, complied by
W. T. Thom. 59 pp.
Metals and metallic ores In 1908 and 1909, by Waldemar Llndgren. 7 pp.
Iron ore, pig Iron, and steel, by E. F. Burchard. 31 pp.
Movement of Lake Superior iron ore in 1909, by John Birkiubine. 7 pp.
Contains a map showing distribution of the ores.
Manganese ore, by E. F. Burchard. 15 pp.
Gold and silver, by H. D. McCaskey. 33 pp.
Copper, by B. S. Butler. 34 pp.
Lead, by C. E. Slebenthal. 25 pp.
Zinc and cadmium, by C. E. Slebenthal. 24 pp.
€U>ld, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the Western States and Territories .
(mine production), by A. H. Brooks, C. N. Gerry, V. C. Helkes, C. W. Hender-
son, H. D. McCaskey, Chester Naramore, and C. O. Yale. 275 pp.
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272 THIRTY-SECOND BEPOET OF GEOLOGICALr SUBVBT.
Silver, copper, lead, and zinc in tlie Central States (mine production), by
B. S. Butler and O. E. SiebenthaL 41 pp.
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the Eastern States (mine production),
by H. D. McCaskey. 17 pp.
Quicksilver, by H. D. McCaskey. 13 pp.
Bauxite and aluminum, by W. C. Pbalen. 14 pp.
Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, and seloiium, by F. L. Hess. 9 pp.
Tungsten, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum,
uranium, and tin, by F. L. Hess. 16 pp.
Chromic iron ore, by E. F. Burchard. 5 pp.
Platinum and allied metals, by Waldemar Llndgren. 9 pp.
Coal, by E. W. Parker. 195 pp., 4 text flgurea
Anthracite coal, by R W. Parker. 12 pp.
Coal briquetting, by E. W. Parker. 17 pp.
Coke, by B. W. Parker. 57 pp.
Natural gas, by B. Hill. 36 pp.
Petroleum, by D. T. Day. 129 pp.
Petroleum operators' statistics of i)etroleum production, by D. T. Day.
10 pp.
Peat, by C. A. Davis. 6 pp.
Oment industry, by E. F. Burchard. 22 pp., 2 text figures.
Clay-working industries, by JeflTerson Middleton. 67 pp.
Building operations, by Jefferson Middleton. 17 pp.
Glass sand, other sand, and gravel, by K F. Burchard. 26 pp.
Sand-lime brick, by Jefferson Middleton. 7 pp.
Slate, by A. T. Coons. l4 pp.
Stone and lime, by E. F. Burchard. 51 pp.
Abrasive materials, by W. C. Phalen. 21 pp.
Fluorspar and cryolite, by E. F. Burchard. 8 pp.
Borax, by C. G. Yale. 4 pp.
Gypsum, by B. F. Burchard. 11 pp.
Lithium, by F. L. Hesa 7 pp.
Phosphate rock, by F. B. Van Horn. 7 pp.
Salt and bromine, by W. C. Phal«i. 26 pp.
Sulphur and pyrite, by W. C. Phalen. 14 pp.
Barytes and strontium, by E. F. Burchard. 6 pp.
Mineral paints, by B. F. Burchard. 22 pp.
Asbestos, by J. S. DiUer. 11 pp.
Asphalt, related bitumens, and bituminous rock, by D. T. Day. 5 pp.
Fuller's earth, by F. B. Van HoriL 6 pp.
Gems and precious stones, by D. B. Sterrett. 74 pp.
Graphite, by E. S. Bastin. 34 pp.
Magnesite, by C. G. Yale. 5 pp.
Mica, by D. B. Sterrett 14 pp.
Mineral waters, by Samuel Sanford. 41 pp.
Monazite and zircon, by D. B. Sterrett. 11 pp.
Quartz and feldspar, by B. S. Bastin. 9 pp.
Talc and soapstone, by J. S. Diller. 11 pp.
Geologic Folio 172. Description and maps of the Warren quadrangle, compris-
ing 222 square miles in Pennsylvania and New York, by Charles Butts.
1910. 11 folio pages of text, including 17 text figures, and geologic and
topographic maps. Published also in octavo form, 80 pages of text, with
17 figures; maps in pocket.
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WORK OF THE YEAB — ^PUBLICATIONS.
273
Geologic Folio 174. Deflcription and maps of the Johnstown quadrangle, com-
prising 228 square miles in Pennsylvania, by W. C. Phalen. Surveyed
in cooperation with the Topographic and Geologic Commission of Penn-
sylvania. 1910. 15 folio pages of text, including 12 text figures, with
columnar and structure section sheets and topographic and geologic maps.
Published also in octavo form, 110 pages, 12 figures; maps in pocket.
Geologic Folio 175. Description and maps of the Birmingham quadrangle, com-
prising 992 miles in north-central Alabama, by Charles Butts. 1910.
24 folio pages of text, columnar and structure section sheets, geologic
and topographic maps, 12 plates, 17 text figures. To be published also
in octavo form.
Geologic Folio 176. Description and maps of the Sewlckley quadrangle, com-
prising 227 square miles in west-central Pennsylvania, by M. J. Munn.
1911. 16 folio pages of text, a columnar-section sheet, 8 text figures, and
4 maps showing topography, geology, and occurrence of oil and gas.
Published also in octavo form, 121 pages, 8 figures; maps in pocket.
Geologic Folio 177. Description and maps of the Burgettstown and Carnegie
quadrangles, comprising 455 square miles in Pennsylvania, by E. W.
Shaw and M. J. Munn. 1911. 16 folio pages of text, columnar and well
section sheets, geologic and topographic maps, and 10 text figures. To be
published also in octavo form.
Topographic mape as follows :
Abingdon, Va.-Tenn.-N. C.»
Antelope, Cal.
Antrim, Ohio.
Antwerp, N. Y.
Arcade, Cal.
Barrett, Minn.
Bath, N. Y.
Bonldhi, Cal.
Bmceville, Cal.
Butler, Pa.
Calumet special, Mich.
Carlyle, 111.
Circle, Alaska.
Clay City, Ind.
Coahoma, MIsb.
Columbiana, Ala.
CoYlngton, Ohio.
Crater Lake National Park.*
r>anforth Hills, Colo.
Dawson Springs, Ky.
Dundee, Miss.
Eaton, Colo.
EUiJay, Ga.-N. C.-Tenn.»
Ellsworth, Me.
Emmittsburg, Md.-Pa.
Fayettevllle, W. Va.
Fond du Lac, Wis.
Fort Bayard special, N. Mex.
Fowlervllle, Mich.
Frazeysburg, Ohio.
Frisco special, Utah.^
Fryeburg, Me.-N. H.
Gait, Cal.
Greenwood Lake, N. J.-N. Y.«
HardinviUe. 111.
Hawthorne, Ney.-Cal.
Headreach, Cal.
Hennepin, 111.^
Herman, Mich.
Jersey, Cal.
Jonestown, Miss.
Knights Landing, Cal.
La Salle, 111.^
Leadville special, Colo.
Leavenworth, Kans.
Lincoln, Cal.
McComb, Okla.
McConnolsville, Ohio.
Macon, Mo.
Marcuse, Cal.
Meadows, Idaho.
Monticello, N. Y.
Montevallo, Ala.
Mount Vernon, Wash.
Murphysboro, 111.
Neenah, Wis.
Neverslnk, N. Y.
New Hope, Cal.
New Kensington, Pa.
New Lexington, Ohio.
Nlcolaus. Cal.
OkawviUe, 111.
Parker, Arls.-Cal.
Peytona, W. Va.
Phllo, Ohio.
Pikevllle special, Tenn.
Prince Frederick, Md.
Princeton, Ky.
Pullman, Wash.-Idaho.
Qulncy, Wash.
Ramapo, N. Y.-N. J.*
Red Rock, Wash.
Rio Vista, Cal.
Rosevllle, Cal.
San Marcos, Tex.
Sheridan, Cal.
Sheridan, Wyo.-Mont.
Southern California No. 3.
Sutton special, W. Va.
Taney town, Md.-Pa.
Uncompahgre, Colo.
U. S. base, 8 by 12 1 Inches.
U. S. base, 49 by 76 inches.*
Vernon, Cal.
Walnut Lake, Miss.
Wheatland, Cal.
Winchester, Wash.
Winnebago special. Wis.
Woodbrldge, Cal.
Zelienople, Pa.
U355'
* New editions.
-INT 1911— VOL 1 ^18
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274 THIBTY-SECOND BEPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIELD WOBK BY THE DIBEGTOR.
The Director did not make the usual inspection visits to field par-
ties in the summer of 1910 for the reason that he attended the In-
ternational Geological Congress held in Stockholm, Sweden, which
afforded opportunity for conference with the administrative officers
of the official geological surveys of other countries. The Director
also visited the French Army Geographic Service, which makes the
official topographic surveys, and the office of the Geological Survey
of Great Britain. The delegation representing the United Stat^
Geological Survey at the Stockholm congress included also Messrs.
Emmons, Hague, Becker, lindgren, and Cross.
In November the Director visited the California oil fields with a
view of ascertaining present conditions and made a report on the
results to the Secretary of the Interior, urging remedial legislation.
In May and June, 1911, in company with a geologist and an en-
gineer, he made a preliminary examination of the two forest tracts
in Georgia and Tennessee, on which favorable reports were after-
wards submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture for the use of the
National Forest Reservation Commission.
QEOLOGIO BBANGH.
ADMINISTRATION.
The geologic branch embraces four divisions — (1) geology, C. W.
Hayes in charge; (2) Alaskan mineral resources, A. H. Brooks in
charge; (3) mineral resources, E. W. Parker in charge; and (4)
chemical and physical research, G. F. Becker in charge.
The chief geologist, C. W. Hayes, has general supervision of the
work of the geologic branch, and the divisions composing the branch
cooperate effectively in the several lines of work which are being
carried on. Members of one division are employed in the work of
another whenever it seems desirable, and such transfer is easily
effected. The statistical reports of the division of mineral resources
are for the most part prepared by geologists, who are detailed to
the work from the division of geology for a portion of the year.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the year prepared in the geologic branch in-
cluded 5 geologic folios, 1 professional paper, 19 bulletins, and the
annual volumes on mineral resources. Besides these publications a
considerable number of papers were, with the permission of the Di-
rector, published in scientific journals and in the transactions of
scientific societies. Such publications are ordinarily restatements
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WOBK OF THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 275
of results in a more technical form, and are usually prepared by
members of the Survey without compensation. Some original mat-
ter obtained incidentally during the course of the work and not
appropriate for official reports has also been made the subject of
unofficial publications.
The progress of geologic mapping during the year is shown on
Plate I.
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY.
OBOAnZATZOV.
The scientific force at the beginning of the year consisted of 54
geologists, 58 assistant geologists, and 11 junior geologists. During
the year there were 4 resignations, 1 death, and 39 appointments,
resulting in a net gain of 34, the total being 157 at the end of the
year. Of the total number, 92 were continuously employed, 37 car-
ried on the per diem roll gave only a portion of their time to Survey
work, and 33 were not employed during the year. In addition to
the regular force 15 field assistants were employed for a portion of
the year.
The work of the division is organized under a number of sections,
as follows :
Areal and fitrnctural geology, Arthur Keith in charge
Paleontology and stratigraphic geology, T. W. Stanton in charge.
Economic geology, metalliferous ores, Waldemar Lindgren in charge.
Economic geology, nonmetalliferous minerals, F. B. Van Horn in charge.
Economic geology, fuels, M. R. Campbell in charge.
Land-classification board, W. G. Mendenhall in charge.
The section chiefs have direct supervision, both in the field and
in the oflSce, of the work in their sections and are directly responsible
for maintaining efficiency and a high scientific standard.
FIELD WOBK 07 THE CHIEF QEOLOOIST.
The administrative duties of the chief geologist are such as to
prevent him from carrying on systematic field work. His work
outside of the office, therefore, consists chiefly of field conferences
for determining questions in dispute and for planning future work.
During November, 1910, the chief geologist was temporarily as-
signed to the War Department to procure data relating to the geo-
logic conditions in the Canal Zone, and especially in the Culebra
cut, for the use of the President. He made a study of the causes
of landslides and other failures in the sides of the cut and of means
for their prevention, and submitted to the Secretary of War a report
on the subject, embodying conclusions and recommendations. A
summary statement of the results of the work was included in the
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276 THIBTT-SECOND EBPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL, SUBVET.
President's message to Congress. As a result of recommendations
contained in the chief geologist's report^the Isthmian Canal Com-
mission in December applied to the Survey for a geologist to make a
thorough geologic study of the Culebra cut and of the Canal Zone
generally. Assistant Geologist D. F. MacDonald was selected for
the work, and in January was assigned to the Canal Commission and
reported for duty to the chairman and chief engineer.
In March the chief geologist made a visit to southern Utah to
determine the geologic relations of certain potash-bearing minerals
reported to occur there. In May he attended a field conference with
several Survey geologists in the Ducktown copper district, Tennes-
see, and another in Vermont in relation to certain disputed points in
the geologic structure near Brandon.
The chief geologist was out of the United States for two months
during the year, on leave without pay.
WOBK OF THE CHIEFS OF SEOTZONB.
Section, of areal and structural geology. — The work of Arthur
Keith has been, for the most part, of an administrative character,
consisting mainly of conferences with other geologists and super-
vision and inspection of results in areal and structural geology, both
in the field and in the ofiice. Much of this work comes in connec-
tion with the geologic folios, in which responsibility for form and
adequate treatment rests on Mr. Keith. The attainment of harmony
and unity in the folios requires frequent conferences on all matters
treated in them. Such conferences are also necessary for the maps
and descriptions in reports dealing with areal geology, which form
a large part of the survey publications.
A great deal of Mr. Keith's time has been devoted to service on
committees, including those on geologic names, illustrations, plans,
and maps. The largest single element of the committee work has
been that on geologic names, under his chairmanship.
Maps submitted for folio publication of the following quadrangles
were inspected : Boston, Marlboro, Greylock, Mass. ; Taconic, Mass.-
Vt. ; EUijay, Ga. ; Ducktown, Tenn. ; Frostburg, Md.
Field conferences were held by Mr. Keith with the geologists
responsible for the areal geology in the following quadrangles:
Sheffield, Pittsfield, Boston, Mass. ; Peterboro, N. H. ; Brandon, Vt. ;
Dahlonega, Ga. ; Ducktown, Tenn.
Mr. Keith made a review of the areal geology of the Cowee and
Kings Mountain quadrangles (N. C), and continued, with D. B.
Sterrett, the joint study of the areal geology of the Gaffney quad-
rangle (S. C).
Special investigations were continued by Mr. Keith into the faulted
structure of Hoosac Mountain, in the Greylock and Becket quad-
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WOBK OF THE TfiAH — aEOLOGlC BRANCH. 277
rangles, Mass. In association with L. M. Prindle, Mr. Keith made
a special study of the subdivisions of the Cambrian and Ordovician
strata in the northeastern part of the Hoosick quadrangle (N. Y.-Vt)
and the adjoining comer of the Cambridge quadrangle (N. Y.).
Reconnaissances were made by Mr. Keith in the following quad-
rangles : Dover, N. H. ; Framingham, Mass. ; Winston Salem, N. C. ;
Abbeville, S. C. ; Suwanee and Atlanta, Ga.
The greater portion of Mr. Keith's office time was occupied with
investigations and discussions in connection with geologic folios.
The descriptive texts of eight folios in course of preparation were
critically read, and the structural geology and areal mapping of
these and many others were specially considered. In the editorial
work Mr. Keith was assisted in the last half of the vear b^ Laurence
La Forge.
Numerous papers presented for publication by the Survey were
critically read, and the geologic maps for Survey reports were ex-
amined. The scheme of separate representation on a single map of
the faunal and lithologic elements involved in a geologic formation,
which was proposed by Mr. Keith three years ago, is now being car-
ried out in some of the folios and other publications of the Survey.
Section of paleontology and stratiffraphic geology. — T. W. Stanton
was absent from Washington on field duty from July 6 to October 1,
1910. His field studies were made mostly in ^cooperation with
geologic parties engaged in areal and land-classification work in the
coal and phosphate fields of the Rocky Mountain region, their main
object being to gain personal detailed knowledge of the stratigraphic
sections and to collect paleontologic evidence for use in correlation
and definition of formations. The areas visited were Vermejo Park,
N. Mex.; the Canon City coal field (Colo.) with W. T. Lee; the
Apishapa quadrangle (Colo.) with G. W. Stose, for the purpose of
identifying the Comanche series; the Colorado Springs and Denver
areas (Colo.) with G. B. Richardson; Newcastle, Wyo.; a large area
in eastern Wyoming, covered by wagon reconnaissance with A. R.
Schultz, to visit parties under J. A. Davis near the Montana line,
V. H. Bafnett southeast of Gillette, D. E. Winchester near Douglass
and the Lance Creek area, and C. H. Wegemann on the upper Powder
River and in the Salt Creek oil field; Columbus, Mont., and the
region to the north with W. R. Calvert and F. H. Knowlton; and
the phosphate field of southeastern Idaho with R. W. Richards.
All of Mr. Stanton's time in the office has been occupied in the
usual routine work, including the examination of the numerous cur-
rent collections of fossils and the preparation of reports on them for
the use of geologists, committee work, reading of referred manu-
scripts, and other administrative duties connected with the super-
vision of the section of paleontology and stratigraphy and the preser-
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2?8 THIRfY-6£C0Nt) REf>OBT OJ^ GfiOLOGlCAL feUBVUIf.
vation and classification of the collections. Under the last item, with
the assistance of T. E. Willard, nearly all the large collections of
Mesozoic invertebrates which were recently moved into the new
building of the National Museum have been classified and arranged
in x»ses so that they are easily accessible for study or quick reference.
Section of econondc geology^ metalliferous ores. — During the early
part of July Waldemar Lindgren was engaged chiefly in adminis-
trative work in connection with the section of metalliferous deposits
and paid a brief visit to Ducktown, Tenn., to inspect the geologic
work there in progress. From July 23 to September 14 he was in
attendance at. the Eleventh International Geological Congress in
Sweden. After his return he was engaged in administrative work
for the division of mineral resources and for the section of metal-
liferous deposits, his time being about equally divided between the
two. From December 1 to 22 he was on leave without pay, lecturing
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. On his return he was
occupied chiefly with administrative duties, except during about one
week, which was devoted to a report on the Republic district, Wash-
ington, On May 19 he proceeded to Arizona, where he examined
mines at Bisbee and inspected geologic work in the Tucson quad-
rangle. He spent the greater part of June in a geologic study of the
new district at National, Nev. During the year he compiled and sub-
mitted for publication a report on the production of platinum in 1909.
Section of economic geology^ nonanetailiferoiLS minerals. — ^During
the first half of the year F. B. Van Horn was occupied by adminis-
trative duties in Washington. From February 16 to March 10 he
was in Florida and South Carolina, and from April 3 to April 14 in
Tennessee and Arkansas, studying the occurrence and methods of
mining of the phosphate deposits of those States. The rest of the
year he spent in administrative work, mainly for the geologic brandi,
and as acting chief geologist.
Plans were formulated for a systematic search for commercial de-
posits of potash in this country. The appropriation for this work
was not available until July 1, 1911, but it was thought desirable to
do as much as possible toward getting the work well under* way. As
a result sites have been selected which appear most favorable for the
accumulation of potash deposits, and drilling will be commenced very
early in the new fiscal year.
Mr. Van Horn also prepared reports on the production of phos-
phate rock in 1909 and 1910 for publication in the volume " Mineral
Resources."
Section of economic geology^ fuels. — As in previous years, the work
on fuels was in charge of M. R. Campbell, who divided his time
between the field and the Washington office.
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BBAKCH. 279
Mr. Campbell left Washington July 12, 1910, going first to the
Yellowstone National Park to see if it was possible to prepare a popu-
lar description of the natural features of this park. This work was
interrupted by a request from the Interior Department that Mr.
Campbell should accompany C. S. Ucker, chief clerk, in an official
trip of inspection through the new Glacier National Park. This trip
extended from July 28 to August 9.
After a brief trip to Denver to attend to administrative duties, Mr.
Campbell, at the request of Mr. Ucker, returned to the Glacier Na-
tional Park to make an examination of mineral claims in the park.
Forest fires prevented field work from August 18 to August 28, but
active service began on the latter date and continued to October 3,
Mr. Campbell visited parties engaged on coal work in the vicinity of
Grand Junction, Colo., and then proceeded east, reaching Washington
October 19, 1910.
In order to obtain information regarding reported coal fields on
the Pacific coast of Mexico, Mr. Campbell ma'de a hasty trip to the
States of Sonora and Sinaloa, returning to Washington November
22, 1910.
During the winter the results of the field examinations were com-
piled in the office. This work involved the preparation of geologic
maps of township plats showing the classification and valuation of
the coal and oil lands examined, of special reports on the geology
and economic resources of certain regions, and of the annual volume
" Contributions to economic geology, Part II," which was submitted
for publication.
Mr. Campbell left Washington June 6, 1911, to begin a study of
the general geology of the Glacier National Park. After outfitting
at Belton, Mont., he continued field work to the end of the present
fiscal year.
Subsection of fuels east of meridian 97^. — In addition to supervis-
ing the work of the survey on the coal fields of Alabama, Tennessee,
Illinois, and Missouri, David White made paleobotanic field exami-
nations in the western Kentucky coal field, the Cherokee series of
southern Iowa, the Cahaba Basin of Alabama, and the " Red Beds "
of Oklahoma and Texas, the object of the work in the area last named
being to obtain evidence as to the age of the rocks supposed to be
near the horizon of the Wreford limestone of Kansas. Preliminary
results of the work on the " Red Beds " have been reported in unoffi-
cial publications. Mr. White's other paleobotanic studies have been
limited to those necessary for informal reports and correlations based
on current collections submitted by Survey geologists.
The microscopic investigations of coals undertaken by the techno-
logic branch of tbe Geological Survey to ascertain the relation of the
kinds of plant material forming coals and the state of its>preser-
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280 THIRTY-SECOND EEPOET OF GEOLOGICAL- SXTRVEY.
vation to the chemical qualities and economic value of the coals have
passed out of the hands of the Geological Survey since the organiza-
tion of the Bureau of Mines, but by request of that bureau the super-
vision of this- work was continued in Mr. White's charge. Mr. White's
connection with this work, however, was terminated in June, 1911,
by his submission of manuscripts discussing the local geologic rela-
tions of the coals examined, the general physiographic conditions
attending the formation of the great coal beds, and the part played by
meLamorphism in the development of coals of different grades, the
whole matter constituting his part of a report to be published by the
Bureau of Mines.
GEOLOGIC WO&K IN VEW ENGLAND BTAXtS,
\
A small amount of geologic work was done in Maine in continued
cooperation with the State, $350 being spent by each Survey. Office
>vork on the Eastport folio was continued by E. S. Bastin, who was
assisted during the fall of 1910 by C. L. Breger. The office work on
the maps and text has been carried as far as it can be until further
paleontologic work is completed.
Mr. Breger left the survey December 31, 1910, when the paleonto-
logic work in Maine was taken over entirely by H. S. Williams,
under whose general direction Mr. Breger had been working. Prof.
Williams has been engaged on the systematic determination and de-
scription of the large collections of fossils from the Eastport quad-
rangle and other portions of Maine. Work was continued on the
preparation of the Mount Desert folio by C. W. Brown.
The final maps and text of the geologic folio covering the Ware
quadrangle, Massachusetts, have been completed and submitted for
publication by B. K. Emerson. Prof. Emerson has also completed
the final revision of the geologic map of Massachusetts and Rhode
Island on the scale of 4 miles to the inch.
In the northeastern part of the Hoosick quadrangle (Mass.-N. Y.)
and the adjoining part of the Cambridge quadrangle (N. Y.-Vt.)
special studies were carried on by L. M. Prindle and Arthur Keith
in order to subdivide the Cambrian and Ordovician formations and
to determine the structural relations of the region. Preliminary
maps covering this w^ork have been prepared by Mr. Prindle.
The preparation of the manuscript for the Housatonic (Mass.)
folio by Joseph Barrell, in association with B. K. Emerson and T. N.
Dale, is well advanced.
A folio covering the Boston and Boston Bay quadrangles has been
in preparation for a number of years by members of the geological
departments of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. The completion of the folio was assigned to Laurence
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WOBK OF THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BJtANCH. 281
La Forge and during the year the field work was finished ; the officje
work on the folio is now well advanced. Although many facts con-
cerning the geology of this region were known it was necessary for
Mr. La Forge to cover the ground practically anew.
The marble quarries of Vermont have been examined by T. N. Dale,
who has collected material for the preparation of an economic report
on the marble belts of the western part of the State. Mr. Dale also
prepared a supplementary report on the commercial granites of
Massachusetts, to be published in Bulletin 470, and, together with
H. E. Gregory, a report on the granites of Connecticut (Bulletin 484).
In addition to performing his duties as geologist in charge of the
section of areal and structural geology, Arthur Keith devoted con-
siderable time during the year to the study of some of the more ob-
scure and complicated problems of New England geology. Among
these are the structure of Hoosac Mountain and the Berkshire Hills,
in Massachusetts ; the age of the metamorphosed gneisses and schists
northeast of Worcester, Mass.; the age of the quartzite and schist
bodies west of the Boston Basin ; and the stratigraphy of the district
between Newbur\'^port, Mass., and Portsmouth, N. H.
WO&K nr NORTHEBK APPALACHIAN REGIOV.
Several years ago G. K. Gilbert surveyed the Niagara Falls quad-
rangle in connection with his study of the history of the falls, but
was unable to prepare the folio for publication. The completion of
this work was assigned to E. M. Kindle and F. B. Taylor, Mr. Kindle
taking the geology of the hard rocks and Mr. Taylor the Pleistocene
deposits and the physiography of the region. Necessary additional
field work was completed and the preparation of the folio is well
advanced.
In continuation of a cooperative agreement with the State Geo-
logical Survey of New Jersey, the Survey's work on the Greenwood
Lake-Ramapo folio was completed by W. S. Bayley. The discussion
of the Paleozoic and later geology for this folio is being prepared
by State geologist H. B. Kiimmel. The manuscript of the descrip-
tions of the pre-Cambrian rocks for the Delaware Water Gap folio
has also been completed by Mr. Bayley, and Mr. Kiimmel will pre-
pare a description of the geology of the later formations on the
New Jersey side of Delaware River. This work completes the map-
ping and description of the Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian formations
of New Jersey.
The preparation of the text for folios on the Reading and Boyer-
town and the Honeybrook and Phoenixville quadrangles, in eastern
Pennsylvania, was continued by Florence Bascom. Miss Bascom
also completed a survey and petrographic study of the volcanic
rocks of the Fairfield, Gettysburg, and Carlisle quadrangles and
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282 thirtt-second repobt of geological survey.
made progress in the preparation of the text and description of
these rocks for the Fairfield-Gettysburg folio, by G. W. Stose and
Florence Bascom.
Work on the coal fields in Pennsylvania, prosecuted in cooperation
with the State, has for the most part been confined to the prep-
aration of reports on quadrangles previously studied. The folio
manuscripts for the HoUidaysburg and the Barnesboro and Patton
quadrangles were revised and completed by Charles Butts. On
account of the intimate connection between the complex stratigraphic
problems of the HoUidaysburg quadrangle and those of the adjacent
Bellefonte quadrangle, now under study, further steps in the prep-
aration and publication of the HoUidaysburg folio are temporarily
postponed. Progress on the Punxsutawney, Houtzdale, and Cur-
wensville folios, by G. H. Ashley, and on the Newcastle folio, by
F. W. De Wolf, has been delayed by their duties as State geologists
of Tennessee and Illinois, respectively, but it is confidently expected
that the Punxsutawney and Newcastle folios will be submitted by
the authors during the current year.
The Warren, Johnstown, Sewickley, and Burgettstown-Camegie
folios have been published, as also has a bulletin (No. 447) on the
"Mineral resources of Johnstown, Pa., and vicinity." The Fox-
burg-Clarion folio was in press at the close of the year. The bulletin
on the "Geology of the oil and gas fields in the Sewickley quad-
rangle," submitted by this Survey to the Topc^raphic and Geologic
Survey Commission of Pennsylvania in 1908 for publication, has
recently been published by the State.
An arrangement was made with Prof. E. S. Moore, of Pennsyl-
vania State CoUege, for the survey of the Bellefonte quadrangle
and the preparation of the geologic folio. It is expected that this
folio will be submitted for publication during the coming year.
The manuscript for the Frostburg - Flintstone (Md.) folio, by
G. W. Stose and C. K. Swartz, was submitted for publication, in
cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey.
WOKK IN SOTTTHERK APPALAOHIAV BEOZOV.
M. J. Munn has practically completed the field work for a report
on the oil and gas fields of eastern Kentucky, in cooperation with the
State Survey, and has submitted preliminary reports on the Campton
oil field and on the oil and gas developments of Knox County, Ky.,
for publication in Bulletin 471.
Some additional field work was done by W. C. Phalen on the
Kenova quadrangle (Ky.), and the folio has been submitted for
publication.
Field work was carried on by G. W. Stose in the Abingdon quad-
rangle, in southern Virginia, and progress was made in the prepara-
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WOEK OF THE YEAB — GE0L<>GIC BllANCH. 283
tion of a geologic folio. The Cambrian and older rocks in about
half of the quadrangle had already been surveyed by Arthur Keith,
but the completion of the work was delayed pending topographic
revision. Mr. Stose gave special attention to the examination of
deposits of salt, gypsum, and iron in this area.
In Tennessee the survey of the Pikeville special quadrangle, in
cooperation with the State, was nearly completed by W. C. Phalen,
assisted by Henry Hart, of the Tennessee State Survey. A pre-
liminary report by Mr. Phalen on the coal resources of the quad-
rangle has been submitted for publication by the State. In June,
1911, work was resumed on the Pikeville folio by Charles Butts, and
a special study of the paleontology and stratigraphy of the region
was undertaken by George H. Girty.
In cooperation with the State Survey a preliminary report on the
oil and gas developments in Tennessee was prepared by M. J. Munn
and published by the State Survey.
A detailed study has been made of the copper deposits at Duck-
town, Tenn., and the areal and structural geology of the Ducktown
special area. W. H. Emmons and F. B. Laney were associated in
this work, Mr. Emmons studying especially the ore deposits and Mr.
Laney the geology of the district. A brief paper on the ore deposits
has been prepared by Mr. Emmons and Mr. Laney for publication
in Bulletin 470 and also by the State Survey. A full report embody-
ing the results of the investigation is nearly completed.
M. J. Munn made a reconnaissance examination of the Fayette
gas field, Alabama, in cooperation with the Alabama Geological Sur-
vey, and has prepared a report for publication by the State. He
has also prepared a briefer paper on this field for publication in
Bulletin 471.
The survey of the Bessemer quadrangle (Ala.) was completed by
Charles Butts for folio publication. From December to May Mr.
Butts was occupied in office work in preparing reports on iron,
marble, and dolomite of the Bessemer region for publication in
Bulletin 470.
A report on the coal of the Dan River field (N. C), based on a
brief field examination made near the close of the previous fiscal
year, has been submitted by R. W. Stone.
The areal and economic survey of the GafFney and Kings Mountain
region (N. C.-S. C.) was continued by Arthur Keith and D. B.
Sterrett, and that of the Gaffney quadrangle was completed as far as
the field surveys have gone.
The revision of the areal mapping of the Cowee quadrangle
(N. C.) was completed by Mr. Keith and Mr. Sterrett. A report
on the economic deposits of the Cowee quadrangle was prepared by
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284 THIETY-SECOND IlEl>OET OB* GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
Mr. Sterrett, and the Cowee areal map for the folio was completed
by Mr. Keith.
A reconnaissance of the Lincolnton quadrangle (N. C.) was made
by Mr. Sterrett, and one of the Winston-Salem (N. C), Abbeville
(S. C), and Suwanee and Atlanta (Ga.) quadrangles by Mr. Keith.
The areal and economic survey of the Dahlonega quadrangle (Ga.)
was continued by F. B. Laney, the mapping for the northern half of
the quadrangle being completed. In connection with this work Mr.
Laney revised the areal mapping of the gneisses in adjoining parts
of the EUijay quadrangle (Ga.). The office work on the Dahlonega
map was completed by Mr. Laney for the area covered in the field.
The manuscript for the EUijay folio has been submitted by Laurence
La Forge for publication.
WORK IH ATLAHTIO AKD GITLF COASTAL PLAIK.
In cooperation with the State geological surveys, a systematic
study of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain was continued through-
out the year. The work was carried on under the general super-
vision of T. W. Vaughan, who personally inspected several critical
localities. W. B. Clark continued in immediate charge of the
Coastal Plain work north of and including North Carolina, and
Mr. Vaughan has immediate charge of the work in the remainder
of the Coastal Plain.
Work was continued by W. B. Clark and his assistants on the
State Survey in preparation of folios on the Coastal Plain of Mary-
land. This work is done in cooperation between the Federal and
State surveys, and the manuscript for the Choptank folio, by B. L.
Miller, was submitted for publication.
Field work was continued in western Florida and southern Ala-
bama and Mississippi by G. C. Matson. Mr. Matson was for several
months employed by the General Land Office to examine and classify
public lands in Florida with reference to their value as phosphate
lands.
L. W. Stephenson continued investigations of the Cretaceous
rocks of the Coastal Plain in Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Ken-
tucky, Illinois, and Arkansas. During the year he completed re-
ports on the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous deposits of Georgia and
on the underground waters of the Cretaceous of Georgia. Mr.
Stephenson also submitted two memoirs for publication as a pro-
fessional paper — one on the Cretaceous deposits of the eastern Gulf
region and the other on the species and varieties of Exogyra from
the eastern Gulf region and the Carolinas.
Systematic investigations of the fossil plants found in the Ter-
tiary and Cretaceous formations of the Coastal Plain were con-
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — QEOLOGIC BBANCH. 285
tinued during the year by E. W. Berry. Field work was done in
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. In addition
to this field work and the work of preparing reports on collections
made by him and others, Mr. Berry has completed the manuscript
for a bulletin on the Upper Cretaceous floras of South Carolina.
The study of the central Coastal Plain of Texas was continued by
Alexander Deussen, who made reconnaissance surveys of Comal,
Guadalupe, Gonzales, Dewitt, Victoria, and Calhoun counties.
Analyses were made of 62 samples of water from typical wells in
this region. Mr. Deussen also completed a short report on the clays
of Texas for publication in Bulletin 470.
WORK nr CEHTBAL STATES EAST OF XEBZDIAK 97*.
In Illinois geologic investigations were continued imder the co-
operative agreement with the State, by which the results obtained
by each Survey are made available for the use of the other. For the
Federal Survey E. W. Shaw mapped the geology of the Tallula
quadrangle and of one-half of the Illinois portion of the Galena
and Elizabeth quadrangles. He also reviewed the Quaternary geol-
ogy and physiography of several quadrangles previously surveyed
in the southern part of the State. In the course of geologic work
in southern Illinois during the last two years Mr. Shaw has worked
out evidence of a new system of extinct lakes and has followed the
lake beds southeastward as far as Madisonville, Ky. Mr. Shaw
prepared a report on these lakes and transmitted it to the State
Survey. In cooperation with member^ of the State Survey, Mr.
Shaw prepared texts for the Murphysboro-Herrin and Tallula-
Springfield folios. A report on the coal of the Springfield district
was nearly completed and a general geologic report on the Belleville
and Breese quadrangles was put in the form of a folio text A paper
on the clay resources of the Murphysboro quadrangle was prepared
for publication in Bulletin 470. For the State Survey A, C. Trow-
bridge mapped the remaining areas in Illinois in the Galena and
Elizabeth quadrangles, and U. S. Grant and G. H. Cady surveyed
the greater part of the La Salle and Hennepin quadrangles. The
results qf Mr. Trowbridge's work will be published jointly with
those obtained by Mr. Shaw. Messrs. Grant and Cady are prepar-
ing the La Salle-Hennepin folio, which will be furnished to this
Survey by the State.
In cooperation with the State Geological Survey of Missouri, a
survey of the coal fields of the State was begun, the work being
placed in charge of Henry Hinds, of the Federal Survey, assisted by
F. C. Greene, of the State Survey. The field investigations that will
serve as the basis for economic reports on the coal resources and the
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286 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICALr SURVEY.
geologic structure of the coal fields of the State are approaching
completion.
Additional work was done in July and August by C. E. Siebenthal
in the Joplin lead and zinc district (Mo.) for the purpose of study-
ing the deeper ore deposits in this district. At the same time Mr.
Siebenthal revisited the Wyandotte quadrangle (Okla.) and brought
up to date the notes on the mining geology, preparatory to writing
the Wyandotte report and folio.
In Arkansas A. H. Purdue, assisted by H. D. Mizer, made a re-
connaissance from the Hot Springs special quadrangle, the survey of
which was completed last year, westward to the Caddo Gap quad-
rangle, for the purpose of connecting the two areas and correlating
their stratigraphy. After completing this reconnaissance, Mr. Mizer
devoted the remainder of the season to the areal mapping of the
northern or mountainous portion of the De Queen quadrangle. The
manuscript for the Eureka Springs-Harrison folio was completed
and submitted for publication^ and preparation of the Caddo Gap
folio was advanced.
Some additional field work in the Lake Superior iron districts was
undertaken during the year by C. K. Leith and W. J. Mead, under
the direction of C. R. Van Hise. The results of this work were in-
corporated in the monograph on the Lake Superior region (Mono-
graph LIT), which is in press and will be published in October,
1911. The results of practically all exploratory work by the mining
companies is placed at the disposal of Mr. Van Hise and his asso-
ciates, so that the conclusions regarding the structure of the region
and the distribution of the formations embody the best information
obtainable.
The detailed study and areal mapping of the Pleistocene forma-
tions of southeastern Wisconsin has been completed by W. C. Alden
northward to latitude 44°. In addition, during the last season, he
surveyed portions of Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Waushara,
Adams, and Juneau Counties. In the office Mr. Alden has nearly
completed the manuscript for a professional paper covering the re-
sults of his work in southeastern Wisconsin.
The investigation of the Pleistocene geology in northern Michigan
and adjacent portions of Wisconsin and Minnesota was continued by
Frank Leverett, with the assistance of F. W. Sardeson. The State
surveys of Wisconsin and Michigan cooperated to some extent in this
work. Field work in northern Michigan was completed by Mr.
Leverett, with the assistance of I. D. Scott, of the State Survey, and
the map and report on the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, for pub-
lication by the State Survey, were completed. The monograph on the
Pleistocene geology of Indiana and Michigan was completed by Mr.
Leverett in association with F. B. Taylor.
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WORK OF THE YEAR— GEOLOGIC BBANCH. 287
WOmX ZV THE WEBTEEV PITBLIO-LAin) STATES AKD TEEEZTOBIES.
Central States west of meridian 97°. — N. H. Darton spent some
months of the field season of 1910 in the Black Hills of South
Dakota, mapping the pre-Cambrian rocks in the northern portion of
the Deadwood quadrangle. He also adjusted the boundaries of
several sedimentary formations in the Sturgis, Spearfish, and Kapid
quadrangles and prepared portions of the text and maps for the Dead-
wood-Rapid folio. On October 15, Mr. Darton was transferred to
the Bureau of Mines as geologist in that bureau. This transfer
terminated his connection with the Geological Survey, a connection
covering nearly 25 years.
Work was begun in Jime by Sidney Paige on the pre-Cambrian
rocks of the Harney Peak quadrangle (S. Dak.) for folio publication.
The manuscript for the Bismarck (N. Dak.) folio has been sub-
mitted by A. G. Leonard for publication in cooperation with the State
survey.
Progress has been made in preparing the Rapid - Deadwood
(S. Dak.) folio, by N. H. Darton and Albert Johannsen.
At the time of the resignation of J. A. Taff from the Geological
Survey (October 31, 1909) to accept employment as geologist in Cali-
fornia, he had surveyed a number of quadrangles in Oklahoma, but
had not completed the folios. The work of preparing these folios was
assigned to C. D. Smith, who had acted as Mr. Taff's assistant and
who was sent to California in order that he might readily confer with
Mr. Taff concerning the work. Mr. Smith made considerable
progress toward the completion of these folios. An arrangement
was made with the State Survey of Oklahoma for cooperation in the
survey of the Nowata quadrangle. The field work was three-quarters
done by D. W. Ohern under the supervision of Mr. Smith, and was
completed in the spring of 1911 by Mr. Smith, assisted by R. H.
Wood. During the last three months of the year Mr. Smith has been
engaged in surveying the Claremore quadrangle. This work is also
being done in cooperation with the State and is practically completed.
Rocky Mountain region. — ^Work in the San Juan region, Colo.,
which has for several years been in charge of Whitman Cross, was
continued by E. S. Larsen, jr., Mr. Cross being absent from the
country attending the International Geological Congress at Stock-
holm. The survey of the San Cristobal quadrangle was practically
completed by Mr. Larsen and some work was done on the CeboUa
quadrangle. During the office season both Mr. Cross and Mr. Larsen
continued the preparation of reports on the San Juan region.
During the year a systematic detailed study of the physiographic
history of the San Juan district, with the areal mapping of the
Quaternary deposits, was undertaken by W. W. Atwood, assisted
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288 THIBTY-SBCOND REPORT OF Q£OL00ICALr SURVEY.
by K. F. Mather. Mr. Atwood completed the areal work for the
Durango quadrangle and half of the La Plata quadrangle. He also
made excursions into the higher mountains and to the southwest,
over the adjoining plateaus, for comparative studies. This work
is being carried on in close association with the studies of Whitman
Cross and assistants on the geology of the older rock formations.
The execution of the comprehensive plan adopted will require several
years of field and office work.
The Apishapa quadrangle, in central Colorado, was mapped geo-
logically several years ago by G. K. Gilbert, who was, however,
unable to complete the folio for the quadrangle. Later the base map
was improved and the geologic mapping was revised by G. W. Stose.
The revision consisted chiefly of the mapping of a newly recognized
Cretaceous formation. The folio covering this quadrangle is well
advanced.
The mapping of the Deming quadrangle (N. Mex.) was com-
pleted by N. H. Darton. This work was begun several years ago
in connection with studies of underground waters.
The bulletin on the Shinumo quadrangle ,(Ariz.), including an
interesting portion of the Grand Canyon, has been completed by
L. F. Noble, who has also completed a description of the Bright
Angel quadrangle (Ariz.) to be printed on the back of the topo-
graphic sheet.
The manuscript for the Colorado Springs (Colo.) folio has been
submitted by G. L Finlay.
In New Mexico the Silver City quadrangle was surveyed by Sidney
Paige, assisted by J. L. Rich, and the geologic folio was nearly com-
pleted. In addition to studies of the areal and structural geology,
investigations were made of a number of mining districts in the
quadrangle and several reports were prepared for publication in
Bulletin 470. The quadrangle contains the Santa Rita mining dis-
trict for which a special topographic map has been prepared. De-
tailed study of this mining district was not included in the work of
Mr. Paige.
In connection with the investigation of underground waters by
the Indian Office a geolocric reconnaissance was made of the north-
western part of the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona and
Utah by H. E. Gregory, assisted by J. E. Pogue. This was in con-
tinuation of work of the same character carried on during the
preceding year.
During the summer of 1910 a beginning was made in the survey
of the Glacier National Park in Montana by M. R. Campbell.
Owing to the extensive forest fires the work was greatly impeded.
In June, 1911, Mr. Campbell resumed field work in this park accom-
panied by W. C. Alden, who will make a special study of the
Pleistocene deposits and glacial phenomena of the rep^^^p^z-^oTp
WOBK OP THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 289
Classifieation of mineral lands. — ^The study of the areal distribu-
tion and structure of the phosphate deposits in the northern Rocky
Mountain region was continued during the year. R. W. Richards,
assisted by G. R. Mansfield and J. H. Bridges, made a detailed
examination of about 600 square miles of the withdrawn lands in
Idaho, lying between the towns of St. Charles and Soda Springs,
in Bear Lake and Bannock counties. Sufficient informntion was
acquired to enable the Survey to place a valuation on these lands
based on their content of phosphate. This information is available
at any time that Congress enacts the necessary legislation for dis-
posing of the lands at their appraised value. The area examined is
estimated to contain over a billion tons of high-grade phosphate
rock. A report on these deposits has been completed and submitted
for publication in 'Bulletin 470. T. W. Stanton, G. H. Girty, and
J. P. Smith spent considerable time with this party studying the
associated paleontologic and stratigraphic problems. In June the
field work on these phosphate deposits was resumed by Mr. Richards,
assisted by Mr. Mansfield and E. L. Troxell.
A brief report on sulphur deposits near Soda Springs, Idaho,
was prepared by Messrs. Richards and Bridges, and a report on the
lead and copper deposits in the Bear River Range, Utah and Idaho,
was prepared by Mr. Richards, both for publication in Bulletin 470.
A reconnaissance of parts of northwestern Wyoming and eastern
Idaho, between Lander and Afton, was made by Eliot Blackwelder,
assisted during a part of the season by C. L. Breger. The purpose
of this reconnaissance was to determine the extent and character
of the phosphate deposits northeast of the well-known Bear Lake
region of southeastern Idaho. A brief report on the results has
been submitted for publication in Bulletin 470, and the lands have
been classified provisionally, preliminary to more detailed surveys
which are contemplated in the immediate future.
Deposits of commercial rock phosphate in Montana, similar to
those in Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, were discovered in the vicinity
of Melrose, Mont., and an area covering the known extent of the
deposit was withdrawn from entry pending further field examina-
tion. A short report on these deposits by H. S. Gale was published
as an advance chapter (A) from Bulletin 470, and a revision of this
report is included in another advai^ce chapter (470-H) now in
The description of the general geology of the Philipsburg quad-
rangle (Mont.) was completed by F. C. Calkins for publication
as a professional paper on the geology and ore deposits, and the
folio on the quadrangle was prepared in collaboration with W. H.
Emmons, who wrote the sections relating to ore deposits.
11355*— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^19
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290 THIETY-BECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAIr SURVEY.
An item in the sundry civil act of June 25, 1910, being an amend-
ment to the act of February 26, 1895 (Stat L., vol. 28, p. 683), en-
titled "An act to provide for the examination and classification of
certain mineral lands in the States of Montana and Idaho," made
an appropriation to the General Land Office for the completion of
the classification as mineral or nonmineral of certain specified lands
within the grant of the Northern Pacific Kailroad Co. in Montana
and Idaho. Under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior the
field examination and classification of these lands was assigned to
the Geological Survey. This work was done under the supervision
of Waldemar Lindgren and the field and office work were placed
in charge of H. S. Gale. D. F. MacDonald, assisted by E. L. Jones,
jr. ; F. C. Calkins, assisted by G. F. Loughlin ; R. W. Stone, assisted
by W. R. Hill ; J. T. Pardee ; and E. E. Smith were engaged in this
work. A total area of 288,465 acres in Montana and Idaho has
been examined and classified, as shown in the reports of the land-
classification board. (See p. 68.)
From observations made in connection with his classification work
Mr. Stone prepared a paper on the geologic relations of the ore
deposits in the Elkhom Mountains, Mont., for publication in Bul-
letin 470. In May and June the classification of Northern Pacific
lands was resumed by parties in charge of F. C. Calkins, J. T.
Pardee, and R. W. Stone.
ClaaHfcation of pithlic lands. — ^The field examinations necessary
for the classification and valuation of the coal and oil lands of the
West were continued throughout the year. As in previous years, the
field work was in charge of M. R. Campbell. The following is a
brief statement of the work accomplished and in progress at the end
of the fiscal year, with the names of the geologists who are directly
responsible for its prosecution :
Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, N. Dak. Examination made by M. A.
Pishel. Land classified and report submitted.
WUUston lignite field, N. Dak. Examination in progress by F. A. Herald*
under the supervision of R G. WoodruiT.
Marmarth coal field, N. Dak. Examination in progress by C. J. Hare6» nnder
the supervision of E. G. Woodruff.
Perkins County coal field, S. Dnk. Examination in progress by D. B. Win-
chester, under the super^-islon of E. G. Woodruff.
Harding County coal field, S. Dak. Examination in progress by E. M. Parks,
under the supervision of E. G. Woodruff.
Coal near the Black Hills, Wyo.-S. Dak. Report submitted for publication
by R. W. Stone. (Bulletin 499.)
Southern part of the Sidney coal field, Mont. Detailed examination made by
Eugene Steblnger, under the supervision of W. R. Calvert Land classified and
report in preparation.
Culbertson coal field, Mont. Examined by A. L. Beekly, under the supervision
of W. R. Calvert Land classified and report in hand.
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WOBK OF THB YEAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 291
GlendiTe lignite field, Mont. Mapped and studied by J. H. Hance, under the
supervision of W. R. Calvert. Land classified and report prepared.
Baker lignite field, Mont Mapped by M. A. Pishel (temporarily in charge)
and C. F. Bowen, under the supervision of W. R. Calvert Land classified and
report prepared.
Terry lignite field, Mont Examination made by F. A. Herald, under the super-
vision of W. R. Calvert Land classified and report well advanced. Investiga-
tion being continued by E. T. Hancock (temporarily in charge) and G. S.
Rogers, under the supervision of E. G. Woodruff.
Part of Milk River coal field, Mont Report begun by L. J. Pepperberg in
1909, completed by G. B. Richardson.
Big Snowy Mountains coal field, Mont. Geologic study for the purpose of
ascertaining the eastern extent of the Judith Basin coal region, in progress by
W- R. Calvert.
Flathead Indian Reservation, Mont Examination of town and villa sites. In
progress by Eugene Stebinger.
Tertiary coal fields of western Montana. Examination in progress by J. T.
Pardee.
Belle Fourche Valley lignite field, Wyo. Examination in progress by V. H.
Bamett under the supervision of E. G. WoodruiT.
Little Powder River coal field, Wyo. Examination made of the eastern part
of the Little Powder River coal field by J. A. Davis, under the supervision of
A. R. Schultz. Land classified and preliminary report prepared.
Western County coal field, Wyo. Examined by V. H. Bamett, under the super-
Tision of A. R. Schultz. About 700 square miles classified; about 600 square
miles withheld pending examination of the area to the east.
Lost Springs coal field, Wyo. Examined by D. E. Winchester, under the
supervision of A. R. Schultz. Land classified and report in hand.
Platte River coal field, Wyo. Examined by D. E. Winchester, under the
supervision of A. R. Schultz. Land classified and report in preparation.
Buffalo-Sheridan coal field, Wyo. Examination of the formations outcropping
along the eastern base of the Bighorn Mountains being continued by C. H.
Wegemann.
Sussex coal field, Wyo. Examined by C. H. Wegemann, under the supervision
of A. R. Schultz. Land classified and report well in hand.
Powder River oil field, Wyo. Examined by C. H. Wegemann. Land classified
and report practically completed (to appear in Bulletin 471).
Wiley quadrangle, Wyo. Examination to determine primarily the possible
accumulation of oil, in progress by D. F. Hewett, under the supervision of E. G.
Woodruff.
Southern part of Denver Basin coal field, Colo. Examination made by G. B.
Richardson. Land classified and report practically prepared.
North Park coal field, Colo. Examination in progress by A. L. Beekly.
De Beque oil field, Colo. Examined by E. G. Woodruff and report well
advanced.
Grand Mesa and West Elk Mountain coal field, Colo. Report submitted for
publication by Willis T. Lee.
Coal resources of Gunnison Valley, Colo. Studied by E. Q. Woodruff in com-
pany with G. B. Richardson. Report in hand.
Mancos coal field, Colo. Reconnaissance examination in progress by M. A.
Pishel.
Canon City and Raton Mesa coal fields, Colo, and N. Mex. Stratlgraphic
studies made along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains from Denver
southward, by W, T. Lee, to determine the extent and value of certain uncon-
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292 THIBTY-SECOND BEPOET OF GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY.
formlties and also for the general purpose of determining the geologic age of
the coal-bearing rocks. Report in preparation.
New Mexico coal fields. Examination in progress by W. T. Lee.
Dayton and Toyah oil fields, N. Mex. and Tex. Examination made by G. B.
Richardson.
Tertiary "lake beds" of the Snake River valley, Idaho. Segregation of
noncoal or nonmineral areas in progress by C. F. Bowen.
Uinta Basin, Utah. Examination made of the Cretaceons coal-bearing rocks
along the south fiank of the Uinta Mountains, from a point near the Colorado
line westward to Currant Creek Valley, by C. T. Lupton. Investigation south-
ward through Strawberry Valley in progress. The report is well in hand.
Sunnyside quadrangle, Utah. Examination in progress by F. R. Clark, under
the supervision of C. T. Lupton.
San Juan oil field, Utah. Report completed and submitted by E. O. Wood-
ruff (in Bulletin 471).
Part of Parowan Range, Utah. Rapid reconnaissance of coal geology made
by M. W. BalL
Washington. Report on " Coals of the State of Washington," by E. B. Smitti,
submitted for publication (Bulletin 474). Land classified by M. W. Ball.
Oil prospects of northwestern Oregon. Report in preparation by O. W.
Washbume.
WORK IV ROOKY MOTTirTAnr ICIKIVO DISTRICTS.
The mining districts of the Dillon quadrangle (Mont.) were ex-
amined in July and August, 1910, by A. N. Winchell, who submitted
for publication a preliminary report on these districts. Mr. Winchell
also examined graphite deposits near Dillon and prepared a report
for publication in Bulletin 470. A scientific discussion of the prob-
able origin of graphite deposits in veins and pegmatites was pub-
lished by Mr. Winchell in the journal Economic Geology.
The mineral resources of Lemhi County, Idaho, and the Bay
Horse district, Custer County, Idaho, were examined by J. B.
Umpleby, who has made progress in preparing a report embody-
ing the results of his observations.
About four and a half months were spent in field work by E. S.
Bastin, who was assisted by J. M. Hill, on the economic geology of
the Central City quadrangle (Colo.). The areal mapping was com-
pleted, and the underground work was well advanced. In May Mr.
Bastin resumed field work on this quadrangle.
At the request of the Department of Justice, J. M. Hill was de-
tailed to make an examination of certain lands in the Olinghouse
district, Washoe County, Nev. As a result of this work he prepared
a paper on the Olinghouse and Eamsey mining districts, Nevada,
for publication in Bulletin 470.
The report on the Breckenridge district, Colorado, was completed
by F. L. Ransome during the summer of 1910 and is in press as
Professional Paper 75.
During the winter Mr. Ransome, assisted by J. B. Umpleby, com-
pleted the mapping and study of the Ray quadrangle, Ariz. Mr,
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WOBK OF THE TEAE — GEOLOGIC 3BANCH. 293
Sansome spent a short time at Tombstone, Ariz., studying mine levels
that there was reason to suppose would be submerged when pump-
ing stopped. The mapping of the area covered by the Ray special
map was completed, and work was begun on the area covered by the
Miami special map, adjacent to the disseminated copper deposits.
Progress has been made in the preparation of reports on the Ray
and Miami areas, but additional study of the disseminated copper
deposits is required before they can be completed.
At the request of the Post Office Department four groups of
mining claims in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, and two groups
in western Montana were examined by F. C. Schrader, who sub-
sequently submitted reports on them and gave testimony in the
Federal district court at Spokane, Wash. Mr. Schrader's observa-
tions made during these examinations and earlier examinations for
the Forest Service and Land Office in neighboring fields in 1908
enabled him to prepare a paper on gold-bearing ground moraine
in northwestern Montana, with generalizations on similar occur-
rences of placer gold elsewhere in the Northwest. The report is
now in press as a paper in Bulletin 470.
A geologic reconnaissance of the Jarbidge, Contact, and Elk
Mountain mining districts in Elko County, ISTev., was made by Mr.
Schrader, assisted at Jarbidge by R. D. Pickett and at Contact by
N. W. Sweetser. A report with maps and illustrations (Bulletin
497) was subsequently submitted on these districts.
The geologic map and the study of the ore deposits of the Ely
special area, Nevada, were completed by A. C. Spencer, who also
studied in detail the relations of the important deposits of dis-
seminated copper ore of the district. The report on this district is
well advanced and will soon be submitted for publication.
Field work was completed on the Frisco district, Utah, by B. S.
Butler, who also made a reconnaissance of the Lincoln, Granite,
Pine Grove, Gold Springs, and State Line districts, Utah, and of the
Fay district, Nevada. Reports on these districts are in preparation.
The final report on the Park City district, Utah, the preparation
of which has been delayed by the resignation of J. M, Boutwell from
the survey, was completed by him and submitted for publication in
May, 1911.
Progress was made on the revision of the Leadville monograph
until its interruption by the death of S. F. Emmons on March 28,
1911. Mr. Emmons was assisted in this work by J. D. Irving, of
Yale University, with whom arrangements have been made for its
completion.
A report on the ore deposits of Lake City, Colo., has been com-
pleted during the year by J. D. Irving and Rowland Bancroft, and
is in press as Bulletin 478.
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294 THIBTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
WO&K OV TEE PAOZFZO COAST.
An additional investigation of the ore deposits of northeastern
Washington was made by Rowland Bancroft, and a report covering
his work has been completed. He also wrote a report on the lead
and zinc deposits of the Metaline mining district, Washington,
which forms a part of Bulletin 470.
The survey of "the Klamath Mountains of northern California and
Oregon has been continued by J. S. Diller, who, during the year, has
mapped in detail one-third of the Big Bar quadrangle and prepared
a paper on the auriferous gravels of the Trinity River basin, to be
published in Bulletin 470.
Additional field work in the copper-mining districts of Shasta
County, CaL, was done by L. C. Graton, who made considerable
progress toward completing the final report being prepared by him
and B. S. Butler, which will be published as a professional paper of
the Survey.
The field work on the Randsburg quadrangle (Cal.) was com--
pleted by F. L. Hess, and the report is in progress.
The manuscript for the San Francisco (Cal.) folio has been sub-
mitted for publication by A. C. Lawson. In this work Prof. Law-
son was assisted by several instructors and graduate students in the
University of California.
The manuscript for the Ventura (Cal.) folio has been nearly
completed for publication by Ralph Arnold and J. R. Pemberton.
Additional work was done in the Corona quadrangle (Cal.) by
E. S. Larsen, jr., and progress is being made on the folio.
The investigations of the California oil fields were continued by
Robert Anderson, assisted by R. W. Pack. Special attention was
given to regions having prospective value for oil, with the aim of
carrying the geologic work ahead of development and outlining the
areas in which oil is likely to occur. During the summer and fall
of 1910 the east flank of the Diablo Range between Panoche and
Livermore valleys was examined in detail, thus completing a study
of the whole west side of the San Joaquin Valley. In addition, a
reconnaissance examination was made around the south end of the
San Joaquin Valley. This work resulted in the classification of
several areas as possible oil land and the restoration to entry of other
areas which had been temporarily withdrawn pending examination
but which proved to afford no promise of oil. A preliminary report
on the Cantua-Panoche region by Robert Anderson (in Bulletin 431)
was published in the fall of 1910. In the spring of 1911 a full re-
port on the entire east flank of the Diablo Range north of Coalinga
was brought well toward completion, and a preliminary report on
the south end of the San Joaquin Valley was prepared for publica-
tion in Bulletin 471.
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WOBK of THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BBANCH. 295
GSnXAL OEOLOGIO AVO PALEOVTOLOGIO WOBK.
During the year W. H. Dall continued his studies <m the Tertiary
faunas of North America. He spent some time in visiting a large
number of private and public collections of Tertiary and later fossils
on the Pacific coast, thus accumulating a large amount of interesting
material and information concerning the Pacific coast Tertiary
deposits, in the study of which he is engaged. Good progress has
been made in the preparation of a card catalogue of the Tertiary
fossils of the Pacific coast, supplementary to that already in use for
the eastern Tertiary fossils. Large collections of Tertiary fossils
have been received from geologists working on the Atlantic and Gulf
coastal plains and have been arranged and identified.
In addition to supervising paleontologic work, T. W. Stanton has
continued his studies of the Mesozoic fossils, giving special attention
to the correlation of the coal-bearing formations of the Rocky Moun-
tain region. He has also rendered material assistance in determining
Cretaceous fossils from the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains.
In connection with his stratigraphic work T. W. Vaughan con-
tinued his studies of- the Florida keys, reefs, and marine bottom
deposits, under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton, in cooperation with the Geological Survey, having been engaged
in these investigations from May 31 to June 30, inclusive. Besides
preparing a summary report of his investigation of the physical
conditions under which reef corals live and their rate of growth, for
the Carnegie Institution Yearbook No. 9, 1910, he wrote an article
entitled " The physical conditions under which Paleozoic coral reefs
are formed," which has been published in the bulletin of the Geo-
logical Society of America. Mr. Vaughan has succeeded in rearing
coral cololiies from larvae at the Tortugas laboratory of the Carnegie
Institution. In estimating the rate of growth of coral reefs it is
essential to know the rate of growth of the various kinds of coral
ccmiposing the reefs, and the results obtained by Mr. Vaughan con-
stitute the first trustworthy data that have been obtained for a solu-
tion of this problem. Mr. Vaughan also obtained additional informa-
tion on the calcareous bottom deposits now forming in shallow water
along the Florida coast.
The investigation of TKassic paleontology and stratigraphy in
Utah and Idaho has been continued by J. P. Smith, of Leland Stan-
ford Junior University. Mr. Smith visited the parties engaged in
ttie study of the phosphate deposits in Idaho and rendered material
assistance in their work. The monograph on the marine Middle
Triassic fossils of America has been completed by Mr. Smith and
transmitted for publication. His report on the Lower Triassic
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296 THIRTY-SECOND REPOEt OF GEOLOGICAL SURV^"?.
faunas is well advanced, although descriptions of the species are
still in preliminary form and will require much revision.
Investigation of Carboniferous invertebrate paleontology was con-
tinued by G. H. Girty, who spent four months in field work, chiefly
in Idaho, New Mexico, Texas, and Tennessee, with less time in Ohio,
Utah, and West Virginia. He made extensive collections of fossils
and exact stratigraphic observations relating to them, and deter-
mined the geologic age and correlation of horizons for the parties
with which he was associated. He completed a report describing the
fauna of the Wewoka formation of Oklahoma and spent much time
in arranging collections and preparing reports on fossils referred to
him from different field parties in connection with their work.
In addition to his work on the Niagara quadrangle, mentioned else-
where, E. M. Kindle continued investigations, begun the preceding
season, of problems of stratigraphy and correlation relating to the
Devonian formations of Pennsylvania and the southern Appalachian
region. He also spent much time in preparing and studying Devo-
nian fossils collected by geologists and submitted to him for deter-
mination.
Studies of the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian rocks in the
Appalachian and Mississippi valleys were continued by E. O. TJlrich,
with the assistance of Edwin Kirk. The general results of Mr.
Ulrich's stratigraphic studies of American Paleozoic deposits during
the past 20 years are presented in a work entitled " Revision of Paleo-
zoic systems," published by the Geological Society of America.
In connection with the classification of coal land F. H. Knowlton,
assisted by A. C. Peale, spent the field season in studying paleonto-
logic and geologic problems in the Rocky Mountain region. He pro-
cured a large amount of paleobotanic and other material for use in
correlating several upper Cretaceous and Tertiary formations.
During the office season Mr. Knowlton studied and reported on more
than 400 collections of fossil plants for the use of geologists in locat-
ing and correlating Mesozoic and Cenozoic horizons, mainly in the
Rocky Mountain region. One of these collections, that from the
Trinidad-Raton coal field, comprised nearly 3 tons of material. A
number of scientific papers were prepared for outside publication.
Under the joint supervision of Messrs. Knowlton and White the
work on the bibliography and compendium of paleobotany has been
continued by Miss C. H. Schmidt The estimate made in January,
1910, that this work would be completed by the end of the fiscal year
1912 seems likely to be fully justified, as satisfactory progress has
been made during the year.
The geologic map of North America, which has been compiled
under the general supervision of Bailey Willis, is now in press*
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WORK OF THE TEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 297
Ihiring the last year, owing to the absence of Mr. Willis from this
country, the work on this map has been in charge of G. W. Stoee, who
has giv^i to the work a large amount of attention. Credit is also due
in this connection to the geologists of the Survey generally, who have
contributed largely to the completeness of the work. Mr. Stose has
continued in charge of the editing of the maps of geologic folios, his
detailed report as editor of geologic maps appearing on pages 134-135.
During June, 1911, A. C. Spencer devoted his attention to the
study of certain tracts of land on the headwaters of Tennessee River
in Fannin County, Ga., and Blount County, Tenn., which had been
offered to the Secretary of Agriculture under the WeAs Act, provid-
ing for the acquisition of lands for the purpose of conserving the
navigable rivers. Careful examination of these tracts resulted in re-
ports affirming that forest control would tend to ameliorate existing
conditions, which were found to be favorable to rapid erosion and
soil waste in the forested areas. The greatest factor in excessive
erosion has been the frequent burning over of forest lands, which
destroys the leaf mat and underbrush that naturally prevents the soil
from washing. If fires can be kept out permanently a very material
decrease is to be expected in the amount of sediment delivered to the
local creeks, and the sediment eventually delivered to Tennessee River
would be lessened in proportion.
WOKS OF OOmOTTEE OH OEOLOOIO HAXEB.
The committee on geologic names is composed of Arthur Keith
(chairman), M. R. Campbell (vice chairman), W. C. Alden, W. C.
Mendenhall, F. L. Ransome, T. W. Stanton, G. W. Stose, and David
White. The clerical work of the committee is performed by one
derk, Miss M. G. Wilmarth, who is designated as the secretary.
According to the Director's instructions of January 30, 1909, " It is
the duty of the committee on geologic names to consider all geologic
names used by members of the Geological Survey in both official and
unofficial publications. When manuscripts are received by the com-
mittee they shall be examined as soon as practicable and the commit-
tee shall decide whether the names employed are permissible or not."
The chief objects of the committee are to insure uniformity in
geologic classification and nomenclature in Survey publications, to
prevent unnecessary duplication of geologic names, and to reduce
the number of names employed, through correlation of the forma-
tions from one area to another. The main criteria on which the
decisions of the committee are based are priority of publication, sig-
nificance acquired by usage, and adequacy of definition and type
locality. No one of these criteria is relied on to the exclusion of the
others.
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298 THIETY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The records of the committee comprise (1) a catalogue of geologic
names considered by the ccmimittee, arranged alphabetically, the ac-
tion taken for each manuscript being recorded; (2) a catalogue of
American geologic names in the literature, also arranged alpha-
betically, each published description of a formation being recorded
(this catalogue is the work of J. M. Nickles, of the library staff) ; (3)
a catalogue of the geologic names in the literature, arranged by
States; (4) a catalogue of geologic columnar sections approved by
the committee, arranged by States, the area to which each columnar
section applies being located on the appropriate State map; and (5)
a catalogue of geologic columnar sections in the United States, classi-
fied by States, compiled from existing literature, the areas being
located on a set of State maps. The last catalogue is not complete
but is being brought up to date as rapidly as possible. It is designed
to prevent unnecessary duplication of geologic names. All these
records, except as noted above, have been prepared and are kept up
to date by the secretary of the committee.
The amount of labor and research which devolves upon the com-
mittee can be understood from the statement that during the last
fiscal year it considered 125 manuscripts, comprising a total of about
17,000 pages and more than 2,500 geologic names. These manu-
scripts discussed the geology of all parts of the United States.
LAHD-CLASSIFICATION BOARD.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of the land-classification board during the fiscal
year 1910-11 has continued along the general lines indicated in
previous annual reports. The board is a section of the geologic
branch administered by a chairman and a general advisory committee,
the latter made up of the chiefs of branches, divisions, and sections,
whose field work supplies the greater part of the fundamental data
that form the basis of the board's action. Within the land-classifi-
cation board are subordinate boards, each of which deals directly
with one of the natural resources and certain public-land problems
related thereto. The number of these subordinate boards may be
increased or diminished from time to time as the exigencies of the
work require. At present there are subboards that deal with the
classification of coal, oil and gas, phosphate, and metalliferous de-
posits and with irrigation and power matters. On December 1, 1910,
A. C. Veatch, until that date in charge of the board, applied for and
was granted leave of absence. This, together with other changes in
the personnel, necessitated certain measures of reorganization, which
were effected on January 1, 1911. By virtue of these changes and
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WOEK OF THE YBAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 299
others made later in the fiscal year, the organization of the Doard on
June 30, 1911, is as follows:
W. G. Mendenhally in charge of the boards chairman of the advisory com-
mittee, and ex ofBcio chairman of each of the classification boards.
N. C. Grover, chief engineer of the board and ex officio member of irrigation
and power board&
W. R. Calvert, chairman of the coal board.
M. W. Ball, chairman of the oil, phosphate, and metalliferous deposits boards.
W. B. Heroy, chairman of the irrigation and power boards.
The additional members of the advisory committee and sub-
boards ai-e as follows :
Advisory committee: C. W. Hayes, M. O. Leighton, Waldemar Lindgren,
M. R. Campbell, A. H. Brooks.
Coal-classiflcation board : M. W. Ball, A. L. Beekly, C. T. Lupton.
Oil-classification board : Robert Anderson, C. H. Wegemann.
Phosphate-classification board : H. S. Gale, R. W. Richards.
Metalliferous deposits classification board: H. D. McCaskey, E. S. Bastln.
Irrigation board : J. C. Hoyt, O. E. Meinzer.
Power board : M. O. Leighton, Herman Stabler.
The fundamental purpose for which the board and subboards were
created is to carry out the mandate of the organic act of the Geo-
logical Survey, in which it is charged primarily with the classifica-
tion of the public lands. This work of classification involves many
questions as to procedure in public-land matters, partly incidental to
the classifications and partly the result of statutes recently enacted,
in the administration of which certain responsibilities devolve upon
the Survey, either directly or in cooperation with other bureaus in
the Interior Department.
The board's operations during the year 1910-11 differed from
those of previous years rather in the volume of the work done than
in the nature of the work. The amount has been increased, for
example, by certain cooperative agreements with the General Land
Office, by virtue of which the commissioner requests information on
the mineral or power value of lands for which patent is asked, either
before or after examination by special agents. The Indian Office,
under the Secretary's orders, likewise refers to the Geological Sur-
vey lands listed for patent and lands which it is proposed to elimi-
nate from the reservations and throw open for settlement, in order
that the mineral or nonmineral character or the power value of the
lands affected may be determined. Proposed eliminations from
national forests are likewise referred for report as to mineral char-
acter and power value, and all Carey Act lists are submitted to the
Survey for a statement as to the sufficiency of the water supply and
the adequacy of the proposed plan of irrigation before the lists are
approved for segregation.
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300 THIRTY-SECOND BBPOET OF GEOI>OGICAL SURVEY.
These various types of work are more fully discussed under ap-
propriate headings in the statements which follow.
COAL.
Classifications, — Coal lands have been classified during the year
at an increased rate. The area appraised as coal land during the
fiscal year 1909-10 was 4,876,196 acres; during 1910-11 the area
so appraised was 7,821,508 acres. The area classified as noncoal land
during 1910-11 is 2,386,444 acres greater than that so classified in
1909-10. On the other hand, the average price fixed per acre and
the total appraised value are notably less for the last year than for
the preceding year. The difference is due to a concentration of work
in the lignite and low-grade subbituminous fields of eastern Montana
and Wyoming, where the appraised values under the regulations are
the minimum fixed by law. The following table shows the progress
of coal-land classification, by States, during the year :
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WOBK OF THE TEAK — QEOLOOIC BBAKCH.
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302
THIRTY-SECOND EEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The charge has been made that the classification policy has been
harmful to the coal industry of the West by placing prohibitive prices
on the public coal lands. The fact that the coal production of the
Rocky Mountain States in 1910 showed an increase of 14.7 per cent
over the production of 1909 indicates that the coal industry has not
been seriously injured. The followng table refutes any statement
that the prices fixed are prohibitive, by showing that the sale of
coal lands during the four fiscal years since the adoption of the
classification policy has been 12J per cent greater than during the
four preceding years, while the increase in receipts from the sales
has been 36 per cent.
Sales of coal lands at all prices, in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, from
S 1903 to 1911.
Fiscal year.
Entries.
■
Acres.
Receipts.
price per
acre.
1903-4
190
158
244
157
28,827.42
20,456.35
42,143:39
20,387.02
$395,209.90
277,402.40
538,683.70
303,255.60
$13.74
1904-5
13.56
1905-6
12.54
1906-7
14.80
Four years prior to July 1, 1907
749
in, 814. 18
1,514,551.60
13.54
1907-8
299
182
189
83
68,047.10
26,590.68
26,074,16
15,284.89
647,584.55
602,743.65
657,175.80
251,323.03
11.15
1908-0
18.90
1909-10
25.20
1910-11
16.44
Four-years since July 1, 1907
753
125,996.83
2,058,827.03
16.34
Many of the lands sold since July 1, 1907, have doubtless been
unclassified lands sold at the minimum price, but the following
table shows that by no means all the sales have been at minimum,
and that the increase in sales since July 1, 1907, is much more than
equaled by the sales at classified prices greater than the minimum.
In other words, the acreage sold at the minimum has been less
since classification begun than in the same period preceding, al-
though the total acreage sold has increased, indicating, certainly,
that the classifications have not prohibited the purchase of coal
lands.
Sales of coal lands at various rates since July 1, 19(yi.
Price per
acre.
$10.00 .
15.00.
17.50.
20.00.
25.00.
30.00.
35.00.
40.00.
45.00.
49.00.
60.00.
65.00.
Entries.
15
1
258
37
23
2
8
Acres.
46.022.21
2,310.55
40.00
62,833.03
11,171.68
3,159.81
239.78
800.06
240.00
40.00
8,218.63
200.00
Receipts.
$461,099.33
34,658.25
700.00
773,028.80
131,671.70
94.794.30
8.392.30
32,002.40
10,800.00
1,900.00
400.023.00
13,000.00
Price per
acre.
$75.00
90.00
92.00
100.00
120.00
135.00
140.00
170.00
180.00
270.00
Entries.
Acres.
161.23
121.69
40.00
38.48
40.00
80.00
120.00
39.89
40.00
39.79
753 125,996.83 2,068,827.
Receipts.
$12,092.25
10,962.10
3,680.00
3,848.00
4,800.00
10,800.00
16,800.00
6,781.30
7,200.00
10.743.30
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Withdrawals. — ^Two great withdrawals of land for determination
of its content of coal were made during the year, one in the Dakotas
and one in Idaho. The areas withdrawn in the Dakotas, judged
from the facts gathered in field examinations made up to date,
promise to be very largely coal land. The area withdrawn in
Idaho, on the other hand, is being shown by field survey to be
mainly noncoal land, and more than a million acres have already been
classified as noncoal land. It is significant that the area withdrawn
for examination for coal has been increasing year by year, rather
than decreasing constantly by restorations made as a result of classi-
fication, as might be expected. Although the field examinations
have each year increased the area classified, and therefore subtracted
from the areas withdrawn, the restorations have been more than
offset by the withdrawal of areas indicated as coal bearing by new
information or by a study of data already at hand. However, in
Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming, where the field work was con-
centrated during the season of 1910, the restorations far outbalance
the withdrawals. It is probable that the maximum withdrawn area
has been reached thi§ year and that the withdrawals will steadily
decrease hereafter.
Withdrawals of coal lands, fiscal year 1910-11, in acres.
Btates.
Withdrawals
outstanding
July 1, 1910.
New with-
drawals.
Restorations.
Withdrawals
outstanding
June 30, 1011.
Alaska
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico...
North Dakota. .
Oregon
South Dakota..
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
161,210
6,656,518
23,' 920," 078
3,156,295
'379,452
239.003
977,944
8,265,970
740.849
02.141
3,120,530
18,454,490
42,492
2,117,124
1.280,553
4,771,356
466,335
5,897.958
2,210,847
10, 854, 704
2,869,377
1,054,154
780,731
375,931
494,114
730,798
40
4,621,892
118,718
239,903
5,517,338
6,985,417
19,890.471
92,141
5,809,490
18,454,490
3,521
2,375,283
6,221,314
2,210,807
7,013,543
53,236,962 36,596,080 14,900,635
74,932,416
a Area unknown.
Applications for reclassificatio?i, — The beneficial effects of the act
of June 22, 1910 (Stat. L., vol. 36, p. 583), providing for agricultural
entries for surface rights only on lands classified as coal lands, are
shown by the decreased number of applications for the reclassification
cf areas go classified. Whereas 127 applications were received during
the fiscal year 1909-10, but 48 — only a little over one-third that num-
ber— were received during the year 1910-11. Before the passage of
this act lands classified as coal bearing could not be disposed of except
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THIBTT-SBCOKD BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
as coal land at the appraised price. As a result agricultural devel-
opment of these areas was impossible, and many applications were
received alleging the classification to be erroneous and praying for
its reversal in order that agricultural entries might be made. Now
agricultural entries may be made upon coal lands, the entryman
receiving title to the surface only and the United States reserving
title to all underlying deposits of coal. A summary of the applica-
tions acted upon during the year follows :
Applications for redansification of coal land^ fiscal year 1910-11,
state.
Nnmber
Denied.
Pending;.
Colorado
2
18
1
7
20
4
18
Montana
NorthDakota
Utah
Wynmlng- , ,
1
19
48
23
a2S
a One application from Montana and two from Colorado received before June 30, 1910.
Applications for classification, — Agricultural entries for surface
rights only may not be commuted, a certain proportion of the entry
miist be cultivated each year, and the total area which may be in-
cluded in a desert-land entry for surface rights is restricted to 160
acres. These conditions lead to the submission of applications for
the classification as noncoal land of areas withdrawn pending their
classification as to coal. As these withdrawals are usually made in
order to retain the title to the coal deposits in the Government until
field examination can be made on which to base a classification, most
of such applications can not be granted. It has, however, been pos-
sible, from information at hand, to grant 4 of the 46 such applica*
tions received during the year.
The following table shows the distribution of the applications :
Applications for classification of coal land, fiscal year 1910-11.
state.
Number
received.
proved.
Denied.
Pending.
Colorado
2
26
11
1
1
26
5
3
IdfthA
Montana
2
4
New Mexico
1
South Dakota. .
1
Washineton
1
w vomini? -
1
46
4
36
6
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WOBK OP THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH.
306
OIL.
Pending the enactment of legislation for disposing of oil and gas
deposits on the public.domain, and because it seems desirable to retain
certain of these deposits for use as fuel by the American Navy, all
public lands known or thought to contain valuable deposits of oil or
gas are withdrawn from all forms of disposal. During the year
640,604 acres of possible oil land in California and Wyoming were
withdrawn from entry, and 1,232,719 acres in the same States, shown
by field examination to be nonoil lands, were restored. In addition,
all oil lands in Alaska, comprising an unknown area, were withdrawn
during the year. In the early part of the year the outstanding
withdrawals made by the Secretary of the Interior were ratified,
confirmed, and continued in full force and effect by the President
under the act of June 25, 1910. The following table contains a sum-
mary of all action affecting the status of oil lands prior to June
30,1911:
Withdrawals of oil lands, fiscal year 1910-11, in acres.
state.
Outstond-
ing July 1,
1910.
New wlth-
drawals-a
Bestoift-
tlons.
Outstand-
ing June 30,
1911.
AlA>|kA..,,
Unsurveyed.
Unsurveyed.
Arlxona ,
230,400
2,4ft8,173
87,474
4H720
419,901
74,849
581,566
255,461
230,400
rtklilnmiA, .
305,802
1,211,271
1,592,704
Colondo
87,474
T/OiiLsiAna
414,720
New Mexico
419,901
Oregon
74,848
Utah
581,566
W yomlng
334,802
21,448
568,815
4,562,544
640,604
1,232,719
3,970,429
a Excluding changes In forms of withdrawals.
PHOSPHATE.
During the year a deposit of phosphate rock in southwestern
Montana, similar in character to the deposits of Utah, Idaho, and
Wyoming and at the same geologic horizon, was discovered by H. S.
Gale, of the Survey. This discovery is important not only because
of the quantity of phosphate found, but because it indicates the
possibility that the deposits of phosphate rock are distributed over
a much wider territory than had formerly been supposed.
In the early part of the year the outstanding withdrawals of
phosphate land made by the Secretary of the Interior were ratified
and continued in full force and effect by the President under the
act of June 25, 1910 (Stat. L., vol. 36, p. 847). The area withdrawn
as a result of the discovery in Montana comprises 33,950 acres, which,
with withdrawals in Florida and Utah, makes a total of 65,589 acres
11355'*— INT 1911— VOL 1 20
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THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
withdraw* during the year. Field examinations in Idaho resulted
in the restoration of 149,929 acres, leaving in phosphate withdrawals
June 30, 1911, a total of 2,399,416 acres. A summary of the out-
standing withdrawals follows:
Withdrawals of phospfiate lands, fiscal year 1910-11, in acres.
state.
Oatstand-
ingJulyl,
1910.
New with-
drawals.a
Restora-
tions.
Outstand-
ing June
30, 1911.
Florida
2,400
1,102,317
85,439
37,889
952,388
Idaho
140,929
VntititnfL
83,960
200
33,950
TTtiih .
107,546
1,267,494
107,745
Wyoming
1,267,494
2,479,756
00,669
149,929
2,399,416
a Excluding changes in form of withdrawals and rewithdrawals.
MBTALLIFEB0T7S DEPOSITS.
Under the act of February 26, 1895 (Stat. L., vol. 28, p. 683),
provision was made for classifying with regard to their mineral or
nonmineral character the lands within the Northern Pacific Railroad
grant in Montana and Idaho. The classification made proved un-
satisfactory for many areas and a reclassification was provided for in
the sundry civil act of June 25, 1910 (Stat L., vol. 36, p. 703). At
the request of the General Land Office the reclassification was made
by the Survey. The results of the work of the year are shown in the
following table :
Lands in Northern Pacific Railroad grant in Montana and Idaho classified
during fiscal year 1910-11, in acres.
state.
Mineral.
Nonmin-
eral.
Total.
Montana
130,386
45,646
21,722
90,712
162,108
Idaho
136,357
176,031
112,434
288.465
WATER POWER.
Withdrawals and restorations. — ^During the year the work of
classifying the public lands with relation to their value for water-
power development has followed .the general plan pursued in previous
years. On July 2, 1910, the earlier withdrawals, amounting to
1,454,499 acres, were ratified and continued by the President under
the authority conferred by the act of June 25, 1910 (Stat. L., vol. 36,
p. 847). As a result of field investigations, 143,555 acres included
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WORK OF THE TEAB — GEOLOGIC BBANCH.
307
in withdrawals were determined to be without value for power pur-
poses and were restored to the public domain and 204,460 acres were
included in new withdrawals, the total area withdrawn at the close
of the fiscal year amounting to 1,515,428 acres.
The status of power-site withdrawals by States is shown in the
following table :
Water-power site vHthdraKals, fiscal year 19 10-1 U *» acres.
state.
Outstand-
ing July 1,
1910:
New with-
drawals
during fis-
cal year.
Restora-
tions dur-
ing fiscal
year.
Outstand-
ing June
30, 1911.
Alfttkn
•
Arizona
107,550
47,819
201,549
230,971
106,000
5,870
10,131
16,458
8,388
16,803
1,284
160
0
2,506
17,756
213,390
California
53,689
Colorado
209,174
Idaho
229,692
MinrfPiiota
8,388
Montana ,
122,515
14,091
14,536
11,631
127,687
Nevada
15,375
New Mexico
4,830
9,706
North Dakota
South Dakota' ".
176,721
7,948
22,874
161,795
Utah. .
879,912
55,439
103,396
1,080
26,404
4,094
33,740
1,457
48,601
347,252
Washington
80,386
Wvoinlnir
58,889
1,454,499
204,460
143,555
1,515,423
Applications for reclassification. — Twenty-one applications for re-
classification of lands withdrawn because of their value for power
purposes have been received during the fiscal year. Action has been
taken on nine of them.
Right-of-way applications. — ^The examination of applications for
right of way across the public lands for railroads, canals, ditches, and
reservoirs for irrigation, mining, and municipal supply and struc-
tures for power development has been continued by the Survey. At
first the inquiry was made primarily for the purpose of determining
the eflPect which the approval of the application and the construction
of the proposed works would have on future power development, but
its scope has been broadened to include the investigation of the water
supply and the general engineering feasibility of power and irriga-
tion projects. If it appears that the approval of a right of way
would tie up large bodies of public land without reasonable proba-
bility of future utilization for the purpose contemplated, the facts
determined are reported to the department with a recommendation
that the right of way be not granted. If a proposed railroad is to
approach a stream which may be utilized for power development an
examination is made to determine whether the grade proposed will
interfere with the future development of power. Where the rail-
road location is found to conflict with reservoir or dam sites, a careful
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308
THIBTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
study of all the conditions is made to determine whether or not the
conflict may be minimized or avoided by relocating the railroad
grade and thus preserving the possibility of power development and
at the same time permitting the development of transportation
facilities.
It frequently appears that the value of lands for power sites is
contingent upon future irrigation development, irrigation being
recognized as the higher use. Applications for rights of way for
irrigation across lands withdrawn for power are therefore carefully
considered, and if the projects of which they are a part appear meri-
torious, a modification of the order of withdrawal to permit the
granting of the application is reconunended. Pending the construc-
tion of the project and the use of the water for irrigation the lands
affected are retained in withdrawal, so that if the grantee shall de-
fault in construction the power value of the lands may still be con-
sidered and controlled. The character of the applications received
and the action taken thereon is shown by the accompanying table:
•
Applications for rights of ioay.^
Railroad.
Irrlga-
tion.
Watec
power.
Miaoella^
neoiu.
Total.
Ponding July 1, IMO
Received July 1, 1910, to June 30, 1911.
Acted on July 1. 1910, to June 80, 1911 .
Pending June 30, 1911
277
110
44
655
516
183
58
1,119
851
326
a First application received firom Secretary's office Oct. 11, 1909; first appUcation received from Qeneral
Land Office Nov. 11, 1909; first application received from Indian Office i>ec. 23, 1909.
IRRIGATION.
Carey Act segregations. — Thirty-one segregation lists prepared
under the Carey Act have been referred during the year to the board
for report on the water supply available and the general feasibility
of the projects contemplated. Five of these lists were recommended
for approval unconditionally, and three others, covering projects that
involved pumping, were determined to have sufficient water supply
for reclaiming the lands considered. Examination of 18 applica-
tions showed that under the plan of irrigation proposed by the
State the projects contemplated would have an insufficient water
supply, and reports were made accordingly. At the close of the
year three applications were awaiting a detailed statement by the
applicant of the plan of reclamation proposed, and two were under
consideration in the Survey.
Enlarged-homestead designations, — ^The designation of additional
nonirrigable areas as subject to entry under the enlarged-homestead
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WOBK OP THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH.
309
act and the refinement of the boundaries of such areas has called
for an increasing amount of field investigation during the year. As
the larger areas of nonirrigable lands were included in the earlier
designations, the amount of additional land designated is relatively
small in proportion to the total area open to entry. By the act of
Congress of June 17, 1910, the provisions of the original act, some-
what modified, were extended to the State of Idaho, both as regards
the enlargement of the entry and as regards nonresidence on lands
that are without a sufficient supply of water suitable for domestic
purposes. A large area in Idaho has been designated under the
general provisions of the act, and detailed investigations of spe-
cific tracts for the determination of the water supply available for
domestic purposes are in various stages of completion.
The following table indicates the amount designated in each State
and summarizes the work of the year :
Enlarged-homestead designations, fiscal year 191(^1911, in acres.
state.
Outstanding
July 1, 1910.
Newdesi^nar Cancellation
tions during during fiacal
flacal year. year.
Outstanding
Jane 30, 1011.
Arlsooa
Colorado
Idaho:
Under sectlona 1-5 of the act. .
Lnder section 6 o( the act
Montana .•
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon.
Under sections 1-5 of the act. .
Under section 6 of the act
Wsflihlngton
Wyoming
26,657,280
20,303,720
20,686.126
49.512.060
15,883.343
9,166,960
6,654.460
1,245,818
8,401,816
16,904,673
179,417,165
90,400
50,780
5,347,383
3.841
2,167,404
423.3.12
2,071,661
111,811
129.129
1,060
634,268
11,030.508 I
157,763
10,545
24,960
193,268
26.589,917
20,354,500
5,336,838
3,841
31.853.530
49.512,960
16.306.675
11,213,661
6,765.780
1.374,947
3.402,896
17,538,941
190,254,495
Efdarged'homestead petitions. — The greater part of the investiga-
tions and designations under the enlarged-homestead act have been
made in response to petitions for action on specific tracts. During
the fiscal year 248 petitions were received and 1C2 were acted upon.
At the close of the year 137 petitions were pending, most of them
awaiting reports on uncompleted field examinations. The geographic
distribution of these petitions among the 10 States now affected by
the act is shown in the table on page 72.
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310
THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLiOGICAL SURVEY.
Action on enlarged-homestead petitions during the fiscal year ending June SO,
1911.
state.
Out-
stand-
ing
July 1,
1910.
Received
during
the year.
Designations
made.
Refused.
Total
acted on.
Pending.
AU.
Part.
Aricnn^i ......
1
0
0
28
0
8
2
1
2
9
2
11
99
59
0
31
24
5
2
15
1
6
12
25
0
18
8
2
1
2
0
0
6
17
0
5
8
0
0
17
1
0
2
21
0
5
2
1
0
2
2
6
20
63
0
28
18
3
1
21
1
Colorado
5
Idaho
79
Montana
24
Nevada
0
New Mexico
11
Or^on
8
Utah
3
Washington
3
Wyoming
3
61
248
75
53
34
102
137
COOPERATION WITH OTHER BUREAUS OF THE DEPARTMENT.
Important action taken during the year to promote the eflBcient and
economical handling of public-land questions has consisted of the
adoption of a plan of cooperation between the Geological Survey and
the General Land Office. The Land Office has a field force engaged
in investigating the validity of entries on public land and in prevent-
ing land frauds against the Government. The decision of many of
the cases investigated by the field service depends upon the mineral
or the water-power value of the land, and the members of the field
force make examination on the ground to determine these values. As
a rule the Geological Survey has sufficiently definite information
with regard to the mineral or water-power value either to obviate
the necessity of an examination by the Land Office field service or to
facilitate to a considerable degree the making of such examinaticm.
This information, in so far as it relates to coal, was placed at the dis-
posal of the Land Office by an agreement that was embodied in a cir-
cular of that office, dated July 9, 1910, in which it is provided that
before the Land Office shall make field examination of lands involved
in certain cases the Geological Sur\^ey shall be requested to furnish
information as to the tracts involved; that the survey shall there-
upon promptly transmit to the Land Office such information as it
has on record, together with any suggestions that may be of assist-
ance; that if a field examination in any case is made by a member
of the Land Office force a copy of his report will be sent to the
Geological Survey, and that if this report differs as to facts or con-
clusions from the information given by the Survey, the Land Office
will suspend action upon the case involved until advice is received
from the Survey. On January 27, 1911, the Secretary extended the
cooperation thus established so that it covers lands valuable for coal,
oil, phosphate, and water power. By these agreements the Land
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WORK OF THE TIAB^-OEOLOQIC BRANCH.
311
Office profits by the facts that many examinations that would other-
wise be required need not be made and that those which are made can
be made more advantageously, and the Survey profits by the informa-
tion obtained from the reports of the General Land Office field agents.
In order to make even more fully available in the administration
of the public lands the fund of information on file in the Survey with
regard to the character of the public domain, two further orders have
been issued by the Secretary. One dated March 27, 1911, directs that
before requesting the survey of a proposed town site or the issuance
of patent under a tribal allotment, the Office of Indian Affairs shall
call upon the Survey for a report as to whether the tract considered
is coal, agricultural, or mineral land and whether it has any value for
I)ower or reservoir sites; the other, dated April 27, 1911, directs
that before lands included within a national forest are restored to
the public domain a report shall be "required from the Geological
Survey as to whether or not the lands are valuable for coal or have
possibilities for the development of power.
Bequests for information under these various phases of cooperative
agreement and other requests similar in character, but not covered by
formal agreement, have during the year numbered 10,747 as to
mineral lands and 545 as to lands having power value. Of the former
requests 2,722 have been answered and of the latter 369. The dis-
tribution of the lands involved in the requests for information re-
garding mineral character is shown in the following table :
ReqvesU for information reffordinff mineral character of public lands.
State.
Received.
Informa*
tion fur-
nished.
Pendhig.
Alaska
09
125
3,461
m
28
193
1
14
1.7«
6
tl
708
857
431
301
1,009
241
1,830
eo
1
181
59
14
142
0
14
558
2
5
2
«38
258
28
145
261
125
239
9
Arixona
124
C^liffnnia
3,280
106
Colorado
Florida
14
Tdaho .,.
51
Iowa
1
Loufsiaoa -
0
Mfflitana
1,225
Mhm«»ot*.. ..
N^bnwlm
1
NfTOdft .....
19
New Mexico
80
NorthDakota.. ,
0586
403
8oi^J>akotiB[
156
Utah
748
WfU|hlf]gtOn . . , , . . . r- r rr- - - --
116
WTomtiiff , . , . . T
1,091
10,747
2,722
8,013
0 13 cases recalled by General Land Office.
During the year the board has acted on 854 reports of the Land
Office field force on the mineral character of lands, involving an
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812 THIRTY-SECOND REPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
area of 125,800 acres. The table below shows in detail the action
taken on these cases. Fifty-two reports as to the water-power value
of lands have been considered, leaving 39 pending at the close of
the year.
Action <m reports of Land Ojgtce field service regarding the mineral character of
lands.
Approved.
DIsq;>pro\red.
Pending.
Total.
Btate.
Num-
ber.
Area.
^^'^
Num-
ber.
Area.
Num-
ber.
Area.
Num-
ber.
Area.
ArktuiJiAR . .
0
4
59
^n
4
54
28
11
ao
10
35
407
8
3
0
13
0
0
0
4
1
9
0
0
3
1
6
360
3
24
87
65
122
14
108
30
26
64
10
166
410
52
360
CftUfomift .
400
8,180
7,860
14,840
280
10,000
4,160
1,360
2,480
1,480
4,920
62,920
1,120
20
14
3
14
10
50
1
6
44
6,640
1,840
200
1,960
1,320
7,440
120
840
15,420
7,040
Colorado
1
1,960
11,980
Florida
7,880
Idaho
16,800
I^pMmiA, ....
1,600
Montana
320
80
1,120
17,760
New Mexico
4360
Nortti Dakota
3,320
17,900
South Dakota
1,480
Utah
3
80
760
127
2
38
23,560
120
4,400
29,760
Washington
Wyomljig ...
63,120
6,280
810
119,800
4
40
5,960
329
68,860
1,183
189,620
DIVISION OF ALASKAN MINERAL RESOURCES.
The work of the division of Alaskan mineral resources was carried
on under an appropriation of $90,000 for " continuation of the inves-
tigation of the mineral resources of Alaska," Under this authority,
as in previous years, work of the following classes was carried on:
Eeconnaissance and detailed geologic surveys; special investigations
of mineral resources; reconnaissance and detailed topographic sur-
veys ; investigations of water resources with reference to the supply
available for placer mining; and collection of statistics on mineral
production.
PEBSOKNEL.
The personnel of the division varied greatly during the year on
account of transfers of employees to and from other divisions and on
account of temporary employment of additional technical and clerical
assistants. On July 1, 1910, there were employed in the division 1
geologist in charge, 9 geologists, 7 topographers, 2 engineers, and 3
clerks on annual salaries, 1 topographer on monthly salary, 1 tempo-
rary clerical assistant, 2 geol(^c field assistants, and 26 camp hands.
Of the topographers 4 were employed in subdivisional surveys paid
for by the General Land Office. (See pp. 82-84.) On June 30, 1911,
the personnel of the division included 1 geologist in charge, 12
geologists, 4 topographers, 2 engineers, 1 draftsman, and 3 clerks on
annual salaries, 1 geologist on per diem salary, 2 geologic field assist-
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WOBK OP THE YEAH — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 313
ants, and 31 camp hands. During the year there were also employed
1 geologist and 1 clerk, and for short periods several clerical assistants
who are not included in the above enumeration.
FIELD OPE&ATIOVS IV SEASON OF 1910.
Allotments and areoM covered. — ^Twelve parties were engaged in
surveys and investigations in Alaska during the season of 1910 for
varying periods between April 1 and October 17. Four parties were
also employed in subdi visional surveys of public lands. (See pp.
82-84.) In addition to these the geologist in charge spent a part of
the summer in Alaska carrying on geologic investigations and
visiting field parties.
During the year 13,815 square miles were covered by reconnaissance
topographic surveys and 36 square miles by detailed topographic
surveys.^ Detailed geologic surveys were made of 321 square miles
and geologic reconnaissance surveys of 8,635 square miles. Most of
the geologists also spent considerable time in studying special prob-
lems connected with the mineral deposits. The investigation of the
water supply in placer districts covered an area of approximately
6,500 square miles and included 69 gaging stations maintained and
429 measurements of stream volume. Fifteen of the thirty mining
districts of Alaska which are being developed were visited by mem-
bers of the staff. The following table sliows the allotment of the
appropriation to the different districts of Alaska. These figures
include the cost of both field and office work, as well as inspection.
AlloimetUa to surveys and investigations in Alaska, 1910-11,
Southeastem Alaska $5, 100
Copper River and Susltna region 27,000
Matanuska region 9,600
Upper Yukon basin 23,800
Innoko-Iditarod region 14, 100
Northwestern Alaska, including Seward Peninsula 10,400
90,000 ^
The following table shows approximately the amount of money
devoted to each class of investigation. It is not possible to give the
exact figures, for some of the parties and some of the men carried
on two different kinds of work ; but this statement will help to eluci-
date the table given on page 76, which summarizes the complete areal
surveys.
1 Beconnaissance surveys published on a scale of 1 : 260,000 or 1 : 600,000 and detailed
surreys on a scale of 1 : 62,600.
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THIBTY-SECOND BEPOBT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Approximate allotment of funds to different clasaes of surveys and investiga-
tions in Alaska, 19X0-11.
Greologic reconnaissance surveys $26,500
Detailed geologic surveys 11, 500
Special geologic investigations 2,500
Topographic reconnaissance surveys o2, 000
Detailed topographic surveys 1,600
Investigation of water resources 4, 600
Collection of statistics of mineral production 1, 100
Miscellaneous expenditures, including clerical salaries, ad-
ministration, inspection, instruments, and office sup-
plies and equipment 10, 200
90,000
Allotments for salaries, field and office expenses, 1910-11.
Scientific and technical salaries $29,330
Field expenses, including equipment and supplies 51, 765
Clerical and other office salaries 8,905
90,000
The following table exhibits the progress of investigations in
Alaska and the annual grant of funds since systematic surveys were
begun in 1898. It should be noted that a variable amount is expended
each year on special investigations that yield results which can not
be expressed areally.
Progress of surveys in Alaska, 1898-1910.^
Year.
Areas ooTned by geo-
logic surveys.
i
I
I
sis
Areas oovered by topogr^»hlo
surveys.^
li-
fe
H
s
m
:s-
WateMesouroea
investigations.
1808.
1809.
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1906.
1906.
1907.
1906.
1909.
1910.
$46,180.60
25,000.00
60,000.00
60,000,00
60,000.00
60,000.00
60,000.00
80,000.00
80,000.00
80,000.00
80,000.00
90,000.00
90,000.00
8q. m.
9,500
6,000
3,300
6,200
6,950
6,000
4,050
4,000
6,000
2,600
2,000
6,100
Sq. m.
Sq. m.
6,700
6,800
10,050
8,000
3,500
4,100
4,000
1,400
2,850
6,500
8,635
96
Sq.m.
12,840
8,690
630
10,200
8,330
\
Sq.m.
mia.
536
421
442
604
450
321
800
6,190
11,150
6,450
11,970
15,000
6,480
4,880
13,500
6,120
3,980
6,170
13,816
96
480
787
40
601
427
444
36
86
202
286
457
666
703
429
871,189.60 60,700
60,535
2,870
47,680
99,586
2,811
459
72
Peicentage of total area of
10.35
10.33
0.49
8.16
16.98
0.48
a The areas presented in this table differ somewhat from those previously published. This Is due tn
part to the reclassiflcation of the work and in part to the foot that the areas have been more carefully scaled
nom the maps than formerly.
b In addition to the above, the International Boundary Survey and the Coast and Qeai^etio Survpy haTS
m«deHrvqr.o{p«Uof A]»la. p.^,,,^^^ ^^ GoOgTe
WOKK OP THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 315
General investigations. — A. H. Brooks, geologist in charge of the
division, was engaged in ofSce work at Washington until August 3,
when he proceeded to Alaska, reaching Valdez on August 15. He
spent a day in visiting the Cliff mine, and continued his journey to
Seward and thence to Knik, spending two days, while en route, in
studying the geology in the vicinity of Kern Creek. From Knik
Mr. Brooks proceeded to Mr. Martin's camp, which he reached on
August 23. He spent the following two weeks in studying the
geology of the Matanuska coal field and then returned to Seward.
A day at Knik and several days at Seward were utilized in collect-
ing data to be used for planning subdivisional surveys in this
general region. Returning, Mr. BroiJcs reached Washington on
September 30.
Of the time spent in the office the geologist in charge has devoted
about 30 days to completing the Mount McKinley report, about 46
days to the progress reports for 1909 and 1910, about 25 days to
administration of the subdivisional surveys (see pp. 82-84), and the
remainder to routine and miscellaneous work.
B. H. Sargent continued his general supervision of the topo-
graphic surveys and map compilation, as in the previous year, but
his time up to May 1 has been largely devoted to subdivisional
surveys of Alaska public lands.
E. M. Aten continued as office assistant to the geologist in charge
and supervised the office work during the latter's absence in the
field. He also continued to assist in collecting statistics of the pro-
duction of precious metals in Alaska.
The office study of problems relating to the stratigraphy of Ter-
tiary coal measures in Alaska was continued by W. W. Atwood dur-
ing such time as he ,could spare from his college work. As the
correlating of the coal measures of different parts of the Territory
must depend on the determination of their fossil plants, Arthur
Hollick was employed for six months in a systematic study of the
large collection of paleobotanic material already gathered.
Southeastern Alaska. — ^The detailed geologic mapping and study
of the mineral resources of the Eagle River region were completed
by Adolph Knopf, who mapped a total area of about 125 square
miles.
J. W. Bagley, assisted by C. E. Giffin, spent the time from May
6 to June 6 in detailed topographic mapping in the vicinity of
Mendenhall River, thus completing the survey of the Eagle River
district.
C. W. Wright was employed from July 6 to September 17 in con-
tinuing the preparation of a report on the geology and mineral
resources of Kasaan Peninsula and Hetta Inlet region. Unfortu-
nately, he was called back to his professional work in Sardinia
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816 THIETY-SECOND BBPORT OF GEOLOGICAL STJBVEY.
before he could complete his report, but he has promised its early
completion.
Coffer River and Susitna region. — ^D. C. Witherspoon and C. E.
Giffin made a topographic reconnaissance survey of the upper Chis-
tochina and Susitna basins, including the Valdez Creek placer dis-
trict.** The party mapped an area of 4,980 square miles.
F. H. MoflBt, assisted by B. L. Johnson, made a geologic recon-
naissance survey of the southern front of the Alaska Range between
the Fairbanks trail and Valdez Creek. Mr. Moffit also made a re-
examination of the Chistochina placer district A geologic recon-
naissance map covering about 1,000 square miles was completed, in
addition to which the topographic surveys and geologic notes fur-
nished by the Witherspoon party afford a general knowledge of the
areal distribution of the principal formations over about 2,000 square
miles.
Prince William Sound (md Kenai Pemnsulcu — ^No field work was
done in the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula regions other
than that accomplished by the geologist in charge (p. 77). U. S-
Grant has continued, so far as his collegiate duties permitted, the
work of writing a report on the eastern part of Kenai Peninsula.
Matanusha Valley, — A detailed geologic survey was made by G. C
Martin, assisted by F. J. Katz and Theodore Chapin, of that part
of the Matanuska coal field lying between Moos^ Creek on the west
and Chickaloon River on the east. An area of 196 square miles was
surveyed. Mr. Katz, assisted by Mr. Chapin, spent about a week in
studying mineral resources of the Willow Creek r^ion.
UpperYukonhaain, — ^No geologicfield work was done in the Yukon-
Tanana region, but L. M. Prindle spent nine months of the year in pre-
paring a detailed report on the region adjacent to Fairbanks and a
more general report on the Fairbanks quadrangle. C. E. Ellsworth
and G. L. Parker continued the study of the water resources of the
Yukon-Tanana region which was begun in 1907. They began field
work at Fairbanks on April 1 and later extended it into the Birch
Creek and Fortymile districts. Mr. Parker continued stream gaging
in the Fairbanks and Birch Creek districts until September 1, when
he went to Nome (p. 79).
J. W. Bagley, topographer, and S. R. Capps, geologist, carried a
topographic and geologic reconnaissance survey from the upper
Nenana Valley eastward to Delta River, including the Bonnifield
placer district and the Nenana coal field. The area surveyed includes
3,135 square miles and is bounded on the south by the crest of the
Alaska Range and on the north by the lowlands of the Tanana Valley.
InnokO'Iditarod region. — ^The continued interest in the placer-gold
deposits of the Innoko basin, including the newly discovered Iditarod
placers, led to an extension of the work previously done in this field.
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BBANCH. 317
G. C. Anderson made a topographic reconnaissance survey of an
area of 3^00 square miles, extending southward from Ruby Creek,
on the Yukon, across the upper Innoko Valley, and including much of
the Iditarod basin. A. G. Maddren, assisted by H. E. Birkner, made
a geologic reconnaissance survey of about 2.000 square miles of the
most important part of the same region, besides investigating the
placers of the Innoko and Iditarod districts.
Northwestern Alaska. — ^A geologic and topographic reconnaissance
survey was carried from the Koyukuk to Kobuk River by P. S. Smith
and H. M. Eakin. The party landed near the mouth of Hogatza
River and traveled overland to Dahl Creek, on the Kobuk. (See p. 81.)
A contract had been made to have supplies delivered at this point,
but their delivery had been prevented by an accident. The party was
therefore forced to abandon the plan of extending the survey north-
ward and made its way down the Kobuk by small boat. This, how-
ever, gave opportunity for a hasty visit to the newly discovered
Squirrel River placer district. An area of 2,500 square miles was
covered by geologic and topographic reconnaissance surveys.
Systematic investigations of the water supply of Seward Penin-
sula have been carried on each year since 1906. The need of inves-
tigations in other parts of Alaska made it impossible to detail an
engineer to continue this work in 1910. Through the cooperation
of mine operators it has been possible to keep up some gaging stations
during the open season of 1910. G. L. Parker also spent the period
from September 15 to October 18 in Seward Peninsula in collecting
the gage readings furnished by several mine operators and in making
stream measurements.
Collection of statistics. — ^The work of collecting statistics of the
production of gold, silver, and copper begun in 1906 was continued
during the year. The progress report for 1909, completed in July,
1910, and published as Bulletin 442, contained preliminary figures
showing the mineral production, which were changed but little
when the final report was transmitted in October for inclusion in
the Survey's annual volume " Mineral resources of the United States "
for the calendar year 1909.
HELD 0PSSATI0V8 70K THE flSAgOV 07 1»U.
Under an appropriation of $100,000 fourteen parties were dis-
patched to Alaska during the months of March, April, May, and
June. One geologic and one topographic party are making recon-
naissance surveys in the lower Copper River basin. One topo-
graphic party is making detailed surveys of the Port Valdez min-
ing district. Two topographic parties and one geologic party are
making reconnaissance and detailed geologic surveys in Kenai Pen-
insula. One geologic party is making a reconnaissance of the
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318 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
rentna placer district in the Susitna basin. Two geologic parties
are making reconnaissance surveys of the Circle and Rampart quad-
rangles. Geologic surveys are being made north of Porcupine
River, in cooperation with the International Boundary Commis-
sion. One party is to make an exploratory survey of the upper
Alatna River basin and of the Noatak VaUey. The investigation
of the water resources of the Fairbanks, Circle, and Fortymile dis-
tricts is being continued by two engineering parties. The geologist
in charge will leave for Alaska in July to visit Prince William
Sound, Kenai Peninsula, and the Fairbanks region.
OFFICE WORK.
During the year five bulletins (Nos. 433, 442, 443; 446, and 449)
containing results of the work of the Alaska division have been
issued. Four bulletins (Nos. 448, 467, 480, and 485) and one pro-
fessional paper (No. 70) are in press. All these publications con-
tain maps. There have also been issued as publications for sale
two reconnaissance maps, those of the Circle and Fortymile (sec-
ond edition) quadrangles.
The following manuscripts and maps have been submitted for
publication : '
Geology and mineral resources of the Eagle River region, by Adolph Knopf,
including detailed geologic and topographic maps. (Bulletin 502.)
The Sitka mining district, by Adolph Knopf. (Bulletin 504.)
The headwater region of Gulkana and Susitna rivers, with an account of the
Chistochina and Valdez Creek placers, by F. H. MoflUt, including geologic and
topographic reconnaissance maps. (Bulletin 498.)
Coastal glacers of Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula, by U. S.
Grant
Geology and coal fields of the lower Matanuska Valley, by G. C. Martin and
F. J. Katz. (Bulletin 500.)
Geology and mineral resources of the Fairbanks quadrangle, by L. M. Prindle
and F. J. Katz, including reconnaissance and detailed topographic and geologic
maps.
The Bonnifield region, by S. R. Capps, including geologic and topographic
I'econnaissance maps. (Bulletin 501.)
The surface-water resources of Seward Peninsula, by F. F. Henshaw and
G. L. Parker, with an account of the geography and geology by P. S. Smith and
of the placer mining by A. H. Brooks, including reconnaissance map.
Topographic map of Kasaan Peninsula region; scale, 1:62,500; contour
interval, 50 feet. Topography by R. H. Sargent, D. C. Wltherspoon, and J. W.
Bagley.
Topographic map of Copper Mountain and vicinity ; scale, 1 : 62,500 ; contour
inter^'al, 50 feet; by R. H. Sargent.
The following reports are in hand :
Geology and ore deposits of Kasaan Peninsula and the Copper Mountain
region, Prince of Wales Island, by C W. Wright, including detailed geologic
and topographic maps.
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WORK OF THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 319
Geology of Glacier Bay and LItuya region, by F. B. Wright and C. W.
Wrigbt, including geologic reconnaissance maps.
Geology and mineral resources of the southern part of Kenai Peninsula, by
U. S. Grant and D. F. Higgins, including geologic reconnaissance maps.
The Koyukuk-Chandalar gold region, by A. G. Maddren, Including geologic
and topographic reconnaissance maps.
He Iditarod-Innoko region, by A. G. Maddren, including geologic and topo-
graphic reconnaissance maps.
Geology of the Nome and Grand Central quadrangles, by F. H. Mofflt and
Philip S. Smith, including detailed geologic map.
The following topographic maps have been completed during the
year and are in process of publication as illustrations to reports:
Map of Eagle River region, by J, W. Bagley ; scale, 1 : 62,500 ; contour inter-
val, 50 feet
Reconnaissance map of headwater region of Gulkana and Susitna rivers,
by D. C. Witherspoon and C. B. Giffln; scale, 1:250,000; contour interval, 200
feet
Reconnaissance map of Bonnifield region, by J. W. Bagley ; scale, 1 : 250,000 ;
contour Interval, 200 feet
OEOLOGIO BESTTLTS.
Mr. Moffit's studies in the upper Gulkana and Susitna basins
show that the auriferous slates of this region are of Meeozoic age
and that the mineralization is probably genetically related to in-
trusive granites and diorites. In. the Matanuska region Mr. Martin
and Mr. Katz have divided the Eocene, formerly mapped as a unit,
into three formations. They have also found extensive strata of
fossiliferous Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks in this field. Their
studies have shown that there is a zone of intense deformation along
the southern margin of the Talkeetna Mountains and that pro-
nounced disturbances, including a large number of thrust faults, took
place in post-Eocene time. Mr. Maddren had found that the gold
of the Iditarod placer district is closely associated with intrusive
rocks. In the Bonnifield region Mr. Capps has been able to divide
the crystalline schists into two groups — ^an older, probably of pre-
Ordovician age, made up chiefly of metamorphosed sediments, and
a younger, composed largely of altered igneous rocks, probably of
Paleozoic age. He has also found some evidence that the heav}'
terrace gravel deposits of this district may be preglacial. Mr. Smith
and Mr. Eakin have traced the Cretaceous rocks of the lower Koyu-
kuk into the Kobuk Valley. They have also found that the Squirrel
River placers, in this region, occur in association with metamorphic
rocks similar to those of the Seward Peninsula. Mr. HoUick's
studies of the coal-measure floras are not yet complete. It appears
probable, however, that the coal-bearing rocks, hitherto classed as
Kenai, may on account of their contained floras be divided into three
groups, of which the oldest will be Cretaceous, the middle true Kenai
(Eocene), and the youngest post-Eocene.
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320 THIBTY-SECOND REPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
STTBYEY 07 FTTBXJO LAITD^
Plana^ personnel^ etc, — ^An item in the sundry civil act approved
June 25, 1910, provided " for the survey of the lands in the United
States in the District of Alaska, $100,000." In accordance with
instructions the Director of the Geological Survey, on June 25, 1910,
submitted plans for the surveys authorized by this item to the Secre-
tary of the Interior through the Commissioner of the General Land
Office. These plans were approved by the Commissioner and by the
Secretary on June 29. In a letter dated June 29 the Director
instructed the geologist in charge of the division of Alaskan mineral
resources to put the plans into execution.
The approved plans authorized the following surveys :
1. The astronomic determination of the latitude, longitude, and
azimuth in the vicinity of the initial point of the proposed surveys,
near Fairbanks,
2. Time permitting, the astronomic determination of latitude, lon-
gitude, and azimuth at another point near the mouth of Tanana
River, which might be used as a reference point for future surveys in
this district.
3. The establishment of a triangulation system in the vicinity of
Fairbanks, by which the location of land lines and corners could be
accurately determined and which could also be so developed as to per-
mit extensions into other areas where subdivisional surveys are
needed.
4. The extensicm of a base and meridian from the initial point near
Fairbanks.
5. The survey of such township exteriors as were considered de-
sirable.
6. Time permitting, the subdivision of these townships.
7. The making of reconnaissance surveys in the Copper River,
Seward, and Matanuska regions to obtain information on which to
plan surveys in these provinces.
As provided in the plans submitted, the Superintendent of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey detailed the engineers required to make
determinations of latitude, longitude, and azimuth at Fairbanks and
at the mouth of the Tanana.
R. H. Sargent, topographer, was put in charge of the field parties
at Fairbanks. C. L. Nelson, W. N. Vance, and S. G. Lunde, topog-
raphers, were detailed to assist Mr. Sargent. In addition to these
four engineers, who were detailed from the permanent staff of the
Geological Survey, four chainmen and one recorder accompanied the
party from Seattle. At Fairbanks 21 other men were engaged as
rodmen, axmen, packers, cooks, and in other minor capacities*
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WORK OF THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH. 321
The personnel of the two line parties and the triangulatiom party
were as follows :
Line parties :
1 engineer in charge.
4 chainmen.
2 flagmen.
3 axmen.
1 cook.
1 teamster.
Triangulation party :
1 engineer in cliarge.
1 axman.
1 piicker.
1 cook.
1 recorder.
Mr. Sargent was directed, after starting the work at Fairbanks,
to proceed by trail to Valdez and make the investigations along this
route that were necessary to procure information required for plan-
ning future work in this field.
Mr. Brooks undertook similar investigations in the northeastern
part of Kenai Peninsula and in the Matanuska region.
Although the money was not available for these surveys until
July 1, the parties sailed from Seattle on July 5, arrived at Fairbanks
on July 22, and began work on the following day. Mr. Sargent
organized the work at Fairbanks and then returned to the coast by
way of the Valdez trail, making investigations on the way for land
surveys in this district. Mr. Brooks spent a month in the Kenai
Peninsula and Seward Peninsula, devoting a part of the time to
collecting information to be used in planning land surveys in this
district. The other parties continued work in the Fairbanks dis-
trict until about the middle of October. The office work was com-
pleted after the return of the field parties, and on May 15, 1911,
the resulting plats and notes were transmitted to the Commissioner
of the Gener^ Land Office. The total expenditure for this work
was $35,132.27.
Astronomic determinations. — An astronomic determination of lati-
tude, longitude, and azimuth was made at a station near Fairbanks
by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. A similar determination was
made at Tanana, a settlement on the west bank of the Yukon, at the
mouth of Tanana River. This work was done in accordance with the
approved plans and with an agreement made between the Secretary
of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, under
date of July 5, 1910. The Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey transmitted the results of the final computations of these
observations on February 6, 1911.
Triangulation. — A base line was measured and a system of tri-
angulation was established, the geodetic position of which was based
on the astronomic observations. This triangulation not only checked
the line surveys, but can also be extended into adjacent parts of the
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^21
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822 THIBTY-SEOOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Tanana Valley to provide points from which land surveys of im-
portant areas may be made in the future. By this means the pro-
jection of long standard parallels and guide meridians through areas
of no commercial importance will be avoided.
The primary triangulation stations are marked by bronze tablets,
furnished by the General Land OflSce, firmly set in concrete or solid
rock. In preparation for the future expansion of the triangulation
system six signals have been constructed on prwnineiit hills in the
Tanana Valley.
Summery of trinngulatiim.
Base Une measured feet— 13,876,074
Primary stations occupied 12
Secondary stations occupied 15
Points Intersected 3
Signals constructed 6
Line work. — The line work consisted chiefly of extending base and
meridian lines and the survey of township exteriors. Some section
lines and a few meanders were also run. The geodetic position of
the initial point was determined by triangulation. It seemed desir-
able not to attempt the sectionizing of the townships until the matter
of the rights of the homesteaders had been settled.
Summary of line ifurrvyii.
Miles.
Principal meridians.^ 23.7
Base line 18
Township exteriors i 43.7
Section lines , 11.8
Meanders 11.7
ioa9
It was impossible to ship iron posts to Fairbanks in time to make
them available for the season's work. Wooden posts were therefore
set, properly inscribed and witnessed in accordance with the regula-
tions of the General Land Office.
The number of corners set was as follows :
Corners set.
Initial point 1
Township comers 7
Standard township corners, 3
Closing township comers 3
Section corners 76
Quarter comers 86
Meander corners 8
Witness corners 8
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WORK OF THE YBAB — GEOLOGIC BBANCH. 323
DIVISION OP MINERAL HESOUBGBS.
The work of the division of mineral resources consists primarily
of the preparation of the annual report on the mineral resources
of the United States. This work was organized under the act of
August 7, 1882, authorizing the United States Geological Survey
to procure statistics in relation to mines and mining. Since that
time the reports have appeared annually, except that the data for
1883 and 1884 were published in one volume and those for 1889 and
1890 in one volume* Since 1907, on account of the increase in the
quantity of material available for publication, it has been necessary
to publish the report in two volumes. At first only the more im-
portant lines, of inquiry were taken up and the statistics were largely
estimates. As the work progressed and the mineral industries in-
creased in importance the necessity for more accurate statistics
became more apparent, the character of the publication changed,
and for many years this report has been an annual census of the
mineral industries.
The plan pursued in the first report — that of publishing chapters
devoted to each mineral, prepared by or under the supervision of
some one who makes a special study of the subject, rather than chap-
ters devoted to each State — ^has never been changed. The practice of
publishing in pamphlet form each chapter for distribution to those
especially interested in the subject has been carried out from the
second report. This practice permits early publication and also
makes for economy in printing, as generally correspondents, espe-
cially producers, are interested in only one or two subjects. The
publication of separate chapters also permits the information on any
particular subject to be distributed as soon as it is ready. The
complete report can be published only after the last chapter is ready,
but all the information contained in the report has already been given
to the public, some of it months before.
In the desire to carry out the section of the organic act of the
Survey providing for the examination of the mineral resources and
products of the national domain, the study of the occurrence and
utilization of the economic minerals of the country has been taken
up in addition to the compilation of the statistics of production. As
a result of this work maps have been published showing the coal
fields, the oil and gas fields, and the iron-ore regions of the United
States, and similar maps showing the distribution of other minerals
are in preparation. The policy is to make the volumes of " Mineral
resources" a cyclopedia of information relative to the sources of
our mineral production, including a study of the reserves available
for future use, and a discussion of their application to the needs
of man.
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324 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Cooperation between the United States Geological Survey and the
State geological surveys in collecting mineral statistics in many of the
States was resumed for 1910. For 1909 it had been suspended on
account of the cooperative arrangement made by the Survey with
the Bureau of the Census. This cooperation with the State surveys
has the primary object of saving labor for the producers, who can
make one report that will serve for both organizations. A secondary
result is that by this cooperation the statistics of production obtained
by the State and Federal surveys are believed to be more accurate
and are in exact agreement On the whole this plan has been satis-
factory and its continuance is believed to be to the advantage of all
concerned.
During the fiscal year the work of the division consisted of the
preparation of reports on mineral resources of the United States for
the calendar years 1909 and 1910. The statistics for 1909 were col-
lected in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. In accordance
with the agreements between the two bureaus, approved by the Sec-
retary of Commerce and Labor and the Secretary of the Interior,
the field work of collecting the statistics was done by the Bureau
of the Census by personal visits of a large force of agents. It was
thought that this plan would greatly expedite the work. Experience
showed, however, that it took very much longer to get the data in
this way than it would have taken by correspondence, the usual
method pursued by the Survey. The following table gives the esti-
mated percentage of schedules returned at the close of the fiscal
years 1909, 1910, and 1911 for some of the more important prod-
ucts, the period covered by the returns being the preceding calendar
year :
Percentage of schedides returned from producers at etid of fiscal years 1909,
1010, and 1911,
Industry.
June 30,
1900.
June 30,
1910.
June 30,
1911.
"Rufldlng frtoiw .
97
98
98
100
100
90
99
26
35
26
15
24
43
33
00
ClsT wofkliii!. r ,T
05
cS.!!^:::::::::::::::::::::::.:::: :
00
Coko
100
Iron ore
100
NataMgas
80
QiiJftksflTOr. . . .
100
In consequence of the tardy receipt of the schedules for 1909 the
report for that year, to be published in two volumes, has not yet
appeared, though both parts are well advanced toward completion
in the hands of the printer. At the beginning of the present cal-
endar year preliminary estimates of the production in 1910 of coal,
cement, petroleum, gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc were given
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WOBK OP THE YEAB — GEOLOGIC BRANCH, S25
to the public through the press. Advance preliminary statements
of the production of copper, lead, and zinc in 1910 have also been
published.
Advance chapters from the report for 1910 have been published
as follows: Asbestos, Fuller's earth. Graphite, Mica, Monazite,
Potash salts, and Quartz and feldspar. The following were in the
hands of the printer at the close of the year: Chromic iron ore,
Coke, Gypsum, Sand-lime brick, and Talc and soapstone.
The cooperative plan carried on between this division and the
division of geology for several years was continued to the mutual
advantage of both. By this plan geologists are assigned to super-
vise the compilation of the statistical data relating to certain mineral
products and to prepare the reports on these products. This plan
gives to the statistical work the benefit of the cooperation of the
geologist trained in economic work and gives to the geologist the
opportunity to study the industrial and commercial conditions which
aflfect the demand for the minerals. This method is also economical
because the work for the division of mineral resources does not
require the entire time of the geologist, but allows him opportunity
to engage in his scientific pursuits, thus permitting the division to
pay simply for the actual cost of its work.
The number of permanent employees in Washington who devote
their entire time to the work of the division is 28. In addition 13
members of the division of geology devote a portion of l|^ir time
to the work of this division and 7 persons are employed in the
oflSces of the Survey outside of Washington, making a total of 48
persons engaged on the work imder appointments from the Secretary
of the Interior.
Three ofiices are maintained in the West, at Denver, Salt Lake
City, and San Francisco, where the local representatives gather
statistics and other data for the division and disseminate information.
E. W. Parker continued as administrative head of the division,
and Waldemar Lindgren exercised supervision over the preparation
of chapters on metalliferous ores. In addition to his administrative
duties Mr. Parker has prepared reports on the production of coal, the
manufacture of coke, and the briquetting industry for 1909. E. S.
Bastin prepared reports on quartz and feldspar and graphite; E. F.
Burchard on barytes and strontium, cement, fluorspar, and cryolite,
glass sands and other sands, gypsum, iron ore, manganese and man-
ganiferous ores, mineral paints, and stone; B. S. Butler on copper;
D. T. Day on asphaltum and bituminous rock, and natural gas and
petroleum; J. S. Diller on asbestos and talc and soapstone; J. P.
Dunlop on secondary metals; F. L. Hess on antimony, arsenic, bis-
muth, nickel, cobalt, and steel-hardening metals ; H. D. McCaskey on
gold, silver, and copper in the Central States and the Eastern States ;
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
826 THIRTY-SECOND BEPOM OP GEOLOOlCAL SUftVEY.
Jefferson Middleton on clay, clay- working industries, fuller's earth,
and sand-lime brick; W. C. Phalen on abrasive materials, aluminum
and bauxite, bromide, potash salts, sodium salts, and sulphur and
pyrite ; C. E. Siebenthal on lead and zinc ; D. B. Sterrett on gems and
precious stones, mica, and monazite and zircon ; F. B. Van Horn on
phosphate rock, and C. G. Yale on borax and magnesite. A few un-
important changes in the assignments have been made for the fiscal
year 1912. In addition to his reports Mr. McCaskey has general
supervision of the offices of this division in the Western States.
These offices are under the direct charge of the following persons:
Denver, C. W. Henderson ; Salt Lake City, V. C. Heikes ; San Fran-
cisco, C. G. Yale.
DIVISION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYBICAL RESEARCH.
In the chemical laboratory 440 quantitative analyses and 838
qualitative determinations, chiefly of minerals sent in for examina*
tion by persons not connected with the survey, were reported during
the year.
G. F. Becker has been engaged chiefly in studying the bearing
of radioactivity upon geologic phenomena and has practically com-
pleted an investigation of the cooling of a radioactive earth. As
an incident to this investigation- he has discovered a whole system
of novel and extremely efficient formulas for mechanical quadra-
tures. He has also completed a biographic notice of Samuel Frank-
lin Emmons for the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
F. W. Clarke has been engaged mainly in revising the Data of
Geochemistry, the republication of which has been made desirable by
the large use of this bulletin in educational institutions and by pro-
fessional students of geology.
Chase Palmer made a number of analyses of rocks and minerals
and continued his study of the surface waters of the United States.
K. C. Wells, besides assisting in the analytical work of the chem-
ical laboratory, collaborated with C. E. Van Orstrand, of the physi-
cal laboratory, in his experiments on the diffusivity of metals by
electroplating the metallic junctions. His research work consisted
of a study of the fractional precipitation of metallic carbonates
with reference to problems of ore deposition. Special determina-
tions concerning ore deposition were made for several of the Survey
geologists. The following papers by Mr. Wells were published
during the year: " The sensitiveness of the colorimetric estimation of
titanium," "The role of hydrolysis in geological chemistry," and,
jointly with F. L. Hess, a paper describing an occurrence of the
mineral striiverite and its analysis by a new method.
George Steiger gave most of his time to routine quantitative
analyses. He represented the laboratory at the meetings of the com-
WOEK OF THE YEAR — GEOLOGIC BBANOH. 327
mittee to award contracts for supplies for 1911 and 1912 and made
a study of the composition of muscovite and prepared a short paper
on the subject.
W. T. Schaller devoted his time largely to routine analyses con-
sisting of qualitative chemical and mineralogical determinations, as
well as quantitative rock analyses. He published descriptions of the
minerals barbierite and mosesite and analyzed and described for pub-
lication three additional new minerals — ^beaverite, from Utah; hins-
dalite, from Colorado; and ferritungstite, from Washington. He
also analyzed and described a number of rare minerals, among them
pucherite, bismite, and cuprodescloizite, from California, and thau-
masite, plumbojarosite, corkite, and variscite, from Utah. Crystallo-
graphic studies were made on ferberite from Colorado, wurtzite and
variscite from Utah, and several minerals from Hawaii. A new sili-
cate mineral from New Jersey and a new copper phosphate from
Virginia were investigated, and a theoretical study of the rutile
group was continued and extended. The relations of podolite to
dahllite, of stelznerite to antlerite, and of the members of the alunite
group were investigated. Mr. Schaller visited mineral collections in
New York City and in Dover and Trenton, N. J., making a special
study of the California tourmalines with a view to finishing a paper
on tSat subject. He published the following papers during the year:
Ludwigite from Montana : Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 30, 1910, p. 146.
Mosesite, a new mercury mineral from Terlingua, Tex. [with F. A. Canfleld
and W. F. HUlebrand] : Idem, p. 202.
The probable identity of podolite with dahllite; the identity of stelznerite
with antlerite: Idem, p. 309.
Barbierite, a monocUnic soda feldspar: Idem, p. 358.
Natramblygenite, a new mineral : Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 31, 1911, p. 48.
Thaumasite from Beaver County, Utah [with B. S. Butler] : Idem, p. 131.
Bismuth ochers from San Diego County, Cal. : Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, vol. 33,
1911, p. 162.
Axinit von Callfomien : Zeitschr. Kryst. Min., vol. 48, 1910, p. 148.
Die chemlsche Zusammensetzung von Jamesonit und Warrenit: Idem, 1911,
p. 562.
Krystallographische Notizen uber Alblt, Phenakit und Neptunit: Idem, 1911,
p. 550.
Wismutocker [with F. L. Ransome] : Idem, 1910, p. 16.
Die Brechungsexponent von Kanada-Balsam : Centralbl. Min., 1910, No. 13,
p. 390.
H. A. Lepper was employed as laboratory assistant from July 18 to
October 18, 1910. His time was given exclusively to the analysis of
phosphate rocks sent in by Eliot Blackwelder and R. W. Richards.
J. G. Fairchild was appointed assistant chemist in the survey and
began his duties in the chemical laboratory on November 1. His time
was mostly given to the analyses of phosphates, with occasional an-
alyses of minerals and rocks. He also critically investigated methods
for the determination of phosphoric acid. ^g.^.^^^ ^^ GoOqIc
328 THIRTY-SECOND EEPOBT OP GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
In the physical laboratory C. E. Van Orstrand has continued ex-
periments on the elasticity and diffusivity of metals, the experiments
on diffusivity Iiaving been carried on in cooperation with Mr. Wells,
of the chemical laboratory, and Dr. F. P. Dewey, assayer in the
office of the Director of the Mint at Washington. Theoretical work
supplementing these investigations has been continued throughout
the year. Some time has been given to the preparation of certain
mathematical tables which are* of general application, but of par-
ticular value to the student of geophysics. In this connection a
complete ten-place table of the circular sines and cosines to radian
argument has been begun, and two tables have been completed. The
first consists of 16,000 five-place values of the natural logarithm and
the second consists of 2,500 five-place values to radian argmnent of
the circular tangent and cotangent and their logarithms. The last
two tables are to be included in the revised edition of " Smithsonian
mathematical tables of hyperbolic functions."
TOFOaRAPHIC BB.ANGH.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of the topographic branch remained the same as
at the close of the last fiscal year and is as follows :
Chief geographer, R. B. MarshaU. •
Atlantic division, Frank Sutton, geographer in charge.
Central division, W. H. Herron, geographer in charge.
Rocky Mountain division, Sledge Tatum, geographer in charge.
Pacific division, T. G. iserdine, geographer in charge.
Inspectors of topography: J. H. Renshawe, geographer; W. M. Beaman and
F. E. Matthes, topographers.
PERSONNEL.
The technical corps of the topographic branch was increased dur-
ing the year by the appointment of 1 topographer, 3 assistant topog-
raphers, 21 junior topographers, and 2 draftsmen. It was reduced
26 by transfers, resignations, etc. With these changes the technical
force now includes 1 chief geographer, 10 geographers, 47 topog-
raphers, 44 assistant topographers, 51 junior topographers, and 9
draftsmen — a total of 162. In addition to the above, 68 technical
field assistants were employed during a whole or a part of the field
season. One geographer and 7 topographers are on leave without
pay.
PUBLICATIONS.
The work of the topographic branch is represented by 11 publica-
tions issued during the year, namely, Bulletins 434, 437, 440, 441,
453, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, and 463, titles and brief summaries of
which are given on pages 27-30. At the end of the year Bulletins
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WOBK OP THE YEAR — ^TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 329
458, 464, 468, 469, 472, 473, 476, and 477 (Results of spirit leveling
in Arkansas,^ Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, and West Vir-
ginia, respectively'') were at the Government Printing Office nearly
ready for publication. In addition, the manuscripts for 9 bulletins
were assembled near the close of the fiscal year and transmitted to
the editor for publication as Bulletins 466 (Idaho- Washington
boundary* line), 481 (Results of spirit leveling in California), 482
(Results of spirit leveling in Montana), 486 (Results of spirit level-
ing in Colorado), 487 (Results of spirit leveling in Idaho), 488 (Re-
sults of spirit leveling in Nevada), 489 (Results of spirit leveling in
Utah), 493 (Results of spirit leveling in Illinois), and 496 (Tri-
angulation and traverse results for 1909-10). During the year 83
topographic maps were issued, the titles of which are given on
page 35.
GENERAL OFFICE WORK.
In the triangulation and computing section progress maps were
kept up to date and new ones were compiled when necessary; field
notes in connection with horizontal and vertical control work were
catalogued and copied; instructions relating to triangulation, trav-
erse, levels, and the adjustment of instruments were prepared; and
work was done in connection with a committee appointed to deter-
mine the areas of the several States and of Alaska.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS.
The condition of topographic surveys to July 1, 1911, distinguished
as to scale, etc., is shown on Plate II.
As shown in the following tables, which give the details of topo-
graphic mapping and spirit leveling for the fiscal year, the total
new area mapped was 23,272 square miles, making the total area
surveyed to date in the United States 1,131,037 square miles, or about
37 per cent of the entire country. In addition, 6,460 square miles of
revision or resurvey were completed, making the total area of actual
survej^s for the season 29,732 square miles.
Triangulation stations to the number of 99 were occupied and
permanently marked. There were run 3,837 miles of primary trav-
erse, in connection with which 467 permanent marks were set. In
the course of the work 22,350 square miles were covered by primary
control.
In connection with these surveys 5,998 linear miles of primary
levels were run, making the total amount of primary and precise
levels nm since the authorization of this work by Congress, in 1896,
230,430 miles.
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330
THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The area covered by topographic surveys in Ala^^a during the
fiscal year 1910-11, as reported in detail on pages 76-79, was 13,851
square miles — 36 for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500 and 13,815
for publication on the scale of 1 : 250,000.
Topographic surveys were also carried on in Hawaii, the area
mapped during the fiscal year being 224 square miles, part for
publication on the scale of 1:31,680 and part for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, making the total area in Hawaii surveyed to date
598 square miles.
Present condition of topographic surveys of the United States and new areas
surveyed in 1910-11.
State or Territory.
New area
surveyed
in
1910-11.
Total area
surveyed
to June 30,
1911.
Percent^
age of
total
area of
State sur-
veyed to
Juneao,
1911.
Sc. miles.
356
958
246
6.412
993
Sq.mlUt.
18,639
64.436
21,043
99.326
42.744
4,965
1,008
70
1,821
17.337
19,009
11,093
3,041
10,776
64,150
17.142
8,283
8,271
11.104
8,266
6,117
4,301
1.834
36.043
53.723
25,974
50.675
3,380
8.224
33.579
40.919
17,661
9.716
28,823
38.691
18,670
23,607
1,248
5.640
18,594
20,793
66.807
67,905
3.676
29.980
21,694
24.170
11.789
26.371
36
Arizona
57
Arkansas
39
California
63
Colorado
41
Connecticut
100
Delaware
43
nUtrifit of rnlnmhlA
100
Florida
3
Qeoreia
29
Idaho
811
1.011
100
328
23
TlMnnlff
20
Indiana..
8
Iowa
19
TTai!*:^); , _ .
78
Kentucky
666
42
Louisiana
17
Maln«i
470
333
25
Maryland
90
Massachusetts
100
Michigan
193
719
38
351
1.075
9
Minneffntji , , , -
6
Mississippi
4
Missouri.
52
Montana
87
Nebraska
34
Nevada .
200
46
New Hampshire
36
New Jersey
100
New Mexico
1,672
608
27
NewYork
83
North Carolina
34
North Dakota
14
Ohio
1,504
14
391
794
70
Oklahoma
55
19
Pennsvlvania
62
Rhode Island . . .
100
South Carolina. 1
18
(South Dakota
638
448
24
Tennessee
49
Texas
25
Utah
480
139
79
Vermont
38
VirRlnIa
70
Washington
840
50
31
West VMnia
100
Wisconsin
21
Wyoming
345
27
23,272
224
1,131.037
508
Hawaii
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WORfe OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH.
331
ATLANTIC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
BUMMABT.
During the season topographic mapping was carried on in Ala-
bama, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. This work
comprised the survey of 11 quadrangles and 1 special area and the
resurvey or revision of 7 quadrangles and 2 special areas. In addi-
tion, 11 quadrangles were partly surveyed and 6 were partly resur-
veyed. The total new area mapped was 3,326 square miles — 3,148
for publication on the sale of 1 : 62,500, 80 for publication on the
scale of 1 : 31,680, and 98 for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000.
The area resurveyed was 1,753 square miles — 1,710 for publication
on the scale of 1 : 62,500, 40 for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000,
and 3 for publication on the scale of 1 : 12,000. In connection with
this work 1,541 miles of primary levels were run and 351 permanent
bench marks were established. Profile surveys were also made of
9 rivers, the total distance traversed being 439 miles, and in con-
nection with this work areas aggregating 117 square miles were
mapped for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000.
Primary triangulation and primary traverse were carried on at
different times by four parties, the work being distributed over por-
tions of Georgia, Florida, Maine, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, New
York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Delaware. The total area
covered by the primary control was about 4,450 square miles, of
which 4,000 were controlled by primary traverse, 1,263 miles being
run and 188 permanent marks set. Thirty-one triangulation stations
were occupied and 24 were marked. The result of this work was
to make control available in thirty -one 15-minute quadrangles.
Topographic surveys in Atlantic division from July 1, 1910, to June SO, 1911,
Contour
Interval.
For publication on scale of—
Total
area
sur-
veyed.
Primary levels.
Primary trav-
erse.
states.
1:24,000.
New.
1:62,500.
1:125,000.
Resur-
vey.
Dis-
tance
run.
Bencli
marks.
Dis-
tance
run.
Perma-
New.
Sq. mi.
295
433
333
38
098
Resur-
vey.
nent
marks.
Alabama
Feet.
10-20
ao
5-20
20
20
100
20
5-20-100
20
20^
Sq. mi.
fil
37
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
350
470
I33r)
38
910
5
794
«584
139
1.441
Miles.
11
?!
50
245
MUa.
Mftlne
8
28
12
50
Maryland
New Yw*.*.'!!']!
218
84
11
North Carolina. . .
b
Pcmasylvania
794
308
139
50
4i
329
55
327
i2
57
11
76
101
35
478
50
Vermont.
West Virginia....
Delaware .
1,391
139
308
65
129
24
Florida
278
93
73
24
84
Oeoffi^ia
6
Vlfginift 1
13
96
3,148
1,710
40
5,079
1,541 1 351
1,263
188
* 1 3 square miles resurveyed in Maryland for publication on scale oil: 12,000.
* 80 square miles surveyed In Tennessee for publication on scale of 1:31,680.
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332 THIETY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
Alahamd, — Under an allotment of $800 made by the State geologist,
which was met with an equal amount by the United States Geological
Survey, the mapping of the Fayette special area, comprising 61
square miles in Fayette County, was completed by R. H. Reineck, for
publication on the scale of 1:24,000, with a contour interval of 10
feet. In addition to the cooperative work, the survey of the Seale
quadrangle, in Russell and Lee Counties, was completed by R. D.
Cummin and Olinus Smith, the area mapped being 252 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62^600, with a contour interval of
20 feet. For the control of this area J. M. Rawls and A. F. McNair
ran 11 miles of primary levels. (See also pp. 95-96.)
Delaware. — For the control of the Seaford and Greorgetown quad-
rangles, in Sussex County, E. L. McNair ran 139 miles of primary
traverse and set 24 permanent bench marks.
Florida, — The primary control of the Palatka, Interlachen, Haw-
thorne, and Starke quadrangles, in Bradford, Clay, St. John, Put-
nam, and Alachua counties, was completed. For this control J. B.
Metcalfe and C. W. Arnold ran 278 miles of primary levels and
established 73 permanent bench marks ; C. B. Kendall, J. H. Wilson,
and S. E. Taylor ran 368 miles of primary traverse and set 84
permanent marks.
Georgia^ — For the control of the White Plains, Eatonton^ Greens-
boro, and Milledgeville quadrangles, in Greene, Hancock, Morgan,
Oconee, Oglethorpe, Putnam, and Taliaferro Counties, J. B. Metcalfe
and C. W. Arnold ran 93 miles of primary levels and established 24
permanent bench marks; for the control of the White Plains quad-
rangle C. B. Kendall ran 65 miles of primary traverse and set 6
permanent marks.
Maine, — For the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys
in Maine the State Survey Commission allotted $4,500 and the United
States Geological Survey allotted a like sum. In addition, an allot-
ment of $5,000 was made by the State for river-profile surveys. The
survey of the Livermore quadrangle, in Androscoggin, Franklin,
Kennebec, and Oxford counties, was completed by Hersey Munroe
and Charles Hartmann, jr., the area mapped being 214 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet. The survey of the Buckfield and Bryants Pond quadrangles,
in Franklin, Oxford, and Androscoggin counties, was begun by
Messrs. Hartmann and Munroe, the area surveyed being 219 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval
of 20 feet. For the control of the Livermore and Buckfield quad-
rangles, Mr. Hartmann and H. P. Kilby ran 38 miles of primary
levels and established 8 permanent bench marks. The survey of Dead
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WORK OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 338
River and Sandy River, in Somerset and Franklin counties, was
begun by Jay De Puy, the distance traversed being 214 miles, and
an area of 37 square miles being topographically mapped, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 24,000, with contour intervals of 5 and 20
feet. The survey of Piscataquis, Pleasant, Schoodic, and Sebec
rivers, in Penobscot and Piscataquis counties, and of Silver Lake
and Houston Pond, in the same counties, was begim by Olinus Smith,
the distance traversed being 183 miles. For the control of the Bethel
and Bryants Pond quadrangles, in Oxford County, E. L. McNair
occupied 3 triangulation stations.
Maryland. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys in Maryland the State geologist allotted $2,000, which was met
with a like sum by the Geological Survey. The survey of the Hagers-
town quadrangle, in Washington and Frederick Counties, Md., and
Franklin County, Pa., and of the Williamsport quadrangle, in Wash-
ington County, Md., Berkeley County, W. Va., and Franklin County,
Pa., was complete I by J. H. Wheat, R. L. Harrison, Olinus Smith,
and R. A. Kiger, the total area mapped being 363 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet. Of this area 40 square mUes lies in Pennsylvania and 50 square
miles lies in West Virginia, and the mapping of those portions of
the quadrangles was paid for from funds of the respective States.
For the control of the Williamsport quadrangle, C. H. Semper ran
17 miles of primary levels and established 6 permanent bench marks
in Washington County, Md., 7 miles of primary levels and 3 perma-
nent bench marks in Berkeley County, W. Va., and 3 miles of pri-
mary levels and 1 permanent bench mark in Franklin County, Pa.
The mapping of the Indian Head and Nanjemoy quadrangles, in
Charles County, was begun by R. L. Harrison, the area mapped
being 60 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these quadrangles,
A. F. McNair and C. W. Arnold ran 42 miles of primary levels and
established 13 permanent bench marks. In addition to the coopera-
tive work in Maryland a special resurvey was made along Potomac
River between Lock No. 10 and Great Falls, in the District of Colum-
bia, Montgomery County, Md., and Fairfax County, Va. The area
mapped was 3.3 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 12,000,
with a contour interval of 5 feet. This work was done by R. T. Evans,
E. P. Davis, C. E. Cooke, and R. L. Harrison. D. H. Baldwin ran
15 miles of primary levels and set 9 permanent bench marks.
Mississippi. — ^The survey of the luka quadrangle, in Tishomingo
County, Miss., and Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Ala., was con-
tinued by J. F. McBeth, the area mapped being 81 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet. For the control of this area J. B. Metcalfe and J. M. Rawls
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334 THIBTY-SECOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
ran 50 miles of primary levels and established 12 permanent bench
marks. Of the luka quadrangle, 43 square miles lies in Alabama.
New York. — ^The State engineer and surveyor of New York
allotted $10,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys in the State and the Federal Survey allotted a like sum for
the same purpose. The survey of the New Berlin, Canton, and
McKeever quadrangles, in Otsego, Chenango, Madison, St. Lawrence,
Herkimer, Oneida, and Lewis counties, was completed by C. E.
Cooke, R. C. McKinney, J. L Gayetty, S. P. Floore, J. H. Lee
Feaver, J. F. McBeth, and H. L. Dodge, the total area mapped being
609 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a
contour interval of 20 feet. The mapping of the Lowville quad-
rangle, in Lewis Coimty, was begun by J. M. Whitman, S. P. Floore,
and J. H. Lee Feaver, the area mapped being 89 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet. For the control of the New Berlin, McKeever, and Lowville
quadrangles and of the No. 4 quadrangle, in Lewis and Herkimer
counties, C. H. Semper, K. E. Schlachter, tind James Rayburn ran
245 miles of primary levels and established 50 permanent bench
marks, and D. H. Baldwin ran 84 miles of primary traverse and set
11 permanent marks. Revision of culture was completed on the
Rochester quadrangle, in Monroe County, by C. E. Cooke, the area
revised being 218 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
North Carolina. — (See Tennessee-North Carolina, pp. 97-98.)
Pennsylvania. — The Topographic and Geological Survey Commis-
sion of Pennsylvania allotted $5,183 for the continuation of the co-
operative topographic survey of the State, and the L^nited States
Geological Survey allotted a like sum for the same purpose. The
survey of the McCalls Ferry, Quarry ville, and Hilliards quadrangles,
in York, Lancaster, Chester, Venango, Butler, and Mercer counties
was completed, and that of the Mercer and Stoneboro quadrangles,
in Mercer and Crawford counties, was begun ; the total area mapped
being 754 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500,
with a contour interval of 20 feet. This work was done by Duncan
Hannegan, R. C. McKinney, J. H. Renshawe, R. A. Kiger, Robert
Muldrow, J. M. Whitman, and W. N. Vance. For the control of
these areas and of the Lancaster and New Holland quadrangles, in
Lancaster County, C. H. Semper, James Rayburn, and Howard
Mellinger ran 38 miles of primary levels and established 11 per-
manent bench marks. For the control of the Winter, Somerset,
Ijigonier, Windber, and Stahlstown quadrangles, in Somerset and
Westmoreland counties, Geotge T. Hawkins and J. B. Metcalfe
occupied and marked 13 triangulation stations. The survey of the
Pennsylvania portions of the Hagerstown and Williamsport quad-
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WORK OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 335
r angles (the greater part of which lies in and is reported under
Maryland), in Franklin County, was also completed, the area
mapped being 40 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1:62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet, in connection with
which 3 miles of primary levels were run and one permanent bench
mark was set,
Tennessee. — ^The North Fork of the Forked Deer River drainage
commission and the Rutherford Fork of Obion River drainage c(Mn-
mission allotted, through the State geologist, the sums of $1,000 and
$1,250, respectively, for cooperative topographic surveys of those
rivers and the United States Geological Survey made like allotments
for the same purpose. Areas of 37 square miles in Gibson County,
on North Fork of Deer River, and of 43 square miles on Rutherford
Fork of Obion River were surveyed by W. H. Griffin, Charles Hart-
mann, jr., S. P. Floore, J. M. Rawls, and J. De Puy for publication
on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour*interval of 5 feet. The Statp
geologist allotted $2,000 and the Federal Survey a like sum for tlie
completion of primary control in the Trenton, Alamo, Greenfield,
Obion, Martin, and tjnion City quadrangles, in Gibson, Madison,
Crockett, Weakley, Obion, and Dyer counties. For this control E. L.
McNair and J. M. Rawls ran 79 miles of primary levels, established
16 permanent bench marks, ran 415 miles of primary traverse, and
set 46 permanent marks. In addition to the cooperative work in
Tennessee, the survey of the Crossville quadrangle, in Cumberland,
Bledsoe, White, and Van Buren counties, was completed and that
of the Hollow Springs quadrangle, in Cannon, Coffee, Bedford, and
Rutherford counties, was begun, the area mapped being 368 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour in-
terval of 20 feet. This work was done by Oscar Jones, J. F. McBeth,
T- F. Slaughter, J. G. StelzenmuUer, F. W. Farnsworth, and E. E.
Witherspoon. For the control of the Hollow Springs and Cross-
ville quadrangles, Messrs. Witherspoon and Farnsworth and S. E.
Taylor and F. W. Crisp ran 250 miles of primary levels and estab-
lished 41 permanent bench marks, and Oscar Jones ran 63 miles of
primary traverse and established 4 permanent marks. Under the
terms of the Weeks Act a special resurvey was made of an area cover-
ing 101 square miles in the Great Smoky Mountain National Forest,
Blount and Sevier counties, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500,
with a contour interval of 100 feet. This work was done by Oscar
Jones, W. H. S. Morey, Charles Hartmann, jr., R. A. Kiger, S. E.
Taylor, J. M. Rawls, A>. McNair, C. W.Arnold, and C. S. Wells, the
expenses being paid from the appropriation made in the act above
named.
Tennessee-North Carolina. — J. I. Gayetty completed the revision
of the Mount Guyot quadrangle, in Cooke, Lewis, and Jefferson
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336 THIBTY-SECOND RBPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
counties, Tenn., and Haywood, Swain, and Jackson counties, N. C,
the area resurveyed being 35 square miles in Tennessee and 5 square
miles in North Carolina, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000,
with a contour interval of 100 feet.
Virginia, — For cooperative topographic surveys in Virginia the
State geologist and the United States Geological Survey each allotted
$1,750. For the control of the Gold Belt region (Palmyra, Gordons-
ville, and Spottsylvania quadrangles), in Louisa, Fluvanna, Gooch-
land, Orange, Spottsylvania, and Albemarle counties, D. H. Baldwin
ran 129 miles of primary traverse and set 13 permanent marks.
Vermont. — The survey of the Woodstock quadrangle, in Windsor
County, was begun by R. D. Cummin, T. F. Slaughter, W. H. S.
Morey, and Homer Dodge, the area mapped being 139 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet. For the control of this area A. F. McNair ran 55 miles of
primary levels and set 11 permanent bench marks.
West Virginia. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic
surveys in West Virginia the State geologist allotted $12,000 and the
United States Geological Survey allotted $10,000. The resurvey of
areas previously mapped resulted in the completion of the work on
the Welch, Pineville, Mullen, Holden, and Bald Knob quadrangles
and the West Virginia portions of the laeger, Naugatuck, and Max-
well quadrangles, and of part of the work on the Logan, Louisa,
and Marshes quadrangles, in McDowell, Wyoming, Logan, Raleigh,
Mingo, Wayne, Boone, Lincoln, Fayette, and Welch counties, the
total area mapped being 1,391 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. This work was
done by E. I. Ireland, Fred McLaughlin, S. E. Taylor, C. P. Mc-
Kinley, C. S. Wells, A. J. Dailey, C. W. Arnold, J. H. Wilson, S. R.
Truesdell, and F. E. Hale. For the control of these areas S. E.
Taylor, J. B. Metcalfe, Fred McLaughlin, C. P. McKlnley, and F. E.
Hale ran 320 miles of primary levels and established 73 permanent
bench marks. For the control of the Alton and Crawford quad-
rangles, in Upshur, Barbour, and Randolph Counties, D. H. Bald-
win and J. I. Gayetty occupied and marked 9 triangulation stations
for the control of the Red Star, Hinton, Flat Top, and Meadow
Creek quadrangles, in Fayette, Summers, Mercer, Raleigh, and
Wyoming counties, and C. B. Kendall and C. P. McKinley occupied
6 triangulation stations and marked 2. The survey of the West
Virginia portion of the Williamsport quadrangle (the greater part
of which lies in and is reported under Maryland), in Berkeley
County, was also completed, the area mapped being 50 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
20 feet, in connection with which 7 miles of primary levels were run
and 3 permanent bench marks were set.
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WORK OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 337
OFTIOE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed : Fayette spe-
cial, Ala.; Livennore and Kezar Falls, Me.; Hagerstown, Md.-Pa.;
Williamsport, Md.-Pa.- W. Va.; New Berlin, Hartwick, McKeever,
Hammond, and Canton, N. Y.; Hilliards, Quarryville, and McCalls
Ferry, Pa.; Crossville, Mount Guyot revision, Rutherford Fork of
Obion River, and North Fork of Forked Deer River, Tenn. ; Mullen,
Pineville, Welch, Bald Knob, Holden, W. Va., and West Virginia
portions of laeger and Naugatuck.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Scale, Ala., 60 per cent; Buckfield, Me., 62 per cent.
In the triangulation and computing section the following work
was completed :
Latitudes, departures, and geographic positions for the Stockley
(Del.) and Seaford (Del.-Md.) quadrangles were computed.
Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, departures, and
geographic positions were computed for the Hawthorn, Interlachen,
Palatka, and Starke quadrangles (Fla.). Latitudes, departures, and
geographic positions for the Greencove Springs, Hague, and Welaka
quadrangles (Fla.) were computed.
Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions were computed for the Greensboro, Shoul-
der, and Sparta quadrangles (Ga.).
Primary level circuits were adjusted and geodetic distances and
positions were computed for the Buckfield and Livermore quadran-
gles (Me.). Geodetic distances and positions in the Bryants Pond
and Sango Pond quadrangles (Me.) were computed.
Primary and precise level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, de-
partures, and geographic positions were computed for the Great
Falls power project special survey (Md.-Va.).
Primary level circuits in the Hagerstown (Md.-Pa.) and Wil-
liamsport (Md.-W. Va.-Pa.) quadrangles were adjusted.
Primary level circuits in the luka quadrangle (Miss.-Tenn.-Ala.)
were adjusted.
Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions were computed for the Lowville and No. 4
quadrangles (N. Y.). Primary level circuits in the McKeever, New
Berlin, and Port Leyden quadrangles (N. Y.) were adjusted. The
geodetic position of the seismograph site in the American Museum
of Natural History grounds in New York City was computed.
Primary level circuits in the Hilliards, McCalls Ferry, and
Quarryville quadrangles (Pa.) were adjusted.
Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, departures, and
geographic positions were computed, for the Alamo, Crossville,
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 22
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338 THIKTY-SECOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SrRVEY.
Greenfield, and Trenton quadrangles (Tenn.). Latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions for the Dresden, Martin, Trenton, Trimble,
and Union City (Tenn.) and Tiptonville (Tenn.-Mo.) quadrangles
were computed.
Primary level notes for the Woodstock quadrangle (Vt.) were
checked.
Latitudes, departures, and geographic positions for the Gordons-
ville, Palmyra, and Spottsylvania quadrangles (Va.) were computed.
Primary level circuits in the Holden, Mullen, and Pineville
(W. Va.) and laeger and Welch (W. Va.-Va.) quadrangles were
adjusted.
Level lists were revised and assembled, after all necessary com-
putations and readjustments had been made, and transmitted to the
editor for publication as bulletins for West Virginia (Bulletin 477)
and New York.
CENTRAL DIVISION.
FIELD WOEK.
BUMMABY.
During the season topographic mapping was carried on in Arkan-
sas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
souri, and Ohio. This work comprised the survey of 16 quadrangles
and 1 special area and the revision of 1 special area. In addition,
20 quadrangles and 2 river projects were partly surveyed. The total
new area mapped was 5,131 square miles — ^259 for publication on the
scale of 1 : 125,000, 4,730 for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, and
142 for publication on the scale of 1:24,000. The area resurveyed
was 57 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500. In
connection with this work 2,074 miles of primary levels were run and
519 permanent bench marks were established.
Primary traverse and primary triangulation were carried on at
different times by four parties, the work being distributed over por-
tions of Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,
and Ohio. The total area covered by this primary control was about
5,300 square miles, of which 4,840 were controlled by primary tra-
verse, 2,088 miles being run and 218 permanent marks set. Six tri-
angulation stations were occupied and 4 were marked. The result
of this work was to make control available in 59 quadrangles.
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WORK OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 339
TopoffTHphio surveys in central division from July i, 1910, to June SO, 1911,
CJon-
tour
inter-
val.
For publication on scale
of—
Total
area
sur-
veyed.
Primary leveb.
Primary trav-
erse.
Btate.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
Dis-
tance
run.
Bench
marks.
Dls-
tanoe.
run.
Per-
ma-
New.
New.
Resur-
vey.
nent
marks.
Arlcansas
Feet.
20-60
50
6-20
20
20
20
20
10
10
8a. mi.
-245
14
Sq. mi.
Sq. mi.
57
Sq.mi.
302
14
ol,011
100
328
666
193
719
351
1,504
Milet.
Mle9.
Oklahoma
Illinois
»59
100
328
666
193
719
361
1,604
293
27
108
262
47
9
34
98
291
37
TlKl^ftni* . r
..
Iowa
50
10
466
233
174
864
3
Kentucky
3
Ml ciiig^n _ - , , _
58
MiT^nAiaotA ,
374
80
030
101
19
211
28
Missouri
15
Ohio
10-20
74
1 250
1
4,730
67
5,188
2,074
519
2,088
218
o 142 square miles in Illinois, for publication on the scale of 1: 24,000.
DETAILS OF WORK BY STATES.
Arkansas. — The survey of the De Queen quadrangle, in Polk,
Howard, and Sevier counties, Ark., and McCurtain County, Okla.,
was continued by H. H. Hodgeson and W. R. Schreiner, the aren
mapped being 259 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 50 feet. Of this area, 14 miles
lies in Oklahoma. A portion of the Hot Springs special quadrangle,
in Garland and Hot Springs counties, was revised by C. L. Sadler
and F. B. Barrett, the area revised being 67 square miles, for publi-
cation on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
Illinois. — The governor of Illinois allotted $10,000 for the continu-
ation of cooperative topographic surveys in Illinois, and the United
States Geological Survey an equal amount for the same purpose.
The governor also made an additional allotment of $3,750 for a
survey of the overflowed lands within the State, which was met by an
allotment of $1,250 by the Federal Survey. The survey of the Milan
quadrangle, comprising 224 square miles in Rock Island and Mercer
counties, 111., and Scott County, Iowa, was completed. Of this area,
25 square miles lie in Iowa, and the cost of mapping that portion was
paid from Federal funds. The survey of the Waterloo quadrangle,
comprising 234 square miles in St. Clair and Monroe counties ; of the
Canton quadrangle, comprising 227 square miles in Fulton and Knox
counties; and of the Illinois portion of the Kimmswick quadrangle,
comprising 84 square miles in St. Clair and Monroe counties, was
completed for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour
interval of 20 feet. This work was done by Frank Tweedy, F. W.
Hughes, E. L. Hain, B. A. Jenkins, O. H. Nelson, and W. S. S.
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340 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Johnson. The survey of the Colchester quadrangle, in McDonough
County, was begun by Mr. Tweedy, the area mapped being 100 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval
of 20 feet. The survey of the Illinois portion of the Renault quad-
rangle, in Monroe and Randolph counties, was begun by F. W. Hughes,
the area mapped being 26 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1:62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control
of the Milan quadrangle, C. B. Kendall ran 89 miles of primary
traverse and set 16 permanent marks. For the control of the Ren-
ault quadrangle, C. R. French ran 20 miles of primary levels and set
5 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Waterloo quad-
rangle, S. R. Archer ran 67 miles of primary levels and established
17 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Kimmswick quad-
rangle, Mr. Archer ran 27 miles of primary levels and established 8
permanent bench marks. For tlie control of the Carthage, Col-
chester, Lomax, Keokuk, Macomb,* and Vermont quadrangles, in
Hancock, Schuyler, Fulton, and McDonough counties, C. B.
Kendall ran 159 miles of primary traverse and set 17 permanent
marks. For the control of the Marseille, Ottawa, and Earlville
quadrangles, in Lasalle County, J. R. Ellis ran 43 miles of primary
traverse and set 4 permanent marks. Under the allotment for sur-
veying overflowed lands, C. C. Gardner and B. A. Jenkins continued
the survey of the Spoon River project, in Fulton County, the area
mapped being 11 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 24,000,
with a contour interval of 5 feet. For the control of this area S. R.
Archer ran 11 miles of primary levels and set 3 permanent bench
marks. The survey of the Embarrass River project, in Lawrence
County, was continued by L. L. Lee, H. W. Peabody, and J. B.
Ijeavitt, the area mapped being 131 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1:24,000, with a contour interval of 5 feet For the
control of this area Messrs. Peabody and Leavitt and R. G. Clinite
ran 107 miles of primary levels and established 14 permanent bench
marks. For the control of the Big Muddy River project, in Union,
Jackson, Williamson, and Franklin counties, S. R. Archer ran 61
miles of primary levels.
Indiana, — The survey of the Indiana portion of the Kosmosdale
quadrangle, in Floyd, Harrison, and Jefferson counties, was com-
pleted by Fred Graff, jr., the area mapped being 100 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour interval
of 20 feet. For the control of this area E. C. Bibbee ran 27 miles
of primary levels and set 9 permanent bench marks.
Iowa. — The State geologist of Iowa allotted $1,750 for the con-
tinuation of the cooperative topographic surveys in that State and
the Federal Survey allotted an equal amount for the same purpose.
The survey of the Pella quadrangle, in Marion and Mahaska coun-
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WORK OP THE YEAR — TOPOGBAPHIC BRANCH. 341
ties, was completed by H. W. Peabody, the area mapped being 120
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a con-
tour interval of 20 feet. The survey of the Slater quadrangle, in
Polk and Story counties, was begun by B. A. Jenkins, L. B. Roberts,
and W. L. Miller, the area mapped being 156 square miles, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 62,600, with a contour interval of 20 feet
For the control of the Slater quadrangle and of the Madrid quad-
rangle, in Boone, Polk, and Story counties, C. B. Kendall ran 50
miles of primary traverse and set 3 permanent marks, and C. H.
Semper and Howard Clark ran 108 miles of primary levels and
established 34 permanent bench marks. In addition to the coop-
erative work in Iowa the survey of the Iowa portion of the Galena
quadrangle, in Jackscm and Dubuque counties, was completed by
B. A. Jenkins, the area mapped being 27 square miles, for publica-
tion on the scale of 1:62,600, with a contour interval of 20 feet.
(See also p. 101 for the mapping of the Iowa portion of the Milan
quadrangle.)
Kentucky. — ^The Kentucky Geological Survey allotted $10,000 for
the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in Kentucky and
the Federal Survey allotted an equal amount for the same purpose.
The survey of the Nortonville quadrangle, comprising 238 square
miles in Hopkins, Christian, and Muhlenberg counties, and of the
unmapped portion of the Monticello quadrangle, comprising 108
square miles in Wayne, Pulaski, and Russell coimties, was com-
pleted. This work was done by C. W. Goodlove, N. E. Ballmer,
W. A. Reiter, C. L. Sadler, Fred Graff, jr., and F. B. Barrett. The
survey of the Drakesboro quadrangle (formerly called Greenville),
in Muhlenberg, Logan, and Todd counties, was begun by C. W.
Goodlove, N. E. Ballmer, and W. A. Reiter, the area mapped being
202 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a
contour interval of 20 feet The survey of the La Grange and Tay-
lorsviUe quadrangles, in Jefferson County, was begun by Fred
Graff, jr., the area mapped being 88 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1:62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The
survey of the Crockettsville quadrangle, in Perry, Breathitt, and
Knott counties, was begun by J. R. Eakin, the area mapped being
30 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with a
contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of the Nortonville
quadrangle C. B. Shaw and Ed. Shea ran 83 miles of primary levels
and established 29 permanent bench marks. For the control of the
Monticello quadrangle F. B. Barrett ran 32 miles of primary levels
and established 9 permanent bench marks. For the control of the
Taylorsville quadrangle E. C. Bibbee ran 10 miles of primary levels
and established 9 permanent bench marks. For the control of the
Drakesboro quadrangle E. C. Bibbee ran 81 miles of primary levels
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842 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
and established 25 permanent bench marks. For the control of the
Crockettsville quadrangle and of the Troublesome quadrangle, in
Perry, Breathitt, and Knott counties, J. R. Eakin and George T.
Hawkins occupied 6 triangulation stations and marked 5, and S. R.
Archer ran 42 miles of primary levels and set 7 permanent bench
marks. For the control of the Hickman quadrangle, in Fulton
County, E. L. McNair ran 10 miles of primary traverse and set 8
permanent marks.
Michigan. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic sur-
veys in Michigan the State geologist allotted $2,000, which was met
with a like sum by the United States Geological Survey. The survey
of the Lansing quadrangle, in Ingham and Eaton counties, was com-
pleted by L. L. Lee, the area mapped being 166 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet The survey of the Grand Rapids quadrangle, in Kent County,
was begun by A. M. Walker, the area mapped being 27 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 20
feet. For the control of the Marcellus, Schoolcraft, Gobleville, Alle-
gan^ Kalamazoo, Wayland, Jenison, Cedar Springs, Jones, Center-
ville, Lowell, Blissfield, Adrian, Grand Rapids, Hastings, Ionia,
Vermontville, Charlotte, Muir, Reading, Hillsdale, and Hudson
quadrangles, in Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, Allegan, Kent, Lowell,
Lenawee, Barry, Eaton, and Hillsdale counties, J. R. Ellis and J. H.
Wilson ran 296 miles of primary traverse and set 35 permanent
marks. In addition to the cooperative work in Michigan, the control
of the Houghton, Beacon Hill^ Kenton, Winona, Watersmeet, Sidnaw,
Rubicon, Perch Lake, Greenland, and Paynesville quadrangles, in
Houghton, Iron, Ontonogan, Gogebic, and Baraga counties, was
begun by E. L. McNair, 170 miles of primary traverse being run and
23 permanent marks being set.
Minnesota^ — ^The State drainage engineer of Minnesota allotted
$8,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic work in that
State and the United States Geological Survey made an equal allot-
ment. The survey of the uncompleted portion of the Morris quad-
rangle, comprising 131 square miles in Stevens County, of the Wendell
quadrangle, comprising 207 square miles in Grant and Ottertail
counties, and of the Chokio quadrangle, comprising 210 square miles
in Stevens, Bigstone, and Traverse counties, was completed. The
survey of the Ashby quadrangle, in Grant, Ottertail, and Douglas
counties, was begun, the area mapped being 120 square miles; the
survey of the Fergus Falls quadrangle, in Ottertail County, was
begun, the area mapped being 37 square miles ; and the survey of the
Underwood quadrangle, in Ottertail County, was begun, the area
.mapped being 14 square miles. All surveys in Minnesota were made
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of
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WOEK OB* THE YEAR — T0P6GRAJ?HTC BRANCH. S4S
10 feet. This work was done by C. L. Sadler, O. H. Nelson, W. S. S.
Johnson, E. L. Hain, and F. B. Barrett. For the control of the
Wendell quadrangle J. M. Ray ran 17 miles of primary levels and
established 2 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Chokio
quadrangle E. C. Bibbee ran 45 miles of primary levels and estab-
lished 13 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Ashby
quadrangle J. M. Ray ran 78 miles of primary levels and established
19 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Fergus Falls,
Underwood, and Battle Lake quadrangles, in Ottertail County,
J. M. Ray and E. C. Bibbee ran 234 miles of primary levels and
established 67 permanent bench marks, and C. B. Kendall ran 233
miles of primary traverse and set 28 permanent marks.
Missouri. — For the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys
in Missouri the State geologist allotted $4,000 and the United States
Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. The survey of the
Aurora special area, embracing 331 square miles, in Barry, Jasper,
Lawrence, and Newton counties, was completed by H. H. Hodgeson,
W. H. Phelps, and W. R. Schreiner, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 10 feet. The survey of the
Queen City quadrangle, in Putnam, Adair, and Schuyler counties,
was begun by W. J. Lloyd and P. W. McMillen, the area mapped
being 20 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 10 feet. For the control of the Queen City
quadrangle and of the Green City quadrangle, in the same counties,
P. W. McMillen ran 80 miles of primary levels and established 19
permanent bench marks, and C. B. Kendall ran 174 miles of primary
traverse and set 15 permanent marks.
Ohio.— The governor of Ohio allotted $25,000 and the United
States Geological Survey allotted $15,000 for the continuation of
cooperative topographic surveys in Ohio. The survey of the un-
mapped portion of the Carrollton quadrangle, covering 164 square
miles in Carroll, Stark, and Columbiana jcounties. and of the Laurel-
ville quadrangle, covering 150 square miles in Pickaway, Ross, Vin-
ton, and Hocking counties, was completed. The survey of the Oak
Hill quadrangle, comprising 232 square miles in Jackson, Gallia,
Lawrence, and Scioto counties, and of the Scioto quadrangle, com-
prising 232 square miles in Scioto, Jackson, and Pike counties, was
completed. The survey of the Jackson quadrangle, in Jackson,
Vinton, and Ross counties, was begun, the area mapped being 145
square miles ; that of the Navarre quadrangle, in Tuscarawas, Stark,
Holmes, and Wayne counties, was begun, the area mapped being 49
square miles; that of the Sidney quadrangle, in Shelby, Logan, and
Champaign counties, was begun, the area mapped being 60 square
miles; that of the New Comerstown quadrangle, in Tuscarawas,
Coshocton, and Holmes counties, was begun, the area mapped being
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344 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
74 square miles; that of the Celina quadrangle, in Mercer and Van
Wert counties, was begun, the area mapped being 176 square miles;
that of the Circleville and Era quadrangles, in Pickaway, Fairfield,
Boss, and Fayette counties, was begun, the area mapped being 170
square miles; and that of the Van Wert quadrangle, in Van Wert
and Paulding counties, was begun, the area mapped being 52 square
miles. The total area mapped in Ohio was 1,504 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1:62,500, with contour intervals of 10
and 20 feet. This work was done by J. H. Jennings, M. Hackett^
L. D. Townsend, W. S. S. Johnson, J. A. Duck, E. L. Hain, W. N,
Vance, Fred Graff, jr., O. H. Nelson, A. P. Meade, W: H. Griffin,
W. H. Rayner, and F. W. Hughes. For the control of the Oak Hill
quadrangle C. E. Mills ran 31 miles of primary levels and established
8 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Scioto quadrangle
Mr. Mills ran 19 miles of primary levels and established 6 perma-
nent bench marks. For the control of the Van Wert and Paulding
quadrangles Mr. . Mills, A. D. Duck, and Howard Clark ran 107
miles of primary levels and set 31 permanent bench marks. For the
control of the Celina quadrangle Mr. Clark ran 73 miles of primary
levels and established 18 permanent bench marks. For the control
of the Circleville and Era quadrangles James Rayburn and A. D.
Duck ran 93 miles of primary levels and established 23 permanent
bench marks. For the control of the Navarre quadrangle E. C.
Bibbee and C. W. Howell ran 25 miles of primary levels and estab-
lished 6 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Otway
quadrangle, in Scioto and Pike counties, C. B. Shaw, C. E. Mills,
and Howard Clark ran 119 miles of primary levels and established
26 permanent bench marks ; for the control of the Vanceburg quad-
rangle, in Adams and Lewis counties, 34 miles of primary levels
and 4 permanent bench marks; for the control of the Portsmouth
quadrangle, in Scioto County, 13 miles of primary levels and 2 per-
manent bench marks; for the control of the Peebles quadrangle, in
Adams County, 120 miles of primary levels and 24 permanent bench
marks; for the control of the Marysville and Manchester quad-
rangles, in Brown and Adams counties, 19 miles of primary levels
and 5 permanent bench marks; for the control of the Berne quad-
rangle, in Mercer and Van Wert counties, 22 miles of primary levels
and 6 permanent bench marks; for the control of the West Union
quadrangle, in Brown and Adams counties, 90 milee of primary
levels and 14 permanent bench marks; for the control of the Bobo
quadrangle, in Van Wert County, 20 miles of primary levels and 6
permanent bench marks. For the control of the Brinkhaven and
Plimpton quadrangles, in Coshocton, Holmes, Knox, Wayne, and
Ashland counties, E. C. Bibbee ran 47 miles of primary levels and
established 10 permanent bench marks; for the control of the Millers-
Digitized by
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — ^TOPOGBAPHIC BRANCH. 345
burg quadrangle, in Holmes and Wayne counties, Mr. Bibbee ran
46 miles of primary levels and established 11 permanent bench
marks, and for the control of the Sidney quadrangle 52 miles of
primary levels and 11 permanent bench marks. For the control of
the Bethel, Georgetown, Maysville, West Union, Lawrenceburg,
Harrison, Bucyrus, Fort Recovery, Lexington, Liberty, Norwalk,
Paulding, Plymouth, Richmond, Siam, Union City, Brinkhaven,
Cardington, Fredericktown, Marysville, Mount Gilead, Mount Ver-
non, Perrysville, Plimpton, Urbana, Larue, Mechanicsburg, Kenton,
East Liberty, Bellefontaine, Halls Corners, and Alger quadrangles, in
Cletmont, Brown, Adams, Hamilton, Butler, Crawford, Darke, Mer-
cer, Morrow, Knox, Richland, Preble, Huron, Paulding, Seneca,
Coshocton, Morris, Delaware, Marion, Union, Madison, Champaign,
Hardin, and Clark counties, J. R. Ellis ran 864 miles of primary
traverse and established 74 permanent marks.
OFFICE WORE.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed : Hot Springs,
Ark., revision; Waterloo, Canton, Milan, and Galena, 111. ; Pella,
Iowa; Kosmosdale, Ind.-Ky.; Norton\'ille and Prospect, Ky.;
Lansing, Mich.; Chokio, Morris, and Wendell, Minn.; Aurora
special, Mo.; Laurel ville, Carrollton, Oak Hill, and Canal Dover,
Ohio.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as fol-
lows: De Queen, Ark., 40 per cent; La Grange, Ky., 8 per cent;
Taylorsville, Ky., 33 per cent; Jackson, Ohio, 41 per cent; Scioto,
Ohio, 18 per cent; Kimmswick, 111., 32 per cent; Embarrass River
project. 111., 47 per cent; Spoon River project, 111., 80 per cent;
Ashby, Minn., 12 per cent.
In the triangulation and computing section the following work
was completed :
Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions were computed for the Carthage, Col-
chester, La Harpe, and Lomax quadrangles (111.)- Primary level
circuits in the Birds, Hardin ville, Newton, and Waterloo (111.),
Kimmswick (IlL-Mo.), and Vincennes (lU.-Ind.) quadrangles were
adjusted and latitudes, departures, and geographic positions for the
Augusta, Avon, Canton, Galesburg, Glasford, Good Hope, Havana,
Macomb, Manilo, Maquon, and Vermont (111.), Milan, and Madison
(Ill.-Iowa), and Keokuk (IlL-Mo.-Iowa) quadrangles were com-
puted. Primary level notes were checked and latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions were computed for the Madrid and Slater
quadrangles (Iowa). Primary level circuits in the Dawson Springs,
Nortonville, and Taylorsville quadrangles (Ky.) were adjusted;
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346 THIEITY-SECOND BEPORT Oi* GEOLOOlCAL SUBVEY.
latitudes, departures, and geographic positions for the Water Val-
ley (Ky.) and Hickman (Ky.-Tenn.-Mo.) quadrangles were com-
puted; and geodetic distances and positions for the Crockettsville
and Troublesome quadrangles (Ky.) were computed. Latitudes,
departures, and geographic positions for the Gobleville, Marcellus,
and Schoolcraft (Mich.) and Cent^rville and Jones (Mich.-IU.)
quadrangles were computed. Primary level circuits were adjusted
and latitudes, departures, and geographic positions were computed
for the Ashby and Wendell quadrangles (Minn.). Primary level
circuits in the Chokio quadrangle (Minn.) were adjusted and lati-
tudes, departures, and geographic positions for the Axel, Battle
Lake, Dora, Fergus Falls, Henning, New York Mills, Pelican Rap-
ids, Perham, Rothsay, and Underwood quadrangles (Minn.) were
computed. Latitudes, departures, and geographic positions for the
Boynton, Edina, Green City, Kirksville, Queen City, and Winigan
(Mo.) and Centerville and Moulton (Mo.-Iowa) quadrangles were
computed. Primary level circuits were adjusted and latitudes, de-
partures, and geographic positions were computed for the Brink-
haven, Otway, Peebles, Plimpton, and West Union (Ohio) and
Georgetown, Maysville, Portsmouth, Rectorville, and Vanceburg
(Ohio-Ky.) quadrangles. Primary level circuits in the Bainbridge,
Canal Dover, Hillsboro, Jackson, Laurelville, Millersburg, Na-
varre, New Comerstown, Scioto, and Wooster (Ohio) and Greenup
(Ohio-Ky.) quadrangles were adjusted and latitudes, departures,
and geographic positions for the Batavia, Bucyrus, Cardington,
Celina, Defiance, Fredericktown, Hamilton, Mark Center, Mason,
Mount Gilead, Mount Vernon, Paulding, Perrysville, Shauck, and
Van Wert (Ohio), Bobo, Halls Comers, Harrison, Liberty, Lynn,
Portland, Richmond (Ohio-Ind.), Bethel (Ohio-Ky.), and Law-
renceburg (Ohio-Ind.-Ky.) quadrangles were computed.
Level lists were revised and assembled after all necessary com-
putations and readjustments had been made and transmitted to the
editor for publication as bulletins for the following States or groups
of States: Illinois (Bulletin 493), Iowa (Bulletin 460), Minnesota
(Bulletin 453), Missouri (Bulletin 459), Ohio (Bulletin 476), Mich-
igan and Wisconsin (Bulletin 461), and Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Mississippi (Bulletin 458).
ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION.
FIELD WOKK.
SUMMABY.
During the season topographic mapping was carried on in
Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and
Wyoming. This work comprised the survey of 5 quadrangles and
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH.
347
3 special areas, and the revision of 5 quadrangles and 1 national
park. In addition, 9 quadrangles, 1 special area, and 1 national
park were partly surveyed and 1 quadrangle was partly revised.
The total new area mapped was 4,661 square miles — ^1,095 for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 250,000, 2,865 for publication on the scale
of 1 : 125,000, 377 for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, 180 for
publication on the scale of 1:31,680, 134 for publication on the
scale of 1:24,000, and 10 for publication on the scale of 1:12,000.
The area resurveyed was 3,335 square miles — ^229 for publication on
the scale of 1:62,500 and 3,106 for publication on the scale of
1:125,000. In connection with this work 607 miles of primary
levels were run and 156 permanent bench marks were established.
A profile survey of 1 river was also made, the distance traversed
being 213 miles.
Primary triangulation was carried on at different times by two
parties, the work being distributed over portions of Colorado
and Wyoming. The total area covered by this primary control was
about 6,300 square miles, and 24 triangulation stations were occupied
and 27 marked. The result of this work was to make control avail-
able in 8 quadrangles and 1 national park.
Topographic surveys in Rocky Mountain division, July 1, 1910, to June SO, 1911.
Contour
interval.
For publication on scale of—
Total
area
maoDed.
Primary levels.
State.
1:250,000.
* 1:125,000.
1:62,500. 'l:31,680.
Dis-
tance
run.
Bench
New.
New.
Resar>
vey.
New.
Resur-
vey.
New.
marks.
Colorado
Feet.
25,50,100
5,20,100
25,100,200
50
60
25,50
Sq.mi.
Sq. mi.
716
837
522
aq. mi.
170
36'
2,906
Sq. mi.
""m
45
8q. mi.
229
8q. mi.
144
36
aq.mi.
a 1,392
1,040
61,702
2,906
63S
318
MUee.
303
97
77
92
Montana
New Mexico. . .
"i'/m
30
12
Oklahoma
South Dakota. .
638
153
60
70
14
Wyoming
i65
8
"
1,095 1 2.865
3,106
377
229
180
7,996
607
156
a 134 square miles in Colorado for publication on scale of 1.-24,000.
6 10 square miles in New Mexico lor publication on scale of 1:12,000.
DETAILS OF WOBK BY STATES.
Colorado, — ^The survey of the Creede special area, covering the
Creede fining district, in Mineral County, was completed by R. H.
Reineck, the total area mapped being 26 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1:24,000, with a contour interval of 50 feet. The
survey of the De Beque oil field, in Mesa and Garfield counties, was
completed by A. P. Meade, jr., the area mapped being 140 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour in-
terval of 25 feet The survey of the Mesa Verde National Park, in
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348 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GBOIX)GICAL. SURVEY.
La Plata and Montezuma counties, was begun by E. W. Berry, the
area mapped being 108 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 24,000, with a contour interval of 25 feet. The survey of the
Hahns Peak quadrangle, in the Park Range National Park, Routt
and Jackson counties, and of the Price quadrangle,' in the San Juan
National Forest, Archuleta County, was begun by Gilbert Young,
J. F. McBeth, Lee Morrison, P. W. McMiUen, and S. T. Penick, the
total area mapped being 715 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. The revision
of the Central City quadrangle, in Gilpin, Grand, and Clear Creek
counties, was completed by Lee Morrison, the area revised being 299
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour
interval of 100 feet. TTie revision of the Castle Rock quadrangle, in
Douglas, Elbert, and El Paso counties, was commenced by C. G.
Anderson, the area mapped being 170 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet.
For the control of these areas and of the Meeker, Piceance, Pagoda,
Lily, Elkhead, Hahns Peak, Lay, and Pinon Valley quadrangles,. in
Garfield, Rio Blanco, Routt, and Mesa counties, C. H. Semper, P. W.
McMillen, M. R. McDanal, and F. H. Nelson ran 303 miles of pri-
mary levels, and established 92 permanent bench marks, and C. F.
Urquhart occupied 17 triangulation stations and marked 18.
Montana. — ^The survey of the Cherry Ridge quadrangle (formerly
called Avery), in Chouteau County, was completed by Basil Duke,
C. A. Leonard, and C. Ecklund, the area mapped being 395 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a 20- foot con-
tour interval. The survey of the Poplar, Chelsea, and Brockton quad-
rangles, in Valley and Dawson counties, was commenced by W. L.
Miller and J. H. Wilke, the total area mapped being 167 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval
of 20 feet. The survey of the Melrose special area, in Silver Bow and
Beaverhead counties, was begun by R. H. Reineck, the area mapped
being 36 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with
a contour interval of 50 feet. The survey of the Nyack and Midvale
quadrangles, lying partly in the Glacier National Park and the Black-
feet, Flathead, and Lewis and Clark national forests, Teton and
Flathead counties, was begun by R. T. Evans, S. T. Penick, C. A.
Ecklund, W. J. Foster, and F. L. Whaley, the area mapped
being 442 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1:125,000,
with a contour interval of 100 feet. A survey of Clark Fork, in
Powell, Granite, and Missoula counties, was b^gun by R. C. Seitz,
the distance traversed being 213 miles. For the control of the Cherry
Ridge quadrangle C. A. Leonard ran 44 miles of primary levels and
established 17 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Pop-
lar, Chelsea, and Brockton quadrangles J. H. Wilke ran 53 miles of
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WOEK OP THE YEAB — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 349
primary levels and established 13 permanent bench marks. (See also
p. 112.)
New Mexico, — ^The survey of the Kelly special area, in Socorro
County, was completed by R. H. Reineck, the area mapped being 10
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 12,000, with a contour
interval of 25 feet. The survey of the Cloudcroftl-degree quadrangle,
in the Alamo National Forest, Otero and Chaves counties, was com-
pleted by J. H. Wilke and C. A. Ecklund, the area mapped being
1,095 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 250,000, with a
contour interval of 200 feet. The survey of the Camp Vincent quad-
rangle, in the Datil National Forest, Grant and Socorro counties,
was begun by A. B. Searle and S. T. Penick, the area mapped being
522 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a
contour interval of 100 feet. A small area within the Silver City
quadrangle, comprising 30 square miles, was revised by A. B. Searle,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of
100 feet. The survey of the Raton quadrangle, in Colfax County,
was commenced by E. P. Davis, the area mapped being 45 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour inter-
val of 50 feet. For the control of this quadrangle a primary level
line was started at Thatcher, Colo., by C. P. Gross, who ran 77 miles
of primary levels and established 12 permanent bench marks. For
the control of the Camp Vincent and Fairview quadrangles R. B.
Robertson occupied 1 triangulation station and marked 7.
Oklahoma. — The revision of culture in the Antlers, Nowata, and
Claremore quadrangles, in Atoka, Bnian, Choctaw, Pushmataha,
Nowata, Washington, Rogers, and Tulsa counties, was completed
by Lee Morrison, C. C. Gardner, A. O. Burkland, F. B. Barrett, and
C. J. Ballinger, the total area revised being 2,906 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 50
feet
South Dakota. — ^The survey of the unmapped portion of the Newell
quadrangle (formerly called Empire, the southwest quarter of which
is the Vale 15-minute quadrangle, surveyed in 1904) was completed
by G. S. Smith and C. P. Gross, the area mapped being 638 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour
interval of 50 feet. For the control of this area H. L. Caldwell ran
60 miles of primary levels and established 14 permanent bench marks.
Wyoming. — The survey of the Wiley quadrangle, in Bighorn
County, was begun by C. C. Gardner, the area mapped being 165
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour
interval of 25 feet. The survey of the Cheyenne quadrangle, in
Laramie County, was begun by E. P. Davis and continued by Basil
Duke and H. L. Caldwell, the area mapped being 153 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of
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350 THIBTY-SECOND BBPOBT OF GBOIX)GICAIi SUBVEY,
50 feet. For the control of the Wiley quadrangle C. W. Rowell ran
70 miles of primary levels, and established 8 permanent bench marks.
For the control of the Cheyenne quadrangle 6. T. Hawkins occupied
6 triangulation stations and marked 2.
In addition to the work mentioned above, culture was revised and
brought up to date in the Gallatin, Canyon, Shoshone, and Lake
quadrangles, comprising the Yellowstone National Park, Wycwning,
Montana, and Idaho, under a special allotment by the Department of
the Interior for the preparation of an administrative map of the
Yellowstone National Park.
OFFICE WO&K.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed : De Beque oil
field, Creede special, and Central City, Colo. ; Chelsea, Cherry Bidge,
Hay Creek, Smoke Creek, and Poplar, Mont. ; Nowata, Okla. ; Newell,
S. Dak.; Kelly special and Mogollon, N. Mex.; Millican and Wash-
ington, Tex.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Price, Colo., 18 per cent; Hahns Peak, Colo., 45 per cent; Mesa-
Verde, Colo., 85 per cent; Midvale, Mont., 19 per cent; Nyack, Mont.,
25 per cent; Camp Vincent, N. Mex., 40 per cent; and Wiley, Wyo.,
60 per cent
In the triangulation and computing section the following work was
completed :
Primary level circuits were adjusted and geodetic distances and
positions were computed for the Cortez, De Beque special, Elkhead,
Hahns Peak, Hesperus, Meeker, Pagoda, and Rifle quadrangles
(Colo.). Primary level circuits in the Durango, Grand Junction,
Ignacio, La Plata, Lewis Creek, and Rabbits Ears Peak quadrangles
(Colo.) were adjusted, and geodetic distances and positions for the
Cameo, Hotchkiss, Lay, Lily, Montrose, Piceance, and Pinon Valley
quadrangles (Colo.) were computed.
Primary level circuits in the Brockton, Cherry Ridge, Harlem,
Poplar, Red Lodge, and Wolf Point quadrangles (Mont.) were ad-
justed. The single spur line running through the Willis quadrangle
(Mont.) and the Polaris quadrangle (Mont.-Idaho) was checked.
Primary level circuits run by the General Land Office in the Milk
River, No. 2, Whiskey Butte, and Wolf Point quadrangles (Mont.)
were adjusted.
Partial computations of geodetic distances and positions in the
Mescalero and Tularosa quadrangles (N. Mex.) were made.
Primary level circuits run by the General Land Office in the Blue
Butte, Elbowoods, and Ryder quadrangles (N. Dak.) were adjusted.
Primary level circuits in the Empire quadrangle (S. Dak.) were
adjusted.
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WOEK OF THE YEAB — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 351
Primary level circuits in the Baggs, Rawlins, Savery Creek, and
Wiley quadrangles (Wyo.) were adjusted and geodetic distances and
positions for the Cheyenne quadrangle (Wyo.) were computed.
Level lists were revised and assembled, after all necessary compu-
tations and readjustments had been made, and transmitted to the
editor for publication as bulletins for the following States or groups
of States; Colorado (Bulletin 486), Montana (Bulletin 482), New
Mexico (Bulletin 464), North Dakota (Bulletin 469), South Dakota
(Bulletin 472), Texas (Bulletin 468), and Kansas and Nebraska
(Bulletin 473).
PACinC DIVISION.
FIELD WORK.
8UMMABT.
During the season topographic mapping was carried on in Arizona,
California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. This
work comprised the survey of 12 quadrangles, the partial survey of
30 quadrangles, 1 special area, and 1 national park, the resurvey or
revision of 8 quadrangles, 3 special areas, and 1 national monument,
and the partial resurvey of 8 quadrangles. The total new area
mapped was 10,154 square miles — 3,610 for publication on the scale
of 1 : 250,000, 5,447 for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 952 for
publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, and 145 for publication on the
scale of 1:31,680. The area resurveyed was 1,315 square miles, 600
for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, 268 for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, 430 for publication on the scale of 1 : 31,680, and 17
for publication on the scale of 1:12,000. In connection with this
work 1,776 miles of primary levels were run and 358 permanent
bench marks were established. In addition, profile surveys of 11
rivers were made, the distance traversed being 541 miles. Topo-
graphic surveys were also carried on in the Territory of Hawaii, the
area mapped being one island, embracing portions of four 15-minute
quadrangles, and the partial survey of one island, covering portions
of three quadrangles, the area mapped being 224 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1:31,680, in connection with which 178
miles of primary levels were run and 60 permanent bench marks set.
Primary triangulation and primary traverse were carried on at
different times by four parties, the work being distributed over por-
tions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. The
total area covered by this primary control was about 6,300 square
miles, of which 3,000 were controlled by primary traverse, 486 miles
being run and 61 permanent marks set; 38 triangulation stations were
occupied and 44 were marked. The result of this work was to make
control available in 24 quadrangles.
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352 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Topographic surveys in Pacific division from July 1, 1910, to June SO, 1911.
Contoor
interval.
For publication on the scale of—
5
1
Primary
levels.
Primary
1:230,000.
1:125,000.
1:62,500.
1:31,680.
traverse.
State.
i
i
i
J5
1
Pi
i
1
1
i
1
1
Ph
Arizona
Feet.
25-100
5-25^50
100-200
5-50
100-200
5-7-100
50-100
100
5-25-100
Sq.m.
Sq.m.
958
3,178
Sq.m.
"m
*^-
Sq.m. Sq.m.
Sq.m.
al,843
6,842
200
811
35
391
480
27
840
Miles.
40
414
10
90
ML
California
2,919
200
491
145
430
Nevada
T<i«iho ...
100
35
244
415
27
490
220
237
57
Moptanft
'
Oregon
147
65
I
258
535
73
60
219
39
Utan
Wyoming
Washington
350
292
68
267
?Z
3,610
5,447
952
268
■ 145
430
ll,4(i9
224
1,776
178
358
60
486
(VI
Hawaii
a 600 square miles resurveyed in Arizona for publication on scale of 1 : 125,000, and 17 square miles for pub-
lication on scale of 1 : 12,000.
DETAILS OF WOBK BY STATES.
Arizona. — The survey of the Winkleman quadrangle, in Pinal and
Gila counties, Ariz., was completed by J. E. Blackburn, Pearson
Chapman, J. G. Staack, S. T. Penick, and T. P. Pendleton, the total
area mapped being 958 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. The resurvey of the
Miami and Ray special areas, in Gila and Pinal counties, was com-
pleted by W. M. Beaman, for publication on the scale of 1 : 12,000,with
a contour interval of 25 feet, the total area mapped being 17 square
miles. The resurvey of the Petrified Forest National Monument,
in Navajo and Apache counties, was completed by Pearson Chap-
man and J. G. Staack, the total area mapped being 268 square miles,
for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, w4th a contDur interval of
25 feet. For the control of this area 40 miles of primary levels were
run and 10 permanent bench marks established. The revision of a
portion of the Flagstaff quadrangle, in the Coconino and Tusayan
national forests, in Coconino County, was completed by W. M. Bea-
man, the total area revised being 600 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet.
Calif orrda. — The department of engineering of California allotted
$14,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in
that State and the United States Geological Survey allotted a like
sum for the same purpose. In the Sacramento Valley the resurvey
of the Marysville quadrangle and of the Sacramento Valley portions
of the Smartsville and Chico quadrangles, in Yuba, Sutter, Colusa,
Butte, Glenn, and Tehama counties, was completed, an^resultpd in
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WOEK OP THE YEAB — TOPOGBAPHIO BRANCH. 853
the completion of the Nelson, MarysTille Suites, Pennington, Nord,
Dayton, Durham, Newhard, and Dry Creek TJ-minute quadrangles,
and of the valley portions of the Spenceville, Oroville, Singer Creek,
Keefers, Clear Creek, and Bangor T^-minute quadrangles, the total
are resurveyed being 430 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet.
In the Salinas Valley the mapping of the Gonzales and Soledad
quadrangles, in Monterey and San Benito counties, was started, the
total area mapped being 99 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 5 feet. The mapping of the
Stockton and Brentwood 7i-minute quadrangles, in the San Joaquin
Valley, in San Joaquin and Contra Costa counties, was commenced,
the area mapped being 57 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 6 feet. The work in the Sac-
ramento, Salinas, and San Joaquin valleys was done by Duncan
Hannegan, W. H. Griffin, T. H. Mon\;ure, J. W. MuUer, M. A. Knock,
Bayard Knock, J. L. Lewis, J. P. Harrison, A. T. Fowler, A. J. Ogle,
W. R. Chenoweth, R. M. La FoUette, and A. E. Bungay. For the
control of the Byron, Stockton, and Tracy 15-minute quadrangles,
in the San Joaquin Valley, in San Joaquin, Contra Costa, and Ala-
meda counties, L. F. Biggs and G. L. Hagman ran 269 miles of
primary levels and established 62 permanent bench marks, and occu-
pied 10 and marked 9 triangulation stations.
In addition to the cooperative work in California, the survey of
the Bakersfield quadrangle, in Kern County, was completed by J. L.
Lewis and Bayard Knock, the total area mapped being 567 square
miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour in-
terval of 100 feet. The survey of the Mariposa quadrangle, in Mari-
posa, Fresno, and Madera counties, was completed by E. R. Bart-
lett, T. P. Pendleton, and J. W. MuUer, the total area mapped being
345 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a
contour interval of 100 feet. The survey of the Coalinga and Panoche
quadrangles, in Kings, Monterey, Fresno, San Benito, and Merced
counties, was completed by H, L. McDonald and J. L. Lewis, the
total area mapped being 879 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. The survey
of the Petaluma quadrangle, in Sonoma and Marin counties, was
commenced by J. G. Staack and M. A. Knock, the total area mapped
being 170 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500,
with a contQur interval of 25 feet. A small area, covering about half
a square mile in the Randsburg quadrangle, in San Bernardino and
Kern counties, was revised by T. P. Pendleton. The survey of the
Weaverville, Big Bar, and Korbel quadrangles, in the Trinity
National Forest, in Trinity and Humboldt counties, was continued by
11366"— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^23
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854 THIBTY-SECOND KBPOBT OF GBOLOGICAIi SURVEY.
J. P. Harrison and Oscar Jones, the total area mapped being 259
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 260,000, with a con-
tour interval of 200 feet, and 64 square miles for publication on the
scale of 1 : 126,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. The survey
of the Bishop quadrangle, in the Inyo National Forest, in Inyo County,
was continued by G. R. Davis and B. A. Jenkins, the total area
mapped being 720 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 126,000, with a contour interval. of 100 feet. The survey of the
Caliente quadrangle, in the Sequoia National Forest, was continued
by C. F. Eberly, R. M. La FoUette, and J. W. Muller, the total area
mapped being 613 square miles, for publication on the scale of
Ir 126,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. For the additional
control of the Caliente quadrangle 146 miles of primary levels
were run and 28 permanent bench marks were set by K. W. Trimble
and G. L. Hagman.
California-Nevada. — ^The survey of the western half of the Balla-
rat 1-degree quadrangle, in Inyo County, Cal., and of the southwest
quarter of the Lida 1-degree quadrangle, in Inyo County, Cal., and
Esmeralda County, Nev., was completed by J. E. Blackburn and
T. P. Pendleton, the total area mapped being 2,860 square miles, for
publication on the scale of 1 : 260,000, with a contour interval of 100
feet. Of this area, 200 square miles are in Nevada.
Idaho. — ^The survey of the Panhandle 1-degree quadrangle in the
Pend Oreille National Forest, in Kootenai, Shoshone, Saunders, and
Lincoln counties, was continued by J.W. Muller and T. P. Pendle-
ton, the total area mapped being 491 square miles, for publication
on the scale of 1 : 260,000, with a contour interval of 200 feet. The
survey of the Wayan quadrangle, which lies partly in the Caribou
National Forest, in Bannock and Bear Lake counties, was continued
by Albert Pike and W. O. Tufts, the total area mapped being 220
square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,600, with a contour
interval of 60 feet. For the control of the Wayan quadrangle 78
miles of primary levels were run and 20 permanent bench marks
were established by Mr. Tufts, D. S. Birkett, and O. G. Taylor, and
6 triangulation stations were occupied and 4 marked by G. T. Haw-
kins. For the control of the Lolo quadrangle L. F, Biggs ran 75
miles of primary levels and set 18 permanent bench marks.
Idaho-Montana. — ^The survey of the St. Regis and Taft quadran-
gles, in the Coeur .d'Alene National Forest, in Shoshone County,
Idaho, and Missoula and Sanders counties, Mont., was commenced
by J. E. Blackburn, the total area mapped being 136 square, miles,
of which 36 are in Montana, for publication on the scale of 1 : 126,000,
with a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of the Salmon
quadrangle, lying partly in the Shoshone National Forest, and the
Dillon quadrangle, in Lemhi County, Idaho, and Beaverhead
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, WORK OF THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 355
County, Mont., W. H. Barringer ran 89 miles of primary levels and
established 19 permanent bench marks. A profile survey of Salmon
River, in the Salmon, Idaho, and Nez Perce national forests, was
also commenced by Mr. Barringer and continued by O. G. Taylor, the
total number of miles traversed being 107.
Oregon, — The State engineer of Oregon allotted $2,500 for the con-
tinuation of the cooperative topographic surveys in that State, which
was met by a like sum for the same purpose from the United States
Geological Survey. The survey of the Willamette Valley was con-
tinued and resulted in the completion of the Halsey 15-minute quad-
rangle (Shedds and Peoria 7i-minute) in Linn and Benton coimties,
the total area mapped being 108 square miles, for publication on the
scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 7 feet ; and of parts of
the Monroe, Albany, and Brownsville quadrangles, in Linn and
Benton coimties, the area mapped being 21 square miles, for pub-
lication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 5 feet.
This work was done by H. L. McDonald, E. R. Bartlett, A. J.
Ogle, J. M. Rawls, and A. F. McNair. For the control of these
areas A. Finlay, J. M. Rawls, and A. G. Humphreys ran 101 miles
of primary levels and established 28 permanent bench marks. The
survey of the Boring and Oregon City quadrangles, in Multnomah
and Clackamas counties, was begun by J. H. Wheat, the area
mapped being 18 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 25 feet. For the control of these
areas C. F. Urquhart ran 82 miles of primary traverse and set 16
permanent marks, and E. M. Bandli ran 33 miles of primary levels
and established 10 permanent bench marks. The survey of the Pine
quadrangle, in the Wallowa National Forest, in Baker and Union
counties, was commenced by S. G. Lunde and G. S. Smith, the area
mapped being 49 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. In addition to the
cooperative work, the survey of the Cazadero quadrangle, in the
Oregon National Forest, in Clackamas and Multnomah counties, was
commenced by A. E. Murlin, the area mapped being 49 square miles,
for publication on a scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100
feet. For the control of this area E. M. Bandli ran 124 miles
of primary levels and established 35 permanent bench marks, and
O. C. Kintner ran 137 miles of primary traverse and set 23 per-
manent marks.
OregorirWashington. — ^The survey of the Mount Hood special
quadrangle, which lies partly in the BuU^Run National Forest, in
Multnomah, Clackamas, and Wasco counties. Oreg., and Clarke and
Skamania counties, Wash., was continued by R. M. La FoUette and
T. P. Pendleton, the area mapped being 251 square miles, for publi-
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356 THIBTY-SECOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAIi SUBVEY.
cation on the scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet.
Of the area mapped, 105 square miles lies in Washington.
Utah, — The survey of the Sunnyside quadrangle, in Carbon
County, was commenced by T. M. Bannon and S. P. Floore, the area
mapped being 65 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. For the control of this
quadrangle and of the Salt Lake, Fort Douglas, Provo, Millfork,
Soldiers Summit, Kyune, Castlegate, Wellington, Mounds, Grassy,
and Beckworth Peak quadrangles, in Utah and Salt Lake counties,
L. F. Biggs ran 535 miles of double primary levels and established 60
permanent bench marks. For the control of the Kyune, Wellington,
Soldiers Summit, Westwater, Mount Wass, Moab, Ninemile Creek,
Sunnyside, and Tidwell quadrangles, in Carbon, Emery, Grand, Utah,
and Wasatch counties, T. M. Bannon occupied 22 triangulation
stations and marked 31.
Utah-Wyoming, — ^The survey of the Randolph quadrangle, which
lies partly in the Cache National Forest, in Rich and Cache counties,
Utah, and Uinta County, Wyo., was completed by A. E. Murlin, the
total area mapped being 442 square miles, for publication on the scale
of 1:125,000, with a contour interval of 100 feet. Of the area
mapped, 27 square miles lie in Wyoming.
Washington. — ^Under the allotment of $12,500 each, made by the
Board of Geological Survey of Washington, and the United States
Geological Survey, topographic mapping was continued and re-
sulted in the completion of the mapping of the Beverly and Moses
Lake quadrangles, in Grant County, and of part of the Cedar Lake
quadrangle, in King and Pierce counties, the total area mapped
being 526 square miles — 276 for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500,
and 385 for publication on the scale of 1 : 125,000. This work was
done by W. O. Tufts, Robert Muldrow, C. F. Eberly, O. G. Taylor,
and L. R. Ebert. The survey of the Palisades quadrangle, in Grant
County, and of the Grays Harbor quadrangle, in Pacific County,
was begun by H. L. McDonald and Charles Hartmann, the total
area mapped being 38 square miles, for publication on the scale of
1:62,500, with a 25-foot contour interval. For the control of the
Moses Lake and Cedar Lake quadrangles, D. S. Birkett ran 191
miles of primary levels and established 42 permanent bench marks;
G. T. Hawkins and O. C. Kintner ran 267 miles of primary traverse
and set 22 permanent ^larks. For the control of the Grays Harbor
quadrangle, G. L. Hagman ran 56 miles of primary levels and set
14 permleinent bench marks. Profile surveys were also made by
Bayard Knock, W. B. Eewis, and T. H. Moncure of portions of
Cowlitz, Cispus, Nisqually, Carbon, Puyallup, White, American,
Bumping, Naches, and Tieton rivers, the total distance traversed
being 434 miles. In addition to the cooperative work in Washing-
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WORK OP THE YEAR — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 357
ton, a survey of the Mount Rainier National Park, in Pierce County,
was started by F. E. Matthes and G. R. Davis, the total area mapped
being 36 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 : 62,500, with
a contour interval of 100 feet. For the control of this area E. M.
Bandli ran 45 miles of primary levels and established 12 permanent
bench marks.
Hawaii. — In 1909 a cooperative agreement was entered into
between the superintendent of public works of the Territory of
Hawaii and the United States Geological Survey whereby the Survey
loaned instruments and detailed topographers to the Territory to
begin the topographic survey of the island of Kauai, the entire
expense of the work, including transportation of instruments and
salaries and expenses of the topographers, being borne by the Terri-
torial government. Under this arrangement a portion of the island
of Kauai embracing 374 square miles was surveyed prior to June 30,
1910. This work was done by G. R. Davis, H. L. McDonald, A. J.
Ogle, O. G. Taylor, A. T. Fowler, J. L. Lewis, T. H. Moncure, W. H.
Barringer, and C. H. Birdseye, under the immediate charge of Mr.
Birdseye, topographer. For the control of this area L. F. Biggs ran
184 miles of primary levels and established 44 permanent bench
marks.
On July 1, 1910, an agreement was entered into for the fiscal year
beginning July 1, 1910, and ending June 30, 1911, whereby the Ter-
ritory allotted $15,000 and the United States Geological Survey
$5,000 for the continuation of the cooperative survey of the island
of Kauai, begun in 1909. Since that date the mapping of the island
of Kauai has been completed, the area mapped being 173 square miles,
making a total area surveyed of 547 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,600, with a contour interval of 50 feet, in one sheet
as the island of Kauai. A map of a portion of this area, embracing
about 100 square miles of irrigable land, will be published separately
on the scale of 1 : 31,680, with a contour interval of 10 feet. After
the completion of the mapping of the island of Kauai a survey
was begun of the northern portion of the island of Hawaii, the area
mapped to June 30, 1911, being 51 square miles, for publication on
the scale of 1 : 62,500, with a contour interval of 50 feet. The work
during this fiscal year was done by C. H. Birdseye, A. T. Fowler,
and W. H. Barringer, under the immediate direction of Mr. Birdseye.
For the control of these areas W. H. Barringer ran 178 miles of
primary levels and established 60 permanent bench marks.
OFFICE WORK.
The drafting of the following sheets was completed: Biggs,
Gridley, Dayton, Durham, Newhard, Mount Goddard, Eddys,
Salinas, Marysville Buttes, Bangor, Pennington, Dry Creek, Oroville,
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858 THIETY-SECOND BEPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Honecut, Palermo, Mariposa, French Crossing, Keefers, Clear Creek,
Randsburg (revision), Butte Creek, Nord, Nelson, and Tisdale Weir,
Cal.; Ivanpah, CaL-Nev.; Miami special, Ray special, and Petrified
Forest, Ariz.; Salmon River profile, Idaho; Randolph, Utah; Moses
Lake and Beverly, Wash.; Shedds and Peoria, Oreg.; Mana, Na
Pali, Hanapepe, Kilauea, Kapaa, Lihue, Hanalei, and Waimea,
Hawaii.
Progress in the drafting of additional sheets was made as follows:
Soledad, Cal., 19 per cent; Big Bar, Cal., 80 per cent; Bishop, Cal.,
15 per cent; Gonzales, Cal., 45 per cent; Singer Creek, Cal., 70 per
cent; Ballarat, CaL-Nev., 50 per cent; Panhandle, Idaho, 30 per
cent; Wayan, Idaho, 20 per cent; Mount Hood, Oreg., 85 per cent;
Cedar Lake, Wash., 25 per cent; Mount Rainier National Park,
Wash., 11 per cent.
In the triangulation and computing section the following work
was completed :
Primary level circuits in the Petrified Forest quadrangle (Ariz.)
were adjusted.
Primary level circuits were adjusted and preliminary geodetic dis-
tances and positions were computed for the Byron, Holt, Lathrop,
Stockton, Tracy, and Union Island quadrangles (Cal.). Primary
level circuits in the Bakersfield, Caliente, McKittrick^ Mojave, and
Tejon quadrangles (Cal.) were adjusted, and preliminary geodetic
distances and positions for the Avena, Clyde, Copperopolis, Monteca,
Oakdale, Peters, and Trigo quadrangles (Cal.) were computed. A
double primary line of levels run by the water resources branch in
the Hanford quadrangle (Cal.) was adjusted.
Primary level circuits run with a prism level in the Kapaa, Lihue,
Na Pali, and Waimea quadrangles, in Kauai Island, Hawaii, were
adjusted.
A spur line of primary levels through the Junction, May, and
Salmon quadrangles (Idaho-Mont.) was checked. -^-Geodetic dis-
tances and positions in the Wayan ^quadrangle ( Idaho- Wyo.) were
computed.
Primary level circuits in the Brownsville and Halsey quadrangles
(Oreg.) were adjusted, and latitudes, departures, and geographic
positions for the Cazadero and Oregon City (Oreg.) and the Port-
land and Troutdale (Oreg.- Wash.) quadrangles were computed.
A primary level circuit extending through the Desert Lake, Moab,
Price, Provo, Salt Lake, Scofield, Tidwell, and Woodside (Utah),
and Mount Wass and Westwater (Utah-Colo.) quadrangles was
adjusted, and geodetic distances and positions for the Castlegate,
Kyune, Ninemile Creek, Poison Spring, Sunnyside, and Wellington
quadrangles (Utah) were computed. A spur line of levels in the
Sunnyside quadrangle (Utah) was checked.
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WORE OP THE YEAK — TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH. 359
Primary level circuits were adjusted, and latitudes, departures, and
geographic positions were computed in the Cedar Lake, Seattle,
Snoqualmie, Sultan, and Tacoma quadrangles (Wash.), and latitudes,
departures, and geographic positions for the Mount Eainier quad-
rangle (Wash.) were computed. Primary level circuits in the Moses
Lake quadrangle (Wash.), run by the United States Geological Sur-
vey, and in the Pasco and Wallula quadrangles (Wash.), run by the
United States Reclamation Service, were adjusted.
Geodetic distances and positions in the Soda Springs quadrangle
(Wyo.) were computed.
Level lists were revised and assembled, after necessary computa-
tions and readjustments had been made, and transmitted to the
editor for publication as bulletins for the following States : Arizona
(Bulletin 463), California (Bulletin 481), Idaho (Bulletin 487),
Nevada (Bulletin 488), Oregon (Bulletin 462), Utah (Bulletin 489),
and Washington (Bulletin 467). The manuscript for the report on
the Idaho- Washington boundary line survey was assembled and trans-
mitted to the editor for publication as Bulletin 466.
INSPECTION or TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND MAPPING.
The field time of the inspectors was devoted largely to regidar and
special topographic work. J. H. Eenshawe spent the early part of
the season on inspection duty in portions of the Atlantic, Central,
and Bocky Mountain divisions, and six weeks in the fall in topo-
graphic sketching in the Quarryville quadrangle (Pa.). W. M. Bea-
man examined and revised 600 square miles in the Flagstaff quad-
rangle (Ariz.), surveyed and inked in the field the Ray special map
(Ariz.), and started control for the Miami special map (Ariz.).
F. E. Matthes was engaged during the field season in topographic
work on the map of the Mount Rainier National Park, completing
36 square miles.
The office duties of Messrs. Renshawe and Beaman involved a
careful supervision of the inking and preparation of the final draw-
ings of the topographic branch and their final examination prior to
submission for engraving or photolithography. Mr. Matthes's time
was devoted to the inking of his field work and to the revision of the
book of instructions for the topographic branch.
INSTRUMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHIC RECORDS.
As in past years the repairs to all topographic instruments were
made under the supervision of E. M. Douglas, who is also in charge
of the topographic records.
The additions to the topographic records consisted of 263 triangu-
lation or primary traverse books, 221 level books, nearly 300 vertical-
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360 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
angle or stadia books, and 125 plane-table sheets, all of which have
been numbered and catalogued. Four new iron filing cases for rec-
ords were purchased,
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.
Of the work begun last year on the 1 : 1,000,000 scale map of the
United States, under the direction of A. F. Hassan, base maps of the
following States have been completed : Vermont (portions of dieets
K and L 18 and L 19), Massachusetts (portions of sheets K 18 and
19), Ehode Island (portion of sheet K 19), Connecticut (portions of
sheets K 18 and 19), Michigan (portions of sheets K 16 and 17 and
L 15, 16, and 17), Wisconsin (portions of sheets K and L 15 and 16),
Minnesota (portions of sheets K, L, and M 14 and 15), Indiana (por-
tions of sheets J and K 16), and North Carolina (portions of sheets
I 16 and I and J 17 and 18). Seventy per cent of the lettering was
completed on the New York and Pennsylvania portions of sheet K 18,
and 80 per cent of the lettering on the Ohio portion of sheet K 17.
The Ohio portion of sheet K 16 was lettered, completing the sheet,
and 75 per cent of sheet J 18 was compiled and inked.
New work included the following:
Sheets K 14 and 15, Iowa portions, completed.
Sheets L and M 11, 12, and 13, Montana portions, 60 per cent
compiled and inked.
Sheets K 12 and 13, Wyoming portions, 7 per cent compiled and
inked.
Sheets H and 1 15 and 16, Mississippi portion, 80 per cent compiled
and inked.
Sheets H and I 16, the coastal plain area of Alabama, 80 per cent
compiled and inked.
Sheet K 19, contours compiled for the land and ocean floor, and the
sheet transmitted for engraving.
WATEB-BESOXJBCES BRANCH.
AUTHORrrr for investigations.
The water-resources investigations of the year were made tmder
the authority of the following clause in the sundry civil act:
For gauging the streams and determining the water supply of the United
States and for the investigations of underground ciirrents and artesian wells,
and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water
resources, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
The increase of $50,000 in the appropriation for investigations of
water resources permitted a considerable extension of this work
during the fiscal year. It was necessary, however, in order to per-
form important land-classification work in the West (see pp. 68-72)
to allot 82 per cent of the total appropriation for work west of the
one hundredth meridian. ^ t
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — WATEB-BESOUROBS BBANCH. 361
AIXOTMENTS.
The allotments of the appropriation for the fiscal year were as
follows :
AdministratiTe expenses of the survey $9, 179
Clerical assistance and supervision of work 11,000
Purchase of supplies, telegrams, etc 800
Computations, reports, and technical studies 10, 500
Stream gaglngs In —
New England and New Torlc 8,000
Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee 4^000
West Virginia, Kentucky. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois- 8, 000
Minnesota 6, 000
Texas 1, 000
Arkansas 1,000
Stream gaglngs and water-power investigations In —
Southern Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico 12,000
Northern Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota 9, 500
Idaho, Utah, and Nevada 11, 000
Washington and Oregon 12,000
California 4, 500
Nevada and Arizona 0, 000
Stream gaglngs in Hawaii 5, 000
Investigations of ground water, including quality of water_ 19, 500
Land-classification board 4, 000
Water-power investigations 6, 200
D^ris investigations 800
Contingent 21
150,000
COOPERATION.
STATES.
Cooperation with several States has been maintained as described
in previous reports. The States and the amounts allotted by them
are as follows :
AmounU allotted by States for cooperative work with United States Oeological
Survey in investigations of water resources.
California , $9,000.00
Colorado 545.00
Hawaii 5, 000. 00
Idaho 5,000.00
Illinois 3, 000. 00
Maine 1, 000. 00
Massachusetts 825.00
New Yorlc 11,089.09
New Mexico 3, 170. 93
Oregon 2, 500. 00
Utah 2, 000. 00
Vermont 1 1,000.00
Washington 5,000.00
49,130.62 .^Tp
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362 THIBTY-SECOKD BEPOET OP GEOLOGICAL SXJEVEY.
The work performed under these agreements is outlined in the
following paragraphs :
California. — ^The determination of stream flow ; the survey of reservoir, dam,
and canal sites for the development of irrigation, water power, and municipal
supply ; the study of underground watera
Colorado. — ^The determination of stream flow for use in the developmoit of
irrigation and water power.
Hawaii. — ^The determination of stream flow, the survey of reservoir sites,
the measurement of precipitation, and the determination of the occurrence,
quantity, and character of underground waters.
Idaho. — ^The determination of stream flow.
/{2inofo.~The determination of stream flow, especially low waters and flood
heights, for use as a basis for the drainage of swamp and overflow lands.
Maine. — The determination of stream flow and the survey of reservoir and
dam sites.
Ma88achv8€tt8. — The determination of stream flow.
Neto York. — ^There are two cooperative agreements in force In this State —
one with the State engineer, in which $1,089.69 has been expended by each party
for the determination of stream flow at points designated by the State engineer,
and the other with the State water supply commission, in which the commission
has aUotted $10,000 and the survey $1,000, the money being devoted to the deter-
mination of stream flow for use in storage and the development of water power.
Neto Mexico. — ^The determination of stream flow for use in the development
of water power and irrigation.
Oregon. — ^The determination of stream flow for use in the development of
irrigation, municipal water supply, navigation, and water power.
Utah. — The determination of stream flow for use in irrigation and the devel-
opment of water power.
Vermont. — The determination of the water resources of the State.
Washington, — The determination of stream flow for use in irrigation and the
development of water power.
BEOLAXATIOV BERTICE.
Cooperation has also been maintained with the United States
Reclamation Service. The rivers supplying water to the reclama-
tion projects under construction by that bureau must necessarily be
investigated to determine the amounts of water that they will yield
for irrigation. This work, being specifically applied to these proj-
ects, becomes a proper charge thereon, and the Reclamation Service
has deemed it of advantage to utilize the Survey engineers for this
purpose, paying to the Survey, through transfer of funds in the
Treasury Department, the actual cost of the investigations. During
the last year 96 stations have been maintained under this cooperative
agreement.
OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.
Cooperation has also been effected with the Office of Indian Affairs
in connection with investigations of ground water. At the request
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs a study of ground-water sup-
plies was undertaken in the Moqui and Navajo reserva^ns of Ari-
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH. 863
zona, New Mexico, and southern Utah, $1,500 being set aside for this
purpose by the Indian Office.
Investigations of stream flow on Indian reservations have also
been placed under the direction of the Geological Survey. The
number of stations maintained under this arrangement is as follows :
Idaho, 2; New Mexico, 3; Washington, 6; Wisconsin, 2. The cost
of this work has been paid by transfer in the United States Treasury
from the Indian Office appropriation.
FOREST 8EBYICE.
The cooperation with the Forest Service during the year was
merely a cooperation of services rendered in connection with the
determination of stream flow in selected national forests. Stations
were established by the United States Geological Survey, and their
maintenance, operation, etc., was undertaken by the officials of the
Forest Service, under the supervision of the Survey. The number
of stations maintained under this arrangement is as follows:
Stream gaging stations in national forests.
California 51
Colorado 59
Idaho 7
Montana 14
New Mexico z 7
Oregon 20
Utah 13
Washington 16
Wyoming 7
PUBLICATIONS.
The work of the water-resources branch is represented by the fol-
lowing publications issued during the year: Professional Paper 72;
Water-Supply Papers 237, 240, 246, 251, 253 to 258, 260, 262 to 265,
and 270. Titles and brief summaries of these publications are given
on pages 31-33. Water-Supply Papers 261, 266, 267 to 269, 271,
272 to 278, 286, and 288, and Bulletin 479 were at the Government
Printing Office at the close of the year. Nine manuscripts are in
hand awaiting editorial work, and 16 other reports are in different
stages of preparation. Reprints of the following water-supply
papers, the original edition of which has been exhausted, were or-
dered and delivered during the year : 165, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 180,
238, 239, 253, 255, and 260.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization of the water-resources branch has been changed
during the year to conform to the new conditions and objects of
work. The investigation of water-power sites, rights of way, etc..
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364 THIRTY-SECOND BEPOBT OP GEOLOOICAL STJTRVEY.
was jSrst performed by the engineers of the division of surface
waters in connection with their measurements of stream flow. This
plan, however, resulted in a division of interest in both kinds of
work, so that neither received the attention that it required, even to
the extent of the small allotments available for the purpose. A new
division was therefore organized, the members of which give their
entire time to the land-classification work. The organization is now
as follows:
M. O. Leighton, chief hydrographer.
Division of surface waters: John C. Hoyt, engineer in charge.
Diyision of underground waters: W. O. Mendenhall, geologist In charge.
Division of water utilization : M. O. Leighton, engineer in cliarge.
DIVISION OF SURFACE W^ATERS.
XEAS1TBE1CEKTS OF STREAM FLOW.
The work assigned to the division of surface waters consists of the
measurement of the flow of rivers in the United States, which is
divided into 14 districts, as follows:
Maine district, covering only the State of Maine : G. 0. Babb, district engineer,
State capitol, Augusta, Me.
New England district: New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, and New York. C. C. Covert, district engineer, Federal
Building, Albany, N. Y.
Middle Atlantic district and computing section : Maryland, Virginia, and New
Jersey. R. H. Bolster, district engineer, Washington, D. C.
Southeastern district: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Tennessee. M. R. Hall, district engineer. Post Office Building,
Atlanta, 6a.
Ohio Valley district: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, North
Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. A. H.
Horton, district engineer. Federal Building, Newport, Ky.
Upper Mississippi district: Minnesota and Wisconsin. Robert Follan£ft>ee,
district engineer. Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn.
Upper Missouri district: Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming. W. A.
Lamb, district engineer, Montana National Bank Building, Helena, Mont.
Denver district: Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, and
Wyoming. W. B. Freeman, district engineer, Chamber of Commerce Building,
Denver, Colo.
Great Basin district: Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada. R C. LaRue,
district engineer. Brooks Arcade, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Columbia River district: Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. F. F. Heoshaw,
district engineer, Til ford Building, Portland, Oreg.
California district: California, Nevada, and Arizona. W. B. Clapp, district
engineer, Federal Building, Los Angeles, Cal.
Texas district, covering only the State of Texas: T. U. Taylor, resident
engineer, Austin, Tex.
Hawaiian district, covering the Territory of Hawaii : F. W. Martin, district
engineer, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Alaskan district, covering the Territory of Alaska : C. E. Ellsworth, engineer
in charge.
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WOBK OF THE YEAB — WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH.
365
The results of the work performed in these districts are compiled
and computed for publication by the computing section in the Wash-
ington office, under the charge of R. H. Bolster, assistant engineer.
The distribution of the gaging stations by States is shown in the
accompanying table, together with the number of stations established
and discontinued and the number of measurements made. As a large
part of the work is carried on in cooperation with other Federal
bureaus, State organizations, and private parties, the table has been
arranged to show the extent of such cooperation in each State.
^t the end of the year the total number of stations maintained
(exclusive of those in Hawaii and Alaska) was 1,105. During the
year 107 stations were discontinued and 420 stations were established ;
4,975 measurements were made at regular stations and 596 miscel-
laneous measurements were made. In addition to the foregoing,
records ready for publication were -received at the end of the year
from private parties for about 100 stations.
Oaging stations and cooperating parties for the fiscal year 1910.
State.
1
1
o
1
1
1
i
1
S^
1
O
f
1
pq
1
O
1
00
i
1
i
\
1
1
8
i
i
•0
\i
d
0
0
w
a
ii
1
1^
Alabama
1
2
5
8
10
133
85
2
17
75
24
1
1
3
28
2
16
8
42
9
120
7
13
9
3
40
38
6
8
6
126
3
1
10
4
37
8
13
138
25
8
18
7
42
642
1,102
50
378
118
1
Arisona
10
10
71
59
14
22
CaUfornJa
8
1
51
59
43
18
24
7
6
Z
164
Colorado
4
55
2
9
1
3
1
Georgia
Idaho.
3
5
10
12"
1
44
1
iV
4
7
2
63
22
31
-niinnte '
1
Indfana
1
Iowa '....
1
1
12
"6'
Ki^ntnckv ' . . . .
2
3
1
....
20
60
4
mSS?^ ::::":::::::::-.
21
1
Maryland
lfAiHaGhii»>tta
2
12
1
42
7
16
7
1
4
1
4
6
3
4
4
4
48
3
Michigan ' '
Minnesota.
2
1
1
3
5
116
5
Mifflissinni
35
Montana - -
61
14
....
4
1
41
1
10
2
10
1
564
43
30
11
12
Nebraska
Nevada
1
3
7
1?
Nflw Hamnshim , . r .
New Jersey
2
New Mexico
7
40
36
'3'
3
1
13
6
15
22
3
15
2
225
173
18
18
16
275
^^
New York
1
3
1
33
North Carolina
5
8
1
9
North Dakota
2
Ohio
4
4
4
2
49
"3'
4
3
8
1
3
ii"
9
3
OfBSon..
7
20
1
43
75
43
Rhodi^ TRlnnd . . '
Sooth Carolina '
1
8
3
1
Tennessee.
2
1
17
22
327
20
19
588
42
5
77
Texas -
19
TTtfth
13
21
8
1
2
7
3
16
1
5
1
7
63"
5
Vermont
30
Virginia
Washington
0
1
21
16
6
138
3
43
4
2
14
4
96
West Virginia
18
2
....
4
1
5
Wlaoonrin .. ...
2
1
Wyoming
8
3
7
4
117
96
194
13
4
67
1
631
37
160
195
1,105
420
107
4,075
506
Digitized by
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366
THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
In Alaska 54 gaging stations were maintained in the Yukon-
Tanana region for an average period of 143 weeks, furnishing data
on the water resources of about 4,700 square miles; 15 gaging sta-
tions were also maintained for about 170 weeks in Seward Peninsula,
yielding data on the run-off of approximately 1,800 square miles.
The data in connection with the investigation in the Territory of
Hawaii have not yet been assembled for publication. Excellent
progress, however, has been made in this Territory in spite of local
difficulties.
The standard of the progress reports on stream measurements has
been materially improved. The installation of a number of auto-
matic gages of different patterns, each adapted to peculiar condi-
tions, is also expected to make the records more accurate and to give
a clearer insight into the laws governing stream flow.
Old-time records of stations maintained by the War Department
and by the United States Weather Bureau are being carefully inves-
tigated and by means of discharge measurements made during pre-
vious years and complete studies and adjustments of the discharge
data it will be possible to obtain for a large number of stations long-
time records of daily discharge. The longest record thus far ob-
tained is for Ohio River at AVheeling, W. Va., from 1838 to date.
It is expected that these investigations will throw light on the
much-discussed problems of the relation of run-off to precipitation
and the effect of deforestation on river discharge.
To facilitate the use of Government reports relating to water sup-
ply, climate, and related subjects, the United States has, by agree-
ment between the Geological Survey and the Weather Bureau, been
divided into 12 areas and the progress report of stream gaging has
been divided into 12 parts, each part covering one of these areas.
The areas and the numbers of the corresponding reports giving the
results for 1909 and 1910 are shown in the table below. The reports
for 1910 have not yet been published.
Reports on surface-water supply of the United States,-
''^X'
1909
1910
261
281
262
282
263
283
264
284
26S
286
266
286
267
287
268
288
269
289
270
290
271
291
272
292
North Atlantic coast
South Atlantic coast and eastern Qulf of Mexico..
Ohio River basin
St. Lawrence River basin
Upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay badns
Missouri River basin
Lower Mississippi River basin
Western Gulf of Mexico
Colorado River basin
Great Basin
California
North Padflo coast
Digitized by
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WORK OF THE YEAB — WATER-RESOUBCBS BRANCH. 367
RZYBR-PSOFILE BTrBVETB.
During the year all river-profile surveys were performed by the
topographic branch, except certain incidental surveying in the upper
Mississippi district by Bobert FoUansbee in St. Louis, Ottertail,
Cloquet, and Vermilion rivers, and on certain rivers draining into
Lake Superior,
DtBBJa ZWSSTZaATZOV.
A report on the investigation of the natural laws governing the
transportation of material of rivers has been in preparation by
G. K. Gilbert This is based on the results of nearly four years'
laboratory experimentation in California, and the laws discovered
by the studies will undoubtedly be extremely valuable to the engi-
neering profession.
DIVISION OF GROUND WATERS.
At the beginning of the fiscal year 1910-11 an allotment of $19,500
was made from the appropriation for gaging streams, to be used
by the division of underground waters for investigating ground-
water problems in the United States. In addition to this direct allot-
ment, $1,500 was set aside by the Office of Indian Affairs for a special
study of conditions on the Moqui-Navajo Reservations in Arizona
and New Mexico.
Of the direct allotment, $2,000 was transferred to the geologic
branch for use in the cooperative work carried on under the supervi-
sion of that branch in the States included in the Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal Plain. The results of this work are summarized in the report
of the geologic branch.
A small sum was set aside at the beginning of the year for com-
pleting the field work involved in the preparation of a report on
California springs by G. A. Waring, who, as indicated in the last
annual report, severed his connection with the Survey early in Septem-
ber, 1910. Previous to his departure, but during the present fiscal
year, he spent a month in field work in California, completed the
first draft of his manuscript, and delivered it for editorial revision
and review. Some progress has been made in the work necessary to
prepare it for publication.
R. B. Dole, assistant chemist, was assigned to the San Joaquin
Valley, in California, where he spent three months in a study of the
composition of the underground waters. Several himdred field assays
and a smaller number of complete analyses were made and are now
being assembled in the form of a report, which it is expected will be
completed early in the next fiscal year.
In August the division of underground waters was strengthened
by the transfer to it from the Reclamation Service of Herman Stabler,
Digitized by
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368 THIETY-SECOND BEPOET OF GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY.
qualified as a chemist and engineer. Mr. Stabler was assigned to
the San Joaquin and San Jacinto valleys, in California, to study
the results of experience in irrigation by the use of pumping plants,
to determine especially the cost of pumped water under various con-
ditions and the relative value of the different pumping devices in
use. About 60 pumping plants were tested, and a report on the ex-
periments in the San Jacinto Valley has been prepared. The report
on the San Joaquin Valley work is as yet incomplete.
These two researches in the San Joaquin Valley are intended to
supplement geologic and statistical studies of the development of the
underground waters in this great valley, and their results will even-
tually be ccxnbined with the results of those studies in a general
report on the area.
By cooperation with the city of Los Angeles, CaL, an investigation
of the relation of ground-water supplies to run-off, on the one hand,
and to loss through evaporation and other forms of drainage, on the
other, has been undertaken in Owens Valley by Charles H. Lee.
Careful measurements of all streams tributary to this valley and of
evaporation from soU surfaces under various conditions of ground-
' water level have been made. It is expected that the report embodying
the results of this work will constitute a contributicm to our knowledge
of certain fundamental facts involved in all ground- water problems —
facts which heretofore it has not proved feasible to investigate,
although their importance has long been recognized.
One of the most important single researches undertaken during the
year is that of Sulphur Spring Valley, Ariz., extending from Doug-
las, on the Mexican line, northward beyond Willcox. This work has
been undertaken as a result of a cooperative agreement with the
Arizona Experiment Station, K. H. Forbes, director, and has been in
charge of O. E. Meinzer, of the Geological Survey. It involves re-
connaissance topographic work and careful studies of ground- water
levels, of the costs of recovery by pumping, of the chemical character
of the ground waters and of the soils, and of other facts bearing gen-
erally on the problems of irrigation by means of underground waters.
The preparation of a report embodying the results of this research is
well advanced toward completion at the close of the fiscal year.
At the beginning of the year a small allotment was made through
the geologic branch to N. H. Darton to enable him to procure results
that can be embodied in a water-supply paper on the area about
Deming, N. Mex. This work was extended southward from Deming
to a point within 15 or 20 miles of the Mexican border, but was not
completed during the fiscal year. An additional small allotment will
be made during the year 1911-12 to permit the completion of this
work.
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WORK OF THE YEAH — WATEB-RESOUECES BRANCH. 369
The report on the underground waters of Iowa, the preparation of
which, in cooperation with the State Survey, has been under way for
some time, was received hi rougli draft late in the fiscal year, and at
its close is undergoing revision. Direct supervision over this report
has been exercised by Prof. W. H. Norton, of Mount Vernon, Iowa,
and the document will be issued as the joint product of the State and
Federal surveys.
A similar report on the geology and water resources of Minnesota,
submitted for publication during the previous fiscal year, has been
advanced through the various stages of editorial revision and publica-
tion, and was issued just before the close of the present fiscal year.
C, H. Gordon, of Knoxville, Tenn., completed the rough draft of
his report on the geology and underground waters of the Wichita
region of north-central Texas during the year, and submitted it for
revision and comment. This completes the series of reports that have
been prepared for the Survey by Prof. Gordon,
The special investigations undertaken for the Office of Indian
Affairs in the Moqui and Navajo reservations in Arizona have been
carried out by Prof. H. E. Gregory, of the Survey staff and of Yale
University. The results of these studies are not prepared for publi-
cation, but are presented in the form of manuscript reports intended
to serve as practical guides to engineers and agents of the Indian
Office. These manuscripts are transmitted directly to the Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs for his information.
A study of the quality of the surface waters of Washington, com-
menced in 1909, has been completed in cooperation with the Wash-
ington State Board of Health as one of a series of reports dealing
specifically with the quality of the surface waters of the United States.
The chemical laboratory for which quarters were courteously fur-
nished by the University of Washington has been discontinued and a
report on the work, to be published as a water-supply paper, is being
prepared by Walton Van Winkle, who was in direct charge of the
investigations for the Survey. Samples of water were collected daily
for a year from the principal rivei^ of Washington at 17 stations and
were united in sets of convenient number; the composites thus ob-
tained were subjected to mineral analysis. In addition, determina-
tions of turbidity, color, and alkalinity were made daily on several
streams, and samples were also collected daily for six months at
Albany, Oreg., from Willamette River, one of the largest tributaries
of the Columbia. The results of these examinations as presented in
Mr. Van Winkle's report furnish definite, reliable information re-
garding the chemical composition of the surface waters of Washing-
ton, the changes to which they are subject, and their availability as
domestic and industrial supplies and for irrigation. Coupled with
11856'— IHT 1911— VOL 1 24
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
370 THIRTY-SECOND EEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
other observations that have been made they supply means for esti-
mating the rate of chemical denudation in the State and the condi-
tioning effect of the geologic structure of the region.
In addition to the investigations outlined above, a large amount of
miscellaneous work has been performed by the division during the
year. B. B. Dole, for example, in addition to the California work
for which he is directly responsible, has maintained general super-
vision over investigations of the quality of water in different parts
of the United States and has revised chapters on the chemistry of
water in all reports that have been submitted for publication. More
or less of the energy of the division has been absorbed in making en-
larged-hcMnestead designations under the authority of the act of
February 3, 1909, and in preparing reports on lists presented by the
public-land States for segregation under the Carey Act. The results
of work of this type have been presented through the land-classifica-
tion board in the geologic branch.
DIVISION OF WATER UTILIZATION.
SCOPE OF THE WOUL
The work of the water-resources branch includes the investigaticMi
of power sites and other matters on the public lands ; the investiga-
tion of water powers, floods, and river profiles, and the preparation
of reports thereon for publication ; the investigation of the run-off of
rivers that drain lands proposed by the Secretary of Agriculture for
purchase as national forests, and the interpretation of the data ob-
tained to determine whether or not the control of such lands would
promote or protect navigation.
WATES-POWEB SITES.
A statement of the lands recommended either for withdrawal or
for restoration for water-power sites, with all similar matters in
connection therewith, such as reports on applications for right of
way, enlarged-homestead designations, and Carey Act segregations,
is given in detail in the report of the land-classification board.
During 1910 areas aggregating over 050,000 acres not previously
examined were investigated by engineers of the water-resources
branch in connection with water-power withdrawals.
The work of preparing reports on water-power sites and collateral
matters is done in conformity with that portion of the sundry civil
appropriation act providing for the preparation of " reports on the
best methods of utilizing the water resources."
AoaxrisiTiov of lakdb.
Just before the close of the fiscal year investigations of stream
flow were made in the White Mountain region of Ne^ Hampshire
igitized by vJiO^
WOBK OF THE YEAR — PUBLICATION BRANCH. 371
to determine the relation of forest cover to stream flow. This region
has been designated by the Secretary of Agriculture fot purchase
as a national forest, and the examination is being made in accordance
with the requirements of the Weeks Act.
PUBLICATION BBANCH.
BOOK-PUBLICATION DIVISION.
8ECTI0K OF TEXTS.
The publications of the year consisted of 1 annual report, 2 pro-
fessional papers, 33 bulletins, 23 advance chapters from 5 bulletins,
16 water-supply papers, 64 advance chapters from the annual report
on mineral resources for 1909, 7 advance chapters from the annual
report on mineral resources for 1910, 5 geologic folios, 43 press bul-
letins, and a number of pamphlets. These publications were the
Thirty-first Annual Report; Professional Papers 68 and 72; Bulle-
tins 381 (published also in 4 advance chapters), 425 to 427, inclusive,
429, 430 (published also in 10 advance chapters), 431 (published also
in 2 advance chapters), 432 to 447, inclusive, 449, 452, 453, 457, 459
to 463, inclusive, 465, and 7 separates from 470; Water-Supply
Papers 237, 240, 246, 251, 253 to 258, inclusive, 260, 262 to 265, in-
clusive, and 270; 54 (all) advance chapters from Mineral Resources
for 1909; 7 advance chapters from Mineral Resources for 1910; 5
geologic folios (published in folio and octavo form) ; a list of pub-
lications; a list of topographic maps and folios and geologic folios;
" Regulations and instructions of the United States Geological Sur-
vey; " a chart showing mineral products of the United States, 1900-
1909 ; a chart showing production of coal in the United States from
1814 ; and Press Bulletins 428 to 458, inclusive, and new series 1 to 7,
inclusive (also 5 special issues). Titles and summaries of the publi-
cations of the regular series are given on pages 22-35.
The total number of printed pages in these publications was
13,566 ; the publications of the previous year comprised 12,855 pages.
During the year 40,648 pages of manuscript were edited and pre-
pared for printing, and proof sheets for 17,417 final printed pages
were read and corrected, this work involving the handling of 5,787
galley proofs and 32,706 page proofs. The corresponding figures
for 1909-10 were 29,057 pages of manuscript, 12,517 final printed
pages, 4,893 galley proofs, and 28,005 page proofs. Indexes were
prepared for 74 publications, covering 14,400 pages; the figures for
the previous year were 56 publications and 10,782 pages.
The press bulletin was prepared in this section until April 1, 1911.
The copy and proofs of all account and record books and blanks,
circulars, office cards, etc., are examined in this section. This work
consumes a large part of the time of one person, but it is not prac-
ticable to report the amount statistically. ^ ,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
372 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The division of mineral resources, the water-resources branch, and
the library rendered special assistance in copy preparing and proof
reading.
At the close of the year the personnel of the section consisted of
the editor, the assistant editor, 4 editorial clerks, and 1 stenographer
and typewriter.
SECTION OF ILLU8TBATI0V8.
During the year 3,990 illustrations were prepared and most of
them were transmitted, to accompany 39 bulletins, 24 water-supply
papers, 5 professional papers, 1 annual report, and 1 report on
mineral resources. These illustrations included 267 maps, 1,119
diagrams, 1,720 paleontologic drawings, 4 landscape drawings, 587
photographs retouched, and 234 miscellaneous pieces.
The section received and compared critically 2,379 proofs, as well
as all contract-printed inserts delivered at the Government Printing
Office.
The number of electrotypes furnished to outside applicants was
157.
At the close of the year material for the illustration of 29 reports
was on hand, 17 being from 50 to 90 per cent completed.
The personnel of the section consisted of 10 draftsmen (including
the draftsman in charge) and 1 copyist clerk.
SECTION OF OEOLOOIC MAPS.
Twenty -two folios have been in hand in various stages during the
year. Five folios (Nos. 172 and 174 to 177, inclusive), which are
listed and described on pages 34-35, were published. The Foxburg-
Clarion, Pawpaw-Hancock, Claysville, and Bismarck folios were
completed with the exception of the printing of the descriptive text,
and the maps of the Raritan, Choptank, and Llano-Burnet folios
were nearly finished. The engraving of the EUijay, Murphysboro-
Herrin, and Kenova folios was begun. The Springfield-Tallula,
Apishapa, and Colorado Springs folios were received for publication
and the maps were in part prepared for engraving. Some editorial
revision has been done on the San Francisco, Galatia, and other folio
maps. The list of folios in course of publication and in preparation
for publication, arranged in the order of progress, is as follows:
Kenova, Ky.-Ohio-W. Va.
Apishapa, Colo.
Philipsburg, Mont
Ellijay, Ga.-N. C.-Tenn.
Belleville-Breese, 111.
Springfield-Tallula, 111.
Barnesboro-Patton, Pa.
Foxburg-Clarion, Pa. (No. 178).
Pawpaw-Hancock, W. Va.-Md.-Pa. (No.
179).
Claysville, Pa.
Bismarck, N. Dak.
Llano-Burnet, Tex.
Choptank, Md.
Rarltan, N. J.
Morphysboro-Herrin, 111.
Eureka Springs-Harrison, Ark.
Colorado Springs, Colo.^-^ ,
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WORK OP THE YEAR — PUBLlCAtlON BRANCH. 373
The geologic map of North America was edited and proof read,
and three of the four sheets comprising it were printed. The sheet
for the southeast quarter is in press and the edition will soon be com-
pleted. This is the largest map ever issued by the Geological Survey.
Twelve colors are used to represent the geology, in addition to the
two colors of the base, and the map is an effective piece of litho-
graphic work. It also supplies a long-existing demand for a geologic
wall map of the United States that is accurate as to detail within the
scale of the map and that represents the true state of geologic
knowledge.
8E0TX0V OF TOPOGRAPHIO MAPS.
At the beginning of the year 97 atlas sheets and special maps were
on hand for publication^ and the accessions during the year were
140 — a total of 237 maps, of which 23 are fractional atlas sheets that
average about 50 per cent completed. The following statement shows
the status of these 237 maps on June 30, 1911, and the similar record
on June 30, 1910:
status of work on tnapn, June 30, 1010, and June 30, 1911.
1911
1910
Pabllahed durinf? the year ' 86
93
In prooRss of engraving. . . . . . 56
- 67
Nnttl^kAniip. i ^
40
The manuscripts edited during the year comprise 88 new topo-
graphic atlas sheets and special maps prepared for engraving and 3
maps prepared for photolithography ; corrections for 205 sheets here-
tofore published; G maps published under contract; parts of sheets
K 15, 1 17, J 17, K 16, and K 17 of the millionth scale map; and 199
map illustrations which are or will be included in 39 survey reports.
The proof read comprises 7G new atlas sheets and special maps, cor-
rections to 55 old ones, and 16 maps published under contract.
A new edition of the topographic and geologic index map of the
United States was prepared, proof read, and published. All but one
of the 21 circulars of the series 9-523 were revised and reprinted
during the year. The conventional signs adopted by the committee
on unification representing the map-making bureaus of the Govern-
ment were arranged and prepared for publication on one sheet.
The lists of topographic maps were revised to date and proof read
for a new edition of the pamphlet " Topographic maps and folios and
geologic folios."
Five men were engaged in the work of this section during the year.
SECTION OF DISTKIBUTIOK.
The section of distribution received during the year 136 new books,
5 folios, 80 new maps, 11 revised maps (4 of which were the resiUts
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S74 THIKTY-SECOND REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
of resurveys), 3 photolithographs, and 135 reprints of maps, a total
of 370 publications. The total of all editions received was 498,886
books, 20,490 geologic folios, and 698,878 maps, a grand total of
1,218,254.
Reprints of the following publications were delivered to the Survey
during the fiscal year: Bulletins 398, 406^ 421, 424, and 431-A;
Water-Supply Papers 165, 167, 168, 175, 177, 180, 238, 239, 253, 255
(two reprints), and 260; Mineral Resources of the United States,
calendar year 1908, Parts I and II ; and two advance chapters from.
Mineral Resources for 1909, namely, " The production of gold and
pilver in 1909 " and " Petroleum operators' statistics of petroleum
production."
During the year 488,930 books, 34,117 geologic and topographic
folios, and 684,129 maps (including 517,777 sold), a total of 1,208,176,
were distributed.
The total amount received and turned into the Treasury as the
result of sales of publications was $21,583.55 ($19,230.20 of which was
derived from the sale of topographic and geologic maps), an increase
of $381 over -the amount received in the fiscal year 1909-10.
Fifteen persons were engaged in the work of this section.
DIVISION OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING.
MAPS, FOLIOS, AKD XLLUBT&ATIOHB.
During the year ending June 30, 1911, 8G topographic atlas sheets
and special maps were published, and at the end of the year 56 sheets
were in various stages of progress toward publication. Besides the
engraved maps, sheets Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Willamette Valley, Oreg.,
were photolithographed and published.
Corrections were engraved on the plates of 192 maps hitherto
published. Editions of 231 maps were printed and delivered to the
map room. This includes new sheets (engraved and lithographed)
and reprints.
Five geologic folios were published, three of them in two forms,
and 20,490 copies of seven different folios were printed and delivered.
Six geologic folios were in press at the close of the year and four
others had been partly completed.
Under contracts with the Government Printing Office, awarded
on competitive bids, illustrations were printed for the following
survey publications: Monograph LII; Bulletins 91, 108, 234, 239,
381, 398, 406, 430, 431, 435, 438, 440, 443, 445, 447, 448, 450, 452, 454,
456; Professional Papers 70, 71, 75; Water-Supply Papers 240, 275;
Mineral Resources, 1909; Thirty-first Annual Report of Director.
For the Government Printing Office also the following items
were printed and delivered : Illustrations for the American Ephem-
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WOBK OF THE TEAB — PUBLICATION BBANGH. 375
eris and Nautical Almanac, Annual Report Chief of Engineers
United States Army, Annual Report Commissioner of Indian Af-
fairs, Annual Report Superintendent of Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey, Annual Report Isthmian Canal Commission, Annual Report
Superintendent Yosemite National Park, Twenty-second Annual
Report on the Statistics of Railways, eight Senate and House docu-
ments. Annual Report Superintendent Crater Lake National Park,
Annual Report Governor of Alaska, Annual Report Governor of
Arizona, Annual Report Commissioner of Corporations, Annual
Report Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution, Third Annual
Report Superintendent Block and Train Signal Board.
The following work was done for other Government departments
and bureaus: For the Forest Service, maps of 13 national forests,
index map of the national forests of the United States, and map of
North America showing natural forest regions; for the General
Land Office, 964 township plats; for the Department of the Interior,
maps of 2 national parks, 2 national monuments, 1 bird reservation,
and IQ homestead maps of States and Territories ; for the Reclama-
tion Service, a large amount of miscellaneous work; for the Bio-
logical Survey, 3 maps of North America. Work was also done
for the War Department, Navy Department, Department of State,
Department of Justice, Department of Agriculture, Department
of Commerce and Labor, Office of Indian Affairs, Isthmian Canal
Commission, Bureau of Mines, Hydrographic Office, International
Boundary Commission, Weather Bureau, Interstate Commerce
Commission, Treasury Department, Army Service Schools, Tariff
Board, and the District of Columbia. This work for other branches
of the Government amounted to about $48,000, for which the divi-
sion was reimbursed by transfer of credit on the books of the United
States Treasury.
Of contract and miscellaneous printing of all kinds the total
number of copies delivered was nearly 2,000,000 and required more
than 4,500,000 printings. The total number of copies printed, in-
cluding topographic maps and geologic folios, was 2,555,230, requir-
ing nearly 8,000,000 impressions. On requisition of the Government
Printing Office 351 transfer impressions were made and shipped to
contracting printers.
IirSTKXrifEKT SHOP.
The work of the instrument shop consisted of repairing survey-
ing, drafting, engraving, stream-gaging, and other instruments and
making copper plates and electrotypes. More than 1,200 repairs
and overhauls were made, 79,755 square inches of new copper
plates were made and 954 square inches were resurfaced, and 10,710
square inches of electrotypes were made.
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376 THIBTY-SECOND BEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL StTRVEY.
PHOTOGSA.PHXO LABORATO&T.
The output of the photographic laboratory included 16,004 nega-
tives, of which 11,603 were dry, 3,342 were wet, and 1,059 were
paper; and 40,748 prints, of which 16,331 were maps and diagrams
and 24,417 were photographs for illustrations.
ADMINISTBATIVE BRANCH.
EXECUTTVB DIVISION.
The work in the executive division was of the same scope as in
other years, except for the transfer of the administrative bookkeeper
to the division of disbursements and accounts. Considerable time
was given by the chief of the division and two clerks to reports on
various subjects for the use of the President's Commission on Econ-
omy and Efficiency. A special file of these reports and of the corre-
spondence relating to them is maintained.
In many items the work performed by the division shows increase,
in spite of the separation of the Bureau of Mines from the Greological
Survey. The decreases mentioned below are due in large part to
that separation.
MaiU^ -files^ and records. — ^During the year 134,386 pieces of incom-
ing mail were handled in this division, an increase of 1 per cent over
the number handled in the preceding fiscal year. Of this number
2,590 were registered, which is an increase of slightly more than
10 per cent over the preceding year. This number does not include
the pieces of mail distributed unopened to the several branches, di-
visions, sections, and individuals in the Survey. Since March 1 a
record of mail distributed unopened has been kept, and the number
of pieces of such mail handled during the four months was 99,158.
Of the letters opened in this division, 26,076 contained remittances
for Survey publications, a slight increase over the number of similar
letters received during the last fiscal year, but the amount of money
received, $23,790.18, is $68.68 less thah last year.
The recording, referring, and filing of correspondence required
the services of 5 clerks throughout the year. The number of letters
mailed through the division was 92,126, an increase of about 8 per
cent. Of this number 20,951 were registered, which is an increase
of 73 per cent.
Personnel. — ^The roll of those holding Secretary's appointments
numbered at the close of the fiscal year 862 persons, compared with
958 at the close of the fiscal year 1909-10. The total number of
changes in the personnel for the year Tvas 1,119, which included
original appointments, separations, promotions, extensions, and
changes of status of every description. Of these, 275 were new ap-
pointments, 370 were separations (including 53 transfers to the
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WORK OP THE YEAR — ^ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH. 377
Bureau of Standards and 140 transfers to the Bureau of Mines,
organized July 1, 1910) , 375 were promotions, and 6 were reductions.
During the year 12,794 days of annual leave and 3,396 days of
sick leave were granted, being about 68 per cent of the amount of
annual leave and 18 per cent of the amount of sick leave which it is
permissible to grant under the law ; also 3,239 days of leave without
pay. In addition to the above there were 203 transfers to State pay
rolls in cooperative work.
Property. — An inventory of nonexpendable property in Washing-
ton was submitted to the department at the close of the calendar year
1910.
Express and freight. — During the year 4,009 pieces of freight and
express were handled, of which 1,427 were outgoing and 2,582 were
incoming. This w^as a decrease of 10 per cent in the number of
pieces handled. There were 451 transportation accounts checked, a
decrease of about 20 per cent.
A change was made in the method of recording express and freight
shipments so as to segregate the outstanding transportation accounts
in the card record. Except for the rearrangement of the cards, which
has been completed, this involved no additional clerical work, and it
facilitates the checking of transportation accounts.
Pyrchase and distribution of supplies. — ^The purchase and distribu-
tion of supplies, which includes the work of procuring bids, issuing
orders, and preparing vouchers covering all purchases in open mar-
ket, required the services of 3 persons. The number of requisitions
handled was 2,157, an increase of more than 7 per cent.
Stationery. — ^There were 7,148 requisitions filled from stock in the
stationery room. The requisitions drawn on the department num-
bered 330 for miscellaneous supplies, 184 for stationery, and 430 for
printing. These figures show an increase over those for 1910, except
in requisitions for stationery and printing drawn on the department,
and the decrease in those items is accounted for by the fact that the
requisitions called for larger quantities than those drawn in previous
years.
During the last half of the year the work of the stationery room
has been reorganized. A simple but effective system of records has
been established, including a stock record which shows at all times
the condition of stock on hand and a file of requisitions by branches
and divisions. Several new forms have also been issued, including
invoices to accompany shipments of stationery supplies to the field
and orders to indicate shortage of supplies which are out of stock.
On account of assignments to other work, illness, and other causes the
force in the stationery room has varied during the year, but it
normally consists of 4 men, including the clerk in charge of the prop-
erty records.
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S78
THIBTY-SECONi) KBPOBT OF GEOLOGICAL SUKVfil?.
DIVISION or DISBURSEMENTS AND ACCOUNTS.
A condensed statement covering the financial transactions of the
fiscal year is given below :
Amounia appropriated for and expended hy the United States Oeological Bur*
vey pertaining to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911,
Title of appropriation.
Salaries, offloe of the Director
Salaries, scientific assistants
Skilled laborers; etc
Topographic surveys
Oeologic surveys
Mineral resources of Alaska
Chemical and physical researches
Preparation of illustrations
Mineral resources of the United States .
Gaging streams, etc
Books for the library
Oeologic maps of the United States
Surveying national forests
Appropria*
134,860.00
29,000.00
20,000.00
350,000.00
300,000.00
90,000.00
20,000.00
18,280.00
75,000.00
150,000.00
2,000.00
100.000.00
75,000.00
Repay-
ments.
95,735.14
53,818.73
33,021.88
18.20
65.60
23,944.69
64, 166. 75
80.55
Available.
$34,800.00
29,900.00
20.000.00
355,735.14
353,818.73
123,021.88
20,018.20
18,280.00
75,065.60
173.944.69
2,000.00
154, 166. 75
75,069.55
Disburse-
ments.
Balance.
S34,501.96
29.899.90
19,968.64
354,211.13
348,694.85
122.801.91
19,911.28
18,250.67
74,235.26
172,853.95
991.20
144,294.03
73,560.35
1,265,040.00
170,800.54
1,435,900.64
1,414,285.24
t268.Q2
.10
11.36
1.524.01
6,123.88
219.97
106.92
29.33
830.34
1,090.74
1,006.71
0,872.72
1,529.20
21,615.30
The following table gives the classified net expenditures by the Sur-
vey for the fiscal year, the repayments shown in the preceding table
having been deducted :
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W6BK OP THE YEAB — ^ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH.
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380 THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
LIBRARY.
The library has received during the year, by purchase and exchange,
11,388 books and pamphlets and 875 maps, some of which are of
temporary value only and will not be recorded as accessions to the
permanent collection. The exchanges received during the year were
ilotably valuable. A careful estimate shows that the library now
contains 86,000 books, 100,000 pamphlets, and about 100,000 maps.
Accessions are restricted as closely as possible to publications tliat
consider subjects within the scope of the Survey's work and that
will probably be of permanent value. Publications on other scientific
subjects are transferred to the Library of Congress. Notwithstand-
ing the efforts to confine the increase to the narrowest limits con-
sistent with usefulness, the need of additional shelf room is now
urgent!
The number of persons consulting the library during the year was
7,873, and 10,326 books and 521 maps were loaned for use outside.
Of the current receipts all material which is unquestionably of per-
manent value to the library is promptly recorded by full titles in the
author and subject catalogues. Other material is recorded in briefer
manner, classed, and slielyed where it is available for use. During
the year 5,812 volumes and 631 maps were catalogued.
Additions to the card catalogue during the year numbered 6,976.
The Survey continues to furnish to the Library of Congress for prints
ing on its cards the catalogue entries of geologic publications; of these
entries 733 were supplied during the year.
The correspondence consisted of 4,528 letters received and 3,495
letters written and related largely to the exchange of publications.
The demand for the publications of the survey is very active in the
educational and scientific institutions throughout the world which
have departments of geology or are interested in the subjects cov-
ered by the reports. The list of institutions to which full sets are dis-
tributed now numbers 355 in the United States and 582 in foreign
countries, a total of 937. Publications that are of value to the library
are received in exchange from most of the institutions on this list.
The authorized distribution of the Survey publications from the
office of the superintendent of documents. Government Printing
Office, supplies public and school libraries and other institutions
which have no exchange agreements with the Survey, and duplication
of distribution is carefully avoided. To Rn additional list of 508
persons and institutions, domestic and foreign, selected publications
are furnished in return for certain of their own publications supplied
to the library. The gratuitous distribution of the topographic sheets
to libraries is now practically up to the authorized number — 500.
The geologic folios are furnished to 375 libraries, in addition to the
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WORK OF THE YEAR — ^ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH. 381
depository libraries, which receive the folios from the superintendent
of documents. Government Printing Office.
The bibliography of North American geology for 1909 was com-
pleted and issued as Bulletin 444. It contained 1,305 author entries,
an increase of 90 over the volume for 1908. The bibliography for
1910, with 1,410 author entries, will be ready for the printer in July,
and will be published as Bulletin 495. A part of the time of the
assistant librarian has been devoted to the preparation of indexes and
of data to be incorporated in Professional Paper 71 (" Index to the
stratigraphy of North America ") .
The personnel of the library consisted of the librarian, the assist-
ant librarian, 2 cataloguers, and 3 other persons.
A fire in the store directly under the Survey library on Sunday
afternoon, July 31, 1910, greatly endangered the library. For-
tunately no books were destroyed, but the bindings of 200 or more
were seriously damaged.
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU
OF MINES.
383
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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF MINES.
Joseph A. Holmes, Director.
ESTABUSHMENT OF THE BUKEAU OF MINES.
The Bureau of Mines was established by an act of Congress (86
Stat, 369) approved May 16, 1910, and erfeotive July 1, 1910, The
demand for special recognition and aid from the Federal Government
for the mining industry had been increasing for a number of years,
especially among the metal-mining interests m the Western States, ana
from time to time bills looking to the creation of a national bureau
or department of mines had feen introduced in Congress by repre-
sentatives of those States. At the time of the passage of the act
establishing the bureau, however, the factors that were most effective
in calling attention to the advisability of action by the (Government
were disasters in coal mines and a growing realization of the waste
of both life and resources in the varied mining and metallurgical
industries of this country.
ORGANIC ACT.
The act establishing the bureau reads as follows :
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled. That there is hereby estabUshed in the
Department of the Interior a bureau, to be called the Bureau of Mines, and a
director of said bureau, who shall be thoroughly equipped for the duties of
said office by technical education and experience and who shall be appointed
by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who
shall receive a salary of six thousand dollars per annum ; and there shall also
be in the said bureau such experts and other employees as may from time to
time be authorized by Ck>ngre8B.
Sec. 2. That it shall be the province and duty of said bureau and its director,
under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, to make diligent investi-
gation of the methods of mining, especially in relation to the safety of miners,
and the appliances best adapted to prevent accidents, the possible Improvement
of conditions under which mining operations are carried on, the treatment of
ores and other mineral substances, the use of explosives and electricity, the
prevention of accidents, and other inquiries and technologic investigations
pertinent to said industries, and from time to time make such public reports
of the work, investigations, and information obtained as the Secretary of said
department may direct, with the recommendations of such bureau.
Seo. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall provide the said bureau with
furnished offices in the city of Washington, with such books, records, stationery,
and appliances, and such assistants, clerks, stenographers, typewriters, and
other employees as may be necessary for the pcoper discharge of the duties
Imposed by this Act upon such bureau, fixing the compensation of such clerks
and employees within appropriations made for that purpose.
Seo. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to transfer to
the Bureau of Mines from the United States Geological Survey the supervision
of the investigation of structural materials and the analyzing and testing of
coals, lignites, and* other mineral fuel substances and the Investigation as to
the causes of mine explosions; and the appropriations made for such investi-
gations may be expended under the supervision of the Director of the Bureau
11386--INT 19U-yoL 1 25 ,.g,„^, .^ G{?fogle
386 ANNUAL, BBPOBT DIBBCTOE BUREAU OF MINES.
of Mines in manner as if the same were so directed in the appropriations Acts :
and such investigations shall hereafter be within the province of the Bureau of
Mines, and shall cease and determine under the organization of the United
States Geological Survey; and such experts, employees, property, and equip-
ment as are now employed or used by the Geological Survey in connection with
the subjects herewith transferred to the Bureau of Mines are directed to be
transferred to said bureau.
Seo. 6. That nothing in this Act shall be construed as in any way granting to
any officer or employee of the Bureau of Mines any right or authority in con-
nection with the inspection or supervision of mines or metallurgical plants in
any State.
Ssa 6. This Act shall take effect and be in force on and after the first day of
July, nhieteen hundred and- ten.
The above act was subsequently amended by a clause in the act
making appropriations for tne sundry civil expenses of the Govern-
ment for the fiscal year 1911. This clause states :
" So much of the Act establishing a Bureau of Mines, approved Biay sixteenth,
nineteen hundred and ten, as transfers to said bureau the supervision of the
investigations of structural materials and equipment therefor is repealed.*'
Another clause in the same act authorized the Bureau of Standards,
of the Department of Commerce and Labor, to continue the investiga-
tion of structural materials belonging to or for the use of the United
States.
AIM AND PURPOSE OF THE BUREAU.
The general aim and purpose of the inquiries and investigations
made by the bureau under the terms of the organic act are to increase
health, safety, economy, and efficiency in the mining, quarrying,
metallurgical, and miscellaneous mineral industries of the country.
SITUATION OF BUIIiDINGS.
The headquarters of the Bureau of Mines are in the city of Wash-
ington, at Eighth and G Streets NW., where the administrative
work and certain technologic investigations are conducted. The
mining experiment station is in the city of Pittsburgh, Pa., at
Fortieth and Butler Streets, on the Government reservation known
aa the Pittsburgh supply depot and under the control of the Quarter-
master's Department of the Army. The station is temporarily housed
in building on these grounds^ under an agreement between the Sec-
retary of War and the Secretary of the Interior. At the Pittsburgh
station the principal investigations and technologic inquiries of the
bureau are carried on. The bureau also has a small laboratory in
the customhouse building, in San Francisco, Cal., for the investiga-
tion of fuel oils for the use of the Government and of injuries to the
national forests from smelter fumes. ^ It also operates six mine-safety
stations and seven mine-safety or mine-rescue cars, the stations and
cars being distributed one in each of the principal coal fields of the
country.
GBOinrDS AND BUTLBINGS IN FirTSBTrBGH.
A general plan of the grounds and buildings occupied by the ex-
periment station in Pittsburgh is shown in figure 1.
The large chemical laboratories of the bureau are housed in build-
ing No. 21, immediately above Butler Street, and the rest of the "woA
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OBOAKIZATION.
387
is carried on in buildings below or south of Butler Street, adjacent to
the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the banks of the Allegheny
Biver. A spur from the Pennsylvania Railroad leads into the
grounds. A small building (Na 9) is used for general offices; a
part of a larger building (No. 10) is used for technical offices and for
mvestigations of electricity in its applications to mining. The lareer
portion of this building was assigned by the Secretary of War to Qie
Secretary of the Interior, but is temporarily occupied by equipment
for the testing of structural materials under the Bureau of Stand-
ards of the Department of Commerce and Labor. The fuels-testing
laboratories and power plant are in building No. 18, as are also the
storeroom, car[)enter shop, and machine 8hop& Another small build-
ing (No. 17) is occupiea by equipment for testing explosives and
mme-rescue work.
During the year one-half of the first floor of building No. 21,
which the Quartermaster's Department continued to occupy for stor-
i
^'^^"'*' ' .^'i
h—^
1
PxocRV 1. — General plan of grounds and buildings. Pittsburgh experiment station.
9. General offices ; 10, electrical tests ; 13, fuel engineering tests ; 17. explosives, belmet,
and safety-lamp tests; A, gas and coal-dust gallery No. 1; B, gas and coal-dust gallery
No. 2; 21, chemical and physical laboratories.
age, was turned over to the Bureau of Mines and was divided into
various rooms, provided with heat, light, and plumbing, for occu-
pancjy in part as offices, but largely as a library, chemical laboratories,
and instrument-making shops.
ORGANIZATION.
The act creating the Bureau of Mines became effective July 1, 1910.
Under section 4 of this act employees of the technologic branch of the
United States Geological Survey who had been associated with the
investigations of fuels and of mine explosions were transferred to the
Bureau of Mines. An executive order of that date made provision
for the organization of the various investigations by designating the
Director of the United States Geological Survey as Acting Director
of the Bureau of Mines, pending the appointment of a director. The
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388 ANNUAL BBPOBT DIBSOTOB BTTBBAU OF MINBa.
present chief derk and administratiye assistant, Yan« IL Manning,
was appointed July 20^ and on September 8, 1910, Joseph A. Holmes,
who was previously m charge of the technologic branch of the
Geological Survey, was appointed director.
On October 1, 1910, H. M. Wilson was designated engineer in
charge of the Pittsburgh experiment station, with authority to super-
vise^ the technologic inquiries and investigations under way at that
station; and in March, 1911, F. E. McCalip was appointed special
disbursing a^ent for duty at Pittsburgh.
The investigations carried on by the Bureau of Mines under the
terms of the org[anic act are separated into three groups, as follows :
Mine-accidents investigations, fuel investigations, and other tech-
nologic investigations. For convenience of administration, all the
work relating to mine accidents and mining technology was organ-
ized as the mine-accidents division of the bureau, and that relatii^ to
fuels was organized as the fuel division.
UIIGENT NEEDS OF THE BUBEAU.
The work of the Bureau of Mines was initiated in 1904, more
than seven years ago, under the Geological Survey. The reorganiza-
tion of this work under the Bureau of Mines is more recent — July
1, 1910.
The bureau was created because of a general desire for the exten-
sion of this work into metal mining and other new fields, and also for
the enlargement of the mine-accidents and fuel investigations already
under way; this is shown by the fact that the demands now being
made on the bureau by both the Government and the general public
are such as might be expected in the case of a bureau of much longer
activity and larger income.
These demands are the more embarrassing for the reason that they
relate largely to the saving of the lives of miners; and the funds at
the disposal of the new bureau for investigative purposes, instead of
increasing, in accord with the experience of other bureaus, are actu-
ally less to-day than they were for the technologic work under the
Geological Survey three years a^. As a result, in the educational
work — the mine-rescue and first-aid demonstrations — ^the funds at the
disposal of the bureau would not have been sufficient for continuous
operation of the seven mine-safety cars and the cars would have
been necessarily placed on their sidings for two months each and
their work discontinued for this pericd but for the lateness in the
season (November) when their work was inaugurated. Meanwhile,
in the effort to keep this safety work advancing, there has been a
curtailment of other technologic investigations already under way.
MOKE ADEQUATE BUILDINQS, GBOUNDS, AND EQUIPMENT.
The buildings in Pittsburgh now occupied as offices and laboratories
by the en^neers and chemists of the Bureau of Mines are inadequate
and unsuitable for these uses. They were constructed for arsenal
and warehouse purposes more than half a century ago ; and the space
available is only a small part of that needed now for the work of
the bureau. Furthermore, even these inadequate building and the
grounds in which they stand are occupied by the permission of the
War Department, and that department has asked that the buildings
URGENT NEEDS OF THE BUBEAU. 389
be vacated bytl^© Bureau of Mines in order that tiiev may be used
a^ain by the War Department for its own purposes. Other and more
adequate provision for the work of the bureau in both grounds and
buildings should be made in order that the important investigations
already authorized can be conducted under conditions such as will
permit efficient work and conclusive results.
For much of the work of the bureau the equipment now in use is
as inadequate as are the buildings and pounds. This is true both as,
to the fuel investigations inaugurated m 1904:, for which new equip-
ment is now essential; and to the mine-accidents division in which
from lack of adequate equipment the mine-rescue work is curtailed
and from the lack of any suitable equipment important phases of it
can not be satisfactorily undertaken.
MINE-BESGinB AND PIBST-AID WORK.
There is need of sufficient funds for the continuous operation of the
seven mine-safety cars now in service, and for the purchase, equip-
ment, and maintenance in continuous service of two additional cars.
Every effort has been made to operate the cars on the most economi-
cal basis consistent with efficient service^ and the strictest economy
has been i>racticed in the care and mamtenance of the six mine-
rescue stations; but notwithstanding this fact, and the additional
fact of the free transport^ of these mine-safety cars by the railway
companies, the cost or their maintenance and operation has exceeded
the estimates because of the unexpectedly high cost of the work of
training miners. It has been possible to operate the cars to the end
of the fiscal year now imder discussion for the reason that the opera-
tion of the cars did not becin until October and November, when the
fiscal year was already well advanced.
There are more than 700,000 coal miners, connected with some 15,000
mines, from which 500,000,000 tons of coal is now produced yearly.
It is expected that ultimately the mine-rescue and first-aid work will
be taken care of locally through the training and organization of
miners at each of the larger mines or OToups of mines in the dif-
ferent coal fields, and that this work will then be supported entirely
by the coal-mining companies. The work undertaken oy the Bureau
of Mines is pioneer educational work, temporary in character. It
has for its chief purpose the training of a sufficient number of miners
in different parts of the country in first-aid, mine-rescue, and fire-
fighting methods, so that they may be easily organized into local
groups, or corps-so distributed as to be easily accessible to all of the
larger mines. During the year more than 50,000 miners have
attended the lectures and demonstrations given from these mine-
safety cars, and nearly a thousand miners received full training,
sufficient to enable them to participate in active mine-rescue work.
Using the experience of the year now under consideration (1911) as a
basis, it is easy to determine that the appropriation available for 1912
would not be sufficient for the maintenance of the available rescue
cars and stations during more than nine months of the year. For
this reason it was recommended that the appropriation for mine acci-
dents and technologic work be increased from $310,000 to $360,000
for the year 1913.
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ANNUAL BBPOBT DIBECTOE BTTBBAU OF MIlifBS.
THE INVESTIGATIONS 07 HINE ACCIDENTS SHOTTLB BE EX-
TENDED.
Thus far the coal-mine accidents investigations have had to do
largely with the causes and prevention of coal-mine explosions, and
they have made decided progress along these lines. Yet one-half of
the fatalities in coal mines result from &lls of roof, falls of coal,
and accidents connected with the hauling and hoisting of coal. From
these combined causes more than 1,500 men are killed yearly, in the
coal mines of this country, and yet the Bureau of Mines has not had
sufficient funds at its disposal to render possible any careful investi-
gations concerning the specific causes of, and methods of preventing,
mine accidents from these sources.
Furthermore, the mine-accidents investigations should be extended
to include the metal-mining, quarrving, and metallurgical industries.
The inquiries of the bureau should be made to include more com-
plete and reliable data concerning the character and number of acci-
dents, as well as the methods of prevention, in all branches of the
mining industry, including both coal mining and metal mining, and
in metallurgical and miscellaneous mineral industries.
The following table shows the number of fatal accidents in the
United States for each 1,000 men employed as compared with the
number of fatal accidents occurring in the coal mines of other
countries :
Numher of men kUled each year per 1,000 em/ployed in coal mines of various
countries.
Country.
Year.
1906
1907
1908
1909
3.83
1.43
1.07
2.04
1.17
.95
1910
3.91
1.70
%
United States
3.29
1.29
1.03
1.97
7.17
.95
4.70
1.31
1.07
2.40
1.10
1.03
3.69
1.32
.86
2.71
.95
1.07
Kngljuid , , , ,
Austrian
Pnissiaa
France
Belgium
a Does no include lignite mines.
b Data not avaUable.
United States figures are subject to slight change owing to following causes: Oklahoma returns are accord-
ing to fiscal years. Complete data for Maryland for 1907 and 1908, and for Wyoming for 1907, have not
been obtained.
The records, so far as available, show that the death rate in the
metal mines of this country averages more than three out of each
thousand men employed, or, in other words, this rate is nearly as high
as that in the coal mines.
The death rate in the quarries of the country is also much larger
than it should be, and is far larger than that in the quarries of other
countries.
The inquiries and investigations of the bureau should be extended
to include also those relatmg to health and safety conditions in
and about mines. An arrangement has been made with the Public
Health and Marine-Hospital Service by which one or more surgeons
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UBOEKT KSEDS OF THE BTJKEIAU. 391
oonnected with that service will carry on jointly for that service and
for the Bureau of Mines investigations looking to the improvement
of mine conditions. These inquiries and investigations have already
shown the prevalence of tuberculosis and hookworm as miners' dis-
eases in a number of different localities in the United States. It is
important that this work should be extended more rapidly, beoause
of the fact that the health conditions, as well as the risk of accidents,
may be influenced by conditions susceptible of easy improvement.
Furthermore, the lar^ and continuous influx of foreigners into the
mining regions of the United States will bring to an increasing extent
the hookworm and other diseases that abound in minte in parts of
certain European countries.
Various questions that concern the health of workers in mines,
quarries, and metallurgical plants can not be answered finally with-
out investijgations and inquiries that are national in scope. Among
such questions are the most efficient methods of preventing the dis-
eases peculiar to certain industries, the most effective samtary pre-
cautions to be observed in and about coal mines and metal mines, and
the relative healthfulness of occupations pertaining to mining and
metallurgical industries. The investigations and inquiries that are
essential to the gatherinjg of reliable information on these questions
can be undertaken by the Bureau of Mines, in connection with its
collection of accident statistics, in a prompt and efficient manner and
at minimum expense.
THE NEED OT MOBE BELIABLE AND MOBE COMPLETE STATISTICS
OF ACCIDENTS.
^ Statistical information concerning the mine accidents, more^ espe-
cially accidents in metal mines, in the United States has been in the
past far from complete. In many States no such statistics are
collected.
The funds at the disposal of the Bureau of Mines during the past
year have not been sufficient to enable it to carry out any definite plans
for more extensive and rapid collection of statistics of accidents at
metal mines, but it is hopea that during another year the bureau may
be able to bring together and publish promptly full and reliable data
concerning accidents in mines, quarries, and metallurgical plants.
Such statistics are essential to tne development of intelligent and
workable plans for greater safety in all mineral industries,
THE NEED 07 INVESTIGATIONS LOOKING TO THE PBEVENTION OP
MINERAL WASTE.
The enlarjgement of the inquiries and investigations of the bureau
relative to increasing efficiency and lessening waste in the mining,
quarrying, metallurgical, and miscellaneous mineral industries of
the coimtiy is urgently needed. With an annual loss of 200,000,000
tons of soft coal, 80,000,000 tons of anthracite, and 480,000,000,000
cubic feet of natural ^s, besides large losses in the mining and treat-
ment of other mineral substances, no one familiar with these indus-
tries can fail to realize the need for such investigations, nor the fact
that investigations concerning the loss of life and waste of resources —
safety and efficiency — ^must go hand in hand because of their intimate
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392 ANKUAIi BEPOBT DIBEOIOB BUBEAU OF MINBS.
relations. The Nation has only one supply of mineral resources.
It is the duty of both the State and the Nation to see that these
resources are used efficiently — ^that is. without unnecessary waste —
and yet, in many cases, the temporary profits, as well as the personal,
are increased by the practice oi highly wasteful methods. What the
Bureau of Mines can do is to procure the facts, find out the possible
improvements, and state them clearly to the public for such action as
may be deemed practicable.
ENLABGEMENT OV FUEL INVESTIGATIONS.
There is serious need of enlarging the fuel investigations. The
demands from the various branches of the Government service in
connection with the purchase of coal and oil by the Government and
the efficient use of these fuels have been too great for the bureau
to meet. The work required, and its financial importance to the
Gh>vemment, is nearly three times now what it was three years ago
when the appropriation for it was fixed at about $100,000.
Over 8,000 samples of coal, lignite, and fuel oil, intended for the
use of the Government, were analyzed by the bureau in the past
fiscal year. These samples represented 1,091,400 tons of coal, valued
at approximately $3,084,800, whereas in the fiscal year ended June
30, 1909, only 3,299 samples, representing 611,362 tons, valued at
$1,868,760, were examined. During the fecal year ending June 30,
1912, the bureau will be called on to analyze samples representing
1,824,400 tons of coal, valued at $4,809,200.
The various inquiries pertaining to the fuels belonring to the
Government need to be enlarged to include more extended study of
the characteristics of crude petroleums and fuel oils and their suita-
bility for use under steam boilers or in internal-combustion engines.
The studies of the characteristics of the different coals and lignites
likewise need to be carried on more actively than has been possible
with the appropriations made for the work.
Some inquiries that could not be followed out as they deserve to
be are: The practicability of increasing the fuel value of lignites
and low-grade coals by briquetting, the suitability of different coals
for the manufacture of coke, the processes by which the highest yield
of coke and by-products can be obtained from these coals, the relative
value of the cokes for different metallurgical purposes, the steaming
power of coals and lignites from different fields, and the possibility
of utilizing the same coals and lignites to greater advantage in gas
producers.
Some of the equipment on hand for fuel investigations is now out
of date, having been obtained in 1904. There is, therefore, need of
much new equipment and the resetting of the boilers, producers, etc.
Since 1908 little new equipment has been purchased lor this work.
THE NEED OF EZTENDIll'G THE MINE-ACCIBEirrS WOBK TO THE
METAL-MINING INDTJSTBIES OF THE WESTEBN STATES.
The work transferred from the United States Geological Survey
to the Bureau of Mines related almost entirely to the mining and
utilization of coal and the accidents connected therewith. The ap-
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SCOPE OP THE PIBST YEAB's WORK. 393
propriations given to the Bureau of Mines for its work during the
first year following its establishment were so worded as to be neces-
sarily applicable to coal-mining inquiries. Therefore it has not been
possible as yet to extend the investigations of the bureau with a view
to their aiding in the upbuildinj^ of the metal-mining industries.
Meanwhile, however, the ratio of accidents to the number of men
employed has been in many cases as large or larger in the metal mines
of the country than it has been in many of the coal mines. The need
for the extension of the mine-accident work into the metal-mining
field is a serious one.
However, the loss of life in connection with metallurgical opera-
tions in different parts of the country is worthy of serious con-
sideration. A limited inquiry indicated that 11 deaths have been
caused from poisonous gases at a single metallurgical plant during
one year. The serious need of inciuiries and investigations looking to
the improvement of such conditions has become more and more ap-
parent as inquiries have been made in connection with a number of
the lar^r plants.
Furthermore, during the past several years the mining industries
in the Western States have fallen far short of the agricultural devel-
opment. In some of the States there has been a retreat rather than
an advance in mining development. It is believed that thorough
inquiries and investigations concerning the metal-mining conditions
in the Western States would do much toward improving the safety
and health conditions, as well as toward generally advancing and
upbuilding these industries.
SCOPE OF THE FIRST YEAR'S WORK.
The investigation into the causes of mine explosions and the analyz-
ing and testing of mineral fuels which from 1908 and 1904, respec-
tively, had been conducted under the Geological Survey were, on
July 1, 1910, transferred to the Bureau of Mines, then created, with-
out any increases in the appropriations for such work. There was
added another appropriation of $160,000, and it was understood
that all or the larger part of this adition would be used for the
development and maintenance of mine-rescue work in the United
States.
In establishing the Bureau of Mines it is evident, therefore, that
the scope of the work to be done was greatly extended by Congress,
but that the appropriations for this work were made in such form
and under sucn conditions as have much restricted the scope of the
work itself. Conseauently the bureau has not been able to enter on
new fields, as it has been urced to do from many sources. The scope
of its work has been limitea largely to the subjects transferred to it
from the Greological Survey. It is hoped that future appropriations
will permit the extension of this work to include a numoer of tedi-
nologic investigations pertinent to different branches of the mining,
metallurgical, and quarrying industries.
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394
ANNUAL BBPOBT DIBECTOB BUBEAU OF MIKES.
VIKANGIAIi STATEMENT.
A condensed statement of the financial operations of the bureau
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, is presented in the following
table:
Amounts appropriated for and expended hy the Bureau of Mines for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1911,
TlUe of appropriation.
Amount.
Repay-
ments.
AvaUable.
DisbuTse-
laeats.
aear
OenerBl
AdmiiU8t»tive expenses 154,000
Moving and equipping labora-
tories 14,700
Office rent and fiimishings.... 10,000
Investigating mine accidents
Testing fueb
leaking pablic reports
Inspecting mines in the territories
Total
$78,700.00
310,000.00
100,000.00
6,000.00
8,500.00
95,411.18
917.11
$78,700.00
315,411.18
100,917.11
5,000.00
8,500.00
$78,210.00
314,997.72
100,726.29
4,366.58
3,246.20
502,200.00
6,328.29
508,528.29
501,556.79
$48L00
413.46
190.83
633.42
5,253.80
6,972.60
FUEL INVESTIGATIONS.
The primary aim of the fuel-testing investigations under the
Geological Survey was the more efficient use by the Government of
fuels purchased under its supervision ; subsequently the questions of
waste in the mining and handling of fuels belonging to tne Govern-
ment and the more appropriate use of each fuel for any particular
Eurpose were placed in the investigations, with a view to ascertaining
ow waste in mining and storage mi^t be reduced and economy and
efficiency in use might be increased. By the terms of the acts making
appropriations for the work the fuel investigations conducted by
tne technologic branch of the Geological Survey during the year im-
mediately preceding the creation of the Bureau of Mines were limited
to the analyzing and testing of fuels belonging to or for the use of
the United States. In consequence of this limitation the fuel in-
vestigations transferred to the Bureau of Mines and the various
technologic researches and the routine work relating to the examina-
tion of niels under this bureau embody two general lines of inquiry,
as follows:
1. The inspection and analysis of coals, lignite, and other mineral
fuels purchased under specifications for the use of the Government,
to ascertain whether or not these fuels conform to the stipulations or
the contract under which they are purchased ; also, the ascertaining
of the most efficient equipment and method of using these fuels.
2. The investigation of coals, lignite, and other mineral fuels be-
longing to the Government.
ANALYZING AND TESTING OF FUELS FOR THE USE OF THE UNITED STATES.
A large part of the coal used by the Government for its power
plants, public buildings, and naval stations is purchased under con-
tracts that specify the ash and moisture content and the heating
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SCOPE OF THE FIB8T YEAB's WORK. 395
value of the coal. The price paid the contractors who supply the
coal thus purchased is determined by the analysis of samples taken
from deliveries made under each contract. The collection of the
samples is done by or under instructions from the Bureau of Mines,
and the analysis and testing of these samples is an important part
of the work of the bureau in determining^ whether the quality of
the coal is up to the fixed standard, and if it is not, in fixng the
reduction in price to be paid in proportion to the lower value of the
coal.
The samples are collected wherever coal purchased under contract
is being delivered to the Government. Thg^ represent deliveries
made at public buildings in the District of Columbia, or at public
buildings, naval stations, and Army posts in many parts of the
United States, and also the deliveries made at the great coal*shipping
ports, as New York and Norfolk, where coal is foing delivered for
the use of the Navy or of the Panama Railway Co.
In the fiscal year 1910-11 the purchases of coal by the Grovemment
under specifications providing for pajrment accordmg to the quality
of coal delivered amounted to approximately 1,091,400 tons, costing
$3^084,800, notwithstanding the fact that the general plan is to apply
this method of purchasing coal only to contracts of such size as war-
rant sampling, analysis, and heating-value testa
The specifications applying to the purchase of coal for use on the
battleship and naval vessels are somewhat different. The mines
from which it is proposed to procure coal are visited, samples are
taken in the mines, and these samples are analyzed. In making con-
tracts the coal from a mine or mines is specified. On delivery the
coal is sampled and tested. These tests show whether the contractor
has shipped coal from the specified mine or mines. If the samples
of coal as delivered indicate coal inferior in quality to that expected,
shipments from the mines specified are no longer accepted. Coal
purchased under specifications of this nature and used on naval
vessels amounted in round numbers to 750,000 tons during the fiscal
year 1910-11.
In the collection of samples a definite scheme of procedure is
followed. The number of samples taken from any given delivery
of coal is dependent on the size of that delivery, ana every practi-
cable precaution is observed to insure that the samples fairly repre-
sent me coal delivered. The gross samples taken are reduced by
crushing, mixing, and quartering to samples that weigh about 2
pounds. These are sealed in air-tight containers and are sent by
mail to the laboratory of the Bureau of Mines in Washington.
Most of the samples analyzed and tested for heating values at the
Washington laboratory represent coal purchased under specifications
that provide for payment according to the quality of the delivered
coal. Analyses oi mine samples are generally made in the bureau's
laboratory at Pittsburgh. The methods used in the bureau's labo-
ratories are substantially those that were adopted at the Government
fuel-testing plant at St. Louis in 1904, with such modifications and
changes as experience has shown advisable, and are believed to em-
body the essential details of the methods generally recognized as
best During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, 8,230 samples
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396 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIBECTOE BUHEAU OF MINES.
were received and analyzed by the 10 chemists in the Washington
laboratory.
To determine the award of a particular contract or to advise other
bureaus and departments of the Government how a particular coal
can be utilized to best advantage, or to ascertain what kind of coal
can be burned most efficiently in a particular type of furnace, it is
necessary for the bureau to occasionally conduct or cooperate in
steaming tests of coals. These tests are conducted at the Pittsburgh
experiment station, at Government power plants, or on board Gov-
ernment ships on which it is proposed to use such coal.
ANALYZING AND TESTING OP FUELS BELONGING TO THE UNITED STATES.
The general purpose of the analyses and tests of coal at Pittsburgh
is to indicate the character of the coals and other mineral fuels b&-
lon^g to the Government of the United States and the manner in
which these different fuels can be developed and utilized to the best
advantage and with least waste. In all cases in which such practice
is possible, the samples for examination, as respecting beds of coal
belonging to the United States, are collected from beds in the public
lands. When this is not practicable, they may be collected from
adjacent lands, so situated that the coal and other fuels to be found
therein are similar to those occurring in the public lands; and be-
cause the adjacent lands, and not the lands owned by the Government,
are in process of development the samples from these adjacent lands
can be collected much more easily and cheaply.
COIXEOTION OF SAMPLES.
The samples collected are of two kinds, mine samples, which, after
crushing and quartering down, weigh 2 to 3 pounds, that are taken
to show the character and the commercial possibilities of the bed of
coal or lignite sampled; and larger samples of several tons or a car-
load each, taken to determine the suitability for particular uses, and
the behavior of such fuel under actual furnace conditions.
In the collection of these samples^ the geologists of the United
States Greological Survey, this organization being charged with the
classification of the coals in the public lands, cooperate with the
enpneers of the Bureau of Mines, who are studving the relative fuel
values of the different coals. The mine samples of coal are taken
from dean, fresh faces of the bed of coal as exposed in mines, coimtry
banks, or outcrops. They are taken according to a definite and exact
plan that was devised at the beginning of the fuel-testing investiga-
tions under the Geological Survey in 1904 and has been developed
with the progress of the investi^tions. A detailed description of this
plan has been published by the Bureau of Mines as Technical Paper 1.
The utmost care is observed in the selection of the samples col-
lected and in the preparation and shipment of the samples, in order
to insure these samples being fairly representative of the commercial
fuel that would be shipped from the particular bed at the point of
sampling.
Samples of mineral fuels other than coal or lignite, such as oil
and natural gas, are collected in the field from wells or pipe lines by
representatives of the Bureau of Mines or of the Geolc^cal Survey
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SCOPE OF THB FIBST TEAB'S WOBK. 397
and are sent in hermetically sealed containers, as are the samples of
coal and lignite, to the experiment station at Pittsburgh, I^, lor
examination, analysis, and tests.
▲HALT8I8 or SAMPLES. \
In the chemical analysis of the samples of coal and lignite and
other mineral fuels at the Pittsburgh station, the procedure followed
is essentially the same as that of tne Washington laboratory except
that the work at Pittsburgh includes the ultimate as well as the
proximate analyses. Great pains are taken to maintain uniform
conditions during the various stages of an analysis and all results
are carefully ch^ed. In case any discrepancies appear, duplicate
analyses are made. In general the methods of analysis followed are
those adopted by the American Chemical Society, modified as ex-
perience demonstrated such modifications advisable. Every effort is
made to simpli^ and cheapen these methods not only in the interest
of economy in the chemical work of the Government, but also with a
view to the development of inexpensive and efficient methods avail-
able for use in ccHnmercial laboratories. During the fiscal year 1911
about 10,000 samples of coal and lifi;nite, 110 samples of fuel oil, and
50 samples of natural gas were analyzed by the seven chemists in the
Pittsburgh station laboratory.
TESTING OF SAMPLES.
The testing of the samples of coal under furnace conditions is for
the puri)ose of determining more accurately than can often be done
by diemical analysis how tne bed of fuel represented by the samples
can be utilized with greatest efficiency, in different types of furnaces.
In connection with tne tests a variety of physical and chemical in-
vesti^tions are carried on to obtain information supplementing that
obtainable from the furnace experience. The general plan of the
tests and the supplemental investigations as now ordinarily conducted
include the following work :
The testing of a portion of each coal received to determine the most
efficient and least wasteful method of burning the fuel in furnaces of
the type used for heating the Government buildings, Army posts,
naval stations, or Government ships, in which it may be proposed to
use such coal.
The testing of other portions of the same shipment of coal from
Government lands in the gas producer, for contmuous runs during
periods varying from a few days to several weeks, in order to ascer-
tain the suitability of the fuel for use in such producers and the
best methods of handling it, and thus to determine the conditions
requisite for obtaining the largest yield of high-grade gas suitable
forpower and heating purposes.
The t^ing of anotner portion of the same coal in a briquet
machine at different pressures and with different kinds of binder,
in order to determine the feasibility of briquetting the coal when
slacked or finely divided, and the making of steaming or gas-pro-
ducing tests with these briquets, to determine the conditions under
which they can be utilised most advanta^ously; demonstrations, on
a commercial scale, of the possibility oi producing briquets from
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398 ANNUAL BEPOBT DEBECTOE BUREAU OF MINES.
American lignites, and the value of the briquets as fuel in comparison
with the run-of -mine lignite from which the briquets were made ; the
finding of cheaper binders for use in briquetting friable coals not
suited for coking purposes.
Investigations mto the distribution, chemical composition, and
calorific value of the peat deposits available in those portions of the
United States where coal is not found, and the preparation of such
peat by drying or briquetting, in order to render it useful as a local
substitute lor coal.
Investigations into the character of the various petroleums found
throughout the United States, with a view to determining their
calorific value, chemical composition, and the various methods
whereby they may be made most economically available for efficient
use as power producers for the Government, especially on board
ships, through the various methods of combustion.
Investigations and tests into the relative efficiency as power pro-
ducers in internal-combustion engines of the heavier distillates of
petroleum, as well as of kerosene and gasoline, in order to ascertain
the commercial value and relative efficiency of each product in various
types of engines available for use in naval vessels.
Investigative studies into the processes of combustion within boiler
furnaces and gas producers to ascertain the temperatures at which
complete combustion of the gases takes place, and the means whereby
such temperatures may be produced and maintained, thus diminish-
ing the loss of value up the smokestack and the amount of smoke
produced. At each stage of the process of testing, samples of the
coal are forwarded to the chemical laboratorv for analyses ; c(xnbus-
tion temperatures are measured; and samples of ms are collected
from various parts of the combustion chambers of me gas producers
and boiler furnaces and are analyzed in order that a study of these
data may throw such light on the processes of combustion and indi-
cate such necessary changes in the apparatus as may result in larger
economies in the use of the coal.
Investigations and tests into the possibilities of coking those coals
on Government lands that have hitherto been classed as noncoking,
and the makins of coking tests of these different coals witli a view
to imnroving the coking quality of such coals through the mixing
of dinerent coals of the coidng and noncoking type after they have
been pulverized.
Another line of investigation concerns the methods of mining and
of preparing coal for market It is well known that under present
methods of mining from 10 to 66 per cent of any given deposit of
coal is left underground as pillars and supports, or as low-grade
material, or in beds broken up because of mining a lower bed first.
On an average 50 per cent of the coal is tlius wasted or rendered
valueless, as it can not be removed subsequently because of the caving
of the roofs of abandoned galleries and the consequent br^dking up
of overlying coal beds.
The investi^tions into waste in mining and the testing of refuse,
bone, and slack coal in ^as producers, as briquets, etc., have for their
Eurpose the demonstration of how these materials, now wasted, may
e used profitably.
In connection with all these lines of fuel testing, certain research
work, both chemical and physical, is carried on to aetenoine the true
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SCOPE OF THE FIBST YEAB'B WOBE. 399
composition and properties of the different varieties of coal and the
chemical and physical processes of combustion, the purpose of these
investigations oeing to determine how each coal can be Durned most
effidenQj. Experiments are conducted that relate to the destructive
distillation of fuels; the by-products of coking; the spontaneous com-
bustion of coal, with especial reference to fire risks in storing coal on
board ships, in closed bms^ or on wooden wharfs; the storage of coal
and the loss in fu^l value m various methods of storing— that is, ex-
posed to the open weather in piles, in closed bins, or under water, as
at certain naval stations: and to kindred questions, such as the
weathering of coal. The aifferent coals stored under different condi-
tions are tested from time to time by both chemical analyses and
furnace trials; and this work is supplemented by equally careful
observations in the field. Yaluable results have already been
obtained.
MIKE-ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATIONS.
SCOPE.
The mine-accidents investigations carried on by the Geolopcal
Survey prior to the organization of the Bureau of Mines ( Jufy 1,
1910) related mainly to the causes and prevention of mine explo-
sions. This work was developed especially along the following lines:
Investigations in the mines to determine the conditions leading to
mine disasters, the presence and the relative explosibility of mine gas
and coal dust, the causes of mine fires, and the means of preventing or
limiting explosions and fires.
Tests to determine the relative safety of the various explosives used
in^ coal mining, when fired in the presence of explosible mixtures of
mine gases and air^ or coal dust and air, or coal dust, gas, and air.
Tests and investigations to determine the conditions by which the
dangers attending the use of electricity in mines may be efficiently
met and economically remedied.
Tests to determine the safety of various types of mine lights in the
Sresence of inflammable gas and the accuracy of these lights for
etecting small percentages of sudi gas.
Tests of the various types of breathing apparatus such as engi-
neers and miners must use in examining mines immediately follow-
ing a mine explosion or in rescuing entombed miners in mines con-
taining poisonous gases.
The first four of these lines of investigation have to do with pre-
ventive measures, and are those on which ultimately the greatest
dependence must be placed. The fifth has to do in part with preven-
tion but also with tne saving of life after a mine disaster, by the
rescue of entombed miners who may have escaped the violence of the
explosion, but would be overcome by the poisonous gases if not
rescued. Experience shows that 10 per cent of the victims in certain
disasters and as high as 80 per cent in others have died from the
poisonous gases resulting from an explosion.
Under the Bureau of l^nes, this work has rapidly undergone ex-
tension and reorganization with a view to more efficient development
in coal-mining regions, and the extension of similar investigations
into metal-mining and quarrying operations and into the metallur-
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400 ANKUAIi BJfiPOBT DIBJ50TOB BUREAU OF MINES.
gical industries, whenever Congress may make suitable provision for
it. The percentage of fatal accidents in metal mines in the United
States is only litue less than that in coal mines, and this is in spite
of the fact that in the metal mines there are no general explosions
of gas or dust. The health conditions in many metal mines and
metallurgical plants are worse than those in coal mines.
Unfortunately^ the bureau has been able to do little as yet outside
of the investigation of fuels and of coal-mine accidents. The appro-
priations made for the conduct of the technologic investigations of
the bureau for the fiscal year 1911 were less than were received in
prior vears by the technolo^c branch of the (jeolog^cal Survey.
Thereiore it has been impracticable to extend the investigations into
the broader fields of accidents in metal mining and metaQurgy or in
Suarrying operations, notwithstanding urg:ent reauests that this be
one, further than to outline an organization and to determine the
lines along which such investigations may be properly directed.
INFLAMMABLE MINE GASES AND GOAL DUST.
In the investigation of mine gases decided progress has been made.
The conditions under which inflammable gas occurs in the northern
anthracite field of Pennsylvania have been studied with the intent
of discovering the laws governing the occurrences of such gas and
of finding a means of anticipating outbursts of gas in mines. A
large number of coal miners are Killed or injurra every year by
ex^osions in which inflammable gas is an agent ; and it is believed
that the conclusions derived from the study of conditions in the
field selected will prove of value in showing how to lessen the danger
to miners in that and other fields in which such gas occurs. A
similar study is to be undertaken in a few typical bituminous-coal
fields where gas is found in dangerous quantities.
The mining engineers of the bureau have investigated coal mines in
many parts of the United States in the endeavor to determine the
causes of mine explosions and mine fires and the means by which
dangerous conditions may be most effectively abated. The investiga-
tions made included the use of different illuminants and explosives in
mines, Qiq inflammability of the dusts or gases found in the workings,
the dangers attending the use of electricity, and so forth.
ELECTRicrrr in mining.
As part of its mine-accidents investigations, the bureau is studying
the problem of safeguarding life and property from the dangers that
attend the use of electricity undereround. One of its in(|[uiries has to
do with the removing of a possible cause of mine explosions throi^
the use of explosion-proof motors — ^that is, motors with covers for
those parts that emit sparks. Another investigation has to do with
the determination of the most efficient and safest types of insulation
for use about mines and metallurgical plants in order to protect
miners and other employees from shock. Still another line of in-
vestigation relates to the possibility of i^iting explosive gases
through the breaking of incandescent electric lamps in the presence
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8COFB OF THE FIB8T YEAB'b WORK. 401
of sud^ cases. Other investigations relate to the electric firing of
shots and to other uses of electricity in mining operations.
The preliminary reconmiendations of the bureau in regard to regu-
lations concerning the use of electricity in mines have been generally
accepted by mining ^igineers and have been incorporated in the min-
ing law of the largest mining State.
EXPIiOSrVES USED TN COAIi MINES.
During the year a number of explosives have been thoroughly
tested and have been designated as ^^ permissible '^ explosives for use
in dusty and gaseous mines under the conditions prescribed by the
bureau. These "permissible" explosives give a short, auick, and
relatively cool flame that is less likely to ignite inflammaole gas or
coal dust than is the flame of djmamite or that of black powder. Up^
to July 1, 1911, 88 explosives had passed the tests required by the
bureau and had been placed on its list of permissible explosives.
^ In its endeavor to reduce the dangers attending the use of explo-
sives in coal mining the bureau is meeting with the heartiest coopera-
tion of manufacturers of explosives, who are steadilv endeavoring to
produce new explosives that will meet the increasingly rigid demands
the bureau makes in behalf of safety. So many requests have been
received for tests. of these new explosives that the testing work is
now nearly a year in arrears. But although the bureau is anxious to
test these explosives promptly, in the belief that they may be superior
to those already tested, it is unable to bring the work up to date
without increasing the force of enmneers and chemists engaged in
makinjg these tests, and the funds available for conducting the
investigations are not sufficient to meet such increase. In testing
and analyzing the explosives examined during the year nearly 10,000
tests, analyses, and aeterminations were made.
The chemical investigations, like the physical tests, of explosives
have been carried on at the Pittsburgh station of the bureau. In
addition to routine chemical analyses and tests, several improved
methods of testing have been devised.
EXPEBIMENTAL MINE.
The explosibility of a mixture of coal dust and air under test con-
ditions having been repeatedly demonstrated at the experiment sta-
tion of the bureau at I^ittsburgh, Pa., the Bureau of Mines is now
endeavoring to determine the exact conditions under which such
explosions take place in mining operations. After having failed in
many efforts to nnd a small coal mine available for its use, the bureau
obtained a tract of coal land near Bruceton, Pa., about 10 miles south
of Pittsburgh, and has opened there a small experimental mine for
the study of coal-dust explosions. The plan of work does not con-
template the opening up of an ordinary coal mine, but rather the
driving of a double entry, or tunnel, into the coal bed for about 2,000
feet and then opening, from the entries, a few rooms in which experi-
ments may be ccmducted to determine, under the conditions of actual
mining, the behavior of different types of explosives, the conditions
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^26
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402 ANNUAL EfiPOBT DIBEOTOE BUBBAU OF MINES.
that determine the ignition of gas or dust, or mixtures of gas or dust
and air, and the fectors involved in the si>read of the resulting
explosions. The main purpose of the investigations carried on at
the mine is, of course, to discover the most efficient methods of pre-
venting such explosions. If the necessary funds can be obtained for
carrying out this plan to the extent necessary for reliable results, the
United States will have made an important contribution to tiie
understanding and prevention of coal-dust explosions.
MINE-SAFETY CABS AND STATIONS.
Early in the investigation of mine disasters it was necessary to
provide, in the important coal fields, facilities for enabling en^eers
to examine mines after disasters, while the mines were still full of
poisonous explosive gases, in order that examination might be made
^hUe the evidences of a disaster were still fresh. ^ It was found also
that such prompt examinations would be useful in opening up these
mines and in rescuing miners who might have been entombea. For
the above reasons, there has been estsiblished in those of the larger
coal fields in which mine disasters are most likely, mine-safety sta-
tions or mine-safety cars. The first of the stations was established
at Urbana, HI., in 1908; a second at Knoxville, Tenn., in 1909; and a
third at Seattle, Wash. A fourth station at McAlester, Okla., and a
fifth at Birmingham, Ala., were subsequently established, these with
the Pittsburgh station making six stations suitably equipped.
Seven mine-safety cars are operated by the bureau. They were
purchased as second-hand cars, refitted at a cost of about $1,500 each,
and equipped at a cost of about $3,500 each. These cars are dis-
tributed as follows:
Diatrihution of the mine-safety cars operated hy the Bureau of Mines.
Car No. 1, In the anthracite fields, with headquarters at Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Car No. 2, in the coal fields of New Mexico, CJolorado, and Utah, with head-
quarters at Trinidad, Colo., and Salt Lake City, Utah.
Car No. 3, in the coal fields of western Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, with
headquarters at EyansvlUe, Ind.
Car No. 4, in the coal fields of Wyoming, Northern Colorado, and Utah, with
headquarters at Rock Springs, Wyo.
Car No. 5, in the coal fields of Montana and Washington, with headquarters
at Billings, Mont., and Seattle, Wash.
Car No. 6, in the coal fields of western Pennsylvania and northern West
Virginia, with headquarters at Pittsburgh.
Car No. 7, in the coal fields of southern West Virginia, western Virginia,
eastern Kentucky, and eastern Tennessee, with headquarters at Huntington,
W. Va.
These cars do not remain at their headquarters, but each within
its own district moves from one mining camp to another. When a
serious mine disaster occurs in any district, the car in that district
immediately drops its ordinary program and is carried to the scene
of the disaster either by special locomotive or by the first available
train. The men of the car, together with such local men as have
had mine-rescue training, examme the mine as quickly as possible,
penetrating the poisonous and explosive gases in it by means of the
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SCOPE OP THE PIRBT TEAB's WOKK. 403
breathing apparatus that they wear, and aiding in the rescue of any
persons who may have been entombed in the mine. In case of a
disaster in the coal fields near one of the six stations mentioned
above, the miner in charge of this station, with all available rescue
and first-aid equipment, proceeds by the first train to the scene of
the disaster, and endeavors to accomplish, with the help of locally
trained miners, the purposes mentioned above^
The primary purpose of the cars and stations is not the rescue work
that they may accomplish, but the investigation of mine disasters.
The incidental purposes are the development of more efficient mine-
safety and first-aid equii>ment and methods, and the training of local
miners at each of the mining camps visited, so that in case of mine
accidents of any kind there will be at each mine men ready and
equipped to render immediate and valuable assistance. To carry out
these purposes the mining engineers of the bureau examine the safety
conditions at mines, advise the mine officials as to the possibilities of
improving these conditions, and deliver illustrated lectures to
miners, calling their attention to the need of greater care in safe-
guarding their own lives and the lives of others. Daily demonstra-
tions of mine-rescue and first-aid equipment and methods are given.
Miners are trained in the practical methods of handling such equip-
ment under mine-disaster conditions.
As illustrating the extent and importance of this work, attention
may be called to the fact that there are more than 700,000 coal miners
in the United States. A large majority of these are not from English-
spMBaldng countries and have come to this country unfamiliar with
mining operations. The fact that more than 100,000 miners attended
the leSures and demonstrations, and over 7,000 have received train-
ing in mine-rescue and first-aid work in less than one year, illustrates
the progress toward safer mining. Permanent results are appearing
in the establishment of a considerable number of local rescue and
first-aid stations equipped by mining companies and manned by ex-
perienced local mining engineers competent to investigate mine con-
ditions, conduct safety demonstrations, and to advise mine officials
and miners as to methods for preventing mine accidents.
MINE-SAFETY LAWS AND REGULATIONS.
With a view to being able to point out the laws and regiilations
best adapted to prevent accidents m American mining, quarrying, and
metallurfflcal industries, the bureau is bringing together the laws,
rules, and regulations found to be now in force in other important
mining countries. This work is now well under way. Copies not
only of mining laws, but also of local and even of private mining rules
and regulations, are being collected from different mining countries.
As they are received they are carefully examined with a view to
determining what provisions may be best adapted to diminishing
mine accidents in the United States. This work involves a study
not only of the laws as they exist in different countries, but of the
important court decisions giving the proper interpretation of these
laws and regulations.
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404 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIBECTOB BUBEAT7 OF MINES.
PBOOKESS OF IKVESTIOATIOXS.
FUEL INVESTIOATIOKS.
INSPECTION OF GOTERNMENT FUEL FUHCHASES.
The fuel-inspection division, with office and laboratory in Wash-
in^n in the building occupied by the Bureau of Mines, is charged
with collecting, analyzing, and testing samples of coal that represent
deliveries under Government contracts providing for purchase on the
specification basis. On such contracts the bidders guarantee tiie
Quality of the coal thejj offer in terms of ash, " dry coal/' and Britidi
thermal units " as received," and the quality guaranteed by the suc-
cessful bidder becomes the standard of his contract The price paid
the contractor is governed by the analysis of the coal he delivers.
The General Supply Committee (which issues specifications and
proposals for the purchase of coal for the Federal Duildings in the
District of Columbia) , the Quartermaster's Department of the Army,
the navy yards and ^tions of the Navy Department, the Panama
Bailroad Co., the Isthmian Canal Commission, and other brandies
and institutions of the Federal service asked the Bureau of Mines
for recommendations on the award of contracts.
To determine the award of a contract, particularly in the District
of Columbia, it is frequently necessary for the Bureau of Mines to
conduct a test in one or another of the Government power plants.
It is also necessary in some cases for engineers of the bureau to visit
the coal mines that are to supply the coal offered bj the bidders and
to take samples of coal for analysis and to collect information relat*
ing to the capacity of certain mmes, or their ability to deliver to the
Government coal shipments in accordance with the contract under
consideration.
The engineers engaged in coal inspection sometimes have to visit
Government power or heating plants, and give technical advice on
the proper methods of burning a particular coal available at lowest
cost at that point. For instance, during the year one of the enffi-
neers made a trip to Panama on a ship of the Panama Bailroad (x>.,
in order to ascertain the cause of reported difficulties in burning the
coal in the ships' furnaces, and to discover remedies for the difficul-
ties found to e^ist.
Something of the importance of this coal inspection and of the
labor involved in it is indicated by the following figures :
During the year 8,230 samples of coal for analysis were received,
representing 1,091,400 tons of coal, costing approximately $3,085,000j
purchased ror the Government under specifications. In the fiscal
year 1909-10, 829,289 tons was purchased, costing approximately
$2,287,000; and during the fiscal year 1911-12, probably l,624,4flib
tons, costing approximately $4^809^000, will be bought by the Gov-
ernment on a specifications basis. These figures indicate the growth
of the inspection work based on the wider adoi)tion by the Govern-
ment of the specification method of purchasing its fuel supplies. In
addition to this, there are other purchases of coal by the Govern-
ment based on tne general preliminary investigations by the bureau,
lis, which nc
year 1910-1
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but not on specifications nor on exact delivery approval, which now
aggregate nearly $4,000,000 yearly. During the fiscal year 1910-11,
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PBOGBBSS OF IKVESXI0ATI0K6. 405
the laboratory made 19,411 moisture, 10,299 ash, 9,259 sulphur,
7,634 volatile-matter, and 9,964 calorimeter determinations; in all,
56^7 determinations.
The steaming tests that have been conducted and the advice given
bv the engineers of this section are resulting in economies to the
Government. For instance^ by a change in the kind of coal used one
Government boiler plant is spending between $4,000 and $5,000 a
year less than formerly for fuel; and^ another Government plant re-
duced its annual expense for fuel over $8,000. Other equally strik-
ing^examples might oe m^itioned.
The specification method of purchase protects the Government
against the delivery of poorer coal than that guaranteed by the
contractor, and incites dealers to prepare the coal more carefully.
When inferior coal is delivered, that is, coal below the contract
standard, the contractors are penalized. In one instance, the analysis
of saniples by the bureau inaicated the quality of the coal to be so
far below the specified standard, that the resulting deductions in
price amounted to about $25,000 in the settlements on the contract
for a single year. Other instances might be cited.
The fuel-mspection division is divided into two sections, a coal-
sampling section and a laboratory section. The former supervises
or assists in the sampling of aU coal delivered to the Federal build-
ings in the District of Columbia, and gives directions concerning^he
sampling of coal delivered to Feaeral institutions outside of the Dis-
trict. The chemists of the laboratory analyze all samples received
from the inspecting engineers, or from the custodians of Federal
buildings in other parts of tiie country, and determine the heating
value of the samples.
The fuel inspection is in local charge of G. S. Pope, engineer; P.
M. Biefkin, and other assistant engineers who collect samples and
make the field inspections; one clerk and two skilled laborers. The
chemical analyses of these samples are made in the Washington labo-
ratory by J. D. Davis, assistant chemist, aided by H. M. Cooper witb
two additional assistant chemists, seven junior chemists, one labora-
tory aid, one helper, and one laborer.
]ji addition to the engineers employed in the inspection and sam-
pling of the coal purchased by the Government in the District of Co-
lumbia, one assistant engineer is stationed in New York and another
in Norfolk for the sampling and inspection of coals shipped from
those points for the Isthmian Canal Commission and the railway and
steamships of the Panama Railroad Co.
A report setting forth the results of the purchase of coal on the
specification basisoy the Government during the fiscal year 1910 was
prepared for publication.
STEAMING TESTS.
The work of this section during the year included special fuel-efii-
ciency tests of coals offered for the Quartermaster General under the
War Department, and for other branches of the Government service,
all of which were made at the Pittsburgh station. Special steaming
tests were made for the superintendent of the State, War, and Navy
Building in the District oi Columbia. In all there were made dur-
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406 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIKBOTOB BT7BEAU OF MINB8.
ing the jesx 118 of these fuel-efficiency tests involving 72,180 separate
observations. These tests were conducted by S. B. Flagg, engineer,
assisted by A. A. Straub, assistant en^eer, F. E. Woo<unan, assis-
tant engineer, L. L. Satler and W, H. Pfeil,junior chemists.
S. B. Flagg, engineer^ cooperated with G. S. Pope, engineer, in
some special coal-samplmg investigations in handling Government
coals at Norfolk, Ya. ; Mr. Flagg also participated in a series of com-
parative tests of eastern and western coals^ made by the Navy Depart-
ment, on two armored cruisers of the Pacific Fleet.
Considerable time was given to the revision of two reports on the
smokeless combustion of coal. A report on the use of fuel oil on the
Pacific coast was prepared for the Navy Department.
COMBUSTION INVESTIGATIONS.
The combustion investigations were formerly carried on by Henry
Kreisinger and W. T. Ray. The latter left the service before the
beginning of the fiscal year. Mr. Kreisinger completed a bulletin
discussing and summarizing the data obtained from the steaming
tests made at St. Louis and Norfolk, from September 1, 1904, to
December 30, 1908, under the Geological Survey.
For special fuel-e£Bciency investigations there has been constructed
at the Pittsburgh station a special furnace with a combustion cham-
ber 40 feet long. By means of this furnace, the effect of variations
in the rate of firing and in the air supply on the volume of the com-
bustion space necessary for the complete or smokeless combustion of
any coal may be studied, and a number of important results have
already been obtained.
The following tests and analyses were made :
Observations and gas analyses made in special fuel-efficiency investigations.
Number of tests 30
Number of observations 7, 650
Number of gas analyses 4,400
During the fiscal year these fuel-efficiency investigations were in
charge of a committee consisting of J. C. W. Frazer, chemist, J. K.
Clement, physicist, and C. E. Augustine, assistant mechanical engi-
neer. The analyses of the gas samples from these tests were made by
A. E. Hall, L. L. Satler, wTH. Pfeil, and A. M. Wedd.
GAS-PRODUCER INVESTIGATIONS.
The current series of gas-producer investigations was undertaken
with a view to the possible discovery of more efficient means of
utilizing coals without smoke in various Government power plants,
and especially to the possible discovery of more efficient means of gen-
erating producer gas for use as power on board Government ships.
A small experimental producer (150 horsepower) was erected for
these investigations. It has been operated at high temperatures for
the purpose of determining the possibility of removing the ashes from
the producer in the form of a liquid slag, and of improving the
quality of the gas for power uses. Uoke was the principal fuel used ;
limestone was added in varying proportions to aid in fluxing the ash.
and thus making the slag more Uqmd. It was found that with coke
and the proper proportion of limestone the ash can be made to slag
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PB0GBE8S OF INVE8TIGATIOKS. 407
readily and to flow freelj. The operation of the producer at high
temperatures showed also that the <}uality of the cas is much im-
proved because of the greater reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon
monoxide at such temperatures.
The producer has water-cooled tuyeres, and the lining of that part
of the producer subject to high temperature is of speciaFbrick. Back
of these brick is a water-coil cooling device, which, it is believed, will
aid in preventing rapid deterioration of the lining.
A report on the more important features of producer-gas power-
plant development in Europe was revised for puolication as Bulletin
4. A report on the relation of fuel-bed temperature to the yield of
gas in gas producers and the factors governing the formation of water
gas was revised for publication as Bulletin 7. A report summarizing
the results of the producer-gas investigations, conducted by the Crov-
emment in the fiscal years 1905-1909, and ^vin^ the essential data of
each test, was revised for publication as a bulletin.
The producer-ffas investigations were conducted under the advice
of B. H. Femala, en^neer, and were in charge of C. D. Smith, en-
gineer, assisted by F. £. Woodman, assistant engineer.
BBIQUETTIKO TESTS OF GOAL AND LXQNITES.
The work of the year included an investigation of the briquetting
<]|iialities of lignite from the Philippine Islands, a preliminary inves-
tigation with a hand press of suobituminous coals from Utah and
Washin^on and of lignites from North Dakota and Texas, tests of
cell pitch, sulphite liquor, starch and flour binders, and an inspection
of several briquetting plants in the United States.
The tests made during the year were as follows:
Tests of 1>riguets of coal and ligMte.
Tests with Land briquet press 95
Tests with Ladley briquet machine 28
The manuscript of a report describing the briquetting of lignites
from North Dakota, Texas, and California without the use of arti-
ficial binders was revised tor publication as Bulletin 14. The text
of a technologic rei>ort of the United States Geological Survey,
" Binders for coal briquets," was revised for publication as a buUetm
of the Bureau of Mines. Work on a bulletin summarizing the prin-
cipid results of the briquetting investi^tions at St. Louis, Mo., Nor-
folk, Va., and Pittsburgh, Pa., from July, 1904, to July, 1910, was
begun.
The briquetting investigations were under the charge of C. L.
Wright, engineer.
DETEBIORATIOK AND SPONTANEOUS HEATING OF COAL IN STORAGE.
Careful study was made of the deterioration of coal stored under
salt water^ under fresh water, and in open air, the investigation
being earned on at the request of and in cooperation with the Navy
Department and the Panama Railroad Co.
Eour kinds of coal were chosen for the test, as follows : New River,
W. Va., coal, on account of its large use by the Navy; Pocahontas,
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408 ANNTJAIi BEPOBT DISEOTOB BUBEAU OF MINBS.
Va«, coal, because of its being used as a steaming and cokinfi^ coal in
the Eastern States and its l^ing one of the coals used in 9ie Pan-
ama Canal work; Pittsburgh coal, as a rich coking and gas coal;
and Sheridan, Wyo., subbituminous coal, or ^^ black lignite." as a
type much usra in the West. The New Biver coal was stored under
sea water and also exposed to the air, indoors and outdoors, at three
navy yards which dinered widely from one another in climatic con-
ditions. The Pocahontas coal was stored in a large pile outdoors on
the Isthmus of Panama. The Pittsburgh coal was stored under fresh
water and also exposed to the weather at Ann Arbor,^ Mich. The
WycHning coal was stored at Sheridan, Wyo., in open bins outdoors.
The Appalachian coals tested lost practically none of their heating
value in underwater storage for one year, and only about 1 per cent
of it during open-air stora^ for the same period. Submerged stor-
age, therefore, is not especially advantageous for these coals, except
as a preventive of spontaneous combustion.
An investigation was made of the causes of spontaneous heating
or combustion in coal and the means for its prevention. A number
of commercial plants where spontaneous combustion of coal in storage
was in progress were visited, and the conditions* of storage were
studied. Statistics gathered from nearly 1,200 large consumers of
coal gave detailed information on more than 250 cases of spontane-
ous* combustion. A laboratory study is in progress bearing on the
rate of oxidation of coal at different temperatures and the mfluence,
if any, of the sulphur in the coal, on the rate of oxidation and on
8i)ontaneous combustion.
ft In connection with mine-accident investigations, laboratory studies
are being made of the escape of gas from coal and of the rate of
oxidation of coal in atmosphere containing varying proportions of
oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the bearing of the results on the
treatment of mine fires.
Some work has been done on the study of the composition and
quantity of the volatile matter given off at different temperatures by
coal. One of the main purposes of this investigation is to provide
data for increasing efficiency in the utilization of coal through the
prevention of waste in volatile matter.
The following tests and analyses were made during the year in this
branch of the work :
Number of analyses, tests, and determinations.
Tests and experiments.
Coal analyses
By-product tests
Retort tests on composition of volatile matter ,
Experiments on spontaneous combustion ,
Friability tests of coal
Miscellaneous tests (gas analyses not included above, etc.) .
Total.
Analyses.
212
12
4
79
M
Detenni-
1,842
216
68
306
66
500
2.577
During the year work on a bulletin describing an investigation of
the volatile matter of several typical American coals was completed,
a technical paper on the escape of gas from coal was prepared, and
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PB0GBE8S OF INVESXiaATIONS. 409
work on a report on deterioration and spontaneous oomfaastion of
coal in storage was begun.
The inrestigations mentioned were conducted by H. C. Porter,
chemist, and F. K. Ovitz, assistant chemist.
UONITB AND FEAT INVBSTIOATIONS.
Investigations relative to the origin and utilization of peat have
^wn out of the study of the lignites on the public lands. The
mvestigations include a study of the uses to which peat and lignite
are put in Europe and America for fuel and other purposes, the
methods of their mining and production, the preparation needed for
most effective utilization, and the methods and machinery employed
for tliese purposes. The investigation of peat also includes tne de-
termination- of the origin, structure, and physical and chemical prop-
erties of the peats and lignites in the United States, their fitness for
the uses proposed for them, and the determination of the best ways,
under American conditions, of using peat and lignite for heat and
power purposes.
It is believed that both peat and lignite can be made to partly re-
place ordinary coal in those parts of the countiy where they abound
and ordinary coal does not occur. The work includes technologic
and scientific investigations on the nature and uses of peat and lignite.
The technologic investigations into the subject include the examina-
tion and recording of observations on peat-manufacturing machinery
and plants in operation in this country, the examination of accounts
of peat and lignite operations in European countries, the study of
products to determine their relative value in proportion to the cost
of production, the collection of samples of peat for chemical and
Shysical analysis, and the personal examination of peat deposits to
etermine their comparative value for fuel purposes.
Scientific work has been carried on in the field and in the office,"
with especial attention to the chemical and physical features affecting
the value of peat for fuel. Studies of peat with reference to its
origin were also begun, with a view to throwing light on the prob-
lems concerning the origin and the coking qualities of coal.
A bulletin entitled " The value of peat for fuel and other purposes ^
has been revised and submitted for publication. A bulletin on the
existing status of the peat-fuel industry in foreign countries is nearly
ready for publication, and work on a bulletin dealing with some
special uses of peat is well advanced.
Considerable time has been devoted to answering inquiries relating
especially to the uses of peat and lignite. Before January 1, 1911,
no complete record of this corresponaence was kept. From January
1 to June 30, 1911, 212 letters relating strictly to this work were
written.
The peat investigations were in charge of C. A. Davis.
CONSTTrDTION AND GENESIS OF COAL.
As a part of the ^neral plan of the fuel investigations, a special
study has been maoe of the lignites and subbitummous coals, with
particular reference to their resinous constituents, the origin of these
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410 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIBECTOE BUBEAIT OF MINES.
constituents, the changes they have undergone in the formation of
lignite and other coal, and their relation to the coking qualities of
certain coals. The results of this study are to be presented in a bulle-
tin on the-constitution and genesis of coal. This bulletin, which is
now in course of preparation, includes a complete review of the
literature pertinent to the origin of coal, a digest of related sub-
jects, and a review of the results of investigation on this subject.
The preliminary draft of the bulletin was completed during the last
weeks of the fiscal year.
These investigations were conducted by Eeinhardt Thiessen.
IKVESTIGATIONS GOKCERNINO THE CUNKERING OF GOAL AND ACTION OF
MINE WATERS ON STEEL.
A series of experiments was made to ascertain whether the tendency
of a coal to clinker on grate bars can be determined by preliminary
tests of small samples. The results indicate that a laboratory test
for dinkering is capable of giving reliable results. Another series
of experiments was undertaken with the purpose of finding a simple
and inexpensive method of preventing the corrosion of steel pumps,
pipes, beams, etc., such as are used in mining operations, in the pres-
ence of acid mine waters.
In connection with these investigations analyses of the following
material were made:
Boiler feed waters and mine waters, 23 ; boiler compound, 1 ; coal
ashes, 29; limestone and slag, 5. The fusion points of 29 samples
of ash and clinker were determined, and a number of specific-gravity
separations of coal were made. The above experiments required
483 separate determinations.
F. M. Stanton, chemist, was in charge of these investigations dur-
ing the year.
TECHNOLOGY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
The petroleum laboratory was occupied principally in the exam-
ination of crude petroleum from the Coalinga, Midway, Sunset, and
Santa Maria oil fields of California and in ascertaining the heating
value of crude oil and the fuels derived from it A large numbw of
examinations were made for the Army, the Navy, and other depart-
ments of the Government.
During the year work was completed on a bulletin describing the
physical and chemical properties of the petroleums of tiie San Joa-
Sim Valley of California. The specifications recommended by the
ureau of Mines for the purchase of fuel oil for the Government,
with directions for sampling oil and natural gas, were published as
a technical paper. The composition and fuel value of the liquids
obtained by compressing natural gas were investigated, the tests
having particular reference to the possibility of conserving natural
Ss by tne manufacture of such liquefied products. A report giving
e results of this investigation was prepared for publication as a
tedmical paper. A bibliography of petroleum has been partly pre-
pared.
The petroleum investigations were in charge of I. C. Allen, chem-
ist, assisted by W. A. Jacobs and R. R. Matthews, junior chemists.
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FB0GBE8S OF INYESTIQATIONS. 411
PHYSICAL INYXSTIGATIOK8 BELATEKG TO FUELS.
Preliminary experiments on a laboratory scale were made to deter-
mine the heat-insulating properties of various finely divided mate-
rials as compared with air. The object of these experiments, and of
similar ones with the long combustion chamber, was to determine
whether it is better to construct furnace walls with air spaces or to
fill these si)aces with certain finelj divided materials, and what avail-
able materials are most efficient m reducing the loss of heat through
the walls.
In connection with this investigation a number of materials were
examined; 23 thermocouples, 34 uermometers, 1 anuneter, 2 galva-
nometers, and 1 voltmeter were calibrated.
The work of the section was in charge of J. K. Clement, physicist,
with F. H. Bamsey, junior chemist, and W. L. Egy, junior physicist,
assisting. Mr. Bamsey was engaged with expenments on the influ-
ence of carbon dioxide on the explosibility of mine gases. Mr. Egy
was occupied with the necessary calibration of physical apparatus and
instruments, with the measurement of temperatures in connection
with fuel-efficiency investigations, and with an experimental investi-
gation conceminj^ the flow of heat through furnace walls.
Besides directing the work of the laboratory, Mr. Clement directed
the special combustion investigations conductiKi with special reference
to the development of more efficient furnace combustion in Govern-
ment heating and power plants.
WORK OF THE CHEMICAL LABORATORIES.
The general work of the chemical laboratories has already been
mentioned above in reference to the analyzing and testing of fuels for
the use of the United States and the inspection of coals used by the
Government (p. 12> ; the analyzing and testing of fuels belonging to
the United States (p. 14) ; the storage of coals (p. 26) ; and the tech-
nology of petroleum products (p. 28).
The work of these laboratories also includes the following inquiries:
Combustion investirations, with special reference to Government fur-
naces; the chemical composition of coal, with especial reference to
the more efficient use of different grades of coal ; the inflammability
of coal dust and mine gases, with especial reference to the health of
miners, and tlie causes and prevention of mine disasters; and the
properties and behavior of explosives, with special reference to mining
an(i quarrying operations.
The combustion investigations comprised the chemical work in con-
nection with the special combustion chamber, the gas producer and
the cupola tests, and with Government heating-TOiler tests. The
results of these investigations are reported elsewhere.
In connection with me tests with the special combustion chamber,
improved apparatus and methods were devised for sampling and
analyzing tne furnace gases. Description of these apparatus and
methods appear in Bulletin 12. entitled, "Apparatus and methods for
the samphng and analysis of rumace gases,^' by J. C. W. Frazer and
E. J. Hoffman.
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412 ANNUAL BBPOBT DIBEOTOB BUBBAXT OF MINES.
OONSTITUENTS OF OOAL.
The results of the prelimmary work of Messrs. Frazer and Hoff-
man on the study of tne chemical composition of coal were submitted
for publication as a technical paper on ^^ The constituents of coal
soluble in phenol." This prelimmary work has demonstrated that the
extraction of coal with organic solvents and the examination of the
various fractions obtained promise success in the effort to isolate and
identify the constituents ox coal, and thereby render possible a more
intelligent study of coal with reference to its origin and more effi-
cient use. Some of the substances obtained appear to be almost
pure hydrocarbons, containing only small proportions of oxygenated
compounds, but conclusions as to their real nature are premature.
A second investigation was started in which a large quantity of
coal, 66 pounds, was extracted with pure pyridin. The coal selected
is from the Pittsburgh bed, and is the same as that used, in the form
of dust, for gallery tests as to the relative safety of different ex-
plosives. About 10.5 pounds of material soluble in pyridin has been
prepared for fractionation and analytical studies.
During the year a series of experiments was made on the relative
rates of oxidation of different coals by standard solutions of chromic
acid and potassium permanganate. Twenty-four coals were ex-
amined, involving some 225 ^terminations.
The chemical mvestigations here mentioned were in charge of
J. C. W. Frazer, chemist, assisted by E. J. Hoffman, assistant chem-
ist, H. A. Neel, junior chemist (temporary), and L. A. Scholl, junior
chemist.
FUELS CHEMICAL LABORATORY.
This laboratory at the Pittsburgh eicperiment station is engaged in
analyzing the samples of fuel collected as representing the deposits
of fuel owned by the Government, or representing fuel for the use
of the Grovernment; or, in a few cases, collected in cooperation with
State geological surveys.
The samples tested by the fuels chemical laboratory may be
briefly classified in the following manner:
Samples tested in the fuels chemical laboratory of the Bureau of MineSf at
PittsJmrgh,
Standard mine samples of coal :
Ck>llected by —
Bureau of Mines 377
United States Geological Survey _— 76
General Land Office 5
Forest Service 29
Missouri Geological Survey 127
614
Samples of dusts from mine-accidents division :
Road dusts from coal mines 24
Coal dusts from coal mines 26
Coal dust partly coked by explosions and mine fires 17
Coal dust for inflammability test 34
Wood dust for inflammabiUty test (pine, 1; oalc, 1; mahogany, 1) 3
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FB0GEES8 OF INVESTIGATIOKB. 413
Samples of dnsts from mine-accidents diTl8lon--0>ntlnned.
Gluten dust for inflammability test 1
Flour for inflammability test- 1
Starch for inflammability test 1
Miscellaneous dusts for inflammability test 6
U2
Miscellaneous samples:
Calcium chloride 8
Salt water 2
Mine water 40
46
Samples from fuel-testing division :
Coal, ash, residual fuel, etc, from tests 421
Peat 74
Petroleums 111
Coal purchases for Inspection 906
Coal and coke samples from other Government bureaus 00
Slag, limestone, and miscellaneous 17
The following lignite, coal, peat, and oil samples were received
from various sections of the bureau and from other departments:
Samples of lignite, coal, peat, and M received at fuels chemical lahoraiory.
Coking tests 10
Steaming tests 218
Briquet tests 80
Experimental investigations 24
Explosives 8
Inflammability of coal dust ^ 1
General fuel testing for United States Army, Navy, etc 52
Gas-producer tests 8
lUuminatlng-gas investigations 2
Inspection of coals for Government use 806
General Land Office work 6
Combustion experiments 50
Mine-accidents Investigations 219
Mine samples of coal, collected by Missouri Geological Survey 127
Mine samples (inspection of Government purchases of coal) - 10
Mine samples (mine-accidents investigations at Pittsburgh) 07
Peat experiments 74
Petroleums from public land 111
Weathering tests for Navy and Isthmian Canal Commission 22
Bureau of Standards 1
United States Geological Survey, samples 76
Forest Sevice, samples 29
Mine inspection, Panama Railroad 151
Isthmian Canal Commission, special 7
Navy Department, samples 10
War Department, samples 42
1,694
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414
ANNUAL. EEPOBT DIBECTOB BUBBATJ OF MINES.
Miscellaneous samples were received and analyzed at the Pitts-
burgh laboratory from other sections of the station's work as follows :
Miscellaneous samples received at fuels chemical laboratory.
Electrical section:
Mine waters 40
Gas-producer section:
LdmeBtones 2
Slag 14
Dust -» 1
Mine accidents:
Calcium chloride 3
Salt water 2
Sawdust 3
Sulphur band 1
66
Total samples received « 1,760
The determinations made in analyzing the coal, lignite, peat, and
oil samples at the Pittsburgh laboratory of the Bureau of Mines were
as follows :
Detenninations at the fuels chemical laboratory.
Source of material aoalysed.
DetorminatioDS.
I
Steaming tests ,
Briquettests .'
CoktDK tests
Experimental investlgatiODS
EzploelTes
Fuel testing for United States Army,
Navy, etc
Inflammability of coal dust
Gas-producer tests
ninm infttfag-gfta investigations
Inspection of coals for Government use . . .
Combustion experiments
Mine40cidents investigations
Mine samples (in^>ection of Govenmient
ooal purchases)
Mine samples (min»aocidents inve^iga-
tlon at Pittsburgh)
Peat.
Petroleums from public lands
Weathering tests of coal for Navy, etc.. . .
Bureau of Standards
Forest Service, samples
Genecal Land Office work
Isthmian Canal Commission, special
samples
Missouri Geological Survey, mine inspec-
tion
Navy Department, samples
Panama Railroad, mine inspection
United States Geological Survey, samples.
War Department, samples
67
22
72
18
111
2
4
4
621
111
379
19
131
188
380
66
22
39
20
121
2
4
6
608
117
366
17
167
160
166
64
20
39
26
102
1741
1461 40
18.
132^ 1,305
62 368
40
26
4
4
876
113
447
19
186
166
2
2
218
61
196
100
2
4
4
420 27
66
278
12 16
94
67
30
3
76
10
10 12
178
28
207
173
77
226
28
218
169
71
8
2
69
16
16
276
29
332
196
104
4
1
29
6
6
123
12
162
72
39
109
114
191
48
2
69
10
10
190
30
201
143
62
Total.
2,809
2,793
2,767
1,243
2,489
26
12
118
10
90
37
4
111
6 3
609
6
21
23
400^ 2,546
43 605
100 2,177
10 112
60 60
19 19
2 2
27 27
3, 3
63 63
11 11
20 11
83 83
13 13
147, 147
64, 64 70
40! 40 46
757 757 963
I I
66
118
136
71
12
171
138
27
130
665
939
969
331
200
21
521
99
53
1,358
185
1,775
1,188
511
310
1,78716,746
*The analyses of coals and other fuels for use by the Government were mainly made
at the Waahlngton laboratory (p. 18).
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PEOGBESS OF INVESTIGATIONS.
415
The determinations made in analyzing the 66 miscellaneous sam-
ples were as follows :
Miscellaneous determinations at fuels
chemical
laboratory.
Determinations.
1
0
1
1
0
1
I
a
0
1
a|
1
£
jl
1
^
Mojstaie
1
16
29
17
12
29
28
18
1
LoflB on Ignition
5
6
21
Silica (SlOt)
13
99
32
10
12
12
48
Forrlc oxide (FeiOs)
4
17
137
Ferrous oxide ( FeO )
44
1
1
2
2
9
6
4
8
42
Lime (rJaO)
60
UaFnA^A (%0)
38
Baryta (BaO)
4
flnHfnm nxidn (K14O) . . .
17
1
1
1
6
55
6
1
10
10
36
PAtAffiMfim OXl'^fl (Ki^>)
11
Titfminm oxiifl (1^<^i)'
1
Ferrous sulphide (FeS)
35
41
Phosphorus (P)
90
8ul[Snr dioxide (SOf)
. ,
53
3
4
.^.
66
Sulphur (8)
1
Chlorine (CI)
10
6
6
48
10
....
14
34
Carbon dio^de (COi )
1
7
Alkalinity
6
Addlty..
48
3
2
4
2
4
80
4
4
Extraction
2
2
Total
67
2
353
79
10
174
64
17
14
12
10
2
784
Grand total of all determinations, 17,529.
The analytical work mentioned above was in immediate charge of
A. C. Fieldner, assistant chemist, who was assisted by D. I. Brown,
0. K. Glycart, Max Hecht, Harold Isenberg, C. J. Monahan, G. E.
Webster, and A. M. Wedd, junior chemists, and L. L. A. Moran,
junior computer.^
A ^stematic investigation of the methods of fuel analysis was
started with a view to the improvement of existing methods. A re-
port on " Methods of analyzing coal and coke," toTbe published as a
technical paper, was completed, and will soon be published. Con-
siderable time was given to checting a tabulation of the coal analyses
made in connection with the fuel-testing investigations of the Gov-
ernment from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1910. These analyses and a
description of the samples are to be published as a bulletin of the
Bureau of Mines.
MINS- ACCIDENTS INVESTIGATIONS.
KINE-BESGUE METHODS.
With a view to the equipment of the several mine-safety stations
and cars of the bureau with apparatus of the latest and most ap-
proved design, J. W. Paul,^ mining engineer, and Carl Scholz, con-
sulting mining engineer, inspected the various Government and
private mine-rescue and training stations in England, France,
Belgium, Germany, and Austria during September, October, and
November, 1910. They visited also the several manuracturing estab-
lishments where breathing apparatus are made, and many collieries
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416 ANNUAL. EEPOBT DIRECTOR BUREAU OP MINES.
in each of these countries, and discussed mth both miners and oper-
ators the relative merits of different types of equipment and methods.
Three types of equipment were selected, one English and two Grer-
man, and a number oi sets of each type ox apparatus were purchased
for equipping the six mine-safety cars and the six stations.
At the oegmning of the fiscal year there were in operation four of
these stations — at Pittsburgh, Pa., Urbana, HI., Kjioxville, Tenn.,
and Seattle, Wash. During the year there were added a station at
McAJester, Okla., and a temporary station at Birmmgham, Ala. Six
mine-safety cars with headquarters respectively at Wlkes-Barre, Pa.,
Trinidad, Colo., Evansville, Ind., Eock Springs, Wyo., Billings,
Mont., and Huntington^W. Va., were equipped and put in operation
during November and December, and authority was given for two
additional cars, one for the Pittsburgh station, and another for the
Southwestern coal field, which extends from Iowa across Missouri
and Kansas into Oklahoma and Arkansas. A permanent building
at Birmingham, Ala., will be ready for occupancy as a rescue station
by September, 1911. The plot of ground on which this building
stands was given to the Government by J. H. Woodward, of Bir-
mingham. The building for the station at Urbana was supplied
by the Onivereity of fllinois; the station at Seattle was housed
by the University of Washington. At McAlester, Okla., the bureau
occupies a small brick building. This building, with the ground on
• which it is erected, cost about $10,000, but the ground and building
are now offered to the Government for continuous station use at a
cost of about $4,000.
At each of these stations there is a supi>ly of mine-rescue and first-
aid equipment, all in'TJharge of a pnictical miner trained in both
first-aid and rescue methods. Each mine-safety car has a full
supply of rescue and first-aid equipment and of fire-fighting appli-
ances."
The work of the section was organized during October, 1910,
at the time of the delivery of the first mine-safety cars. In the
several mining centers the car and station crews have given demon-
strations and instructions in mine-rescue methods and first aid to the
injured. Each mine at which a disaster of any consequence occurred
was visited and investigation was made to ascertain the physical
condition of the mine at the time of the disaster in order to determine
the factors that contributed to the destruction of life or property.
The personnel of the section consisted of 31 persons, who were
stationed on or at the various cars and stations. Each car had a
mining engineer in charge and a foreman miner and a first-aid
miner, both trained in rescue and first-aid methods; at Pittsburgh
was the engineer in charge of the section, with an assistant engineer,
a foreman miner, and a first-aid miner.
In a number of instances the appliances of the mine-safety car
were effectively used in saving life. Since the beginning of this work
by the Government at least 15 lives have been saved.
The work in the field has been the more effective because of
cooperation of mine operators, miners, and officials of the miners'
or^nization.
The following is a summary showing the number of visitors
(mostly miners) who during the year have attended the demonstra-
tions and lectures at the cars and stations, and the number of miners
who have received mine-rescue instruction and first-aid training.
FB0GBE8S OF IKVESTIGAHOKB.
417
ViHtara at tntne-safety oar and atation lectwea, demonairaiians, and first-aid
classes during the fiscal year.
Car or statioo.
VUton.
Ai
Ifloturas.
Weving
latot.
Given
[ven partial
trramg.
First aid.
Gerttfl-
catesaa-
thorixed.
Certifi-
cates
Oan
Nal
No.2
No.8
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
StettoDs:
Plttsbmsh...
UrlMma
KnozvlUe....
lloAleeter....
Seattle.^
6,820
10,447
22,422
5,060
7,872
8,675
676
370
7
317
782
185
5,063
14,001
11,583
4,662
4,701
27,288
831
1,182
424
1,806
1,438
442
551
112
60
100
801
1,004
2,510
775
654
107
100
176
1,718
2,420
506
711
70
38
178
115
IM
64
156
105
25
8
100
7
UO
263
00
33
47
8
71
83
10
5
40
7
Total a72,0fi0
on,444
4,753 I 7,183
6,783
734
74
145
60
11
41
6
71
30
10
4
46
3
"mo
• Of these more than 50,000 are estimated to have been coal miners.
The requests for training in rescue methods and first aid have been
much greater than the present facilities of the section can accommo-
date. The cars were operated during only the eight months from
November, 1910, to June 80, 1911, inclusive.
During the year numerous informal tests and demonstrations were
made with miners' safety lamps in the presence of miners and mine
officials at the Pittsburgh station.
A report on the use and care of mine-rescue breathingapparatus
was prepared for publication as Miners' Circular 4. Wort on a
report describing European mine-rescue stations was advanced^ and
work on a report dealing with mine fires, to be published as a miners'
circular, was begun.
The work of the section was in charge of J. W. Paul, mininff engi-
neer. Charles Enzian, J. C. Roberts, R. Y. Williams, S. S. Smith,
J. J. Rutledge, mining engineers, and H. M. Wolflin, assistant en-
gineer, were placed in charge of the six mine-safety cars operated by
the bureau.
BXFIiOSIVEB.
FHTnOAL KZAMHTATION AND TE8TIN0 OT E2TL0SIVE8.
During the year physical tests of explosives were made with a view
to determining their permissibility in coal-mining operations in
mixies where, n*om the presence of either mine gases or inflammable
coal dust, me conditions were unfavorable to safety. During the
year 40 explosives passed the tests required. The tests made included
the following:
Ewaminations and tests of ewplosives.
Physical examination 94
Trand lead blocks — 818
SmaU lead blocks 148
Oalorlmeter 108
Bate of detonation 402
Flame tests 171
Gas and dust gallery No. 1 1,876
Oas and dust ga"ery No. 2 14
Ballistic pendnlmn 501
11356*— IKT 1911— VOL 1 21 Digitized by GoOglC
418 AKNUAIi BBPOBT DISECXOB BUBBATT OF MINES.
Impact tatbi 00
Bzploslon by inflnence testa 296
Bate of burning ^ 10
MiscellaneonB, callbrationB» etc T2
Presaare gage No. 1 . 245
Preaaure gage No. 2 371
Serwolng tsata of black blasting powder 4
Total 4,882
The informal tests of explosives during the year included the
following:
September 24. 1910, for the Pittsburg-bed operators of Ohio ;
October 21-27, 1010, for the mine-rescne corps of the Bureau of Mfnea; and
the mine-rescue and first-aid corpa of the State of Illinois ;
January 28, 1011, for the Hnstead-Semana Coal & CSoke Co., Uniontown, Pa. ;
February 2, 1911, for the professors and students of the Case School ct Ap-
plied Science, Cleveland, Ohio ;
April 17, 1911, for the National Waterways Commission of Congress, Wash-
ington, D. C. ;
April 28, 1911, for the mine foreman and fire bosses of the seventeenth inspect
tlon district of Pennsylvania ;
June 27, 1911, for the professors and students of the Case School of ApE^ed
Science, devtiand, Ohio;
June 28, 1911, for the Society for the Promotion of Bngineering Education ;
June 80, 1911, for the Secretary of the Interior and other visitors.
Special tests were made as follows:
(1) At Franklin Furnace, N. J. To determine the noxious gases in the gaseous
products of explosion of explosives used in metalliferous mines;
(2) At West Winfield, Pa. To determine the noxious gases in the gaseous
products of explosion of explosives used in metalliferous mines ;
(8) At New Castle, Pa. Comparative economy tests of block-hole and adobe
sbot8» uidng limestone blocks;
(4) Special tests with 80, 40, 60, and 60 per cent nitroglycerin dynamite.
40 per cent strength gelatin dynamite, and 40 per cent strength ammonia dyna-
mite.
(6) Special tests to determine the relative bullet-resisting value of dUEerent
buUd^g materials when used in magazine construction ;
(6) Special Trauzl lead-block test to determine the efficiency of the explosive
when fired with different kinds and quantities of stemming ;
(7) Special tests with various sizes of grain of black blasting powder of high
dsDslty;
(8) Special tests to determine the liabUity of the cartridge wrapper of an
explosive submitted for permissible tests to cause ignition of gas and dust
wh^i the explosive, freely suspended, is fired in a gas-and-dust mixture;
(9) Special tests to det^mine the value of Hercules blasting plugs when
used in place of stemming;
(10) Special tests of five potassium-chlorate explosives with the smi^n impact
machine^ to determine the effect of storage and of alternate moistening and
dicing of these explosives;
(11) Special tests with Grlsutina, a Mexican explosive;
(12) Special tests with Fumlcide to determine its value as a neutralizer of
noxious gases, when charged in a tmre hole with 40 per cent dynamite;
(13) Special tests with Kuhlmann safety-fuse igniter, when used with Kuhl-
mann safety fuse, to determine its relative safety when used in coal mines.
Some, but not all^ of these tests have been c(MnpIeted.
A report embodying results of an investigation of a number of ex-
plosives used in coal mines and describing the apparatus and methods
used at the Pittsburgh station for testing explosives was finally re-
vised for publication as Bulletin 15. A report on the use of per-
missible explosives was submitted for publication as a bulletin. A
report stating the tests for determining the permissilnlity of ex-
plosives and a list of the explosives that nad passed these tests prior
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FBOOHE8S OF htvestigati^ks. 419
to January 1, 1911^ was issued as a miners' circular. A technologic
bulletin oi the United States Geological Survey, ^^A primer on ex-
plosives for coal miners,'' was revised for publication as a bulletin
of the Bureau of Mines. The results of an investigation of fuse and
miners' squibs were submitted for publication as a technical paper,
and a report on the effect of stemming on the efficiency of explosives
was begun.
The work of the explosives section was in charge of Clarence Hall,
explosives engineer, assisted by S. P. Howell, assistant engineer, and
A. B. Coates^ A. J. Hazelwood, W. N. Gallinger, J. E. Hammond,
H. I. Smith, and H. F. Braddock, junior engineers.
CHBMISTBY OF EXPLOSIVES.
During the summer months of the year the chemist in charge made
an extensive trip through Alaska (on leave without pay), and on
ihifi trip obtained much mf ormation m regard to the use oi explosives
in both the gravel and the lode mines of that country. A report was
prepared during the year, at the request of the Isthmian Canal Com-
mission dealing with some problems involved in the use of fuse in
the work on the Isthmus of Fanama. and the chemist in charge visited
the Canal Zone during the month ox December.
In the course of the year a number of new analytical methods have
been developed by the laboratory : these greatly lessen work and in-
crease efficiency in the analysis oi explosives. There have been also
devised several pieces of apparatus for determining the physical and
chemical characteristics oi explosive substances. Other new methods
have been suggested, covering the determination of pressures, the
determination of the rate of detonation of explosives, the efficiency
of detonators, etc.
The work done by the explosives chemical laboratory during the
year is shown by the following tabular statement :
Work of the explosives laboratory.
Analyses:
Dynamite 403
Mining explosives 127
Black powder 74
Electric detonators 26
BlABtlng caps 4
Safety fuse 11
Products of combustion of mining explosives 87
Railroad torpedoes 2
Fuse lighters 3
Determinations :
Moisture in explosives - 125
Nitrogen in nitroglycerin 25
Analyses and determinations not Included above 178
Physical tests:
Electric detonators 2. 325
Safety fuse 357
Blasting caps 30
Railroad torpedoes 10
Mining explosives 110
Centrifugal exudation tests of dynamites 925
Determinations of absolute density of explosives 49
Determinations of gravimetric density of explosives 4
stability tests (heat tests) of explosives 150
Physical tests not included in the above 37
Totiil analyses, tests, and determinations
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420 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIBECTOB BUBEAU OF MINES.
There were prepared and subpodtted for publication a report on
" The thermochemistry of explosives," to form a part of Bulletin 15,
and a report on " The rate of burning of fuse," to be published as a
technicalpaper.
Many data have been accumulated for the preparation of a bulletin
on "Analyses of explosives," and the work of preparing the manu-
script is m progress. A report on " The exudation of nitroglycerin
from dynanute and similar explosives " is also being prepareo.
The explosives chemical laboratory is in charge of W. O. Snelling,
chemist, with the following assistants: C. G. Storm, explosives chem-
ist ; A. L. Hyde and W. Q. Cope, assistant chemists ; and C. A. Taylor,
J. H. Hunter, and C. A. Lambert, junior chemists.
ELECTRICITY IN MINING.
The electrical section of the Bureau of Mines is particularly con-
cerned with the problem of safeguarding life and property from the
dangers that attend the use of electricity under ground. During
the year a permanent organization of the section has been effected,
and the equipment has been greatly improved. The laboratory has
been put in excellent condition.
The investigation of explosion-proof motors has occupied more
time than any other inquiry. Four motors made by three different
companies have been examined, and a fifth is now under test Two
complete reports and one preliminary report have been made covering
this work. The tests have been carried on very carefully and hence
have consumed a great deal of time. The investigation required the
entire time of one man throughout the year.
The investigation next in miportance has been the determination
of the action of mine water upon the insulation of electric conductors.
This investi^tion, which required much preparation and the pur-
chase of considerable equipment, was started on January 3, 1910, and
has b€>en in progress since that date. It will be carried on for at
least six months longer. The investigation has required on an aver-
age one man's time for four hours daily since November, 1910.
Several other investigations have received attention, principally
in the way of preparation and preliminary tests. Among these are
an investigation or explosion-proof switches ; an investigation of the
risk of gas ignition from the breaking of incandescent electric lamps
in an explosive gas mixture; an investigation of the behavior of
electric flashes in the presence of coal dust; and an investigation of
portable electric shot-firing devices.
Some work was done upon an electric methane detector, an electric
pressure indicator for the experimental mine, and an electrically
operated humidifier for moistening mine air.
The electrical equipment of the experimental mine has been under
the supervision ox this section. Specifications were written for the
generating set, and the plans and specifications for the underground
electric wiring were prepared.
In January, 1911, H. H. Clark, electrical engineer, was appointed
chairman of a committee to study the power-plant conditions and
requirements of the Pittsburgh station. A complete investigation
was made and a report submitted in May, 1911. Specifications for
a new engine-driven generating set have since been drawn up.
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Ii!B0OBE8S OF INVESTIQATIOKS. 421
An outline for a code of relations, modeled after the English
code for the use of electricity m min^ was drawn up and used as
the basis of a report made by a committee of the American Mining
Ck>nfiress. The report of this committee was adopted almost verbatim
by the Pennsylvama Legislature and has become a law of that State.
. The testing equipment used in connection with gallery No. 2 has
been thoroughly overhauled and arranged to the best advantage.
Gallery No. 2 is a steel shell 80 feet lonjg by 10 feet in diameter,
provided with paper-doth diaphragms for retaining suitable gas
mixtures.
Gallery No. 8 has been redesigned so that tests can be made more
rapidly and effectively. This is a small cubical steel box with plate-
glass doors.
In connection with the cable-insulation test, a very sensitive gal-
vanometer and accessories have been mounted upon a suitable con-
crete pier in the laboratory and a high-potential testing transformer
has been purchased for the same test
A new gallery has been designed for the investigation of electric
flashes in the presence of coal dust, and an order has been placed for
its construction.
The following is a list of the number of tests and obeervatioiis
made during the fiscal year 1911 :
' Tests and observations of the electrical section of the Bureau of Mines,
Natare of t
Number
of tests.
Nmnber
ofobser-
vattoos.
EzploBion-proof motors 676 6,184
Gauetest 250 660
Test of power plant and turbine 3 i 764
Pressoie indicator ' 80 1 400
MetliBiie indicator \ T7 300
Incandescent-lamp test ' 40 200
7,648
During the year a report on the purpose of the investigations
relating to electricity in mining and the equipment used in these
investigations and a report on the causes and prevention of electrical
accidents in mines were submitted for publication — one as a technical
paper, the other as a miners' circular. A report on tests of explosion-
proof motors, to be published as a bulletin, was begun.
H. H. Clark, electrical engineer, is in charge of the section. He is
assisted by L. C. Ilsley, assistant electrical engineer, and R. W.
Crocker, junior engineer.
OCCUBBENCE OF MINE GAS.
The inflammable gas that emanates from coal is an agent in explo-
sions that often cause serious mine fires and kill or injure a large num-
ber of miners every year. Li an endeavor to ascertain the laws gov-
erning the distribution and occurrence of this gas, examinations have
been made in various coal fields, with especial reference to ceoloffic
structure, depth below the surface, and character of the coal, to the
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422 - ANNUAL BBPOBT DIBECTOR BUBEAU OF MINES.
end that a basis might be found for predicting outbursts of gas in
mines.
This work was taken up originally by B. T. Chamberlin under the
technologic branch of the Geological Survey, and later by N. H.
Darton, who was transferred from the Geological Survey to the
Bureau of Mines. The satisfactory prosecution of this work in-
volved a determination of the structure in certain typical areas and
the collection and analysis of samples of mine air from different
parts of mines in these areas. Tne northern anthracite field of
I^ennsylvania, including Luzerne^ and Lackawanna Counties, was
selected for the study, tecause of its importance as a mining region,
the variety of geological structure involved, and the abundance of
mine gases in portions of the region. The many folds and faults in
this region, and its relation to other areas in which the same strata
were comparatively flat, furnish conditions especially favorable to
such an investigation.^
Several representative mine workings were selected as likely to
afford the most definite comparative results, and many samples of
return air containing the gaseous emanations from districts of
known extent and structure were collected. The cross section of the
airway and the velocity of the air were measured at each point of
sampling, so that the total volume of gas (CH4) in the air could be
calculate. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory of the
Bureau of Mines, in Pittsburgh.
Maps that show the structural conditions in the Workings where
the samples were collected are being prepared and these maps, with
observations on the occurrence of ^s in the anthracite mines are
being made ready for publication m a bulletin of the Bureau of
Mines. Subsequently one or more other regions in different coal
fields will be studied with a view to procuring additional data on
this important subject.
CHEMISTRY OF MINE GASES AND NATURAL GAS.
During the year considerable work was done by G. A. Burrell,
assistant chemist, in cooperation with G. S. Rice, mining engineer,
on mine-gas problems. These problems relate especially to the
effect of barometric pressure on the exudation of methane in coal
mines; the composition of the gases produced by mine fires and ex-
plosions ; and the efficient determination of the gases in normal mine
air. Mr. Burrell visited several mines for the purpose of making
first-hand studies of conditions prevailing at mine fires and after
explosions in mines, and the chemistry of mine air under normal
mine conditions.
The following is a brief summary of the work accomplished dur-
ing the year:
Biweekl]^ analyses of the natural gas used at the Pittsburgh sta-
tion in testing explosives, safety lamps, electric lamps, motors, etc. ;
The analysis of all gas-air mixtures used in conducting tests;
The analysis of about 600 mine-gas samples representing gas from
mines under normal and abnormal conditions;
A special study^ of the effect of barometric pressure on the exuda-
tions of methane in coal mines ;
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FBO0BB8S OF INVESTIQATIONS. 423
The developinent of types of gas-analysis apparatus far all claaseo
of ffas-analysis work;
An investigatioii of the relative effect of noxious gasta, suck as
carbon monoxide, on birds, on mice, and on m«i :
A study of natural gas and the devising oi apparatus for its
analysis;
An investigation of the probable vitiation of mine air by the ex-
haust from gasoline locomotives;
The development of an improved apparatus for use in controlling
the percenta^ of gases in mme air;
An investigation of the liquefaction of natural gas and the prop-
erties and uses of the liquefied products, such as gasoline;
Analyses of '^ air '' from different types of breathing apparatus*
The manuscript of a paper on the characteristics of me natural
gas used at the Pittsburgh station for testing explosives was reinbsed
for publication in Bulletin 15; a paper descrioing the analytical
methods used in determining the constitution of samples of natural
gas from the oil fields of southern California was submitted for
publication in a bulletin, and work was begun on a report describing
t3^pes of apparatus, designed by 6. A. Burrell, for analysing mine
gases and natural gas.
F. M. Seibert and L. D. Belden, junior chemists, assisted Mr.
Burrell in his investigations.
PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MINE GASBS.
The influence of carbon dioxide on the explosibility of mine gases
has been investigated for the purpose, first, of determining the prac-
ticability of introducing carbon dioxide into mine woridngs to extin-
guish fires and prevent explosions, and the quantity of this gas which
would have to be introduced to render mine gases nonexplosive, and,
second, to furnish data for men engaged in fitting mine fires cm die
range of explosibility of mixtures of methane, air, and carbon dioxide.
nnie results of the investigations lead to the following conclusions:
(1) Carbon dioxide is more effective than nitrogen in preventing
gas explosions; its greater effectiveness may be accounted for by m
higher sjpecific heat;
(2) Tne addition of 25 parts (by volume) of CO, to 76 parts of
the most explosive mixture of methane and air renders the mixture
nonexplosive;
(8) When carbon monoxide is injtroduced in place of oxygen — this
occurs whenever the former is produced in a mme by impenect ccnn-
bustion — 7 per cent of COj is suflScient to prevent explosion.
The work of this section was in charge of J. K. Ciem^it, physicist,
with F. H. Bamsey, junior chemist, and W. L. Egy, junior chemist,
as assistants.
INFLAMMABILITT OF COAL DUST.
Since the publication of the results of the preliminary work on the
investigation of the inflammability of coal dust, reprinted in Bureau
of Mines Bulletin 20, " The explosibility of coal dust," the method of
measuring the relative inflanunability of coal dusts has been greatly
improveoT During the year the dusts prepared fr<»n a number cdF
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4^4 AKNtJAL ttEPOET DIBECTOS BtJBSAU OF MlUlfid.
coals were examined, involying about 1,070 determinatiotis. A labdrn*
tory study was made of the effect of varying proportions of shale dust
on the inflammability of coal dusts. The relative inflammability of
dust at different temperatures was also studied.
The inflammability of samples of wood dust, sugar, asphalt, lyoo-
podium, gluten, starch, and flour was studied in the same way. llie
preparation of a bulletin embodying the results of the year's work on
the inflammability of coal dust was begun.
The investigations were in charge of J. C. W. Fraser, chemist,
assisted by E. J. Hoffman, assistant chemist; H. A. Neel, junior
chemist (temporary) ; and L. A. SchoU, junior chemist.
MINE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT.
The time of Charles Enzian, J. C. Roberts, J. J. Rutledge, K. Y.
Williams, and Sumner S. Smith, mining engineers, and of H. M.
Wolflin, assistant mining engineer, was for the most part taken up in
the routine work of the mme-saf ety cars. When they had opportunity,
these engineers made examinations of the various mines in the vicinity
of the stations at which the cars stopped. Considerable mine-investi-
gation work was done in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and Missouri.
H. L Smith reported for duty November 15, 1910. He was on
general work until January 9, when he left for McAlester, Okla.,
where he was engaged in equipping the McAlester station. During
April he was engaged in general investigative work in the Missouri
field, and reported for duty at Pittsburgh about May 1, 1911.
Charles Enzian, with headquarters in the Federal building at
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., is now engaged in an investigation of the system
of filling mine workings in the antliracite r^on with sand and culm
by flushing.
The compiling of a detailed acoount of the great coal-mininjg dis-
asters that have occurred in this country during the past deca£ was
advanced. Work on a report dealing^ with mine ures was begun.
Considerable time was given by G. S. xtice to the revision of a tech-
nologic bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, ^ The ez-
plosmility of coal dust,^' for publication as a bulletin of the Bureau
of Mines. Mr. Bice also prepared a report on coal-dust explosions,
which was printed as Miners' Circular 3.
Thepersonnel of the section comprised G. S. Bice, Charles Enzian,
J. C. Koberts, J. J. Butledge, B. Y. Williams, and Sumner S. Smith,
mining engineers ; H. M. Wolflin and L. M. Jones, assistant engi-
neers; and H. I. Smith and Charles Shorkley, junior engineers.
MINE FUXJNO (flushing) to BEDT7GE WASTE, SUEFAGE SETTLING, AND
MINE FIRES.
In consequence of the annual waste in this country of some
200,000,000 tons of bituminous coal and of some 80,000,000 tons of
anthracite coal, because of imperfect mining methods, the Bureau of
lAines has undertaken an inquiry into the possibility of reducing this
waste, and at the same time of making the mines safer and the sur-
face over the mines less liable to settle as the removal of the coal pro-
ceeds, through the more extensive use of a system of mine fillinjy; or
flushing, sudi as was initiated in the Pennsylvania anthracite field?
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ntOOBBSB OF lUn^BtlQAliONS. 426
some years a^, and later has been more largely developed in several
European mining comitries.
The conditions in the anthracite region being especially &vorable
for such a study, one of the mining engineers of the bureau, Charles
Enzian, was assigned to this investigation, with headquarters at
Wilkes-Barre. Mr. Enzian is familiar with the enfmeering practice
and mine methods in the anthracite region and willinvesti^te espe-
cially the engineering problems involved. Meanwhile N. H. Darton,
geolopst, was also assigned to this work with special instructions to
map the distribution of those sands, gravels, and other materials in
the northern anthracite coal field which may be considered available
for use in mine filling or flushing operations.
Eli T. Conner and William Griffith, mining engineers of large
experience in the anthracite region, have brought together a large
amount of valuable data bearing on flushing in connection with the
studies they undertook for the city of Scranton with the purpose of
preventing the caving of the surrace from the extensive excavations
made in mining underneath the citv. The data they broujp;ht to-
gether in this connection have been obtained by the bureau of Mines
and will be published as a bulletin of the bureau.
EXAmNATION OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOH INCREASING SAFETY.
In order that the bureau may be able to point out the laws and
regulations best adapted to prevent accidents in mining, quarrying,
and metallurgical industries of this country^ it has been necessary to
bring together the laws, rules, and relations found to be now in
force in uiis and in other mining countries. This work, which is now
well under way, includes the collection and examination of the mining
laws of the United States and of the several States, and the State
mining relations, and the collection and examination, so far as prac-
ticable, or foreign statutory mining laws and regulations. The work
also includes a complete annotation of all the statutory laws relating
to mine safety, showing the construction various courts have placed
upon each act or section wherever such decisions may be found, and
an alphabetical list or glossary of mining words, terms, and phrases,
showmg where such words or phrases have been judicially defined.
In oraer to ascertain the construction placed upon various statutes,
the law examiner examined critically the separate volumes of the
United States Supreme Court Reports, and is proceeding in the sane
manner with the aecisions of all inferior Federal courts. It is planned
to continue the work under this general system as to the several State
statutes and reports^ and also to collect and arrange the digests of all
decisions that are not strictly constructions of any statute and to
arrange tables of cases.
The work of the section is in charge of J. W. Thompstm, law ex-
aminer.
MINE-ACCmENTS STATISTICS.
A fundamental necessity in any attempt at bettering conditions in-
volving the saf et^r of miners bein^ accurate statistics of the number of
miners annuallv injured and killed, and the causes of the accidents,
the Bureau of "iMines has made preparation to collect sudi statistics
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426 ANNUAL BEPOBT DIBEOTOB BUREAU OF MINES.
from all mines and quarries. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911,
owing to the lack of sufficient funds, little work was done other than
to outline the course of procedure to be followed in gathering figures
and to collect statistics relating to accidents at cocu minei^ F. W.
Horton, assistant engineer, was i>laced in charge of this work. The
preparation of a report on coal-mine accidents in 1910, to be published
as a bulletin of the JBureau of Mines^ was begun.
The present intent is to eidiend this work to cover accidents at ore-
dressing plants, cement mills, blast furnaces, etc., if funds are pro-
vided-
OTHEB TECHNOLOGIC LNVESTIOATIONS PERTINENT TO THE lON-
INO INDUSTRY.
Several technologic investigations for which there appeared ur^nt
need in connection with the mining, quarrying, and metallurgical
investigations were carried on by the Bureau of Mines during the
fiscal year 1910-11 as circumstances permitted.
For the most part these investigations have been inherited from
the technologic branch of the United States Gteological- Survey, and
in such cases the work has been continued by the experts transferred
from the Survey to the Bureau of Mines or subsequently added to
the rolls of the bureau. The following are amcmg the more impor-
tant of these investigations:
COKE AND COKING OPERATIONS.
During the progress of the fuel investigations under the Geological
Survey, from 19(^ to the establishment of the Bureau of Mines on
July 1, 1910, considerable work had been done in investigating the
coking qualities of different coals, especially those in or t^jacent to
public^ lands in the Eoclqr Mountain region. In connection with
these investigations coke was made from a large number of coals
which prior to that time had been regarded as noncoking. For the
purpose of testing the quality of the coke made from these coals,
arrangements were completed for experiments with these different
varieties of coke in a small-sized foundry cupola. Melting tests of
each type of coke were made to supplement the chemical and physical
laboratory tests.
This information is necessary to a careful study of the combustion
processes and other chemical changes taking place in the cupola
during the burning of the coke and the melting of the metaL A
consi(ferable amount of valuable data on these subjects has been
obtained. Plans have been prepared for extending similar investi-
gations to other types of furnaces, and it is believed that the results
will be of material value in connection with a wide variety of metal-
lurgical operations. The work is being carried on under the direc-
tion of A. W. Belden, engineer.
SMELTER FUMES.
Another of the investigations begun under the Geological Survey
and continued by the Bureau of Mines relates to smelter fumes,
which in California and some other States haveproven destructive to
Government forests. As continued under the Bureau of Mines, this
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FBOGBE8S OF IHVESTIGA'nONS. 427
work has been placed under the direction of F. G. Cottrell, who has
given up his professorship in the University of CalifcHmia in order
to devote his entire time to it
The investigation should be extended to include different types
of smelters and the behavior in these smelters of different varieties
of ore, and to the various possibilities of preventing or lessening the
escape of deleterious fumes in smelter operations.
TUNNEL METHODS.
The experience of the United States Reclamation Service in the
loss of men from the noisonous gases resulting from the use of
explosives in tunnels ana in the variable rate of progress in cutting
tunnels has been one of the chief causes of the Bureau of Mines
b^inning an investigation info modem tunneling methods. This
inc^uiry, which is now well under way, is under the general super-
vision of D. W. Brunton, consulting engineer, and J. A. Davis,
assistant en^eer.
Careful observations have been made by Mr. Davis of a number of
the larger tunnels now being driven, and a large amount of informa-
tion has been collected concerning tunneling methods used in differ-
ent countries.
rURNACE SLAGS.
The investigation of furnace slags was taken up by the technologic
branch of the Geological Survey in connection with its fuel investi-
gjations, and has been continued since that time on a small scale as
circumstances would permit. The investigation has been extended
to include an examination of the different types of furnace slags and
the influence of different metals and other mineral substances on the
character and value of the slags, and also the influence of metals like
titanium on the behavior of the molten iroa in the furnace.
WASTE IN HETAL-MININO AND METALLt7B(^ICAL OPEBATIONS.
In connection with the study of accidents in metal-mininff and
metallurgical operations, the engineers of the bureau have collected
considerable data relative to the waste of resources in metal-mining
and metallurgical operations. The information in hand indicates
the large extent of this waste and the importance of further investi-
gations to determine how it mav be reduced and largely prevented.
Similar information has been ootained with reference to the wastes
in a number of the miscellaneous mineral industries of the country.
QUARBT OPERATIONS.
The statistical data collected by the Bureau of Mines indicate that
the loss of life in quarrpng operations in this country is far larger
than it is in other countries. A preliminary examination into the
cfUATTj methods and practices of tne country indicates that in addi-
tion to this loss of life there is a large waste of valuable quarry
products.
An investigation of these quarrv methods has been started to dis-
cern how bo£ this waste and the loss of life may be largely reduced.
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428 ANNUAL SEPOBT DmEGTOR BUBEAU OF MIKES.
It is hoped that during another fiscal year the funds at the disposal
of the bureau may be sufficient to permit the extension and more
rapid progress of this investigation. ^ On April 29, 1911, A. S.
Watts, quarry technologist, was placed in charge of this worK.
MINE INSPECTION IN THE TEBBITOBIEa
By direction of the Secretary of the Interior, and by virtue of the
authority of acts of Ongress, mine inspection in tm territories is
under the supervision of the Director of the Bureau of Mines, who
issues all necessary instructions and receives monthly repcnrts of
progress.
Jo E. Sheridan was mine inspector for the Territory of New Mexico
during the fiscal year.
On April 19, 1911, under the authority given by the act making
appropriations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government for
the fiscal year 1912, the President appointed Sumner S. Smith, min-
ing engineer, mine inspector for Alaska with headquarters at Juneau*
Mr. Smith's appointment became effective July 1, 1911.
ADMINISTRATION.
OORBESPOKDENCB AND BECORDS.
The work of the year in the section of correspondence and records
consisted in referring and filing the bureau's official correspondence
and supervising the stenographic service. The filing and recording
of this correspondence necessitated the services of tnree file clerks;
the stenpfi;raphic work required the services of three permanent
stenographers and for a part of the vear of three temporary stenogra-
phers. Considerable additional laoor was required in installing a
new filing system.
The number of pieces of mail received and handled during the year
was nearly^ 55,000. A steady increase in the corrospondence was
shown during the year.
FBBSONNEL.
When the Bureau of Mines was organized on July 1, 1910, it had
a force of 124 appointees. During^ the fiscal year 118 permanent
appointees and 160 temporary appointees were added to the force,
making a total of 402 appointments. There were separated from the
service 44 permanent appointees, leaving 198, ana 128 temporary
appointees, leaving 32, or a total lorce of 230 employees holding Sec-
retary's appointments at the close of the fiscal year.
On June 30, 1911, there were 65 appointees in the Washin^on
office and 165 at the Pittsburgh experiment station and at various
other points in the field, as compared with 40 in the Washington
office and 84 in the field on July 1, 1910.
The total number of changes in status during the year, including
appointments, separations, promotions, extensions, etc, aggregated
790.
In addition to the regular force, there were employed in the field,
on bureau agreements from time to time, 163 different laborers, 95 or
whom have been separated from the service, and 68 of whom re-
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PB0QBE8S 07 INYBBTIOATIONB. 429
mained on duty at the cloee of the fiscal year. As these laborers are
employed at irregular intervals, the total number of different laborers
does not represent the number of agreements entered into, which
_ates 251.
[le'entire force of the Bureau of Mines at the dose of the fiscal
year consisted of 298 employeea
Leave of absence was granted to the 322 employees holding Secre-
tarv's appointments, as summarized below :
Annual leave, 2^446 days, or about 25 per cent of the total amount
allowed bv law ; sick leave, 444 days, or about 6 per cent of the total
amount allowed by law. In addition. 1,025 days of leave without
pay, 2 days' military leave, and 8 days^ furlough were granted.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the Bureau of Mines are divided into three
classes — ^bulletins, technical papers, and miners' circulars. The bul-
letins and technical papers are as a rule technical in character and
contain the results or investigations by the bureau. The miners' cir-
culars are written in nontechnical English and deal with subjects re-
lating to sanitation, mine safety, and other matters of general interest
among men actually engaged in mining, quarrying, and metallurgical
work.
I The publications for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, are briefly
summarized below :
BULLETINS.
BnUetin 1. The Volatile Matter of CJoal, by H. C. Porter and F. K. Ovitz, 66
pp., 1 pi., 9 text figures.
A short account of an investigation of the composition of the volatile matter
in several typical American coals and the amount of this matter given off at
different temperatures of volatilization.
Bulletin 2. North Dakota Lignite as a Fuel for Power-Plant Boilers, by
D. T. Randall and Henry Ereisinger, 42 pp., 1 pL, 7 text figures.
A description of a series of steaming tests of lignite at WUliston, N. Dak., In
a boiler plant having furnaces of special design. The tests showed that lignite
could be used in such furnaces with fair economy.
Bulletin 3. The Coke Industry of the United States as Related to the Foundry,
by Richard Moldenke, 82 pp.
Galls attention to the waste in coke making, points out how coke can be used
to best advantage in foundry melting, and suggests Improvements on present
cupola practice.
Bulletin 4. Features of Producer-Gas Power-Plant Development in Europe,
by B. H. Femald, 27 pp., 4 pis., 7 text figures.
Briefiy summarizes the salient features of producer-gas power-plant develop-
ment in Europe, with particular reference to the use of low-grade coal, lignite,
and peat as producer fuels.
Bulletin 5. Washing and Coking Tests of Coal at the Fuel-Testing Plant,
Dnever, Colo., July 1. 1908, to June 80, 1909, by A. W. Belden, G. R. Dela-
mater, J. W. Groves, and K. M. Way, 62 pp., 1 text figure.
Describes the samples of coal tested, the methods of testing, and the results
of the tests. Most of the samples were from coal fields in the Rocky Mountain
province.
Bulletin 7. Essential Factors in the Formation of Producer Gas, by J. E.
Clement, L. H. Adams, and C. N. Haskins, 58 pp., 1 pi., 16 text figures.
Describes laboratory experiments bearing on the rate of formation of carbon
monoxide from carbon dioxide at high temperatures and discusses the physico-
chemical principles involved ; also treats of laboratory experiments undertaken
to determine the Influence of temperature on the rate of formation and the
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430 ANKUAIi BEPOBT DIBECTOB BTJBEATT OF MINES.
compoaltian of water ga& Indlcatee how the reflults of the tests apply to the
operation of boiler famaces and gas producenk
Bulletin a The Flow of Heat Through Furnace Wall8» by W. T. Bay and
Henry Krelslnger, 82 pp., 19 text figures.
Describes some experiments with a specially constructed furnace which Aow
that a furnace wall with an air i^ce offers less resistance to heat flow than a
solid wall of the same thickness. Discusses the laws of heat transmission.
Bulletin 9. The Becent Development of the Producer-Gas Power Plant in the
United States, by B. H. Femald, 82 pp., 2 pis., 8 text figuresu
Discusses the status of producer-gas i>ower plants, gives opinions of owners
on the efllctency of such plants* presents observations on conditions at 09 plants,
and gives a list of installations in the United States. B^rint of United States
Geological Surv^ Bulletin 416.
Bulletin 11. The Purchase of Coal by the Government Under Specifications,
with Analyses of Goal Delivered for the Fiscal Year 1909^, by G. S. Pope,
80 pp.
Describee the Government's plan of purchasing coal under specifications and
the methods of sampling and testing; gives the form of specification used and
many analyses of coal& Beprlnt of United States Geolo^cal Survey Bulletin
Bulletin 12. Apparatus and Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of Fur-
nace Gases, by J. G. W. Fraser and E. J. Hoffman, 22 pp., 6 text figures.
Describes methods of taldng " continuous " and '' instantaneous ** samples and
the apparatus designed by the writers for such sampling.
Bulletin 14. Briquetting Tests of Lignite at Pittsburgh, Pa., 1906-9, with a
Obapter on Sulphlte-Pitdi Binder, by C. L. Wrii^t, d4 pp^, 11 pis., 4 text
figures^
Contains descriptions of the lignites tested and of the briquetting plant and
its operaticm, gives results of the tests, and presents a statement of the probable
cost of briquetting lignite on a commercial scale
TE0H1TICAI< PAPEBS.
Technical Paper 1. The Sampling of Coal in the Mine, by J. A. Holmes,
18 pp., 1 text figure
Describes the sampling methods and the sampling outfit devised by the
United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mlnea
Technical Paper 2. Tbe Escape of Gas from Coal, by H. C. Porter and F. K.
Ovltz, 14 pp., 1 text figure
A report of the results of an investigation of the rate of escape of gas from
several coals while kept in bottles. Discusses the condition of gas in coal and
the significance of the results of the experiments as related to mine ventilation
and the storage of coal.
Technical Paper 3. Specifications for the Purchase of Fuel Oil for the Gov-
ernment, with Directions for Sampling Oil and Natural Gas, by I. 0. Allen,
13 pp.
Calls attention to the need of speclficatlims for the purchase of fuel oil, and
gives the specifications prepared by the Bureau of Mines and the methods of
sampling used by the bureau.
Technical Paper 4. The Electrical Section of the Bureau of Mines, its Pur-
pose and Equipment, by H. H. Clark, 12 pp.
Briefly describes the equipment at the Pittsburgh experiment station for
testing electrical mining machinery, and some of the tests that have been made.
MINERS* CIBCULABS.
Miners' Circular 2. Permissible Explosives Tested Prior to January 1, 1911,
and Precautions to be Taken in Their Use, by Clarence Hall, 12 pp.
States the tests to which the Bureau of Mines subjects explosives to deter-
mine their permissibility for use in gaseous or dusty coal mines, names the
explosives that passed the tests, and gives some precautions to be observed in
using explosives.
Miners' Circular 3. Coal-Dust Explosions, by G. S. Rice, 22 pp.
Calls attention to the ways in which coal dust is formed in mining operations,
the manner in which coal-dust explosions originate and are propagated, and
summarises the means by which such explosions may be prevented.
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FSOOBB88 OF INYBSOnGATiaiVB. 431
BDnOBIAIi WOSK.
The publicatioBS issued, the contents of which have bem summa-
rized, consisted of 12%ulletins2 including two reprints of United
States Geological Survey bulletins dealing with investigations that
have been transferred to the Bureau of Mines, four tedinical papers,
and two miners' circulars. These publications were : Bulletins 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 7, 8, 9 (reprint), 11 (reprint), 12, and 14; Technical Papers 1, 2,
3, and 4 : Miners' Circulars 2 and 3. In addition to these re^ar
daaaes oi reports there were issued four lists of publications and one
schedule of prices to be charged by the bureau for testing explosives.
During the year, 4,630 pages of manuscript were prepared for
printing and 250 galley proois and 1,100 page proofe were read and
corrected.
In addition to editing the text of all publications, the editorial
section examined all material submitted for illustrations and had the
accepted material prei>ared for engraving. During the year, 620
illustrations were examined, nearly ^1 of which were transmitted for
reproduction in reports. These reports included 20 bulletins, 2 tech-
nical papers, and 1 miners' circular.
About 600 proofe of illustrations were received from the Govern-
ment Printing Office. These were carefully examined and compared
with the originals.
The w(»rk of redrawing or reletterins diagrams and charts and of
retouching photographs took about half the time of one draftsman;
this work was done under the direction of the editor, who determined
the size of the illustraticms, their character (whether text fibres or
plates), and the process (zinc etching, wax engraving, etc!) to be
used in reproducing them.
The editorial work was in charge of S. Sanford, assistant engineer.
DiSTBIBtrTION OF DOCUMENTS.
With the transfer of the personnel and property of the technologic
branch of the United States Geological Survey to the Bureau of
Mines there were transferred approximatelv 15,000 bulletins that
had been issued hj this branch. Most of these Geological Survey
bulletins were distributed during the year.
Altogether the Bureau of Mmes distributed 110,504 publications,
including 22,807 Bureau of Mines bulletins, 69,329 miners' circulars,
6,156 technical papers, and 13,213 Geological Survey bulletins.
In the year, 21,118 letters were received requesting publications,
and 5,014 letters were written in answer.
During tii% year, 2,882 requests were made for bulletins which were
out of jsrtock. In each instance the writers were referred to the
superintendent of documents, who sells these publications at
nominal prices.
A number of the technologic publications that were originally
issued by the Geological Survejr have been reprinted as Bureau of
Mines bulletins, ana the indications are that in the next fiscal year
there will be fewer requests for " out of stock *' publications.
During the year exchange agreements were perfected with foreign
and domestic mining bureaus or departments, mining and technical
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432 annvaIj bbpobt dibeotob btjbeau of mines.
libraries, and periodicals. Through such arrangements the puUica-
tions of the Bureau of Mines are sent these bureaus or societies in ex-
change for the publications which they issue. In this way the Bureau
of Muies obtains more than 160 of the foremost mining and technical
papers of the world without cost other than that of sending the Bu-
reau of Mines publications.
An economical and satisfactory system for the distribution of
documents has been put in operation. The main feature of this
system is the issuance of monthly poet cards notifying interested per-
sons that publications have be^ issued. The list of such persons
now incluoes more than 11,000 names.
The distribution of documents and correspondence relating thereto
is in charge of J. L. Cochrane. Two junior clerks, two under clerks,
and one copyist are employed as assistants in this work.
LIBRABT.
A scientific library was be^un during the year to meet the needs
of the administrative office in Washington and of the experiment
station in Pittsburgh, and though it is smaU, a good beginning has
been made. There are in the library more than 4,000 volumes of
technical books, periodicals, reference books, and scientific works that
are of daily use to the employees of the bureau.
Hie headquarters of the library are in Washington, where the prin-
dpal reference books are maintained and the cataloguing is done.
The tedmical books, for the most part, so to the experiment station
in Pittsburgh^ where they are most needed. Of the 4,000 volumes
in the entire library more than half are now at Pittsburgh. All new
books obtained, whether by exchan^, purchase, or gift, are delivered
to the administrative office in Washington, and are sent to Pittsburgh
if such action is considered desirable. . The library is now receiving
through exchange agreements more than 150 of the leading techniciQ
periodicals devoted to mining and fuel investigations.
The library in Washington is in charge of a library clerk; at the
Pittsburgh station the bo<^s are in charge of a translator, who gives
only part time to their care.
HISTORT OF TECHNOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS TRANS-
FERRED TO THE BUREAU OF MINES.
^ Certain technologic investigations in relation to mining were car-
ried on by th^ Geological Survey for several years prior to the estab-
lishment of the Bureau of Mines. In view of the fact that much of
this work was bv law transferred to the Bureau of Mines for con-
tinuance, a brier historical sketch is incorporated in this report, in
order that the scope of the preceding work may be clearly understood*
FUEL INVESTIGATIONS.
The analysis and testing of mineral fuels now being carried on
by the bureau had its beginning in two acts of Congress, passed
early in 1904, which provided ror analyzinjs^ and testing the coals
and lignites of the United States at the Ix)uisiana Purchase Ezposi-
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HIBTOBY OF TEOHNOLOOIG INYESTIOAXIONS. 433
tion, in St Louis, Mo., during^ 1901, under the supervision of the
Director of the United States Geological Survej. To carry out the
f^iirpoee of these two acts, each of which earned an appropriati<Hi
or the w(»rk, Director G. D. Walcott of the Survey appointed a com-
mittee consisting of £. W. Parker, M. B. Campbell, and J. A. Holmes,
and assigned to this committee the supervisicMi of the investigations.
Subsequent appropriations were made by Congress for the con-
tinuance of this work, and early in 1905 the oommittoe's supervisioii
of these investigations was disccmtinued and the work placed under
the direction of J. A. Holmes, as expert in charge. The work d<me
at the plant both during 1901 and subsequently included chemical
analyses and the testing of various coak in boiler furnaces, gas pro-
ducers, coke ovens, cupola furnaces, briquet presses, etc
The fuel-testing plant remained in Forest Park, St. Louis, until
early in 1907, when the dosing out of the affairs of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition necessitated the removal of the buildings from
these grounds. At that time the Jamestown Exposition at Norfolk
was approaching completion; the exposition authorities offered, free
of charge, the use of buildings and other facilities, and the railwavs
offered to transport from St. Louis to Norfolk, free of charge, all the
necessary madiinery and other equipment.
Meanwhile a cooperative arrangement having been entered upon
between the Departments of the Interior and the Navy relative to the
testing of coals suitable for naval purposes, both run-of-mine and
briquetted coals, it was decided to transfer and operate at Norfolk,
Va., all of the fuel-testing equipment except that for coking and wash-
ing tests. This was moved to and erected at Denver, Colo., for use in
testing the coals of the Bocky Mountain States, especially those in
lands belonging to the Government. At Norfolk, steaming and
briquetting tests were made of the coals that reach the Atlantic sea-
board for the use of the Navy and the merchant marine; at Denver
the investi^tions related to the possibilities of producing high-
grade met^urgical coke from the coals of the Kocky IMfountain
remon, particularly those on the public lands.
Meanwhile, for convenience in analyzing fuels reaching the testing
plants from all parts of the country, chemical laboratories were tem-
porarily operated in Columbus, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pa., Norfolk, Va..
i)enver, Colo., and Washington, D. C., the last being for special
analyses of fuels purchased n>r the Government.
After the close of the Jamestown Exposition an arrangement was
made with the War Department for the temporary occupation of the
United States building on the arsenal grounds at Pittsburgh, Pa.
The investigations at Denver were discontinued on June 30, 1909,
because of a large reduction in the appropriation.
STBUCTTTBAIi-HATEBIAZiS INVESTIOATIOKS.
The investigation of structural materials in St. Louis was au-
thorized under the sundry civil appropriations act of March 8, 1905,
and the deficiency appropriation act of the same date, and was en-
larged and continued by appropriations for the fiscal years ended
19(rr, 1908, 1909, and 1910. This work was a continuation of the in-
vestigations of cement materials, building stone, and clays, which had
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^28
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434 ANNTJAL BBPOBT DIBEOTOB BUBBAU OF MIKBS.
been carried on by the United States Geological Survey to a limited
extent for a number of years. Its beginnings in the form here de-
scribed were stimulated by the cement*testing work that was carried
on at St. Louis, Mo., as one of the operating exhibits of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition installed and supported by the Association of
American Portland Cement Manufacturers.
Through the courtesy and cooperation of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition C!o. and the city of St. Louis the inyestigations of
fuels and structural materials were continued on the exposition
grounds during 1905 and 1906, and the structural-materials inyesti-
Sitions continued at the same place through the courtesy of the au-
orities of the city of St. Louis during 1M8. The work carried on
included inyestigations into materials such as were needed for use by
the Govemment in its buildings and engineering construction work,
how these materials could be used most efficiently under different con-
ditionsL their fire-resisting qualities, the yalue of protectiye coating,
the utilization of cement materials, the testing or concrete and rem-
f(»t^d-concrete structural forms, and the testing of clays and clay
products.
Li 1909, owin^ to the necessity of remoying the few remaining
buildings from the Exposition grounds, these grounds being trans-
ferred to the city of St Louis as a part of the public park, and the
inability of the United States Geolo^cal Suryey to obtain other
suitable quarters for the work in St Louis, the inyestigations were
transferred to the Gbyemment buildings ayailable for them on the
tract at Pittsburgh, where the inyestigations of fuels and mine acci-
dents were already under way.
TOBMATIOK OF THE TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH, GEOLOGICAL
Su&VisY.
Li the spring of 1907 the two lines of inyestigations described
aboye — testmg fuels and testing structural materials — ^were com-
bined into two corresponding diyisions, the fuel diyision and the
structural-materials division of the United States Geological Survey.
By an order of the Secretary of the Interior, dated April 2, 1907,
these two divisions were incorporated into a new branch of that or-
ganization, designated the Tecnnologic Branch of the United States
Geological Survey, with J. A. Holmes as expert in charge, and H. M.
Wilson as diief engineer.
NATIONAL ADVISOBY BOABD.
Early in 1905 the Secretary of the Interior^ James B. Ghirfield,
extended an invitation to various national societies to send represent-
atives to advise the Geological Survey concerning the investigation
of fuels and structural materials.
In response to this inyitation a meetinjg was held in Washin^^n,
D. C, June 3, 1905, in the office of the Director of the United l^tes
Geolc^cal Survey. Later the personnel of this board was slightiy
changed, and in March, 1906, the members received direct appoint-
ments from the President, Theodore Roosevelt. In addition, a rep-
resentative was appointed from each of the seyeral Goyemment
bureaus interested m the investigations.
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HISTOBY OF TBOHNOLOGIG INVESTIOATIONB. 435
The original advisory board consisted of the following i^presenta-
tives of various national societies and Grovemment bureaus :
The American Institute of Mining Engineers: John Hays Hammond, past
presiclent. New York; Robert W. Hnnt (Robert W. Hunt & Ck)., testing engi-
aeera^ Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York) Chicago, 111.; B. F. Bush, manager
and vice president, Western Coal & Mining Co., St Louis, Mo.
The American Institute of Electrical Engineers: Francis B. Crocker, professor
of electrical engineering, Columbia University, New York; Henry C. Stott,
superintendent of motive power, Interborough Rapid Transit Co., New York.
The American Society of Civil Engineers: C. C. Schneider, past president,
clialrman committee on concrete and reinforced concrete, Philadelphia, Pa.;
George S. Webster, chairman committee on uniform tests of cement, cl^ engi-
neer, Philadelphia, Pa.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers : W. F. M. Goss, dean of the
School of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.; George H. Barrus,
steam engineer, Boston, Mass. ; P. W. Gates, Chicago, 111.
The American Society for Testing Materials: Charles B. Dudley, president,
Altoona, Pa. ; Robert W. Lesley, vice president, Philadelphia, Pa.
The Am^ican Institute of Architects: George B. Post, past president. New
York ; William S. Eames, past president, St. Louis, Mo.
The American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association:
H. G. Kelley, past president, Minneapolis, Minn.; Julius Kruttschnltt, director
of maintenance and operation. Union Pacific Railroad, Chicago, 111.; Hunter
McDonald, past president, chief engineer Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis
Railroad, Nashville, Tenn.
The American Railway Master Mechanics' Association : J. F. Deems, general
superintendent of motive power. New York Central Lines, New York; A. W.
Gibbs, general superintendent of motive power, Pennsylvania Railroad, Altoona,
Pa.
The American Foundrymen's Association: Richard Moldenke, secretary,
Watchung, N. J.
The Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers : John B. Lober,
president, Philadelphia. Pa.
The Geological Society of America: Samuel Calvin, professor of geology.
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa ; I. C. White, State geologist, Morgautown,
W. Va.
The Iron and Steel Institute: Julian Kennedy, metallurgical engineer, Pitts-
burgh, Pa.; C. S. Robinson, vice president, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.,
Youngstown, Ohio.
The National Association of Cement Users : Richard L. Humphrey, president,
Philadelphia, Pa.
The National Board of Fire Underwriters: Charles A. Hexamer, chairman
board of consulting experts, Philadelphia, Pa.
The National Fire Protective Association : B. U. Crosby, Philadelphia, Pa.
The National Brick Manufacturers' Association: John W. Sibley, treasurer,
Sibley-Menge Press Brick Co., Birmingham, Ala. ; William D. Gates, American
Terra Cotta and Ceramic Co., Chicago, 111.
The National Lumber Manufacturers' Association: Nelson W. McLeod, past
president, St Louis, Mo.; John L. Kaul, president Southern Lumber Manufac-
turers' Association, Birmingham, Ala.
The Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army: Lieut. Col. William L. Marshall, New
York.
The Isthmian Canal Commission : Lieut Col. O. H. Ernst, Washington, D. C,
and later Lieut Col. George W. Goethals, chief engineer and chairman of the
commission.
The Bureau of Yards and Docks, U. S. Navy: Lieut. Frank T. Chambers,
civil engineers, Washington, D. C.
The Supervising Architect's Office, U. S. Treasury Department: James K.
Taylor, supervising architect, Washington. D. C.
The Reclamation Service, U. S. Interior Department : F. H. Newell, director,
Washington, D. C.
Subsequently the following additional appointments were made:
The Bureau of Ordnance, U. S. Army: Brig. Gen. William Crozier, chief,
Washington, D. C.
The Bureau of Steam Engineering, U. S. Navy: Rear Admiral Charles W.
Rae, chief, Washington, D. C.
Quartermaster's Department of the Army : Brig. Gen. James B. Aleshire. t
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436 ANNUAL BEFOST DIBECTOB BTJBEAX7 OF MIl!nB&
This board was formally organized in Washington, D. C, March
31, 1906, with Dr. Charles B. Dudley as president and Richard L.
Humphrey as secretary. The board, with a few changes due to res-
ignation or other causes, continued to meet semiannuaU^ until it was
legislated out of existence by an item in the sundry civil appropria-
tion bill for the fiscal year 1910.
The appointment of this advisory board grew out of the wish on
the part of the President (Theodore RooeevSt), the Secretary of the
Interior (Mr. Garfield), and the Director of the Geological Survey
(Mr. Walcott) that the appropriations for these investigations
should be expended in a manner most beneficial to the several
branches of the Government service, without duplication of work
well done elsewhere, and that the investigations i^ould also be con-
ducted in such manner as to make the results of the ^atest possible
benefit to the general public. Every one familiar with the meetings
of this board and their relations to the general engineering and con-
struction work of the Government recc^nizes and appreciates the
great resulting benefit to the Government service. The board was
made up of men of large affairs and eiqperience, each prominent in
his profession, and each wUling to render this public service without
any thought of personal gain or compensation. It waa in a high
degree unfortunate that the Government could not have continued
to avail itself of a service so valuable and disinterested and available
in no other practicable way.
The purpose and plans of the Bureau of Mines have largely fol-
lowed the recommendations of the advisory board^ except in so far
as these plans relate more specifically to the mining, metallurgical,
and kindred investigations which are the outgrowtn of subsequent
legislation.
MINE-ACCIBENTS INVESTIGATIONS.
A series of disastrous coal-mine explosions late in 1907 having
caused widespread discussion as to the loss of life in mines, Congress,
by an item m the legislative appropriation act of May 22, 1908,
authorized an investigation as to the causes of mine explosions, with
a view to increasing safety in mining. A similar appropriation was
carried by the act providing for the sundry civil expenses of the
Government for 1910.
Immediately after the passage of the act of May 22, 1908, the
mine-accidents division of the technologic branch was organized.
Investigation having shown that one of the chief causes of coal-mine
explosions in this country was the use of unsafe explosives, the neces-
sary steps for the establishment of a suitable station for the testing
of explosives were taken as soon as the appropriation carried by the
act became available. This station, fully equipped for determining
the properties of different explosives, with particular reference to
use m dusty or gaseous mines, was established in the old arsenal
building and grounds in Pittsburgh, Pa., and was formally opened
in November, 1908. As an outcome of the investigations then author-
ized the explosives that satisfactorily passed certain tests were desig-
nated as " permissible explosives," if used under certain prescribed
conditions, and their names were given in a published list. The first
list of such explosives was published in 1909,
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BISTOBY Oir TBOHKOLOOIC IKVE8XIOATION8. 437
In addition to inyestk;ations at this Pittsburgh station of explo-
stves, mine gases, and mists, and investigations of electrical equip-
ment and other possible causes of mine explosions, investk^tions were
also made in mines within which explosions had occurred.
In an endeavor to reduce loss of life in rescue operations after mine
disasters, and to promote safer methods of fighting mine fires, recov-
ering mines, or rescuing the victims of fires and explosions, an inves-
tigation was undertaken of various types of mine-rescue apparatus
and of mine-rescue work in generaL
FITTSBUBGH EZFEBDEEKT STATION.
At the annual meeting of the advisory board, held in Norfolk in
October, 1907, the advisability of securing a temporary home for the
fuels and structural-materials investigations was referred to the
executive committee by the Director of the Geolo^cal Survey. For
several months thereafter the question of api)ropnations for the con-
tinuance of work then pending in Congress introduced many uncer-
tainties and delayed selection.
During this period several proposed sites at each of several cities
were considerea by a committee of the board as to their suitability
for the site of a new experiment station for the continuance of these
investigations. The question of the authority of the Survey to accept
such site having been raised, an omnion was asked of the Assistant
Attorney General for the Interior Department^ who decided that the
department had no authority to purchase a site for the permanent
location of testing laboratories or to accept a site or buildings without
specific authority from Congress.
The attention of officers of the Geological Survey having been
called to certain vacant building on the old arsenal tract at Pitts-
burgh, Pa., only a portion of which were actually in use as a supply
depot by the Quartermaster's Department of the Army, authority to
occupy a part of the buildings and grounds was srantea through the
Secretary of War, and the equipment used in both the fuel investiga-
tions at Norfolk and the structural-materials investi^tions at St.
Louis, Mo., were transferred to Pittsburgh, Pa. The large number
of coal mines within a radius of 150 miles of Pittsburgh marks the
location as particularly appropriate. The initiatory steps in the
formal negotiations as completed are shown in the followmg corre-
spondence:
The Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War,
Depabtmbnt of the Intebiob,
Washington, June 2, 1908.
The honorable the Secbetabt or Wab :
Sn: Congress has authorized the Department of the Interior, through its
Geological Surrey, to conduct certain technologic Inyeetlgatlons looking to the
preyentlon of mine disasters and the more efficient nse of the fuels and buUding
materials of the country ; but It has failed to make adequate provision for the
securing of grounds and buildings for use In connection with these inyestlga-
tions, and has also filled to grant to the Department of the Interior such author-
ity as would enable It to accept a site and buildings which were offered as a
means of cooperation in these Important inTefltigmtlons, a site and buildings
already owned by the Government I am Informed that under the control of
the Quartermaster General of the Army there are In the city of Pittsburgh, on
the Government reservation known as the Pittd>urgh Supply Depot, several
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438 AjsnsnjAL befort dibbotor bxjbbau of Mimss.
brick buUdingB which are not now used or needed for the purposes of the
Quartermaster General's offlce> and that with slight alterations these bnildings
would be immediately available for use in conducting such investilgations as the
Department of the Interior is authorized to carry on.
If this information is correct, I would respectfully a^ that you authorize a
temporary transfer of these buildings and adjac«it grounds to the Department
of the Interior for use in carrying on these investigations ; with the understand*
ing that when they again become necessary to the worlL of the War Department
the buildings will revert to its controL
In view of the importance of such investigations and the great interest which
the entire country at the present time is showing in this matter of safeguarding
the lives of miners, I beg to assure you that your favorable action in this matter
will be most highly and generally appreciated.
Very respectfully,
(Signed) James Budoi^h Oabfield,
Secretary.
Reply to the Secretary of War,
Wab Depabtment,
Washington, June 8, 1908.
Sib: Referring to your letter of the 2d Instant, requesting, for reasons
stated, the temporary transfer to the Department of the Interior of certain
buildings on the Government reservation known as the Pittsburgh Supply Depot,
now under the control of the Quartermaster's Department of the Army, for
use in certain investigations relative to the prevention of mine disasters, etc.,
I beg to inform you that the Quartermaster General reports that steps will be
taken to transfer the necessary buildings as requested.
Very respectfully,
(Signed) BoBEBT Shaw Ouveb,
Assistant Secretary of War. •
The honorable the Secbetaby of the Intebiob.
establishment at PITTSBURGH.
In subsequent correspondence provision was made whereby tiie use
of oertain buildings and grounds near the lower (norihwest) end of
the arsenal tract, below the parade grounds, were temporarily trans-
ferred to the Interior Department. The transfer included also the
upper floor and half of the lower floor of building No. 21, which is
located at the lower end of the other division ox the arsenal tract
above Butler Street, and adjoins that portion of the tract which had
been transferred to the city of Pittsburgh. The transfer stipulates
that the buildings and grounds transferred to the Department of the
Interior shall be returned to the War Department on demand, and
that no additional buildings shall be constructed nppn these grounds
without approval of the plans by the Secretary of War.
By the authorization of the Secretary of the Interior, the Geolog-
ical Survey proceeded, under acts making appropriations for the fiscal
year beginning July 1, 1908, to use the facilities thus offered not
only as a testing station for the mine-accidents investigations but also
as a temporary site for the fuel investigations and for such structural-
materials tests as were not already under way at St. Louis.
On July 1, 1910, the investi^Uon of structural materials formerly
transferred to the Bureau of Mines, was by a clause in the sundry
civil appropriation act transferred to the Bureau of Standards of
the Department of Commerce and Labor, as was stated above.
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HISTOIIY OF TBCHNOIOOIC IHVESTIGATIONB. 4S9
It is eyident from the above statement that the present location in
the city of Pittsburgh of the principal testing station of the Bureau
of Mines was not the outcome of a definite, permanent plan, but was
the result of the force of circumstances, under which tne important
work that had theretofore been housed in the St. Louis and James-
town Expositions was continued in some temporary location pending
such time as Congress would make suitable provision for its per-
manent location and housing.
KOTB-SAPETY STATIONS.
In order to facilitate field investigation of mine explosions, and
in particular to provide means whereby the engineer engaged in these
investigations could enter a mine in which a disaster had occurred
while me mine was still full of poisonous or explosive gases and the
evidences of a disaster were still fresh, it was decided to establish in
addition to the main station at Pittsburgh branch stations equipped
with rescue apparatus in the various coal fields. The first of mese
stations was established, in cooperation with the State Geological
Survey, at Urt>ana, HL in 1908, the second at Knoxville^ Tenn., in
1909, and the third at Seattle, Wash., in the same year. In response
to the Senate resolution of December 16, 1909, asking for information
as to the cost of establishing and operating stations essential to the
E roper safe^arding of life which should be established in tiie coal
elos, the Secretary of the Interior, on December 20, recommended
the establishment of nine additional stations and gave an estimate of
the cost of their equipment and maintenance.*
•S. Doc No. 226. 61st Cong., 2d sesi.
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REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL
FOR THE INSANE.
441
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OFFICERS OF THE HOSPITAIi.
BOABD OF VISITOBS.
Brig. Gen. Qio. M. Stkbhbebo, U. S. A., Walter Wtman» M. D.*
PreMent of the Board, Surgeon General, P. H. and M.M. 8.
G. LiEX>Ti> Magbudeb, M. D. Bqt. John M. Scbiok« D. D.
Mn. Hknst G. Shaxpe. Dr. Charles F. Stokes, Surgeon Gen-
Mr. Scott C. Bone.' era?, U. S. N.
Mi88 Bessie J. KiBBcr. Brig. Gen. Geo. H. Tobnet, Surgeon
General, U: S. A.
Bxeentive Committee of the Board.
Dr. Sternberg, Mrs. Sharps, Mr. Schick.
Chaplains.
Key. C H. Butler. Rev. G. M. Bart.
Bev. W. G. Davenport. Rev. Hugh T. Stevenson.
Rev. Geo. M. Cummings.
MEDICAIi STAFF.
Superintendent.
WnjJAic A. White, M. D.
First Assistant Physician.
Geo. H. Sohwinn, M. D.
Assistant Physicians.
Mabt O'BIallxt, M. D. William H. Hough, M. D.
Alfbed Glascock, M. D. Nicholas J. Dtnan, M. D.
Bebnard Glueok, M. D.
Junior Assistant Physicians.
Mtzr Solomon, M. D. Harry Sighbrman, M. D.'
Eva C. Reid, M. D. Paul B. Bowers, M. D.*
Rose Alexander, M. D.' Francis M. Barnes, Jr., M. D.
M. Edtth Oonseb, M. D. John H. Thorne, M. D.
Medical Internes.
Isaac N. E^ellt, M. D.* Halbert Robinson, M. D.
Jambs J. Loughkan, M D. Htman Laveson, M. D.
Pathologist.
I. W. Blackburn, M. D.*
Histopathologist
Gonealo R. Latora.
Scientific Director.
S. I. Fbanb, a. B., Ph. D.
1 Term expired June 80, 1011 ; sacceeded by John W. Yerkes.
•Realsned.
•DmZ
448
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444 omcEBS of thb hospital.
Assistant in Psychology.
Miss Grace H. Kent, Ph. D.
VisitinfiT BenUst.
A. D. Wbaklet, D. D. S.
Bental Interne.
Ohables R. Ibby, D. D. S.
Visiting Ophthalmologist.
AsTHUB H. Kimball,
Veterinarian.
John P. Tubnse, V. D. M.
Steward and IHsbundng Agent.
Monie Sanoeb.
Chief Clerk.
Frank M. FiNom.
Purchasing Agent.
A. B. OFrxTTT.
ICatron.
H. O'Bbien.
Chief of Training School.
JOSEPHIl^E I. StBANSKY, M. D.
CONSULTING STAPP.
Internal Medicine.
Dr. S. S. Adams. Dr. Sterling Rttitin.
Dr. G. W. OooK. Dr. Jambb D. Moboan.
General Surgery.
Lieut CJol. Wm. H. Abthur, V. S. A. Dr. G. T. Vaughn.
Dr. W. P. Cabb.
G^aBcology.
Dr. Joseph Tabeb Johnson. Dr. J. W. Bove£.
Dr. H. L. E. Johnson. Dr. I. S. Stone.
Ophthalmologry.
Dr. D. K. Shute. Dr. W. K. Butleb.
Laryngology.
Dr. 0. W. Bichabdson. Dr. W. A. Wells.
Dr. J. J. RiOHABDSON. Dr. F. T. Ohambbrlin.
Genito-urinary Diseases.
Dr. B. F. King. Dr. Wallace Neff.
Kedical Zoology.
Dr. O. W. Stiles. Dr. Thomas A. Glattob.
Bacteriology.
Dr. H. D. GiDDiNGB.
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REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
WAsmNGTON, D. C, July i, 1911.
Sib: The Board of Visitors for the Gh>yemmeiit Hospital for the
Insane have the honor to submit the fifty-sixth annual report of the
hospital, consisting of the report of the superintendent for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1911, and his recommendations.
Bespectfully,
Geo. M. Stbrnbebo,
President of the Board of Viritam.
Wm. a. Whttb, M. D.
Superintendent^ Secretary of the Board ex oficio.
The SECRErART of the Interior.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDBNT.
MOVEMENTS OF FOPTTLATION.
On June 80, 1911, there were remaining in the hosoital 2,862
patients, as against 2,916 remaining on June 80, 1910, a aecrease of
64 over the previous year. There were admitted during the year 623
patients, a aecrease of 27 over the previous year. The total number
of patients under treatment during the year, however, was 8,539, or
an mcrease of 37 over the previous year. The number of discharges,
including deaths, during the year was 677, an increase of 91 over
the previous year. The daily average population for the year was
2,884, as against 2,872.91 for the previous year, thus showing an in-
crease of 11.09.
The decrease in the number of admissions and the increase in
the number of discharges during the past year are due to various
causes, in the main as lollows : There have been increased facilities
for caring for the insane of the District of Columbia at the Wash-
ington Asylum Hospital, with the result that patients, instead of be-
ing immediately transferred from station houses to this hospital, are
invariably sent to the Washington Asylum Hospital for observation
and mental examination. The net result of this method of procedure
is a great deal more care in the matter of commitment, and many
patients are either discharged without commitment, perhaps to the
care of their friends, or their condition is recognized as acute and
thev are permitted to stay there until they recover.
The Army and the Navy have recently taken somewhat different
attitudes toward the commitment of enlisted men, and the tendency
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446 BEPOBT OF THB GOYEBNMENT HOSPITAL FOK THE INSANB.
now is to commit to the (Government Hospital for the Insane only
men who have mental disorder acquired in line of duty^ and to re-
turn to their home States such men as develop mental disorder inci-
dent to conditions antedating their enlistment.
Hie District authorities, too, have been unusually active during the
Sast year in removing patients from the hospital, for the most part
eporting them to tlieir home States. The board of Charities has
removed 76 patients in this way from the hospital during the past
While there has been a falling off in admissions and an increase in
discharges during the past year^ which has kept the hospital popula-
tion from its usual increase, still it will be appreciated that such a
stationary condition of the census as has maintained can not be ex-
pected to continue. A change in policy such as indicated above may
produce a temporary falling off in admissions, but such a falling off
can necessarily only be relative. When it is taken into consideration
that the population of the District of Columbia is increasing at the
rate of nearly 10,000 per annum, and that the personnel of the Army
and Navy is continuing to increase, and very possibly may materially
increase m the next few vears, it will be seen that while the popula-
tion of the hoi^ital may nave remained practically stationary during
the past year, it can not be expected to do so in the future.
Movement of population, fiscal pear ended June SO, 1911,
Male.
Female.
Total,
n^miAfnlnv JnT14 30, H^O. t
2,193
443
723
180
2,916
023
Admitted during the flacal year, Jiin* 30, 1911
Totftl iinn»ber midw trefttmant
2,636
903
3,530
DiachajTged:
127
47
96
88
212
42
13
26
8
68
100
60
122
Not Insane
46
Died
280
Total
620
157
677
ReDiAfnin? Jnne 30. 1 91 1 - - - - - - -
2,116
740
2,862
ADMINISTBATIVE DEFABTMENT.
OFFICE OF THB STEWABD AND DISBURSING AGENT.
Farm and garden products raised during the year ended June 30, 1911.
Celery bunches— 18, 138
Cherries quarts 870
Chickens pounds— 1, 734
Com, green ears.. 10,784
Cucumbers 11, 367
Currants, green quartEl.. 30
Ducks pounds.- 198
Eggplant 442
Eggs dozen.. 6, 915
Figs bushels.. 9
Grapes pounds.. 8, 770
Honey do 246
Kale barrels.
Apples :
Crab bushels-
94
Green barrels-
262
Beans:
Lima bushels-
62
String barrels-
209
Beets bunches-
5.670
Do bushels-
132
Cabbage heads-
6,319
Cabbage sprouts barrels-
241
Cantaloupes
9.753
Carrots bunches-
7,312
Do bushels—
10
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SBPOBT OF THE GOVEBNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE. 447
Faarm and garden products raised during the year ended June SO, 1911 — Cont'd.
19,665 Radislies bunches— 11,200
104, 395 Rhubarb do 500
Spinach barrels.. 25
9 Squash 14,512
41, 756 Tomatoes bushels.. 1, 200
129 Turnips do 996
. 8, 875 Watermelons 1, 488
. 15,842 Corn:
109 Green tons.. 351
9 Bar barrels— 84
506 SheUed bushels.. 319
73 Hay;
132 Oat tons.- 34
63 Green clover do 74
Orchard grass and clover,
468 tons 14
. 1,021 Timothy tons.. 22
. 27,660 Green grass do 48
. 1, 787 Sweet-potato roots bushels.. 267
Work done in mattress shop during the year ended June SO, 1911,
1,132
Lettuce heads..
MUk gallons-
Onions:
Dried barrels..
Green bunches..
Gowpeas tons—
Oyster plant
Parsley bunches..
Parsnips barrels.
Peaches bushels.
Pears ^do
Peas do
Peppers do —
Plums ^do
Potatoes :
Irish do
Sweet ., do.__
Pork, fresh pounds.
Pumpkins
Mattresses made and made over.
Mats made:
Drawn 56
Braided 207
Husk 11
Pillows made and made over 1, 215
Hair renovated pounds.. 26,600
Clothing repaired pieces,. 706
Hose repaired pairs.. 659
Work of seuHng and mending rooms during the year ended June SO, 1911,
t
ABTXCUBS MAinnrAOTUBXD.
Aprons :
Barbers' 3
Denim 2
Dining room 75
Gingham 237
White 949
Bags:
Clothes 1
JeUy 10
Bandages, canton flannel 4
Bibs 66
Blouses 937
Caps, rubber 36
Cases:
Pillow 3,806
Pillow, rubber 18
Centerpieces 8
Chemise 830
Cloths:
Table, long 268
Table, short 228
Coats:
Boys' 2
Jean 1, 384
Drilling 36
Overall 694
Covers :
Bureau 268
Car 82
Corset 5
Couch 6
Cushion 2
Screen 205
Sideboard 6
Sllkaline 8
Covers — Continued.
Stand 902
Table 8
Table, billiard 1
Curtains :
Holland 905
Bubber 1
Sash 5
Swiss 99
Drawers :
Boys' 12
Canton flannel 2,666
Men's cotton 14
Women's cotton 606
Dresses :
Denim 136
Gingham 691
Night, long 212
Night, short 727
Percale 148
Gowns, operating 8
Jackets :
Boys' 2
Pneumonia 6
Pants:
Boys' 13
Drilling 24
Jean 1, 621
Outing flannel 4
Overall 601
Soldier 950
Petticoats :
Cotton 795
Red flannel 1
Pads, saddle 13
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448 BEPOBT OF THE QOVEBNMEKT HOSFlTAIi FOB THE IK8ANE.
Work of 9ewing and mending room$ during the year ended June SO, 1911 — Ckm.
ABTIGLE8 MAinTTACTUBED — CODtiliaed.
Sacqnes, percale 3
Sheets:
Doable 48
Single 5,406
Shirts:
Boys' 8
Canton flannel 2,214
Check , 8, 636
Night 964
Outing flannel 4
Shirt waists:
Boytf
Percale
Skirts:
Denim
Gingham
Percale
7
7
14
47
6
392
6
296
Strainers, linen
Strops, rasor
Ticks:
Mattress, single
Mattress, cloable
PiUow
Towels :
Bath 2, 729
Roller 1,642
Tea 1,667
Tubs, canvas bath 2
Underhandkerchiefe 822
Vests, Jean 241
Waists:
A>ys' 4
D^iim 8
Percale 2
EKPAHUB ARD MI8GKLLAKB0VB WOBK.
Aprons made 443
Bags, laundry, made 116
Blankets hemmed 1,723
Burlap cut yards.- 1, 860
Gloves made pairs— 74
Miscellaneous repairs 46,921
Names sewed on 10, 897
Napkins hemmed 924
Rugs bound 249
Rugs made 6
Suits cleaned and pressed _ 60
WOBK DONE FOB PATIKlfTS FBOM FUBNIBHED MATEBIALb
Drawers made pairs— 30 I Shirt waists made 8
Dresses made 78
WARD BERYIGE.
Oaks A hmlding. — ^Durinff the year the porches about Oaks A
building have been inclosea with glass on both floors, the walls
Sainted, and heat supplied in such manner that it can be used as a
ormitory for tubercular patients. These changes have increased
the capacity of this building by 42 beds. In January the work was
completed on Oaks Al, and 20 feeble and infirm patients were trans-
ferred to this ward. The work of inclosing the north porch of Oaks
A2 was begun in February and completed m May.
AUison C huUdmg. — ^TTie porch of Allison Cl building has also
been inclosed to increase the accommodation for tubercular patients
and will shortly be in use.
West lodge. — ^A new dining room has been established on West
lodge 1, owing to the large number of feeble patients located there
who had difficulty in climbing the stairs from the general dining
room.
Howard hall. — ^A floor has been laid in the attic over Howard
hall 8 to increase the safety of housing dangerous criminals on this
ward. Iron plates have been placed over the locks of doors and
inside window guards have also been placed in this ward. Similar
plates have been put on Howard hall 4. The work of strengthening
the guards on all the windows of Howard hall is being proceeded
with and will now be completed in a short Ume. Eight tool-proof
guards will be installed, two in each of four wards on the first floor
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BEPOBT OF THE GOVEBNMBKT HOBPITAIi FOB THE INSANE. 449
of the building. Peepholes have also been ordered for the doors to
the various rooms, which will permit the attendants to observe the
actions of the patients during the night and while in confinement.
An additional attendant has l)een placed on day duty outside the
building and an additional man put on night duty also outside the
building. An additional attendant has also been placed in Howard
hall 1, 4, and 8. The use of Howard hall basement as a storeroom
for raffs has been abolished, and the rags are now stored in a por-
tion 01 the old boiler house, and much oi the work that was done in
the basement has been transferred to the mattress shop.
B building. — B2, formerly an open ward, has been changed to a
hospital ward, thus bringing the bedridden patients downstairs,
where it is much easier to serve i^heir meals.
Retreat building. — ^Retreat 1, formerly used as a hospital ward,
has been put to use, in connection with Ketreat 2, in taking care or
the more troublesome patients who are constantly trying to escape.
Oak ward. — ^The hospital patients formerly cared for on Retreat 1
have been transferred to Oak ward, which has been made a hospital
ward and placed in charge of a female nurse, assisted by three female
attendants.
Training school for nurses. — ^Twelve female and six male nurses
graduated from the training school in June. Sixteen women and
nine men were promoted from the jimior class to the senior class of
the training school.
Staff conferences. — ^During the year 705 cases have been brought
into the staflP conferences for consideration as to discharge, visit,
opinion, and final dia^oses (death).
Laundry. — The Tobin hot-water heater has been moved from the
old boiler house to the basement of the laundry, thus supplying the
laundry with all the hot water needed.
The old wooden floor in the dry room of the laundry has been
replaced by a concrete floor and the old dry rooms remodeled and
made more fireproof.
Grand stand. — ^The grand stand at Poplar Spring, used for the Me-
morial Day exercises, was in such a dilapidated condition that it was
necessary to build an entirely new stand, which was used on the last
Memorial Day .
Grading. — ^The grading in the front and rear of Retreat building
has been completed.
Conduit. — ^The vitrified conduit for the electric-light wires has
been practically completed, with the exception of the run to the pump
house and some short runs in the vicinity of the stable and green-
houses.
Block pavements. — ^Two hundred square yards of vitrified block
pavement have been laid in the rear of the A building and about 544
square yards near the new extension to the bakery. One hundred
and eighty-four square yards of asphalt block pavement have been
relaid, 182 linear feet of curb reset, and 124 square yards of brick
pavement relaid in the vicinity of the bakery extension.
Concrete walks. — Concrete walks have been laid to the entrance
of A building and the side entrance of B building. A concrete walk
has been laidl)etween the benches in one of the greenhouses to replace
an old board walk that had decayed.
11355'*— INT 1911— VOL 1 ^29
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450 BEPOBT OF THE GOYEBKMEKT HOBFTTAIi FOE THE IKSANE.
Patients* library. — ^Additional stacks of books have been placed in
the patients' library and about 200 additional volnmes purchased.
The circulation at present is about 800.
Moving-picture machine. — A moving-picture machine was pur-
chased last sunmier and installed in Hitchcock hall. It has been used
nearly every week through the winter and has afforded the patients
a CTeat deal of amusement.
Bakery. — The addition to the bakery has been completed, the new
oven that was bought has been installed, and the old oven has been
moved to a position adjacent to it. At present, with the two ovens,
there is ample capacity for all the needs of the institution.
New wiring. — ^Throughout the year the work of rewiring the insti-
tution for the alternating current has been continuously in pr<^ress,
and at the close of the fiscal year approximately two-thirds of the
work is done. In the main, what remains is the detached noup.
Practicallv all of the conduit has been laid, and already considerable
of the cable which is to be laid in this conduit has been contracted for.
Transformers. — Transformers for the new electric wires have all
been delivered, and work is now in progress on three of the trans-
forming houses in the rear of the administration building.
New machinsry. — ^The following installations have been made at
the power house: One Ames engine and General Electric 250-kilo-
watt alternating-current generator; one 450-kilowatt 2,200- volt alter-
nating-current General Electric generator attached to one of the
large Mcintosh & Seymour engines; one General Electric alter-
nating-current two-panel switchboard and five-panel distributing
switchboard; one governor regulating device on the Mcintosh &
Seymour engine.
Water supply. — A 10-inch connection has been made with the new
20-inch District water main which has recently been extended up
Nichols Avenue. This gives the hospital an additional source of
water supply.
Physical diseases treated during the year ended June SO, 1911.
2iiale.
Female.
White.
Colored.
V.Tilte.
Colored.
TotaL
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee,
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient
Em-
ployee.
General Clsraset.
InliBctloiu diseases:
Erysipelas
8
2
101
161
1
1
1
11
QonoirhCBa
2
Influenss
21
33
11
4
14
2
1
9
6
14
8
5
2
1
6
3
6
6
157
VftUrlA
219
Measles
16
Parotitis, epidemic
1
3
flyphllU,.
24
31
13
1
2
1
15
27
Tonsllitls
24
2
3
4
1
1
8
21
73
Pulmonary
58
JLymphatic glands
1
Other general diseases:
Ansmla
1
31
2
s
Rheumatism
5
5
i
1
48
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BEPORX OF THE GOVEBKICENT HOBPTTAIi FOB THB INSANE. 451
PhyMcal 4isea9es treated duHng the year eaUed June SO, 1911 — Conttnned.
Mtfe.
Female.
White.
GolOTBd.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Pa-
tient.
Em>
ployee.
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient
Em-
ployee.
Diteate* of the nertout s^ntrm und or-
gant 0/ tpeekU aentt,
BlApb^tif...
8
3?
8
1
.... ^ ...
*
4
rVwihuvrtivitia . . ...
1
7
1
4ft
CychtlS.
1
I
Dflcubltls, nmropfithlc. . . r
6
1
2
8
Qlsuooinft. *
1
4
2
8
6
6
Hemh>l««'«i- - r ^ .
1
2
1
1
4
Wtto
7
5
1
1
6
10
KenttUs
Mjjgrelne
1
1
Nenn&daT^
3
2
1
* 1
.......
.......
11
Ototteihfldl^ ..
1
u
PanUvffif AFttAiis .
1
1
1
1
1
Scifrtin
1
2
'
1
1
Btefcufl eDilffDtlcas
1
3
Tic dolcninux . -, . .
• 1
3
1
21
1
11
4
I
I
,
3
Diteuet of ike drcultttorf tjfttem.
AnasMvs
8
Anearlsm , sortie
1. "'
1
Cardiac valvular disease
C
4
1 5
37
Endocarditis:
Acute
1
Chronic?
2
3
4
1
8
13
1
1
3
16
GftDKrene of toes
7
Hemorrhoids
24
i
28
Pericarditis
1
DittattM (if (he re»piratofTf tytttm.
AsthmA ,
6
86
1
1
4
3
8
18
"■'44*
13
Broochttls
3
146
Empyema
2
Hsemoptysls.^
2
Hydrothorax , , .
1
4
Ltfyngltls
6
12
1
4
21
11
27
1
1
1
Pneumonia:
Broncho
4
2
Hvpostatlc
20 i
3
2
::::;;:;:;::;
24
LoSS?^!^.:.: !::!::::::::...:
2
1
5
Pahnon»ry rongestlon . .
2
1
6
::;:::j:::::::
..-,...
2
1
9
3
Pniinonary emphysfflnft ,
2
i
1 1
Rhfnlt*^. '
IQ
4
'
97
DiMMM of (he digcttive system.
AppCTi'^Mtls
2
1
1 1
1
4
cfiohHrisltts
3
1
1
16
1
3
Cholecystitis
OhoMHhlMf. .
1
1
1
CoUtb
1
2 1
6, 1
«i
32
14 '
4
18
DiarrhoRft
34
2
1
20
2
36
Dysentery
2
Dysentery, amebic
1
Enteritis.'.'.
2 1 1
1
24
Fistula in ano
2 1
16 1 1
1
3
Gastritis
...Mr:-
2
24
H«rnbi
3
2
21
1
1
10
3
HTperchlorhydrla
1 1
3
Inoigntlon
2
3
1... ...1
26
Obedpatlon
'
1
1
Peritonitis
';!!'!*i::;::: ::";:;""-"
^1
a
Pharynfrftls. ,
4
3 1 1 1
18
Stomatitis
8i :.
1
;;;;;;;!;;■;;;•
9
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452 BEPOBT OF THB GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE.
Physical disettsea treated dutinff the year ended June SO, 1911 — Continued.
»
Male.
Female.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
TotaL
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient.
Em
ployee.
Pa-
tient
Em-
ployee.
Diftoiet of the genUo-winary 9y9tem.
Bftlaoltis
2
1
3
Cystitis
1
13
2
i
78
Hy diocele
8
Ifenorrhacia
1
6
1
NephHtJsIT
33
9
i"
2
49
Ovaritis
1
PaDilloma of bladder
1
1
Phimosis
1
1
PvQlonei>liTltis
2
4
2
UTethral stricture
4
Uterine fibroid
1
1
2
Diaetuea of (he glandular 9v*tem.
Adenitis:
Cervical
2
2
InKYilTiaL .-
1
1
79
3
6
7
1
2
1
34
2
30
2
1
Parotitis
1
7
2
Diseases of the skin and cdXuUiT tissua.
Abscesses . . , ,-,^ -r
20
6
8
2
116
Acne vulgaris -r,,,-
3
Carbuncmosis
1
7
Cellulitis
7
Decubitus
2
3
Dermatitis:
Simplex
2
Venenata
1
1
1
•
3
Eczema
A
39
Epitheloma
.}
3
3
4
1
44
2
Impetigo contagiosa
2
2
Onychia T
2
4
3
1
3
1
1
3
3
9
2
1
14
3
2
12
30
........ ..,-.
2
1.
4
Pediculoeds
3
Pityriasis rosae
1
Psoriasis
1
1
.. .. 1
5
Tinea:
CirdnaU
!
1
Versl color
1
Scabies
3
Ulcers:
. Simple
i"
1
6
9
Varicose
10
Urticaria
3
Diseases of the organs of locomotion.
Arthritis
1
Lumbago
3
1
17
Myalgia
... . 1
3
Accidental traumatisms.
Abrasiors r,»- - t
4*
i"
2
2
10
1
4
Bums
2
16
Contusions
44
Dislocation of fi.nger
3
Dislocation of humerus
2
Dislocation of Inferior maxilla
1
2
Fracture, Colly's
2
1
3
Fracture of femur
1
5
Fracture of fibula
1
1
Fracture of metacarpal bone
1
1
1
1
5
Fracture of nasal bene
1
Fracture of rib
1
1
Fracture of scapula
1
1
Fracture of ulna
1
4
1
Sprains
29
5
;
i
39
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BEPOBT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPtTAIi FOB THE INSANE. 453
Physical diseases treated during the year ended June SO, 1911 — Continued.
Mate.
Femate.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Total.
tient
Em.
ployoe.
Pa-
tient.
Km-
ployoe.
Pa-
tient.
Em-
ployee.
Pa-
tient
Em-
ployee.
Aeddenial M-attflMKitnw—Coiitlnued.
Wounds:
37
52
34
97
3
1
5
1
10
3
6
4
34
41
Indsed
3'
1
2
2
2
M
Infected
33
T^M^^rftted
144
3
dilldblrth
1
1
TTndAtfinnimKi fev^
8
00
*i
Total
1,651
225
205
9
108
«
66
2,273
Causes of death during the year ended June SO, 1911,
Male.
Female.
TotaL
White.
adored.
White.
Colored.
Erysipelas
1
1
1
Tuberculosis:
MUiftry.mmttt...
1
1
16
4
9
1
3
2
Peritoneal
1
4
1
2
a
7
7
34
Pntmonftry ikT»d intmtina]
6
Diteues of the nerwmt tystem.
Cerebral arteriosclerosis
1
12
GenibrB.1 Atmpfiy and 4xh<^U5tV>n
Cerebral hemonfbam. , . , ,
1
Cerebral hypersm^
1
2
1
Cerebral soffening
3
1
1
1
1
1
Cerebral syphilis
OBrebfal t^imor ....
Excitement, exhaustion fh>m
Insolation..'
Me»tnntiff,«bronto
1
1
2
Orgaoic brain disimse
1
20
2
I
1
4
7
1
Paresis . .
3
32
Status epilepticus
3
DUetuet of the eirculaioTf tyHem,
Aneurism of aorta... .x....
2
Aortic thrombosis
1 ' ■ '
s
Cardiac atrophy
1
Cftrrilo-ranAl dUmiiW. . . ...
1
1
Cardiac thrombosh
1
13
}
1
2
2
1
1
13
26
2
6
6
3
1
1
Oanliao valvular disease
8
4
G
31
Gangrene of les
1
Ifyooffditis..^
1
2
Rupture of aorta
1
Asphyxiation (suicidal)
1
3
Bronchitis: ^ ^
Acute
^
3
Chronic..
1
Empyema
1
1
2
3
Pneumonia:
Broncho
2
5
1
4
1
17
Hypostatic
87
Lofc!!...::::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
3
PnltnopAiy nongnftfnn ... .
6
1
3-dbyvji
T 8
Pulmonary CBdema
boQle
m^
454 B£PO&T 09 THE GOYSBlfrMEKT HOfil'ITAL ]?'0E THE IK6AKE.
Causes of death during the year ended June SO, 1911 — Continued.
Male.
Female.
TotaL
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Diuasei of the dtgetUve syttem.
Appendicitis ,
1
2
4
3
1
1
1
Cholangitis. fK»1]tA . .
2
CSoUtJs:
1
4
Chponlouloemtivft... . . .
3
Qastritis^ chronic
1 1 1
2
Qastro-enteritis
1
1
1
1
Hepatic abscess
1
1
Hepatic cirrhosis
1
1
IletHSoUtls
l! I
2
Intestinal obstruction
2
2
Peritonitis, acute
1
1
Diieatet of Ou geniUHtrhurp t^Uem.
Cystitis
1
2
1
1
(^^tis and pyelonephritis
1
2
Sephritis: ^' ^
1
1
3
1
2
4
Interstitial
4
7
Parenchymatous ,
1
1
2
Puerperiunii exhausUou fhun
EiUrwd cau$et.
1
1
1
Wound of throat, suicidal..'
1
i
Total
173
40
30
87
2.0
^ The following operations were performed during the year, in addi-
tion to 485 minor operations by members of the medical staff.
Operations performed during the year ended June SO, 1911,
Appendectomy
C^totomy
Bxcision of epithelioma of face
Excision of epithelioma of foot
Fracture of ankle, reduction of
Fracture, Colles's, reduction of
Fracture of femur, reduction of
Fracture of fibula, reduction of
Fracture of humerus, reduction of
Fracture of inferior maxilla, reduction of. .
Fracture of ulna, reduction of.
Fracture of wrist, reduction of
Hemorrho idectomy
Herniotomy
Laparotomy
Repair of wound of trachea
Tonsilectomy
Total.
Male.
I
20
Female.
Total.
29
Work of hydrotherapcutic department.
Male.
Female.
TotaL
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Number of iiatlents treated .
224
12,002
140
12,868
06
0,613
468
WnmhAr nf t.mA.tniATibi ffivan ■>■'■, r
84,568
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^fit'OBT OF THE GOVEBKMEKT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE. 455
I>r. A. p. Weakley, in charge of the dental department, submits
the following report of work done during the year :
Work of dental department during year ended June SO, 1911.
Number of teeth extracted 570
Number of flUlngs 802
Number of treatments 541
Sets of artificial teeth 25
Sets of artificial teeth repaired 17
Artificial crowns 6
Total number of patients treated 1, 528
Dr. Arthur H. Kimball, in charge of the eve. ear, nose, and throat
department, submits the following report ocr the work done during
the year:
Work of eye, ear, nose, and throat department during year ended June SO, 191L
Number of visits 53
Examinations and treatments:
Diseases of the eye —
Refraction 321
Other diseases of the eye 207
Diseases of the nose and throat 74
Diseases of the ear 72
• Operations 5
Total G79
SCIENTiriC DEPARTMENT.
During the year an effort has been made to bring about a closer
cooperation between the clinical and scientific work. This effort has
been specifically directed toward the supplying of the laboratories
with sufficient data when examinations are requested, with an effort to
promptly furnish the results of such examinations by the laboratories.
Following the practice inaugurated last year, a course of instruc-
tion by the members of the scientific department^ with the assistance
of some of the older members of the staff, was given for the medical
internes. This course extended from January 30 to April 2, and
included the following exercises :
Dr. White: Introduction; constitution and content of conscionsness ; mental
mechanisms. (Fonr lectures.)
Dr. Schwinn: Physiconeurological data. (One lecture.)
Dr. Franz: Reflexes; sensation; movement; apperception and perception;
association; memory; aphasia. ( Seven lectures.)
Dr. Blackburn: Surface anatomy; blood vessels; internal anatomy; gross
pathology of the brain. (Four lectures.)
Dr. Lafora: Normal structures; abnormal elements; hlstopathological com-
plexes ; phenomena of degeneration and regeneration ; systematic histopathology.
(Five lectures.)
Dr. Hough: Cllnico-pathologieal data and methods, including cerebrospinal
fluid and Wassermann tests. (Four lectures.)
Drs. Franz and Schwinn : Practical exercises in the mental and neurological
examination of patients. (Nine lectures.)
Following the first 12 exercises on mental and neurological methods,
etc, an examination was held, and another examination on anatomy,
histopathology, and pathology was given at the end of the course.
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456 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
The passing of this examination was made a condition to promotion
from the position of medical interne.
^ Psychotogicdl laboratory, — The work in the laboratory has con-
tinued much as in former years, most of the time being devoted to
the investigation of topics of neurological and psychiatrical interest.
The experiments on the changes in volume and pulsation of the
cerebrum, which was begun in collaboration with Dr. A. H. Souther-
land, formerly assistant in the laboratory, have been tabulated, but
before attempting publication it appears wise to await the oppor-
tunity of testmg further similar cases.
At the time of writing the last report, and for several months
thereafter, observations were made on the reaction of certain classes
of the insane to stimulii of a painful character. The results gave
promise that the work might be of some diagnostic or explanatory
value, but for the understanding and for the interpretation of the
phenomena it was necessary that similar observations be obtained on
normal people. A provisional promise of an opportunity to make
such observations was obtained, but various reasons prevented the
accomplishment of this. Until there arises the opportunity of exam-
ining normal people in a way similar to that usea with the patients
here the present work must remain uncompleted, for tlie records
already obtained and any others like them will require for their
elucidation similar series of observations of the mentally normal.
The work on one part of the occipital lobes in monkeys has been
finished and will shortly be published. Along with the observations
of the cerebral cortex there has been included an investigation of the
color and size reaction in the monkey. This work has shown that the
older investigations, which have assigned a single function to the
calcarine type of cortex, are probably wrong in this supposition and
that the lateral aspect or the occipital lobes has a sensory function in
connection with the eye movements rather than with the visual
sensations per se.
Plans have been made for carrying out work on the eye movements
resulting from stimulation of the occipital cortex, this work being
complemental to that* already accomphshed. This work is planned
in connection with Dr. D. K. Shute, one of the hospital's consulting
ophthalmologists.
A preliminary account of the work on habit formation in cases of
dementia praecox has been finished by Dr. G. H. Kent, assistant in
psychology, and will, it is expected, be published shortly. An account
of this work was used as a dissertation for the degree of doctor of
philosophy which was granted Miss Kent. This work was suggested
on account of the fact that although for years it has been the prac-
tice to keep patients in insane hospitals occupied there was no avail-
able data for determining the ease or difficulty of producing habits
in these cases which make up a large percentage of the hospital popu-
lation, and because at the same time ideas regarding the value of the
occupation method of treatment were based solely upon opinion and
upon casual observation.
The conclusions from the experiments and observations of the
patients during the course of the work are that definite practice effects
can be obtained even from advanced cases of dementia praecox, but
that the means employed for the production of a habit must be
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BEPOBT OP THE GOVEENMENT HOSKTAli FOB THE INSANE.. 457
adapted to some extent to the individual, and that it seems well to
take advantage, as far as possible, of habits already present. The
practice effect gained in one kind of work appears to be transferable
to some extent to another kind of work whicn differs from the first in
its perceptual but not in its motor aspect. There are indications that
some of the energy ordinarily expended in mischievous performances
may be directed into more favorable channels by careful training,
and the results as a whole warrant the attention of similar work with
reference to the therapeutic aspect as well as the scientific.
ClinicO'pathologicaX laboratory. — ^The routine work of the clinico-
pathological laboratory consisted of the following:
Wassermann reactions 1,068
Gerebrospinal-fluid examinations 130
Urinalyses ' 1,015
Sputum examinations ^ 162
Blood examinations 41
Miscellaneous, including pus, stomach contents, etc 26
Numerous histological examinations of various organs and tissues
were also made, including a number for diagnosis, which were re-
naoved surgically.
For purposes of obtaining a final dia^osis in certain cases of par-
esis, suspected paresis, cerebral syphilis, etc., small pieces of brain
tissue were removed post mortem for examination hj means of
cerebral punctures, either through the clavarium, orbit, nose, or
mouth. At the same time fluid from the ventricles was obtained for
examination. This procedure has been but recently practiced, and
so far only 11 cases have been so examined, in 2 of which the clinical
diagnosis of paresis was not confirmed.
ExDerimental work with the Wassermann reaction has been con-
tinuea and consisted chiefly of the quantative working of the test in
order to determine more accurately the effect of the various anti-
syphilitic reactions, especially that of Ehrlich^s salvarsan.
It has been the duty of the clinical pathologist to prepare and
administer salvarsan for the various services, and since January last
27 doses have been administered.
Histopathologicdl laboratory. — During the past year over 4,000
slides have been prepared for study. The work on different fields of
psychiatry and neurology has been done in the laboratory from two
different points of view :
First, to collaborate with the work of the clinicians by attempting
to give detailed histopathological diagnoses, and to compare this with
the clinical as well as with the symptom complex recorded in the
clinical history ; and secondly, from a point of view specially histo-
lorical, i. e., without consideration of the clinical part.
The first kind of investigation, no doubt the most fruitful, can be
followed only when the clinical history is accurate and usually con-
tains observations over a long period. Superficial studies (those in
which only casual observations are made) can give rise more to
mixed and inexact conclusions than to scientific and progressive
results. Moreover^ there are problems, which will be mentioned later,
of unique histological importance, the clinical pictures in which are
absolutely indifferent to the histologist or histopathologist
The studies of the first line of work may be divided into two prin-
cipal groups, namely, (a) the routine work, (6) the detailed histo-
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468 BEPOBf 6f 1?Hfi GbVfailTMEJf:? HOd^f AL tOE *BB INSASfi.
pathological study of cases in which the clinical history showed
special peculiarities which made an exact dia^osis difficult
The first kind of study consisted in obtaining freezing sections
from material kept in formalin for 24 hours, and staining in Toluidin
blue or in silver nitrate according to the method of ffielschowsky.
Thus we obtained preparations which show the structure and changes
of the cells, some of the vessels, and neuroglia and a number of prod-
ucts of disintegration. This simple and short meUiod permits the
diagnosis of the histopathologically best differentiated psychoses
(senile dementia, arteriosclerotic dementia, partis, cerebral syphilis)
with great accuracy and gives opportunity for the study of a large
number of cases in a short time. By the use of this method it has
been possible to supply the clinicians with numerous histopathological
reports of cases of the nature mentioned.
The second vr detailed kind of study is employed in cases which
show neither a special clinical history nor in wnicn the usual routine
histopathological examination gave indications of a noncommon
Erocess of the brain. In such cases, a detailed study of the sections
rem material in alcohol, formol, Weigert^s mordant, and several
other fixatives are prepared with a large number of staining methods,
which reveal the most varigated normal and pathological structures.
An attempt is then made to diagnose the changes and to specify their
location with a view of discovering the relation between these facts
and the symptoms mentioned in the history. To this group of in-
vestigations belong the following studies :
Histopathological changes in a case of myoclonic epilepsy.
Histopathology of a case of Alzheimer's disease.
Histopathological changes in a case of poliomyelitis.
Changes in a case of ependymoglioma of the fourth ventricle com-
plicated with angioma of the pons.
Structural changes in the vessels and nuclei around the aqueduct
of Sylvius in a case of Wernicke's polioencephalitis cervacilis, hemor-
ragica superior.
The study of lesions in the cortex in a case of senile cortical de-
terioration, which shows the greater importance the vessel hyper-
plasy has over the punctiform hemorrhages as Shroeder and Alz-
heimer first indicated.
These six studies are finished and, with the exception of two of
them, will appear in early publications. Besides these, other works
of the same nature are in progress, as follows :
A detailed study of the cerebral architectonic of the brain in four
cases of microgyria.
To the same group of detailed investigations belong a great number
of cases in which there were found at autopsy focal lesions, causing
definite neurological symptoms (as aphasia, apraxia, hemiple^a,
etc.) and in the case histories of which symptoms in connection with
these lesions had been recorded.
The acquisition by the hospital of the new Sartorius' microtome for
sections of the whole brain will permit of extensive work in this line
similar to that of Dejerine in Paris, Brodmann and Vogt in Berlin,
and Henchen in Norway. However, the great amount of time (one
year) which is required for the preparation of the brain for this
purpose has prevented its use up to the present. Nevertheless, three
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BEPOBT OF THE GOVEBNMEKT HOSPITAL FOB THB INSANE. 459
large brains of cases of thalamic syndrome are now ready to be cut,
as well as two brains of supplementary cortex of microgyric origin.
The studies made in this line are:
The study of a case of hemiplegia without the discovery of any
lesion at autopsy (case which showed microscopically a large de-
crease in the number of fibers of the pyramidal tract, probably of a
autocthonous or toxic nature).
The study of a case of tabes at the age of 76 years, showing sligjht
decrease of the nervous fibers in the posterior bundles and a subpial
hemorrhage extending over the spinal cord. This case offered a g:ood
opportunity for the study of the regenerative phenomena in the spinal
^nglia and posterior bundles as described by Nageotte and by Mar-
mesco and Minea. These phenomena were confirmed in spite of the
advanced age of the case.
In the same line of anatomo-pathological detailed investigation
belongs the following;
Study of serial sections of the brain in three cases of thalamic
lesions (two of them diagnosed during life) .
A large number of brains with different forms of aphasia, hemi-
plegias, etc., are being prepared for the same purpose. Finally, to
the second line of studies, i. e., those of a purely histological and
histopathological nature, without connection with the climcal part,
belong the following investigations:
Study of the karyorrhexis of the neuroglia in different pathological
conditions of the brain. (Already published.)
Study of the origin and production of amyloid bodies in the cen-
tral nervous system. (In press.)
Study of special plaques of connective tissue of the dura mater
not previouslv described.
Study of the structure and architectonic of an heterotopy of the
brain on the inferior surface of the spheno-occipital convolutions.
Investigations of certain phenomena of regeneration produced
under the connective plaques of the ependyma, as found in arterio-
sclerotic people. (In the press.)
Besides these studies, other work in connection with the psycholo-
gist and with the clinical pathologist has been done and is now in
progress, as, for instance:
The study of numerous sections of the occipital lobes of monkeys
operated upon by Dr. Franz.
Cytological study of the spinal fluid in 11 cases of epidemic
poliomyelitis. (Already published in connection with the Clinical
Pathologist.)
In connection with the Clinical Pathologist it is planned to study
the viscosity of the spinal fluid in normal cases ana in the different
pathological processes (mental and neurological). For this purpose
a viscosimeter after Determann has been ordered, and work upon the
problem will begin as soon as that apparatus can be obtained. A
work on cerebrjfl puncture in post-mortem examinations is also in
progress in connection with the Clinical Pathologist.
ratkological laboratory. — During the year 165 post-mortem ex-
aminations were made, about 59 per cent of the total number of
deaths.
The following table of pulmonary tuberculosis shows that during
the year 41 deaths were attributed to pulmonary tuberculosts* 8 of
igi ize y g
460 REPORl? OF THE (iOVERNMEKT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
which did not come to autopsy. In the autopsy work there were
found 28 active cases and 29 latent cases, which, plus 8 ca^es based
upon clinical diagnosis, equals 65 cases found during the year out of
a total of 280 deaths.
Analysis of deaths due to tuberculosis for fiscal years ended June SO, 1885-J9tl.
Date.
343
II
I
I
SSB
^ « -^^^ *
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1800
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
Total
105
102
92
120
114
140
128
153
181
167
179
187
162
197
193
184
226
177
258
243
236
202
216
201
255
260
280
69
72
49
79
67
108
79
96
117
115
125
119
90
85
81
94
109
92
125
103
114
114
128
128
164
161
165
36
30
43
41
47
32
49
67
64
52
54
68
72
112
112
90
117
85
133
140
122
88
88
73
91
99
115
21.9
34.3
20.6
23.3
28.0
27.1
24.2
20.2
28.1
31.7
20.6
24.6
17.2
17.6
23.3
17.9
25.0
29.3
22.5
13.6
15.2
19.8
22.2
15.4
26.6
25.0
23.2
30.4
37.5
20.4
25.3
32.8
29.6
22.7
23.0
36.7
34.7
20.8
28.5
21.1
23.5
30.8
24.4
37.8
29.0
34.4
19.4
21.0
25.4
24.2
21.0
35.9
30.5
31.7
92
78
79
106
91
120
107
140
150
130
161
166
149
178
163
150
195
158
222
215
208
173
1S4
187
217
235
239
4,958 2,848 2,110
640 539
270
809
290
1,099
22.2
28.4
4,318
PUBLICATIONS.
The following publications by members of the hospital staff have
appeared during the year :
By William A. White, M. D., superintendent:
Scheme for the standard minimum oxamiuatlon of mental cases for use in
hospitals for the insane. Amer. Jour. Insanity, 1910, vol. 67, 17-24.
Address at the formal opening of the School of Medicine, Howard Uni-
versity. Jour., 1910, vol. 8, No. 2.
The theory, methods, and psychotherapeutic value of psychoanalysis. In-
terstate Med. Jour., 1910, vol. 17.
The new functional psychiatry. Archives of Diagnosis 1910, vol. 3, 323-S40.
Preventive principles in the field of medicine. Jour. Amer. Pub. Health
Assoc, 1911, Vol. I.
Outlines of psychiatry, 3d ed., 1911, 272 pp.
Mental mechanisms, 1911, 151 pp.
{With Dr, Barnes.) A plan for indexing cases in hospitals for the insane.
Amer. Jour. Insanity, 1911, vol. 67, 597-603.
By Henry W. Miller, M. D., formerly clinical director :
Mental examination of patients by nurses. Amer. Jour. Nursing, 1910, vol.
10, 939-943.
{With Dr, Achucarro.) Report of a case of Juvenile paresis. Amer. Jour.
Insanity, 1911, vol. 67, 559-571. ^ ,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
BBPOBT OF THE GOVBBNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 461
By I. W. Blackburn, M. D., pathologist :
Hypernephroma. N. Y. Med. Jour.. 1910, vol. 92, 1112-1121.
By Shepherd Ivory Franz, A. B., Ph. D., psychologist :
On the association functions of the cerebrum. Jour. Philos. Psychol.
and Sci. Methods, 1910. vol. 7, 67^-683.
On the functions of the post-central cerebral convolutions. Jour. Compar.
Neurol., 1911, vol. 21, 113-127.
The functions of the cerebrum. Psychol. Bull., 1911, vol. 8, 111-119.
{With Dr, Ruediger.) Sensory changes in the skin following the applica-
tion of local anesthetics and other agents. I. Ethyl chloride. Amer.
Jour. Physiol., 1910, vol. 27, 45-59.
By George H. Schwlnn, M. D., first assistant physician :
Some of the difficulties encountered in making a diagnosis of paresis.
Jour. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1910, vol. 37, 754-765.
By Mary O'Malley, M. D., senior assistant physician :
A case of mixed cell sarcoma of the pituitary body, with a report of the
autopsy findings. N. Y. Med Jour., 1910, vol. 92, 1219-1222.
The after care of the insane. The Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette, 1911,
vol. 27, 346-^a
By William H. Hough. M. D., clinico-pathologist :
{With Dr. Lafora,) The cerebrospinal fluid in acute anterior poliomyelltla
N. Y. Med. Jour., 1910, vol. 92, 924-926.
{With Dr, Lafora.) Some findings in the cerebrospinal fluid in 11 cases
of acute anterior poliomyelitis — epidemic form. Folia Neuro-biollogica,
1911, vol. 5, 221-234.
(With Dr. Miller.) Verglelchende Globullnmessungen an luetischen Series,
wein kiln, wochenschr., 1911, vol. 24, Nr. 5.
By Heber Butts, M. D., United States Navy :
Insanity in the Navy. U. S. Naval Bull., 1910, 459-476.
The mental examination of candidates for enlistment in the Navy and
Marine Corps. U. S. Naval Med. Bull., 1911. 29-38.
By Capt Lloyd L. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. Army :
Report of a case of middle meningeal hemorrhage accompanied by actual
hemiplegia: operation, recovery. Jour. Amer. Med. Assol'., 1910, vol. 55,
1259-1260.
Mental diseases in the military service, with special reference to dementia
prsBCOx. Military Surgeon, 1911, vol. 28, 426-445.
By Francis M. Barnes, Jr., M. D., Junior assistant physician :
Pupillary disturbances in the alcoholic psychoses. N. Y. Med. Jour., 1011,
vol. 93, 928-931.
{With Dr. White.) A plan for indexing cases in hospitals for the insane.
Amer. Jour. Insanity, 1911, vol. 67, 597-603.
By Bernard Glueck, M. D., assistant physician :
A typical general paralysis of the insane. N. Y. Med. Jour., 1910, vol. 92,
807-809.
Traumatic psychoses and post-traumatic psychopathic states. Jour. Amer.
Med. Assoc., 1911, vol. 56, 943-948.
By Eva C. ReitT, M. D., Junior assistant physician :
Autopsychology of the manic depressive. Jour. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 1910,
vol. 37, 606-620.
By Meyer Solomon. M. D., Junior assistant physician :
A hurried bird's-eye view- of the problem of the modem care of the insane.
N. Y. Med. Jour., 1911, vol. 93, 611-616.
An obscure case of traumatic subdural hemorrhage without fracture. Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc.. 1911, vol. 56, 956-958.
By Gonzalo R. Lafora, M. D., hlstopathologlst :
Sur la Karyorrhexis Neurolique. Trav. du lab. de rech. blol., de rUniv. de
Madrid, 1910.
Zur Histopathologic des RUckenmarkes bel der Dementia arterlosclerotlca
und senilis. Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 1911, vol. 20, 1-33.
{With Dr. Hough.) The cerebrospinal fluid in acute anterior poliomy-
elltlft N. Y. Med, Jour., 1910, vol. 92, 924-925.
{With Dr. Hough.) Some findings in the cerebrospinal fiuid hi 11 cases of
acute anterior poliomyelitis-epidemic form. Folia Neuro-biologica, 1911,
vol. 6, 221-234.
By Nicholas Achucarro, M. D. : ^ _
{With Dr. Miller.) Report of a case of Juvenile paresia Amer. Jour.
Insanity, 1911. vol. 67, 559-571. Digitized by GoOglc
462 BEPOBT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE.
STAFF CHANGES.
On June 18, 1911, Dr. I. W. Blackburn, pathologist, died. Dr.
Blackburn had been connected continuously with the hospital since
his appointment as pathologist in 1884, and during this long period
of service he had been most active in pathological work of various
sorts. At the time of his death he was one of the best known pathol-
ogists of the country, and in his particular specialty, the gross
pathology of the brain, he was probably without a peer.
The following resignations took effect during the year: Dr. Harry
Sicherman, junior assistant physician; Dr. Paul E. Bowers, junior
assistant physician ; Dr. Isaac N. Kelly, medical interne.
The following new appointments and assignments were made dur-
ing the year: Dr. Isaac N. Kelly, medical interne; Dr. John H.
Thome, medical interne; Dr. Josephine I. Stransky, medical interne;
Dr. James Loughran, medical interne; Dr. Halbert Robinson, medi-
cal interne^ Dr. Hyman La veson, medical interne; Grace H. Kent,
Ph. D., assistant in psychology. Dr. Lloyd L. Smith, of the United
States Anny, was assi^ed to duty in this hospital on July 14, 1910,
to make a special study of the subject of mintary psychiatry as it
affects the Army.
SCIENTIFIC ITBETINGS.
During the year there has been two scientific meetings held at the
hospital. The papers presented are as follows :
January 19 — StaflF meeting :
Dr. White: Cataloguing mental cases.
Dr. Glascock : Report of a case of apraxla.
Dr. Lafora: Hlstopathology and pathogeny of myoclonic epilepsy with
demonstration of microscopic preparations.
The regular meeting of the Society^ for Mental and Nervous
Diseases was held at the hospital in conjunction with the Baltimore
Neurological Society on Thursday evening, June 1.
Program — Symposium on cerel>ral tumors.
Dr. Harvey Oushlng : Concerning intercranlal growths in general.
Dr. John S. Neat (by Invitation) : Pathology of cerebral tumors.
Dr. Tom Williams : Symptoms and diagnosis of cerebral tumors.
Dr. D. Percy Hickling: Symptoms and diagnosis of tumors of cerebellum and
pons.
Dr. Bordley : Eye symptoms of cerebral tumors.
Five-minute report of cases.
Dr. Schwinn : Paresis with focal symptom^
Dr. 0*Malley: Tumor of the hypothesis. Dural sarcoma compressing the
central gyri.
Dr. Glascock : Glioma involving mainly the insula.
Dr. Dynan : Tumor of midbrain. Tumor of dura mater. Cerebral syphUis
with focal symptoms.
On Wednesday evening, March 8, the staff of the hospital pre-
sented the entire program at the meeting of the Medical Society of
the District of Columbia. Numerous papers other than those in-
chided in these meetings have been presented by the various members
of the staff from time to time throughout the year.
April 20, 1911— Stair meeting.
Dr. Dynan : Thalamic syndrome, with presentation of cases.
Dr. Williams: Nervous symptoms presaging arteriosclerosis.
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BEPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOE THE INSANE. 463
BULLETIN NO. 8.
At the close of the year Bulletin No. 3 is going to press. It con-
tains the following articles:
Dr. Franz:
On the association functions of the cerebrum.
On the function of the post-central cerebral convolutions.
{With WUliam C. Ruediger^ Ph. D.) Sensory changes in the skin follow-
ing the application of local anaesthetics and other agoita. I. Ethyl
chloride.
Dr. Blackburn:
Pachymeningitis interna.
Atrophy of the brahi in the insane.
On the median anterior cerebral artery as found among the insane.
Spindle-celled endothelial sarcoma of the dura mater.
Dr. Hough:
{With Dr. Lafora,) Some findings in the cerebrospinal fluid of acute an-
terior poliomyelitis — epidemic form.
(With R. Miiller, M, D.) Comparatlye globulin estimation of luetic sera.
Dr. Lafora:
On neuroglia karyorrhexia
On the presence of amyloid bodies in the protoplasm of the ganglion cells;
a contribution to the study of the amyloid substance in the nervous
system.
Notes on some phenomena of reaction and regeneration of the central
nervous ^stem.
(With Dr. Olueck.) Contribution to the hlstopathology and pathogenesis
of myoclonic epilepsy.
{With Dr. Hough.) Some findings in the cerebrospinal fluid of acute an-
terior poliomyelitis — epidemic form.
Dr. Barnes:
Pupillary disturbances In the alcoholic psychoses.
Dr. Ruediger:
{With Dr. Franz.) Sensory changes in the skin following the application
of local anesthetics and other agenta I. Ethyl chloride.
Dr. MflUer:
{With Dr. Hough.) Comparative globulin estimation of luetic sera.
Bibliography of publications by members of the staff and of work performed
at the Government Hospital for the Insane from January 1, 1903, to June 30,
1911.
GENEBAL CONSIDERATIONS.
In previous reports under this caption attention has been called to
the necessity for outlining some definite policy with reference to
the future growth of the hospital. This matter has come so fre-
quently and SO prominently into the foreground of late that the Sec-
retary of the Interior, after consultation with the President, decided
to appoint a committee to take up this whole matter. As a result a
committee was named under department instructions dated December
23, 1910, to consist of six persons, one member to be designated hf
each of the following: The Secretary of War, the Secretary of the
Navy, the Attorney General, the Commissioners of the District of
Columbia, the Board of Visitors of the Government Hospital for the
Insane, and the Secretary of the Interior. The personnel of this
committee is as follows :
Surg. Gen. George H. Tomey, representing the Secretary of War.
Surg. A. W. Dunbar, representing the Secretary of the Navy.
Robert V. La I>ow, superintendent of prisons, representing the Attorney
General.
MaJ. William V. Judson, Engineers, United States Army, representing
the District of CJolumbia.
Mr. Scott C. Bone, representing the board of visitors.
Dr. William A. White, superintendent of the hospital, representing the
Secretary of the Interior. f^ r^r^t^\r>
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464 REPOBT OP THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAIi FOB THE INSANE.
The instructions to the committee were as follows :
1. To investigate and report on any defects in the laws governing
the conduct of me institution and the conmiitment of patients thereto.
2. To investigate and report on the advisability of continuing
therein patients committed from the District, and from the Army and
Navy from distant points.
8. To recommena as to the policy to be adopted relating to the
growth of the institution, and the matter of adaitional lands, build-
mgs, equipment, etc.
4. To report on the present conduct of the institution, and to make
any recommendations necessary for the improvement of the service
and the advancement of the interests of the inmates.
This committee is at present in session, and it is hoped will be in a
position to present a report by fall.
NEEDS OF THE HOSPITAIi.
The appropriations recommended for the fiscal year 1912-13 are as
follows : For the support, clothing, and treatment in the Government
Hospital for the Insane of the insane of the Army and Navy, Marine
Corps, Revenue-Cutter Service, inmates of the National Homes for
Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, persons charged with or convicted of
crime against the United States who are insane, all pjersons who have
become insane since their entry into the military service of the United
States who have been admitted to the hospital and who are indigent,
including purchase, maintenance, and driving of necessary horses
and vehicles, and of horses and vehicles for official use of the superin-
tendent, for the indigent insane admitted from the District of Colum-
bia, and nonresident insane persons under temporary care, the sum of
$667,800. This amount is based on 2,990 patients at $220 per capita.
This number is arrived at by estimating the probable increase on the
basis of what the increase has been in past years. Pursuing the same
method of calculation for the District of Columbia patients, their
share is $323,400, leaving $334,400 to be provided for in the sundry
civil bill.
For expenses in returning escaped patients to the hospital the sum
of $1,500 is needed to be set apart. A decision of the comptroller
prevents the payment of these expenses out of the support fund of
the hospital and makes it necessary that a special appropriation be
made for this purpose.
The usual authority should be given in the sundry civil bill to use
■ $1,600 in defraying the expense ofremoval of patients to their friends
on leaving the "hospital.
A further provision in the same bill is necessary authorizing the
sum of $1,000 to be used in the purchase of books, periodicals, and
papers for the use of the hospital and for the medical library.
For roadways, walks, and grading, $5,000 is necessary for making
the necessary repairs and renewals.
For cement wall about Howard hall, and shop and storehouse
building, $55,209 is needed. This item is in lieu of a previously^ re-
quested appropriation of $160,000 for a new buildinff for the crimi-
nal insane, and is based upon the recommendation of a special com-
mittee, which has spent considerable time in studying the accommo-
dations for the criminal insane and the problem of their future care
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BEPOBT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL. FOB THE INSANE. 465
at the hospital. The present building has never been altogether
safe for such a dangerous class of patients, and although its safetv
has been recently increased by remodeling the window guards, still
it is considered that further safeguard £ould be taken. It seems
most feasible to construct a cement wall 24 feet in height about the
building at a considerable distance. This will not only render escape
from the building practically impossible, but will give a much-needed
outside courtyard for exercise. The construction of a shop and store-
house building is made necessary in connection with this proposed
wall, for the reason that the basement of Howard hall is at present
used as a shop and storehouse, and if a wall were constructea about
the building the use of the basement for these purposes would have
to be abandoned, and as there is no other available place to which
to move, the construction of a separate building is rendered necessary.
For the construction of a house for the superintendent^ $40,000.
The building of a separate residence for the superintendent is
in line with the policy adopted by other large institutions of this
character.
For remodeling of the chapel and the superintendent's present
quarters,' $10,000.
It is now more than 10 years since Congress has appropriated any
money for additional construction for the housing of eiflier patients or
employees. During this period the patient population of the hospital
has increased over 800, and there has been a corresponding increase
of einployees. At the present time all of the quarters for housing
the officers and employees of the institution are m use and it is diffi-
cult to see just how the next two or three years is going to be cared
for in this respect. This appropriation of $10,000, plus the nppro-
priation of $40,000 asked for a house for the superintendent, making
a total of $50,000, will make available the old chapel aud the present
quarters of the superintendent for use as either quarters for patients
or employees. It is estimated that a sufficiently large number of
people can be housed in these quarters to warrant the expenditure of
$50,000; in fact, it is believed that new construction for the number
of persons who can be taken care of in this way could not l)e put up
for this amount. It is therefore urged that these two appropriations
be allowed on the ground of economy. ' Whether these quarters should
be turned over to me patients, to employees, or to medical officers will
depend to a certain extent on the action taken by Congress with
respect to the appropriations asked for for new construction.
For the construction and equipment of an epileptic group to
accommodate 140 patients^ $160,000 is needed.
The hospital has been mcreasing rapidly in size lately, and the
thousand oeds for which the hospital extension was constructed are
already filled. In certain portions of the hospital we are beginning
now to see evidences of crowding. It is therefore the part of wisdom
to provide for further ^owth, and in making this provision it is
deemed desirable to build such extensions as will enable a better
classification of the hospital population. Whereas the epileptics are
at present fairly well segregated, they are in wards that were built
for a different class of patients. The buildings of an epileptic CToup
can be so constructed as to admit of indefinite extension, and will
give this class of patients a character of surroundings much better
11355'— IWT 1911— VOL 1 30 ^ ,
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
466 REPOBT OF THE GOVEBNMENT HOSPITAL. FOB THE INSANE.
suited to them than they now have, while the wards they now occupy
can be used for the general purposg of the hospital population. The
estimated cost on a basis of $1,000 per capita is considered under
all conditions to be reasonable, while $100 per capita has been allowed
for equipment. The additional $6,000 is intended to include the cost
of the plans, the architects' fees, advertising, etc.
To enable the Secretary of the Interior to purchase additional land
for the Government Hospital for the Insane, $100,000, or so much
thereof as may be necessary. In the event of his inability to make
such purchase, the Secretary of the Interior shall proceed in the man-
ner prescribed for providmg a site for the Government Printing
Office, in so much of the act of July 1, 1898, as is set forth on pages
648 and 649 of volume 30 of the Statutes at Large, to acquire the
land desired ; and for the purpose of such acquisition the Secretary
of the Interior shall have and exercise all the power conferred upon
the Public Printer in such act; the appropriation to be disbursed by
the Secretary of the Interior. The need of additional land by the
hospital has been appreciated for some time and each successive
superintendent for many vears past has requested appropriations for
its purchase. The need or land has become more acute or late because
all of the new construction has been placed upon land previously
used for farming purposes, thus restricting the output of the farm
to such an extent that it is now impossible to raise enough fodder
for the dairy herd. The hospital is mcreasing in size at the rate of
upward of 100 patients per annum, and more buildings must be
added in the near future, which will still further infringe upon the
land used for farming.
For new barns and piggeries, $65,000. The present buildings com-
prising the bams and piggeries, are located on the east side of Nichols
Avenue and immediately fronting qp it. All of these buildings are
very old, and manv of them in extremely dilapidated and disgraceful
condition. It is desired to construct entirely new buildings to take
their place. The buildings aye not only old and dilapidated, but it is
impossible because of these conditions to keep them in proper sanitary
condition, while one of the bams is positively unsafe. It is desired
to construct a dairy bam consisting of 4 units, each to accommodate
50 cows, and piggeries to accommodate 600 pigs. A recent investiga-
tion of the dairy conditions by an expert from the Agricultural De-
partment showed them in a very unfavorable light, and indicated
very clearly that steps should be taken to improve them. Milk is one
of the most important and staple articles of diet in the hospital, and
should be produced in a way to insure its freedom from even the sus-
picion of disease. The Agricultural Department has cooperated with
the hospital and has prepared plans for a dairy barn which are in
accordance with the latest ideas of what such a structure should be.
For new entrance and gatehouse $8,000 is needed. The building
of the hospital extension, with the location of the offices in the new
administration building, has removed the center of the institution
from the old main building to the present administration building, and
makes it desirable to provide a new main entrance at the northern
extremity of the administration group.
For a fence to be placed along the frontage of the hospital grounds
on the east side of Nichols Avenue the sum of $14,000 is needed.
Digitized by
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REPOKT OP THE GOVERNMEKT HOfePITAIi FOB THE INSANE. 467
This portion of the hospital grounds is occupied by four buildings
of the hospital extension, whi3i contain approximately^ 400 patients.
There is now along the thoroughfare a dilapidated, unsightly wooden
fence, which it is desired to replace with a substantial one.
For general repairs and improvements the sum of $60,000 is needed.
The increase in this estimate is rendered necessary by recent decisions
of the auditor and comptroller, who are placing a very much more
rigid interpretation upon what expenditures come imder the designa-
tion of repairs and improvements than ever before. As a result many
things which for years have been expended from the support fund
have had to come from the repair fund, and this fund necessarily,
therefore, has to be augmented.
Summary of appropriations recommended.
Support $334,000
Roadways, walks, and grading 6,000
Provision for criminal insane, and shop and storehouse building 55, 209
House for the superintendent 40, 000
Bemodeling of the chapel and the superintendent's present quarters 10, 000
Construction and equipment of an epUeptic group 160, 000
Addittonal land 100, 000
New bams and piggeries 65, 000
New entrance and gatehouse 8,000
Fence 14,000
Bepairs and improvements CO, 000
Total . 851, 609
STATISTICAIi TABLES.
Admissions and discharges,
REMAINmo JUNE 30, 1910.
Male.
Female.
Total.
WWte.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
A-imy .
878
258
36
630
49
17
9
316
927
275
45
946
927
Navy
276
PubUo Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
45
Oivtl life
458
265
723
1,669
Totftl
1,802
391
2,193
458
265
723
2,916
ADMITTED DURINQ THE YEAR.
Army. ,,........^,, ,..
118
83
7
151
11
3
129
86
7
221
129
Navy
86
PabUo Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
7
ctvnu^
70
105
75
180
401
Total
359
84
443
106
76
180
623
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— RECOVERED.
Army . ^
32
43
3
1
1
17
35
44
1
47
35
Navy.'
44
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
1
QvU Ulb
30
23
19
42
80
Total
105
22
127
23
19
42
169
...T.v
Digitized by'
468 BBPOBT OP THE GOVBRNMBNT HOSPITAIi FOB THE INSAISTE.
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— IMPROVED.
l£ale.
Female.
Total.
^Milte.
Colored.
Total.
'WTiite.
Colored.
Total.
Army
14
10
14
10
14
Navy
10
Public Health and Marine-Hospltal
Service
Civil life
12
11
23
g
4
13
36
Total
36
11
47
0
4
13
<I0
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR— UNIMPROVED.
Army
17
8
1
53
1
18
8
1
69
18
Navy
8
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
1
Civil life
16
19
7
20
06
Total
79
17
06
19
7
26
122
DISCHARGED DURING THE YEAR—NOT INSANE.
Army . . - , .
8
12
8
12
8
Navy
12
PubUo Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
Civil life
16
2
18
3
5
8
26
Total
36
2
38
3
5
8
46
DECEASES DURING THE YEAR.
Army, .x-
100
17
4
51
12
2
1
25
112
19
5
76
112
Navy
19
Public Health and Marine-HospiUl
5
avilllto
31
37
68
144
Total
172
40
212
31
37
68
280
REMAINING JUNE 30, 1911.
Army
825
251
38
619
44
17
7
315
869
268
45
934
809
Navy'
268
Public Health and Marine-Hospital
Service
46
Civlllife .
478
268
746
1,680
Total
1,733
383
2,116
478
268
746
2,862
SUMMARY.
R^nnfifnlng June 30, 19^0. ,.,.--,
1,802
359
391
84
2,193
443
458
105
265
75
723
180
2,916
Admitted during year ending June 30,
1911
623
Total number under treatment.
2.1C1
475
2.636
563
340
903
3,530
Discharged:
Recovered
106
36
79
36
172
22
11
17
2
40
127
47
96
38
212
23
9
19
3
31
19
4
7
5
37
42
13
26
8
68
160
Improved
00
Unimproved
122
Not insane
46
Died
280
Total
428
92
520
85
72
157
677
Remaining June 30, 1911
1,733
383
2,116
478
2G8
746
2.862
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BBPORT OF THE QOVEBKMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE. 469
Admissions and discharges, classified according to sex, for the pear ended June
SOf 1011, and since opening of the hospital in 1855.
Year endedJune 30, 1911.
Since opening of the hoepitaL
Mftle.
Female.
Total
Male.
Female.
Total.
A4m\Kt^
443
180
623
14,944
4,317
19,261
DiiditfgBd:
R«oovered
165
47
M
212
2,116
50
13
26
68
746
215
60
122
280
2,862
5,042
2,236
567
4,9«3
1,130
831
228
1,382
6,172
ImprovwJ
3,067
TTn^mprnvftd
795
Died.?!^v!!?!!:::::::::::::::^
6,365
Remalnliiff , .
Total |iHini<wlon«
14,944
4,317
19,261
Percentage of total admissions recovered, improved, etc.
Male.
83.75
14.95
3.79
33.35
14.16
100.00
Female.
26.17
19.25
5.28
32.01
17.29
100.00
Total
31.98
15.91
4.18
83.04
14.89
100.00
Monthly changes of population.
Admitted.
Diaciiarged.
Died.
Total
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
1910.
July
34
33
23
54
21
28
44
23
36
34
68
46
14
17
18
17
13
10
20
10
15
18
12
16
48
50
41
71
34
38
64
33
51
52
80
61
65
27
22
20
14
16
16
19
27
30
90
82
8
4
10
11
3
3
8
9
11
6
8
8
73
31
32
31
17
19
24
28
38
36
28
40
21
12
13
22
25
22
16
18
16
12
17
18
5
4
4
10
6
5
5
4
8
8
6
9
26
16
17
32
30
27
21
22
19
20
23
27
99
August
47
8a»teml>er
49
October
63
November
47
December
46
1911.
January
45
February
50
M*mh
57
ADril
56
^y..::
51
Jm£e
67
Total
443
180
623
308
89
397
212
68
2S0
677
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470 REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
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472 KEPOBt OF THE GOVE&KMfiNT? HOfiMtAL FOB THE INSA»fi.
Nativity of patients admitted during the year and since the opening of the hos-
pital in 1855,
Nativity.
During
year.
Since
1855.
Nativity.
Dunns
year.
Sinci
1K.V>.
Native born:
1
1
1
C4
30
2
33
13
127
12
39
120
270
254
18
1
56
50
259
GO
151
1,435
583
125
29
C3
154
3
11
94
184
4
1,196
178
648
2
5
996
67
67
154
70
3
75
1,930
83
81
859
Fo/eign-bom— Contlnaed :
BrazU
1
ArknT)9(\9. ..
British East Indies
8
Arizona
British Columbia
1
California
nrilf.«h Pnssos'iiC'*? .
1
1
3
Colorado
British West Indies
14
Connwticut
4
Buenos Airps.. .
3
Dakota
Canada ...
8
IGD
Delaware
2
112
1
9
10
18
rApAVArrlATfllAnfl<f.
1
Diirtrif t of C-olumbllft. .
CWie '
1
Florida
n^^nft
2
Georgia
Coast of Africa
3
TUInoi?? .
Costa Rica.
1
Tndinna. .
Cuba
Cyprus
7
Tiidinn T<»rrltory
1
Idaho ;
Iowa
1
2
2
13
3
3
40
22
3
2
2
8
Denmark
England... .
1
7
1
52
402
Kansas
Ecuador
1
Kentuclcy
Finland
10
France
1
1
1
104
UftlnA
Oomany
i,a3
MAiyiand , ,
Greece...
9
Iftvssachnsetts
Guatemala ....... . , , ,
1
irinhigRn
Holland
13
M<nnA<^t^
"Ruiurary
1
25
UIOflARippI ,
Icela^..
1
MLvmnH
Trplfind
2i
2
2,332
Montana . a .
Italy
83
Nebraska
1
2
7
Japan
10
Naw FTi^npshin^
Korea... :
1
New Jersey
Malta
3
New Mexico. . ....
Mexioo
1
16
New York
28
12
18
Naw nn^nswfcV , .
4
North Carolina
New Foundland
3
Ohio-.
New Grenada
1
Norway
3
66
Nova Scotia
23
Pennsylvania
32
2
4
4
4
1
Rhode' Island
Philippine Islands
1
3
South Carolina
Poland
36
Tftnrf^MfSf^ . . , ...
Portugal
8
Texas
Prince Edward Island
3
Utah . ...
Pnwsia ...
1
1
35
Vermont
Porto Rica
1
Virginia
68
2
Ronmi^nifi. . ,
5
West Virginia
Russia
4
88
Sandwich Islands
3
United States
72
8aT0Dy
6
P<y>tland
1
106
Total
516
13,176
Sicily
3
Spain
1
1
9
JPoTBign bom:
Alsaoe
1
8
86
1
17
9
1
8
Sweden*.'.!!!!!!']!!.*."!!!!!!!!!
Switaerland
110
74
Armenia
Turkey
Wales
1
8
Austria
7
23
Bahama5. ,
West Indies
5
Bavaria
Atsea
1
BHgium...
1
TTnknown ....
3
394
Bprrnnda
Total
Bohemia
C23
i9,aei
Ages of patients admitted during the year ended June SO, 1911.
Age.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Ago.
Male.
Female.
Total
9 to 15 years
2
22
67
48
5-5
53
29
18
2
9
11
24
27
24
18
15
4
31
V8
72
82
77
47
83
50 to 60 years
35
61
50
11
2
20
15
10
4
1
55
15 to 20 years
GO to 70 years
66
20 to 25 years
70 to 80 years
60
26 to 80 yean
80 to90 vears
15
SOtoSSjrears
S
3.^ tn 40 VAars
Total
40 to 45 years
443
180
G23
4fito50vears
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HEPOBT OP THE GOVEBKMENT HOBPlTAli POE THE INSANE. 4Y3
CivU condition of patients admitted durinff t?ie year ended Jime 90, 1911.
CondlUon.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Stnde
253
117
OS
3
5
68
06
42
321
Manrled
183
Widowed
107
3
Unknown ^
4
9
Total
443
!«,
623
Ages of patients who died during the year ended June SO, 1911.
Ago.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Age.
Male.
Female.
Total.
15 to 20 years
2
3
10
15
11
11
0
1
1
2
3
4
12
15
16
18
16
50 to GO years
19
61
54
16
1
12
15
11
6
1
81
20 to 25 years
60 to 70 years
76
25 to 30 years
1 70 to 80 years
66
30 to 35 years
' 80 to 90 years
22
35 io 40 years
5
7
7
' Over 90 years
2
40 to4fi VfMTS
' Total
45 to 50 years.....* .'.'.'".!
212
68
280
1
Duration of mental disease of patients who died during the year ended
June SO, 1911.
AfSfi.
Under 1 month
1 to2months
2 to 4 months
4to6months
6 to 9 months
9 to 12 months
12 to 18 months
18 months to 2 years. .
2to3yean
3to4yean
Male.
Female.
Total.
i 3
5
j 4
9
^
11
8
11
15
18
12
15
1 15
16
16
18
11
15 1
19
26!
1
Age.
4 to 6 years
6 to 10 years....
10 to 16 years...
15 to 20 years...
20 to 26 years...
Over 25 years..
Unascertained.
Total....
Male.
212
Female.
21
6
27
24
15
39
13
5
18
11
2
13
7
2
9
20
4
24
5
2
7
Total.
280
Ages of patients discharged recovered during the year ended June SO, 1911.
Age.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Age.
Male.
Female.
Total.
10 to 20 years
14
54
33
12
1
6
16
12
15
60
49
24
1
50 to 60 years
1
5
2
11
20 to 30 years
GO to 70 years
10
90 io 40 years
Total
40 to 50 years!. ..!!!!!!
127
42
169
Duration of residence in the hospital of those recovered during the yean- ended
June SO, 1911.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
10 to 20 days
2
2
18
17
16
19
2
4
20to30davs
1
4
1 to 2 months
3
1
3
6
2 to 8 months
1
1
8
3 to 4 months
23
4 to 6 months r
22
4 to 9 months .......r
5
1
2
3
3
2
4
6
2
2
25
9 to 12 months
15
1 to 2 years
30
2 to 4 yean
16
Over 4 years
16
Total
105
22
23
19
160
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474 REPOBT OP THE GOVEBNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE.
Forms of mental disease of patients admitted during the year ended June SO, 19 tl.
Mala.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1
5
2
10
24
2
Infection-ezhaustlon psvchoses:
AotiitA AonfiMiAnfti iji^ ,
1
16
23
16
102
35
3
5
7
4
3
2
6
2
Alcoholic
2
9
1
15
13
8
7
9
33
2
31
Manio-depnMiiive psychoww
41
36
Dementift praecox
174
Paresis... f?
52
Prison psychoses
3
Excitement, unclauasifled
1
3
9
TViTM^ntH, unc)ft<ff{fled ......
4
12
Depression:
4
PsTcnonathic
2
1
1
1
1
1
7
2
5
ConfnsionftI state
1
5
4
Psychosis associated with other diseases:
Psycho-neuroses—
Epilepsy
2
1
14
Hysteria
2
Other nervous diseases—
Huntington's chorea
1
CerebelUu* ataxia
1
Organic disease and injury to the brain—
34
10
5
13
9
1
G3
Syphilis
13
Trauinatiffin , . ,
6
Diseases other than nervous—
Psycliosjs associated with cardJac disease
1
1
Amentia..'.
2
1
37
2
1
25
19
2
Tnvointfonal mekuicholia. .
8
11
5
1
2
2
1
5
1
10
SAnfld dAfnentK .... r , ,
8
3
61
Imbecility
11
Idiocy
2
Not inimne .... . . .
3
7
5
1
85
Undiagnosed
20
Total
359
84
106
76
623
Forms of menial disease in patients discharged as recovered during the year
^nded June SO, 1911.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White.
Colored.
WUte.
Colored.
Toxic psychoses— exogenous:
Alconollc psychoses-
Acute nallucinos
8
2
1
2
11
Anjte iwychosis, nndassifled
2
Chronic alcoholism
6
1
7
Delerlum tremens
1
12
1
1
Manlo-depresslvB psychoses
18
17
9
1
19
2
10
1
2
2
3
1
35
Dementia praecox:
Hebrephrenic form
21
Catatonic form
9
Paranoid form
1
7
1
1
1
1
2
3
Unclassified
6
33
'RTRftemnnt. iinplfMstfind . .
5
Depression:
Unclassified
4
15
Symptomatic , , . , r
1
Anxiety psvchosls
1
1
Prison psychosis
1
1
Psychosis associated with—
Enile'Dsv ... .......... . ..
1
1
Hysteria
1
1
Arteiio-sclerosls
6
1
2
1
1
1
8
rnmbral syphUii .
1
Cerebral traumatism , r . . . - ,
2
Degeneracy
2
3
TnTnlutrlonal melancholia . . , -
4
4
2
2
Undiagnosed ... ,
1
1
2
Total
105 1 22
23 1 10
160
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BEPORT OF THE GOVEBNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE. 476
Detailed statement of receipts cmd expenditures for the fiscal year ending June
SO, 1910— additional.
BECEBPT8.
On band, as stated In last annual report:
Support $5. 217. 30
Repairs 152. 62
Auditor's settlements (see Power, heating, and lighting) 8,979. 87
Appropriation (deficiency act — ^repairs) 801.38
Disallowance . 06
15,151.32
EXPEwnrruBES,
Provisions and stores: Laundry supplies 266.00
Medical supplies:
Medical supplies $2. 88
Laboratory supplies 403.00
495. 88
Miscellaneous :
Messages . 44
Transportation oa patients 30. 75
31. 19
Farm and garden: Horticultural supplies 220.58
Books and stationery : Books 2. 50
Repairs: Engineer's supplies 954. (K)
Balance in U. S. Treasury : Support '. 13, 181. 17
15, 151. 32
Summary of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June SO, 1911.
RECEIPTS.
Appropriated for —
Support $327, 800. 00
District of Columbia patients 302,051.01
Marine-Hospital Service patients 10,392.43
Repairs 40, 000. 00
Buildings and grounds 5, 000. 00
Power, heating, and lighting plant 60, 000. 00
Board of patients 45, 947. 13
Sale of stock, etc 5, 970. 28
Disallowances 22. 77
On hand:
Buildings and grounds 13,857.05
Power, heating, and lighting plant $71, 293. 96
Power, heating and lighting plant, by auditor's
settlement (see Support) 8,979.87
62, 314. 09
873, 354. 74
EXPENDITUBES.
Provisions and stores :
Class 1. Farinaceous food 33,560.40
Class 2. Yeast 629.17
Class 3. Meats, fresh 53,466.07
Class 4. Poultry 4, 114. 49
Class 5. Meats, salt and smoked 29, 528. 95
Class 6. Fish, fresh 5,311.19
Class 7. Fish, salt 3,080.09
Class 8. Vegetables, fresh 7,716.11
CHass 9. Vegetables, canned 2,240.56
Class 10. Fruits, fresh 1,231.81
Class 11. Fruits, dried 2,623.67
Class 12. Preserves and Jellies
Class 13. Dairy products 25, 626. 76
Class 14. Groceries, wet 7, 370. 29
Class 15. Groceries, dry 28, 186. 31
C:aassl6. Condiments 77. 99
Class 17. Laundry supplies 7, 139. 94 ^
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476 BEPOBT OF THE GOVEBNMEKT HOSMTAL FOB THE INSANE.
EXPENDITURES — Continued.
Provisions and stores — Continued.
Class 18. Crockery and china $1,445. 54
Class 19. Tin and iron ware 81& 36
Class 20. Cutlery and plated ware 190.63
Class 21. Household supplies 4, 542. 15
Class 22. Woodenware
Class 23. Toilet articles 987.40
Class 24. Fuel 00,005.36
$279, 983. 24
E^miture and bedding :
Class 25. Furniture 1,523.13
Class 26. * Bedding 9, 008. 33
Class 27. Window furniture 797. 38
Class 28. Table linen 1,517.32
Class 29. Upholstery and furniture material 19.25
Class 30. Sewing machine supplies 106. 62
12,972.03
Dry goods and clothing:
Class 32. Clothing, new 2,913.26
Class 33. Clothing material 11. 439. 68
Class 34. Hats, straw 140. 50
Class 35. Hats, felt 409. 50
Class 36. Hosiery 300.00
Class 37. Haberdashery 468. 05
Class 38. Shoes and slippers, men's 4, 636. 46
Class 39. Shoes and slippers, women's 424. 80
20,732.25
Medical supplies:
Class 40. Medical supplies 3, 614. 27
Class 41. Surgical supplies 1,452. 29
Class 42. Laboratory supplies 256. 02
6,322.58
Farm and garden :
Class 43. Wagons and harness 690. 79
Class 44. Farm and garden implements 248. 28
Class 45. Lawns, roads, and grounds 88. 23
Class 46. Farm supplies 1,072.35
Class 47. Horticultural supplies 987. 32
Class 48. Stable maintenance 63. 50
Class 49. Live stock 2, 995. 00
Class 50. Farm feed 6, 382. 50
Class 51. Dairy feed 13,640.47
Class 52. Poultry feed 732. 35
26,900.79
Miscellaneous :
Class 53. Entertainment of patients 2, 071. 09
Class 54. Traveling expenses 22. 00
Class 55. Supply transportation 22. 54
Class 56. Return of escaped patients 169. 00
Class 57. Messages 1, 260. 32
Class 58. Advertisements
Class 59. Miscellaneous 916.66
Class 60. Transportation of patients 187. 85
4,649.46
Books and stationery :
Class 61. Stationery supplies 969. 39
Class 62. Printing 31. 70
Class 63. Books 331.45
Class 64. Periodicals 399. 43
1,731.97
Construction :
Class 65. Engineers' supplies 3, 103. 90
Class 66. Electrical supplies 2. 112. 67
Class 67. Can)enters' supplies 852.79
Class 68. Tinners' supplies 271.68
Class 69. Painters* supplies 2,264.14
f^^, 8,605.18
Digitized by VJVJC
BEPOBT OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE. 477
EXPENDiTUBES — Continued.
Bepairs:
Class 70. Pay roll $22,480.87
Class 71. Engineers' supplies 5,490.78
Class 72. Carpenters' and builders' supplies 8,030.76
Class 73. Tinners' supplies 52. 79
Class 74. Painters' supplies 500.00
Class 75. Construction 5, 169. 40
$36,724.60
Buildings and grounds:
Class 76. Pay roll, roadways, grading, and walks.. 2, 643. 13
Class 77. Roadways, grading, and walks 917.38
Class 78. Furniture, new buildings
Class 79. Furnishings, assembly hall 1,895.75
Class 80. Power, heating, and lighting plant 32,292.98
37, 749. 24
Pay roll:
Class 81. Officers 30, 492. 24
Class 82. Administrative 27, 810. 11
Class 83. Ward service 117,741.92
Class 84. Domestic service 8,220.68
Class 85. Kitchen service 24,529.20
Class 86. Industrial 5, 624. 33
Class 87. Laundry service 12,015.74
Class 88. Fire service 525.00
Class 89. Engineers . 33, 458. 98
Class 90. Carpenters and builders 5,020.22
Class 91. Tinners 1, 082. 00
Class 92. Construction 2, 180. 70
Class 98. Painters 4, 429. 07
Class 94. Electricians 7, 459. 37
Class 95. Farm and garden 16,521.38
Class 96. Stable service 6,467.52
Class 97. Dairy and cow bams 4,296.20
Class 98. Lawns and grounds 5,705.77
808,580.38
On hand:
Support 22, 864. 21
Repairs 8, 109. 71
Buildings and grounds 12,816.69
Power, heating, and lighting plant 90,028.31
Covered into United States Treasury to close appro-
priation lapsed into surplus fund — act of Congress
approved Mar. 4, 1909--buildings and grounds 584. 10
129,403.02
Total 873, 354. 74
The following summaries of population and expenditures have
been prepared in accordance with a resolution of the National Con-
ference of Charities and Corrections, adopted May 15, 1906 :
Bwnmary of population.
Number of patients at beginning of fiscal year
Number of patients received dorinff the year
Number of patients discharged or dfled during year
Number of patients at end of fiscal year
Dally average number of patients
Average number of officers and employees during year.
Male. Female. Total.
2,193
443
520
2,116
2,143
529
180
157
746
741
284
2,916
623
677
2,862
2,884
813
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478 REPORT OP THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE.
Summary of expenditures.
Current expenses:
Salaries and wages $SOS, 580. 38
Clotliing 20. 732. 25
Subsisteice 272, 843. 30
Ordinary repairs 8, 605. 18
Office, domestic, and outdoor expenses 58,716.77
Total 669,477.88
Extraordinary expenses:
New buildings, land, etc 37, 749. 24
Permanent Improvements to existing buildings 36, 724. 60
Total 74,473.84
Grand total 743, 951. 72
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REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA INSTITUTION
FOR THE DEAF.
479
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OFFICERS OF THE INSTITUTION.
Patron.— William Howard Taft. Preddent of the United States.
Prewtfeni.— Percival Hall, M. A.
Secretary. — Charles S. Bradley, Esq.
Treasurer. — Greorge X. McLanahan, Esq.
Directors. — ^Hon. George C. Perkms^Senator from California; Hon. Thetus W. Sims,
Member of Confess from Tennessee; Hon. E. L. Taylor, jr., Member of Congress from
Ohio, representing the Congress of ^e United States; Edward Miner Gallaudet, Ph.
D., LL. D., of Connecticut; Hon. John W. Fosterj Hon. Francis M. CockreU; R. Ross
Perry, Esq.; Theodore W. Noyes, Esq., of the District of Columbia; John B. Wight,
Esq., of New York.
FACX7LTY OF GALLATJDET COLLEGB.
Emeritus _presiderU and professor of moral and political science. — Edward Miner
Gallaudet, Ph. D., LL. D.
President and professor of applied mathematics and pedagogy. — ^Percival Hall, M. A.
Vice jfresident and professor of languages. — ^Edward A. Fay, M. A., Ph. D.
Emeritus professor of natural science and lecturer on pedagogy. — Rev. John W. Chicker-
ing, M. A.
Professor of English and history. — J. Burton Hotchkiss, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of mathematics andlxUin. — ^Amos G. Draper, M. A., Litt. D.
Professor of natural science. — Charles R. Ely, M. A., Ph. D.
Professor of physics and biology. — Herbert E. Day, M. A.
Pro/e««or o/Xa<tn.— Allan B.Tay, M. A.
Instructor in Engli^ and in charge of college women. — Elizabeth Peet.
Instructor in mathematics and engineering. — Isaac Allison, E. E.
Instructor in gymnastics. — ^Albert F. Adams, M. A.
Instructor in Sawing. — ^Arthur D. Bryant, B. Ph.
Instructor in gymnastics and librarian. — Helen Northrop, B. A.
DEPARTMENT OF ARTICTTIiATION.
Professor in charge. — Percival Hall, M. A.
Instructor. — ^Annie E. Jameson.
Normal fellows. — Victor Skyberg, St. Olaf Colle^, Minn.; Edmiston W. lies, Uni'
versity of Kansas; Henry Vigour, Baker University, Kans.; Beatrice Minhinnette,
Shorter College, Ga.
Normal student. — Grace Long, Council BlufiEs High School, Iowa.
FACULTY OF THE KENDAIiL SCHOOL.
Prencfen^— Percival Hall, M. A.
Principal. — ^Lyman Steed, M. A.
Instructors. — Melville Ballard, M. S.; Sarah H. Porter, M. A.; Clara Taliaferro; Helen
Fay; Musa Marbut, M. A.; M. Edetha Williams, B. A.
Instructor in art and manual training. — Gertrude L. Dunn.
Instructor in coohing. — ^Adelaide Waring.
Instructor in sewing. — Lydia Suman.
DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT.
Supervisor and disbursing agent. — Louis L. Hooper, M. A.
Attending physician. — D. Kerfoot Shute, M. D.
Matron. — Mary E. Schenck.
Matron, Kendall School, boys. — ^Mrs. C. A. R. Crossley.
Matron, Kendall SchooL girls. — Harriet Vandeventer.
Boys^ Supervisor.— 4jt. W. Harlow.
Girls' Supervisor. — Elizabeth M. Paul.
Gardener. — Edward Mangum.
/"oTTw^r.— Harley D. Drake, B. A.
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FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COLUMBIA
INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
Columbia Institution for the Deaf,
KendaU Green, Washington, D. C, September 29, 1911.
Sib: The number of pupils and students remaining in the institution
July 1. 1910, was 107; admitted during the year, 22; admitted for
the school year 1911-12, 33. Total, 162 (89 males, 73 females).
From July 1, 1910 to July 1, 1911, there were under instruction 74
males ana 55 females, a total of 129, of whom 76 have been in the
colle^ate department, representing 30 States, the District of Col-
umbia and Canada, and 53 in the primary department. Of these,
37 were admitted as beneficiaries of tne District of Columbia. During
the fiscal year 25 were discharged from the institution by graduation
and otlierwiae.
A list of the names of students and pupils who have been under
instruction in this institution since July 1, 1910, will be found ap-
pended to this report
HEALiTH.
Excellent health has prevailed during the year among nearly all
the students and pupils. There were two mild cases of measles and
two of mumps.
Two cases requiring surgical treatment, one for rheumatism and
the other for appendicitis, were skillfully and successfully cared for at
the Creorge Wasnington University Hospital.
CHANOES IN THE CORPS OF OFFICERS AND TEACHERS.
Dr. Edward M. Gallaudet, the founder of this institution, and its
president for almost half a century, resigned in May, 1911.
Mr. Percival Hall was appointed to fill his place.
An account of the exercises of May 10, wlien Dr. Gallaudet for-
mally resigned and Mr. Hall was installed as his successor, will be
found in the appendix.
Dr. Gallaudet was ajppointed a member of the board, to take the
place of Justice David Brewer, deceased, so the institution will
continue to ©njov Dr. Gallaudet's valuable services.
Miss Mary Eaetha Williams, a ^aduate of Gallaudet College of
the year 1909, has been appointed instructor in the Kendall Scmool.
Mr. Wallace G. Fowler, for many years supervisor and disbursing
agent for the institution, resigned At the end of the fiscal year. 1911.
His place has been filled by the appointment of Mr. Louis L. Hooper.
Mrs. C. A. R. Crosslev has been appointed matron for the Kendall
School boys, in place of Miss Sadie Fletcher.
11855'— INT 1011— VOL 1 31 481
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482 BBPOBT COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DEAF.
Mr. 6. W. Harlow takes the place of Mr. Charles A. Bowles as
supervisor for the Kendall School boys, and Miss Elizabeth M. Paul
succeeds Miss Slava Snyder as supervisor for the girls.
At a meeting of the board of directors in May, 1911, it was decided
to separate the gardening and greenhouse work and care of the
grounds from that of the tsna and dairy.
Mr. Edward Mangum, for many years farmer and head gardener,
will continue in charge of the grounds and greenhouses, and Mr.
Harley D. Drake, of the class of 1904, Gallaudet College, who has
had considerable practical experience as a farmer and dauyman, has
been appointed to take charge of the farm and dairy.
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION,
The new course of instruction, beeun in the fall of 1909 in the
college, was carefully reported in the last annual report.
The required course has been continued without change.
It is proposed to add to the optional studies library work, with our
own libranan^ Miss Helen Northrop, in charge; domestic science, and
work in dairymg and gardening, under the du-ection of the institution
officers.
IAGTT7BES.
The follovdng special lectures have been delivered during the year:
IK THB COLLXOE.
The Loma Doone GoiintiT, bv President Edward M. Gallaudet.
The American Frontier, by Dr. Edward A. FW.
The Greek Athletic Education, by Dr. Hotchjon.
A Trigonometrical Summer, by Dr. Draper.
Our Insect Friends and Enemies, by Dr. Ely.
Le Chanticler, by Prof. A. B. Fay.
The Southern Industrial Education Association, by Prof. Day.
IN THE KENDALL SCHOOL.
Short Stories, by Mr. Steed.
The Three wise Men, by Mr. Ballard.
Fairy Tales, by Mr. Lee.
Stones Told by a Father to His Son, by Mr. Stevenson.
An Indian Buffalo Hunt, bv Mr. Bowles.
King of the Golden River, by Miss Maud Peet.
The Lion and Androcles, by Miss Michaels.
RECEIPTS AND EXPEXDITURES.
The balance from the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, was $406.77;
receipts from the Treasury^ of the United States for maintenance,
$77, 000; from board and tuition and miscellaneous sources, $6,759.26;
total, $84,146.03.
The usual appropriation of $5,000 for special repairs and improve-
ments was received, and was all expended on very much needed
work on buildings and pounds.
The special appropriation of $25,000 for the rebuilding of the
dormitory, partially destroyed by fire on February 6, 1910, was made
available for equipment, furniture, and paving adjacent to this
dormitory, and was entirely expended for these purposes, making
possible the restoration of the college men's building.
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BEPOBT COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DBAP. 483
The expenditureB for the support of the institution for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1911, were $83,210.35, leaving a balance on
hand of $935.68.
A detailed account of expenditures for the year is given below.
lUoeipU and expendUureSt maintenance of inttUution.
BBCXIPra.
Balance from old account |406w 77
From the Treamiry of the United States 77,000.00
Board and tuition 5,307.82
Books 239.92
Livestock 610.00
aothing : 24.46
MedicaTservices 70.00
Milk 388.87
Miscellaneous 148. 20
Total ■ 84,146.03
EZPENDITUBBS.
Salaries and wages 46,717.62
Miscellaneous repairs 2,263.26
Household and marketing 3, 627. 13
Meats 4,667.36
Groceries 2,664.73
Butter and eggs 2,196.76
Bread 1,444.88
Medical attendance and nuisins 1,027.20
Telephone, electric clock, and ue alarms 36L 66
Furniture 411.23
Dry goods 916.01
Gas 1,263.46
Fuel 4,874.09
Feed 1,943.26
Medicines and chemicids 292. 47
Books and stationery 1, 062. 40
Hardware .*.. - 909.00
Plants, seeds, and tools 1,465.89
Blacksmithin^. 304. 86
Wagon and carriage repairing 367.66
Ice 486.88
Livestock 2,167.86
Incidental 1,142.66
8tam}>ed envelopes 60. 23
Auditing accoimts 225. 00
Printing 397.68
Lectures 57.50
Clothing 132.86
Balance 935.68
Total 84, 146. 03
ReceipU and expenditures, special rtpavrs.
RECBIFTS.
From the Treasury of the United States $5,000.00
BZFEND1TUBB8.
Electric supplies 142.50
Steam fitting '. 913.76
Repairs to pavements 2, 104. 16
Pebhle dasning houses 996.00
Plumbing 145. 76
Painting and supplies 304. 88
Furnace repairs and tinning 308.96
Fire escape 85. 00
Total .^5.000.00
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484 SSPOBT OOIAJMBIA IKSTITUTIOK VQR THX BBAF.
RMeipU and ^KfpenMms^ rebwUdinf tmd efiMj^n^ danrtitory.
BVCEIFffil.
Prom the Treasury of the United Statee. 125,000.00
EXPENDITUBBS.
Carpentering 2,246.25
Lumber 1,973.03
Tiling 528. »3
Electric fixturee 81L29
Paints, oils, etc 1, 177. 31
Painting 1,35L65
Plastering 1,249.00
Glazing 80.00
PlumWng 620.00
Plumbing materials 1, 209. 04
Metal ceUings 2,064.59
Papering .711. 60
Supervising architect 1,125.00
Fire extinguishers, etc 467.35
Concrete flooring, etc 1, 040. 80
Roofing and tinnmg 905.42
Steam fitting 483.67
Hardware 560.19
Labor 49L03
Mlllwork, sashes, do<XB, etc 524.35
Slating 638.00
Masonry and supplies 948.00
Repairs to widks and drives 84L00
Furniture, etc 2,946.00
Total 25,000.00
ESTIMATES FOR THE FISCAL TEAR ENDING JUNE 30,
1918.
The following estimates for the year ending June 30, 1913, have
already been submitted.
For the support of the institution, including salaries and incidental
expenses for oooks and illustrative apparatus and for general repairs
and improvements, STS^dSO.
For repairs to the buildings of tb^e institution, including plumbing
and steamfitting, and for repairs to pavements within the grounds,
$10,000.
For the construction and furnishing of a dormitory to replace the
old one now used for college women and officers, $75,000; of which
sum not more than $3,000 may be used for the construction or renting
of temporary quarters for the accommodation of those usually housed
in said dormitory.
The sum asked for special repairs is $5,000 more than that usually
allowed this institution. It is necessary for extensive repairs to
the main kitchen, for providing proper store room for food^ and
suppUes that will oe convenient to the kitchen, and for arranging a
room for domestic science work for the students of this institution.
A new dormitory for the young ladies of the college is an absolute
necessity. The present structure is the oldest buildmg in use by the
institution for such purposes, having been erected in 1859 and shortly
after. It is with difficulty kept in a sanitary condition. It is not
at all fireproof, nor is its arrangement such that thorough fire oto-
tection can be given to the deaf young women residing therein. ^ The
proposed new building is the most urgent present need of the insti-
tution. r^^^^T^
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BEPOBT COLUMBIA IlTfiTITUTION FOE THB DEAP. 485
CHANOE OF NAMB OF THE INSTITUTION.
B^ the sundry ciyil act approved March 4, 1911^ the name of the
institution was changed from Columbia Institution for the Deaf and
Dumb to Columbia ustitution tor the Deaf.
VISITS TO SCHOOLS.
During the month of May the president of the institution visited
schools for the deaf in New York City^ Philadelphia, Trenton. Edge-
wood Park, Pa., Columbus, Ohio, Incuanapolis. and Jacksonville, fll.,
to study methods employed in the various scnools, and to increase,
if possible, interest in the Id^er education of the deal.
MEETING OF THB CONTENTION OF AMERICAN
INSTRUCTORS.
A meeting of the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf
was held at Delavan, Wis., from July 6 to 13, 1911.
At this meeting many interesting papers were read and discussions
held on topics connected with the education of the deaf. There was
also a fine exhibit of art work and maaual training from many insti-
tutions for the education of the deaf in various parts of the country.
This institution was represented on the program byDr. E. A. Fay,
vice president of the college, and bj Profs, ftaper. Day, and A. B.
Fay. The president of the institution and a number of our teachers
were also in attendance.
The meeting was one of the largest of its kind ever held in this
country, and was remarkable for tne attendance of a laxge number
of educated deaf people, now engaged in teaching in various schools
for the deaf.
It is interesting to note that almost all of them were graduates of
this institution.
EXERCISES OF PRESENTATION DAY.
The public anniversary of the college was held in the college chapel
on Weonesday, May 10.
Rev. Herbert Draper Gallaudet, associate minister, Central Con-
gr^ationid Chmrch, Boston, off erea the opening prayer.
The orations and dissertations, delivered by members of the
graduating class, were as follows:
Scientific Farzniiu; in the South, Georse Hubbard Bailey, North Carolina.
Mechanical DentiBtry; A New Field for the Deaf, by Edwin Winfred Niee, New
York.
The Commefcial Utili^tioii ol Waste Pioducta, Leslie Andrew Elmer, Galifomi».
PBBSBNTATION OF CANDIDATES POB DBGBBBS.
Dr. Edward A. Fay, vice president of the college, presented the
candidates for degrees.
For the degree of master of arts.
Normal Fellows.
Mart Bbss Michabls, B. A., Yassar Madison Jeffxbson Lex, B. A., M. A.,
College, New York. Central University, Kentucky.
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486 REPORT COLtTMBlA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
For the decree of bachelor of arte,
Gborgb Hubbard Bailet. Hbnrt Stbtens Morbib, jr.
Ethbl Fannib Eaton. Goldib Annxb Newman.
Leblib Andrew Elmer. Edwin Winfrbd Nies.
Homer Earl Grace. Emma Lovina Pike.
John Tom Hower. Elmer Doyico Talbbbt.
For the degree of hathelor ofecUnoe.
William Baxter Mosbt.
For the degree of bachelor of philosophy.
Bird Lee Graven. Iva Mbrrttt Robinson.
For the degree of bachelor of letters.
Mart Matilda Fossan.
Normal Students.
Maud H. Pebt, Yonkera High School, Carl P. Bowles, Colgate UniverBity,
New York. New York.
Elwood a. Stbvbnson, Brooklyn High
School, New York.
A part of the program was devoted to the installation of President
Hall.
Addresses were made on behalf of the board of directors by the
Hon. Thetus W. Sims, and for the alumni of the college by Dr.
Robert Patterson. On behalf of the neighboring colleges, by Dr.
Thomas Fell, president of St. John's College, Annapolis.
Dr. J. R. Dobyns, superintendent of the Mississippi School for the
Deaf, represented the schools for the deaf of the Umted States.
Dr. Edward Miner Gallaudet made a brief farewell address, and
the new president a short response.
The Hon. John W; Foster, on behalf of the board of directors,
presented to Dr. Gallaudet a beautiful loving cup of silver.
The exercises were closed by a benediction by the Rev. Oliver J.
Whildin, missionary to the deaf, southern diocese.
A more detailed account of these exercises will be found in the
appendix.
CONFERRINQ OF DEGREES.
On the closing day of the term, June 21, degrees were conferred in
accordance with the recommendations of presentation day upon all
the candidates who had complied with the reauirements of the faculty,
except that Mr. Bird Oaven, having removed conditions, was granted
the aegree of bachelor of arts instead of bachelor of philosophy.
All of which is respectfully submitted by order of the Doard of
directors.
Peroival Haix, Presiderd.
The Secbetaby op the Intebiob.
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REGUIiATIONS.
I. The academic year is divided into three terms, the first begimiing on the Thurs-
day before the last Thursday in September, and closing on the 24th of December;
the second beginning the 2d of January and closing the last of March; the third begin*
nine the 1st of April and closing the Wednesday before the last Wednesday in June.
II. The vacations are from the 24th of December to the 2d of January and from the
Wednesday before the last Wednesday in June to the Thuisday before the last Thursday
in September.
III. There are holidays at Thanksgiving, Washington's Birthday, Easter, and
Decoration Dajr.
IV. The pupils n|ay visit their homes during the regular vacations and at the above-
named holidays, but at no other time unless ror some special urgent reason, and then
only by penmssion of the president.
V. llie bills for the mamtenance and tuition of pupils supported by their friends
must be paid semiannually in advance.
VI. The chazge for pay pupils is $350 per annum. This sum covers all expenses
in the primary department except clothing^ and all in the college, except clothing
and books and extraordinary meaical attention.
VII. All deaf-mutes of teachable age, of good mental capacity, and properly belong-
ing to the District of Columbia, are received without charge. To students from the
States and Territories who have not the means of defraying all the expenses of the
college course the board of directors renders such assistance as circumstances seem
to reauire, so far as the means at its disposal will allow.
VIII. It is expected that the friends of the pupils will provide them with clothing,
and it is Important that upon entering or returning to the institution they should be
supplied witii a sufficient amount for an entire year. All clothing should be plidnly
marked with the owner's name.
IX. All letters concerning pupils or applications for admission should be addressed
to the president.
X. The institution is open to visitors during term time on Thursda3r8 only between
the hours of 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. Visitors are admitted to chapel services on Sunday
afternoons at 3 o'clock.
OATALO0T7B OF STT7DENTS AND PXTPILS.
IN THB COLLBOE.
Arizona: Geoma:
Ethel F. Eaton. Henry S. Morris.
Arkansas: Idaho:
Ora H. Blanchard. Clifford M. Thompson.
A. W. Patterson. Illinois:
California: Groldie A. Newman.
Leslie A. Elmer. Iva M. Robinson.
Edith Nelson. Indiana:
Colorado: Leon P. Jones.
Mabel J. Jenain. Iowa:
John C. desson. Luveme S. Byrne.
Harry Gardner. Hubert M. West.
Winfield Roller. Leonard Rendall.
Connecticut: Arthur Rasmusson.
Walter C. Rockwell. Florence Hetts.
Michael Lapides. Fern Hemngton.
District of Columbia: Jessie Litzenberg.
Maud E. Edington. Pearl Pollock.
Henry J. Steg^erten. Grace Evans.
487
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488
BEPOBT OOIiXXMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF.
Kansas:
Dora Campbell.
Ralph Decker.
Edward S. Foltz.
John T. Hower.
Homer E. Grace.
Fred Moore.
Cora A. Denton.
William Schafer.
Ethel Wickham.
Ruth Williams.
Kentucky:
Adolph N. Struck.
Ashland Martin.
Kate H. Martin.
Amy Fowler.
Manitoba:
Archibald Wright, jr.
Maryland:
William F. Miller.
Minnesota:
Mary M. Fossaa.
Petra F. Fandrem.
John M. Jacobson.
Biississippi:
Shelby W. Harris.
Missouri:
Elmer Talbert.
Jennie F. Susman.
Russell R. Shannon.
Carl Smith.
Ruby McCullough.
Nebraska:
Vernon Butterbaug^.
CSiarles Biasing.
Anna V. Jcdinaon.
Ruia Burt.
Harriet Bauman.
Eugene Hogle.
Nellie Johnson.
Stacia Kuta.
Eva Redmon.
R. W. Mullin.
Frank A. Andrewjeiki.
Gladys Clark.
New York:
Edwin W. Nies.
Vernon S. Birck.
Margaret S. Sherman.
New Y(Mrk--Continued.
Frederick F. Fancher.
Clinton B. F. Ensworth.
North Carolina:
Emma L. Pike.
Geo. H. Bailey.
Virgie A. Haywood.
Osoir Hunter.
North Dakota:
Olga Anderson.
Ohio:
Wm. H. Arras.
Helena Froelich.
Ruth Knox.
Frances Rumsey.
Kreigh Ayen.
Emma Neuman.
Oregon:
Bird S. Cnkven.
Pennsylvania:
Emily A. S. BlackwoocL
Mary H. Bums.
Hume L. Batliste.
J. Wilbur GledhiU.
Froderick H. Hug^ce.
W. G. Durian.
Rebecca Rosenstein.
Louise Sadelmyer.
South Carolina:
Annie L. Dwight.
Texas:
Mary B. Sharp.
Thomas L. Andersan.
Grover 0. Farquar.
Utah:
Alfred C. Keeley, jr.
Kate Orr Keeley.
Washington:
Alice S. Hammond.
Elsie T. Peterson.
Mabel Scanlon.
Arthur B. aassen.
Frank H. Thompson.
West Virginia:
E. £. Sparks.
Wisconsin:
Harold Linde.
Wyoming:
W. Baxter Mosey.
XBNDALL SCHOOL.
Colorado:
Winfield I. Roller.
Connecticut:
Walter C. Rockwell.
Delaware:
Robert Johnstcm.
Harry Miller.
Raymond Webb.
District of Columbia:
Ra3rmond Allen.
Benjamin Beaver.
Antonio Cichino.
William Conway.
Frank Berman.
Moflon W. Galloway.
District of Columbia — Continued.
William A. Gray.
Frederick D. ffiU.
William U. Lynch.
John C. Miller.
LeeMinter.
Cecil Moore.
James A. Nash.
Louis Pucci.
Francis £. Ridgeway.
Leonard Stark.
Joseph Stinson.
Charles Sullivan.
Henry StegeoMrten.
Robert Werdig.
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BEPOBT OOLTJMBIA IK8TITUTI0N FOR THE DSAF. 489
New York: Dietrict of Oolumbifr— Continued.
Clinton F. C. Enswortb. Frances Goetz.
Robert £. Conley. Elsie Hutchins.
North Carolina: Fannie Hoke.
Robert Bulluck. Matilda Maddox.
West Virginia: Annie P. Neitzey.
Ruric N. Marshall. Virgie E. O'Nem.
Delaware: Pearl J. Pearson.
Ida EUinKBWorth. Sophia Stansbury.
Florence Johnston. Laura Sykes.
Ellen J. McCabe. Alice Woolford.
Olivia Peterson. Florence Young.
Pearl Roberts. Mildred Mojonnier.
Mabel M. Sines. West Vii^pma:
District of Columbia: Narcissa Watts.
Annie Ball. Lulu Watts.
Mary E. Blocker. Roxie Wickline.
Myrtle E. Connick. Ontario:
Madeline Glenn. Elsie Burke.
Louise Golding.
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APPENDIX.
ADDBBSSES DBZJVB&SD AT THE PRESENTATION BZBEGI8ES OF
QALLATJDBT COLLEGE ON THE OCCASION OF THE INSTALLATION
OF PBESIDENT HALL, MAY 10, 1911.
A Prayer at Kendall Oreen, by Bev. Herbert GaUaudet.
0 Thou Giver of every good and perfect g:ift, our God, from whom all holy desiree,
all good counsels, and ul just works do proceed, our Father; whose loving care pro-
tecteth and guideth us with strong and tender hands^ we beseech Thee, grant unto
this institution where Thy love and life in Jesus Ghnst have been in so many ways
manifested in the past, the further evidence and assurance of Thy mercy, truth, and
grace.
With full and grateful hearts we thank Thee for Thy guidance through the years;
for the light of the knowledge of Thy glory made plain by the ministry of these college
halls; for the lives here devotedly given for the victory of a great ideal; for the lives
devotedly going out from here to service and helpfulness among their kind. We
thank Thee for all that this institution has meant in the past and means to-day; for
the hopes that have centered here; for the sacrifices that have been freely rendered for
the common good; for the life purposes that have here found inspiration and motive
and leadine. We pray that th^r blessing may be upon all who labor or have labored
here, establishing their labors in Thy good time and way. We pray Thy especial
blessing may be upon them who bear the ereater burden, upon him who lays it down,
and upon hun who now takes it up, that they may see the work of their hands and be
satisfied, knowing that it is Thy work, and only to be done in Thy name.
Grant wisdom and guidance, we beseech Thee, in all the coming time, a yet fuller
measure of Thy truth, a yet la^r portion of Thy spirit, a yet nobler devotion to Thv
ideal of character and service in the name of Jesus Christ. And in his name we ask
it all, pledging Thee the glory. Amen.
Addreoa of Hon. Thetua W. Sima.
Mr. President: The Columbia Institution for the Deaf was chartered by Congrese
in 1857 . In 1864 the collegiate department was authorized by a special act oi Congress,
and provision was soon made for tne free admission to this department of worthy deaf-
mute youth from any of the States and Territories of the Union.
The nimiber of free scholarships was at first only 10, but there are now 100; and 75
are at present filled by students representing 33 States and the District of Colimibia.
Those from the States are admitted on the recommendation of Members of Congress
approved by the Secretarv of the Interior.
In the management of tne institution Congress is represented on the board of direct-
ors by a Senator, appointed by Uie President of the senate, and two Members of the
House, appointed oy the Speaker. The President of the United States is ex ofl&cio
patron oi the institution.
More than 900 students, representing all the States of the Union, have had the
benefit of the training given by the college, and they have proved in their after lives
that the advanced education afforded Uiem here has greatly increased their useful-
ness and added to their happiness.
Nothing perhaps is more conclusive evidence that this is a national institution than
has just been shown by reading the list of graduates or those receiving degrees, as
nearly every one comes from a different State in the Union.
1 do not think there could be a higher object of national consideration than the
objects and purposes of this and similar institutions. Therefore I do not think the
ublic funds of tne National Government, acquired by public taxation, could be used
fr a more beneficent general public purpose.
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Addreos of Dr. Bobert Patterson.
Mr. President, ladies, and gentlemen: To ever7 college man his alma mater ia
dear. In it he takes just pride, and bestows on it devout homage. This devotion
kee]^ up the fire of enthusiasm lor continuous improvement in the institution and
the individual alike.
Would it be claiming too much to say that our college means more to its alumni
than do colleges for the hearing to their alumni? We stand on holy ground; here is
the battlefield on which was fought to a successful issue theproposition whether or not
the deaf were equal to the pursuit of higher education. This is the only college that
keeps open the |;ateway to nigher attainments for the deaf.
On this occasion a host of memories comes up from the past, and all our thoughts
center on the chief figure in the history of our alma mater, our leader in the arena of
action. What makes his leadership the more interesting and inspiring is the fact that
he is a worthy son of the distinguished pioneer, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who
blazed the way for the education of the deaf in our country- so early as 1817. His
leaderahip had its germination in a prediction which he caugnt, in his boyhood ^ from
the Hps of his &ther to the effect, tnat a college for the deaf was a possibility m tiie
horizon of the future.
This prediction inspired in him a resolution to follow in the footsteps of his father
and consecrate his life to the service and uplift of the deaf. When he stood upon the
28th of June, 1864, to be installed as president of the GollaB;e dedicated on that dav
to the deaf, he was possessed of no wild spirit of adventure, his soul was steadied witn
a calm faith and determination to turn the prophecy of his father to a reality.
This fsdth and determination gave him strength and courage to fight his battle
against the forces of prejudice, doubt, and opposition that he encounterod in his way,
and he never wavered under the strain. Like Constantine of old, he saw the cross oi
his cause flaming in the sky and knew that by it he must conquer, and he pressed
on to victonr. How well he succeeded is told in the story of how this broad domain
of Kendall 6reen became the home of the college, of how these beautiful buildings
went up, of how free scholarBhips were obtained to insure the stability of the college.
All honor to our gallant leader.
The work, the record, the influence of our alma mater, all attest that it has been well
worth while. Almost a thousand graduates have gone forth from these walls, who
otherwise might still be held down by the bonds of inferiority and limitation. We
remember, do we not, how, as we were passing through the training afforded here,
we awoke to a new life under the expanding intelligence and knowledge that came to
us, and how the bars of the prison house in which our deafness confined us s;ave way
one by one? And at length when the time came for us to leave these well beloved
scenes, we had liberation; we began to get a different point of view on life, and power
to face the future without fear. We went forward with something of eagerness and
confidence to seek places in the business and the professional world, determined to
make fi;ood, and we met with an attitude of friendly encouragement. We shrank not
from Ine crucible of experience and came out with a larger capacity for appreciating,
the joys of the to:er life, and for participating in the many activities ana interests
concentrated in e^rts for the welfare of the human race. And the world, appreciative
of our efforts, as it always is of all earnest endeavor, has not been slow in oeetowing
upon us its approbation and reward.
Our alma mater has stood the test to which it was put, and thus has won for itself
a place in the world as a producer of human wealth, which, more than material wealth,
is the glory and bulwark of a nation. The results which our college has achieved
give to it a standing that fully justifies its permanent existence.
We are glad of an opportumty this afternoon to acknowledjje publicly the debt
we owe to our honored and beloved leader. Dr. Edward Miner Gallaudet, and to him
we now turn.
Dr. Gallaudet, dear friend, this is a divine moment that stirs the emotions, as ijt
brings us once more face to face. It gives us the privilege of saying in public what is
felt and weD understood, if not 'often enough expressed, between you and us. In
launching this college and in guiding it with skill and success for so long, you fostered
for us opportunities to develop powers for the realization of nobler human aspirations,
and for the cultivation of ability to enter upon a higher plane in the world's activities.
In BO doing you conferred upon us the precious gut of your love, your wisdom, your
courage, ana your strength, and the inspiration of your personalitjr, your character,
and your ideals of life. Toward you our hearts are, as the beautinil line of Thomas
Moore expresses it —
Rltih in deep hymns of gratitude ftnd lovel
and ever will we cherish you and all that you have given Us of service and otsoul.
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492 BEPOBT COLITMBU INSTITUTION FOB THE PEAF.
Our regret that you have found it necesBary to lay 4owgi Hhe heavy burdens you
have BO long carried is tempered b)r the knowledge that the inspiration and helpful-
ness of your love will be continued in your graduates for years and yeaj» to owe and
exert an uplifting influence on those as yet unborn.
In retiring from active service as head of the coUe^ you caxry with you our best
and kindest wishes for health, happiness, and peace m the years yet to come. Kav
God be ^d to you in the blessingB of rest and change of occupation which you seek
and so nchlv deserve.
In the full discharge of my mission, I now have the honor to deliver into your hands
a message of love and gratitude from your " bovs and girls.'' May it help to deepen
in your heart the sense of comfort that springs m>m a consciouaness of service done in
blessing and enriching the lives of others.
President Percival Sail, it gives us pleasure to offer you in public sincere assurances
of our unaoumous and heartfelt congratulations up<A falling heir to the mantle of your
distinguished predecessor. Your elevation is a source of gratification to us because it
is the choice of Dr. GaUaudet, based upon a deep conviction of your fitness to dischaiga
the duties of your office. You ehall always have our strong and true support in vour
efforts to meet the problems of the future and to promote the progvess of tte college;
and be assured that, in the words of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow —
Our hearts, our hopes, are all wtth thee,
Our hearts, oar hopes, oar pnyen, wa tmu.
Our faith, triumphant o'er our lears.
Are all with thee— are all with theei
AddreiMi of Dr. J*. B. Dobyns.
Members of the corporation, the faculty, students of the colle^, ladies, and gentle-
men: I desire to express to the manaeement of the college my smcere appreciation of
the distinguidied honor of being called to represent the schools for the deaf of this
mat coimtry on such an important occasion and on a day that marks an epoch in the
histonr of the instruction orthe deaf as well as that of the life of the only college for
their hi^er education in the world.
Conscious of this splendid presence and thinking of a Peet and a Kerr and a Mclntyre
and a Gillett and a Noyes and a Johnson, cotemporaries of one whom we delight to
honor to-day and ideals of my own young manhood, whose very names are synonyms
of that which is hi^est and purest and best and whose time and talents and energies
were given, a freewill offering, to the advancement of the deaf, I feel a thrill of enthu-
siasm which I can not put into words.
The memory of their marked individualities, their superior mental and moral en-
dowments, and the stainless records of their useful and unselfish lives help us to get a
truer conception of the dignity and grandeur of the great work of the century Ijiat
makes this happy experience to-day a part of our lives.
We are living m the crowning century of time, in the most wonderful country on the
earth, under the best ^vemment the world has ever known, and among a people who
excel the nations in mdustry, thrift, and enterprise. When we think of what has
been done for the deaf and the character of the men and women who have done it, are
we not justified in feeling that we stand for a cause which, in its purpose and extent
and success, is in keeping with the energies of our people, the quality of our Govern-
ment, the character of our country, and the progress of our times?
Statistics, to the uninterested, are always iminteresting, but to the interested ouffht
always to be interesting. I am confident there are many whose lives are identified
with the deaf and who think more about their training and education than they do
about any other subject, to say nothing about those who are not familiar with the edu-
cation of the deaf, who do not realize the enormous proportions of the work and expen-
ditures alon^ this line during the century which stanos out in such bold relief.
The American Annals of the Deaf, beginning with January, 1875, has published an-
nually a table of statistics of the State schools showing, among other things, the num-
ber of pupils attending, the number of instructors employed, and the amounts ex-
pended for support ana for buildings and grounds. These statistics show that for the
years 1875 to 1910, inclusive, there were supported 347,881 pupils and that there
were employed 32,489 instructors, counting, of course, in many instances the same
children and employees year after year; and there was exfjended for support |62,189,-
380.57, and on buildings and grounds 112,411,105.65, making an annual average total
of 12,131,440.23. The total value of the buildings and grounds of the 62 State schools
January 1, 1911, was 115,649,104, or an average value of $252,403.
Would that a Fay had appeared in 1817 to tabulate and publish and perpetuate such
statistics that we mi^t see what a century of work revealed!
For what does the educaticm of the deaf in this country stand? ^ .
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BEPOBT OOLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DEAF. 4d3
Looked at irom a oonunercial point of view, it must be a most BUCceoBful entecprise
when the legislative bodies of our sovereign States ccmtinue to make such enormous
appropriations to cover exp^ise accounts.
LooVed at from an industaial point of view, it takes in the whole range of occupatioDfl
and IS opening the way for them to enter every calling.
Looked at mxm the point of citizenship, statistics &gw that the educated deaf are
not only not dependent, but are earning annually a sum equal to, if not greater than,
the total amoimts expended by the States in Ihe care and training of tbose placed in
the schools year by year.
Looked at from an intellectual or literarv point of view, does not the founding and
maintaining and operating of this very college crown it with the supcemest success?
I may tell you mat I am stiiied by the proloundest emotions; I may point you to
men of unusual power who have immolated themselves upon the altar of service for
the deaf; I may gather statistics and show what marvelous strides have been made
and what the country has done for the deaf; I may remind you what signal success Has
crowned the efforts of the educated deaf themselves; I might marshal before you that
great galaxy of faithful, competent, patient, lovin|;, Christian teachers who have gone to
their rewards; but unless I hold aloft the name of Crallaudet and trace its magic power
through the century and tell vou that there is the inspiration for those who have gone
and those who are passing and those who are coming, I would not satisfy my constitu-
ency. Every hair of every head of every pupil and of every graduate of every school
for the deaf of every State of the Union pomts to the name of Gallaudet. That name
is written in the palms of their hands and dangles from their very finger tips.
Time in his unturing march may some day take from us the last Gallaudet, but the
name will forever run as a golden thread through the weaving of the history of the
people they loved so well.
Dr. Gallaudet, I greet you to-day in the name of 13,540 pupils and 1,673 instructors
and thousands upon thousands of their friends scattered over this great country.
Misdssippi's gifted orator, fearless Congressman, distinguished Senator, successful
Secretary, able Justice, and renowned statesman, L. Q. C. Lamar, said at the open
grave of Charles Sumner, "If we knew each other better we would love each other
more." We could not know you any better, therefore we can not love you any more.
We know the trials you have had, the stands you have taken, the battles you have
iought, the sieges you have endiu^, the scars vou have received, the victories you
have won. We have analyzed your blood, blood which came by right of inheritance,
and found in it wisdom, justice, iron love.
You have come to the close of a long, successful^ and illustrious career as the fotmder
and head of a celebrated college. Your personality supports its foundations^ cements
its walls, decorates its ceilings, sparkles m its cumculum, and embellishes its name.
In all my dreams of fancy I had never pictured so much honor for myself as I enjoy
now, for I am commissioned by your hundreds of thousands of friends in this great
country to place upon your brow the crown that glory wears.
And now, my young friend, Mr. President, there is the past. It reveals a glorious
and an inspiring record. Study it and you will find an id^ and catch a glimpse of a
goal. Are you afraid? If you have said to God^ "When I consider Thy heavens, the
work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars which Thou hast ordained, what am I?'-
remember He said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. '* Measured
by the universe you are helpless. Measured by the standard by which you were made,
your possibilities are infinite. "Be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed.'' "Only
be thou strong and very courageous, for the Lord thy God is with thee whithersoever
thou goest."
Address of Br. Bdward Oallaudet.
Gentlemen, students, and friends: When Mr. Hall graduated from Harvard Univer-
sity he came to Kendall Green and entered the normal department. He devoted him-
self earnestly for a year to the questions of the beet methods of educating the deaf.
He had determined to devote his life to that work. He was then called to the New
York institution to be an instructor, and was successful in his work. After two years
he was ciUed to the faculty of our college, in which he has since labored with immense
success, and during this period he has oeen in charge of the normal department and
of ihe department of articulation. In these departments he has shown executive
ability of the highest order, which makes me confident of his success in the field to
which he has now been called.
Allusion has been made in some of the addresses to-day of tho close connection be-
tween this institution and the Congress of the United States. As I look over the many
yean I have been hem I feel a deep sense of gratitude that Cor^xees has so nobly aided
the work here, whidi shows for itself what has been accomplished, and I feel that the
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494 BEPOBT COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DEAF.
result of that work in benefit to the young people can hardly be overeetixnated^ for it
has ox>ened to them the higher gnulee of employment which would have been unpos-
Bible without the education received here. Tney have been through a task of diffi-
culty in the enlargement of their mental scope, and all that has been given to them in
their studies in literature and the arts and sciences has not been g|i ven in vain. I have
no hesitation in saying that I feel sure that all the money which has been spent by
Congress here in thi^ institution has been repaid by the students in enabling them to
enter the world well equipped to be self supporting.
In retiring from the activitv of president I go with a feeling that we have never
asked a dollar which was not deserved and which was not usefm and beneficial.
To Resident Hall I desire to convey my warmest congratulations. As I place in
his hands the wand I believe he will have tne unselfish support of his coUea^es of the
institutions, of our graduates, of the deaf of the country, and of all who are interested
in the education of the deaf. I wish him Godspeed in nis success and in all he under-
takes.
Address of President HaJl.
President Gallaudet and gentlemen of the board of directors: I appreciate highly the
confidence you have shown me and the honor you have done me in placins in my hands
the guidance of this noble institution.* In accepting this great responsibility, Presi-
dent Gallaudet, I most earnestly pray for a douole portion of your spirit; that sjjirit
which has secured for you the love and devotion of all connected with this institution;
that spirit which has guided it safely through calm and storm for over half a century.
Ladies and gentlemen: Up to the present time there hav6 been five important steps
in the education of the deaf. The nrst was the comprehension of the fact that deaf-
ness is only a physical defect which bars no one from mental advancement, the reali-
zation that the eye can open to the mind through language — ^printed, spoken, spelled,
or signed — ^nearly the whole field of knowledge. This idea was establiahed by Cardan
in Italy less than 400 years ago.
The second step was the actual instruction of the deaf and the recording of the means
, used in doing so. This was accomplished nearly a century later in Spain by De Leon
and Bonet, and several deaf children were tau^t to spetuc orally, to spell manually,
and to write tiieir native language.
The third step was the recognition of the duty of the State to educate its deaf
children . This was brought about near the end of the eighteenth century by the work
of the noble Abb^ de TEp^ for poor deaf children in Paris, though an Austrian disciple
of his foimded a national school in Vienna before the French Government took over
the school in its own capital.
The fourth step was the introduction into the United States in 1817, by Thomas
Hopkins Gallaudet, of the education of the deaf as a State duty. In our yoimg,
rich, and progressive nation this special work has ever since been recognized as one
of the duties and privileges of the Government, and has been more highly developed
and more-successiully carried on than anywhere else in the world. ^
In 1864 came the last important step, brought about by Edward Miner Gallaudet, the
foundation of this college for the deaf, a college whose graduates have proved by
their splendid work in the fields of business, science, art, education, and letters,
the wisdom of its founder, the wisdom of Congress, its liberal supporter, and the wisdom
of Cardan when he proclaimed to the world 400 years ago the possibility of the mastery
of knowledge by the eye unaided by the ear.
It is most worthy of remembrance that two of these great steps have been due to the
labors of Americans. It is doubly remarkable that they have been due to the labois
of father and son; and as long sa there are deaf people in the world, or any history
of the education of the deaf exists — ^yes, as long as there shall be admiration for noble
work of any kind — so long will the name of Gallaudet be held in honor and in love.
The pioneer work, the difficult work, the gr^test work in our field has already been
accomplished. Yet I believe there is much still to be done in which this college may
bear an honorable part.
With the beautiful domain of Kendall Green, its farm and field and forest, ready for
use, we should broaden our work here by giving to our young men more opportunities
to study the science of agriculture. With shops, power and light plant and labora-
tories well equipped we must open to them more and more the fields of chemistry
and electricity with their practical applications. With better equipment for both
theory and practice we should offer to our young women the opportunity of learning
better home making; all of these opportunities for careful study oy scientific methods,
so our students may be inspired in their work by the love of tnitii. Yet in thus expand-
ing Gallaudet College must always stand for a thorough and strong foundation in
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BEPOBT COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOB THE DEAF. 495
language, in mathematicfl, in hiatoiy, in philoeophy, without which any supeiBtnicture
must surely fall.
And above all, to the deaf people of all the world, in ^t to all the world Gallaudet
College to be worthy of its name must continue ever to stand for high ideals of character
and for faith in God, such ideals and such faith as carried one Gallaudet across wide
oceans in the search for light, and has borne another through 54 yean of constant and
successful labor for the advancement of the deaf.
AddreM of Hon. John W. Foster.
President Gallaudet: I mav still address you as president. I desire to speak a
last word to you in behalf of the board of directors of tnis institution.
Four yean ago when you completed your h&lf century of labor in this college the
board of directon adopted a series of resolutions expressive of their appreciation of
your services during tbis long period. These resolutions were made as a part of the
commencement exercises at that time, were engraved, framed, and delivered to you.
The four yean that have passed have only intensified our appreciation of your serv-
ices, and It is not necessary, therefore, that I should lengthen my remarks by a repeti-
tion of this appreciation.
I have been requested by the board to ask you to accept this product of the crafts-
man's art, to be kept by you in remembrance of us and our association with you. and
which may be hanaed down as an heirloom to yo\ir children. The inscription placed
upon it indicates our purpose in its presentation, and reads as follows:
''To Edward Miner Gallaudet, President of the Columbia Institution for the Deaf
for fifty-four yean. Fh>m the Directon of that Institution, as a token of their esteem
and appreciation for him as a teacher, philanthropist, and man. Washington, D. G.
May, 1911."
It will be to you not only a token of our esteem and high estimate of your labon,
but also a reminder that as the result of your long and faithful services you have
established here the only institution of higher or univenity education for the deaf,
not only in the United States, but in the whole world.
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REPORT OF THE FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
11355'— INT 1911— VOL 1 32 497
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ROSTER OF OFFICERS.
Stavt.
W. A. Warfield, M. D., Surgeon in Chief. Walter Van Swearingen, M. O., PoOoJo-
8. L. Canon, M. D., Junstanl Surgeon. gisL
G. A. Brooks, M. D., Resident Phyeieian. Geo. W. Davis, M. D., Anxethetist.
NUSSBS.
Laura B. liacHale, superintendent; Emma M. Irwin, aasistant superintendent;
Martha E. Gabaniss, night supervisor; Marion V. Lucas, head nune; Bertha J.
Thomas, head nurse.
Glbbk and Assistants.
H. H. Gardozo, Andne £. Jones (stenographer), W. E. Gobb.
Internes.
Wm. A. Barrett, M. D. Wm. Harper, M. D.
Glarence Brent. M. D. R. A. Johnson, M. D.
M. O. Bousfield, M. D. G. S. Moore, M. D.
G. S. Davis, M. D. Wm. M. Thome, M. D.
Wm. E. Davis, B. Sc, Pharmadat.
Walter S. Rohoblt, AMietant PhamuuieU
Advisoby VismNO Star.
Edward A. Balloch, M. D. Wm. L. Robins, M. D.
Edward D. Williston, M. D Jas. J. Richardson, M. D.
John R. Francis, M. D. J. B. Nichols, M. D.
Wm. F. Sowers, M. D.
Visiting Staff.
INDOOR.
Medical.
Henry P. Parker, M. D. Robert W. Brown. M. D.
Garyl Burbank, M. D. J. B. Nichols, M. D.
Thomas Martin, M. D. E. H. Reede, M. D.
Lewis Ecker, M. D.
Surgical.
E. A. Balloch, M. D. Wm. A. Jack, M. D.
Wm. F. Sowers, M. D H. H. Kerr, M. D.
A. M. Gurtis, M. D.
Qyneoologioal.
W. A. Warfield, M. D. Howard Hume, M. D.
Wm. G. McNeill, M. D. J. E. H. Taylor, M. D.
H. W. Lawson, M. D.
Ohetetrical
John R. Francis, M. D. Geo. N. Perry, M. D.
Edward D. Williston, M. D.
OphOudmology.
Robert S. Lamb, M. D. Assistants: Martha B. Lyon, M. D.; Elizabeth Sohon, M. D.
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BOSTEB OF 0FFICEB8. 499
Otoiogy and Rkinology,
J. J. mchardflon, M. D. Aoriatanta: Reginald R. Walker, M. D.; Hamilton S.
Martin, M. D.
Neurology,
Wm. L. Robins, M. D. AjosiBtant: Joseph G. Tappan, M. D.
OenUo-Urifiarp,
H. A. Fowler, M. D. Assistant: Milton A. Francis, M. D.
Orihopedietm
Wrn. G. Erving, M. D. Assistant: Earl G. Gorley, M. D.
Pediatriet.
John W. MitcheU, M. D. Noble P. Barnes, M. D.
Wm. J. French, M. D. Milton Hahn, M. D.
OUTDOOR.
Medical.
S. S. Thompson, M. D.
Edward P. Larkin,M.D.
E. H. Reede, M. D.
U. J. Daniels, M. D.
R. A. Logan, M. D. G. N. Ghipman, M. D.
0. A. Tic^or, M. D. Wm. W. M. Henry, M. D.
Minor surgery
Wm. A. Jack, M. D. S. L. Garson, M. D.
G. W. Ghilds. M. D. Wm. J. Howard, M. D.
Ophthalmology.
R. S. Lamb, M. D. Assistants: Martha B. Lyon, M. D.; James G. Dowling, M. D.;
Elizabeth Sohon, M. D.; E. G. A. Wilson, M. D.
Otology and rhinology,
J. J. Richardson, M. D. Assistants: Reginald Walker, M. D.; Hamilton S. Martin,
M. D.; GuyS. Saffold, M. D.
Neurology.
Wm. L. Robins, M. D Assistant: Jos. G. Tappan, M. D.
GenUo- Urinary.
H. A. Fowler, M. D. Assistants: Milton A. Francis, M. D.; Frank J. Spellman, M. D.
Qynecology,
Wm. G. McNeill, M. D. Assistant: Ghas. H. Marshall, M. D.
Pediatrics.
Noble P. Barnes, M. D. J. W. Mitchell.
Assistants: G. B. Gonklin, M. D.; William Hart, M. D.; W. F. R. Phillips, M. D.;
Louise Tayler Jones, M. D.; Francis J. Johnson^ M. D.
DemuOology,
H. H. Hazen.
Tubereulom.
Pftul B. Johnson, M. D.
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REPORT OF THE FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL.
INTRODUCTION.
y
Wabhinqton, D. C, Avjgvjsi 11, 1911.
Sm: I have the honor to submit for your consideration the annual
report of the Freedmen's Hospital for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1911.
The volume of work covered by this report is greater in every way
than that of the preceding year, severely taxing the efforts of the
hospital force to cope with the siune.
Much has been done to improve the condition of the hospital g|ni-
erally, thereby adding to the care and comfort of the patients. The
new wing, authorized by the sundry civil act of Marcn 4, 1909, was
completed and occupied during the year, providing 60 additional
beds. The remodeling of the central power plant and construction
of an electric-light plant were also completed and are in operation.
Some idea of the amoimt and character of medical and surgical work
done is set forth in detsdl in the statistical part of this report.
PATIENTS.
Patients admitted to the hospital are classed under two heads —
United States and District of Columbia. Those from the District
of Columbia are received under a contract with the Board of Charities
at the following rates: Adults, $1.10; children, 10.65; and babies,
$0.40 per day.
At the dose of the preceding ^rear there remained 154 patients —
87 from the District of Columbia and 67 from the States. Two
thousand four hundred and ninety-eight were received during the
year, and 248 births occurred in the hospital, making a total of 2,900
indoor patients treated, as against 2,869 the previous year. Of those
under care, 1,882 were residents of the District of Columbia and 1,018
were from the States. Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-four
were discharged during the year, their conditions being as follows:
Recovered, 1,416; improved, 919; uniniproved, 138; not treated, 17;
died, 234; leaving 176 in the hospital July 1, 1911, of which number
100 were* from the District and 76 from the States.
The mortality for the year from all causes was 8+ per cent.
Deducting the 13 premature births and the 57 moribimd cases, the
percentage of deatns is fotmd to be 5.6 H — a very low death rate for
a hospitcu of this character.
In the surgical division 1,767 operations were performed, or 285
more than during the previous year.
501
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BEPOBT OP FBEEDMEN's HOSPITAL.
OUTDOOR DEPARTMENT.
In this department 4,839 were treated — an increase of 292 over
last year — as follows. ^
Medical, 1,258; surreal, 351; nervous, 192; eye, 554; ear. nose, and
throat, 437; pediatrics, 344; g3niecology, 482; dermatology, 314;
genito-urinary, 778; tubercular, 91; ortnopedic, 38. Hie number of
visits to this department was 5,637. Twelve thousand seven hun-
dred and twelve prescriptions were compoimded and 983 emergency
cases were received.
MMcal and nargieal dUetuu,
DiaeoBQ'
and utcfTt.
Abscess:
AbdomUul wall,..
Av«ota ..*
Appenillclal*
Butsa q/ atumji. . , .
Buttoclc...,
Sack, tuberoulBi..
Eyelid
Frontal alDua,.*...
T3cbIo-fiect»l. ,
Neck
FnrtiUd gland.,. „
P^rLnepbLiitlo ^.
ForloBiina ...***..,
PerltonslU^. ..,
PoTlurethral ,.
FKtas — ...- — ,.
RelTopharyngi?al, .
Tonlca vaginalis. . .
Vulva *.
InCiQcllonfl:
Flngw -,.
Foot..
Hand..
L^ditymaJ sac. . . > ,
L»s -
Necsk
Thumb.-..,*,,.,,.
Toe
tricsn:
Foot
Vftrieow*.,,
Rectum......
Thigh
To6{troptUo),
Amputated flDfon,*
Ankylosli;
Elbow .,
Knee.,....**,-*,,
ArthiiLla:
Dtirormaoa, ,*,,**,
Gonorrheal ^^..
TrvTWrtrnphlo. . - * *
R neumatoid * ,
Trauma tic.
Tubercular:
Ankle
Elbow....
Hip Joint.
Knee
Spine
Admitted^
Wliite,
Golond,
DiKharsad.
1
8
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21
31
11
23
1«
15
1
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91
17
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7.0
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48.0
29.5
20,4
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51.8
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Diadmngod.
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P
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WhJU.
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1
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1
1
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1
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1
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2
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1
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
8
1
8
2
2
6
8
1
1
6
4
8
1
10
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
8
1
7
8
1
2
8
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
2
1
2
12
1
8
4
7
1
1
......
1
1
1
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
8
1
S
2
2
5
3
1
1
6
4
8
1
10
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
7
3S
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22
85
10
68
0
2
61
13
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196
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120
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38
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40
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1
1
1
2
22.0 ....
4
1
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28.3
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29.0
9.0
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Soolklds
DUocatioos:
Oerrloal ycrtebra...
1
1
1
Elbow
......
2
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1
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1
8
*"*4*
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1
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11.0
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21.6
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1
6
1
2
8
1
2
1
2
4
2
1
1
8
1
6
1
9
2
2
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1
2
2
1
3
2
1
5
2
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Tarsal bones
TTlna. . .
VfillAn vchffi. ........
Fnctores:
Clavicle.. r
1
1
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Fibula
16.0 1...-
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1
17.0
28.0
38.0
310
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Patella....'
1
6
8
4
1
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1
2
1
1
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5
Radios
Bib
1
1
gk^iU
1
1
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10 1 10.0
144 14.4
203 101.5
Tifcia
1
Vertebra
1
Lacerated Ugamento:
Ankle
►
20
43
37
90
33
150
880
13.0
21.6
37.0
90.0
33.0
150.0
46.7
KfMW
1
OtteomyeUtis:
Bxtemal malleolas.
1
Femur
Tlhrni ........ ..r...r
1
Oscaleis
1
Tibia
8
1
6
8
1
......
1
2
1
1
Toe
1
Bpfain:
Ankle
1
2
......
1
""2
2
4
1
1
....
6
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
2
2
1
2
11
63 9.0
27 9.0
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Back
HiD
2
S
23
21
44
50
3
27
44
64
85
77
100
132
209
2.0
0.0
7.00
21.0
44.0
50.0
3.0
27.0
14.7
27.0
17.6
38.5
100.0
66.0
19.0
Knw
1
1
1
1
gac(o*iliao
2
1
Sboolder
Sabontaneoos fat
about knee
Synoyttto:
1
1
1
1
1
BIbow
1
Hand
1
JCn^
2
2
2
1
1
......
1
......
1
3
8
3
(TnonitiMl frP4tn*9 . . ,
CIreMiaiorf fttem.
Acute dilatation, heart
2
1
1
2
8
Aonte endocMtfdftis. . .
1
Abdomlnal aorta. .
Arch aorta
2
8
Arteriosclerosis
Frostbite, feet
1
2
....
2
....
1
1
1
Gangrene:
Fart.
6
1
4
4
4
7
1
1
2
8
4
7
534
35
66.7
9.0
External
Internal
99 ' 14.1
Digitized by
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504
EEPOBT OF FREEDMEn's HOSPITAL.
Medical and surgical diseases — Continued.
Adinitted.
Dlsoharsod. '
11
1
<
t^
Disean.
White.
Dt^lcnsd.
8
4
6
1
6
89
4
8
1
7
10
1
4
8
26
1
2
9
18
5
9
1
2
34
8
1
8
31
1
8
\
1
1
2
1
1
11
3
1
1
1
1
2
5
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
D
t.
^
»
3
1
1
1
1
CireuUUon $^tUmr—
Contlniied.
Myooaiditto
2
2
2
1
1
8
1
2
12
8
2
1
8
6
......
2
1
1
8
1
1
1
8
8
5
1
4
88
3
3
186
18
8
2
58
1,196
65
284
82.6
6.0
1.6
2.0
14.5
81.6
21.6
94.6
Pffllcarditb
1
1
Post operative hemor-
rhaM.
1
1
10
Aortic....
8
21
1
......
8
26
8
8
1
MitnU
5
1
1
1
Stenosis:
Aortic
1
Mitna
1
T&QhTcariis
1
Thrombo-phlebitls....
Vaiioose vrftm, leg. . . .
1
8
8
8
4
1
10
4
8
1
"ii
8
2
6
1
4
1
8
5
10
1
4
2
26
1
2
8
17
5
• 9
1
2
82
3
87
831
56
80
S2
209
35
170
140
499
99
71
2
16
518
76
17.4
88.1
56.0
20.0
26.0
8.0
35.0
85.0
17.5
29.3
19.8
8.0
2.0
8.0
16.2
25.8
2
1
Ansmift:
1
Seoonflftry. . , , .
17
8
2
8
1
1
2
6
2
2
***26*
8
1
4
9
*'*4"
1
......
2
Diabetes meUltos
1
20
1
Maresmtu
1
Rk<>>-«t9
12
8
7
1
2
12
1
4
8
1
8
8
1
Senfle debility
AppeDdicitIs:
Acote
2
1
1
1
1
1
Chronic
1
Diarrhea
Daodenal ulcer
1
12
1
1
Enteritis
2
8
?
Enteroptoels
Fecal impaction
1
Fiasore in ano
4
14
2
24
6
14
8
24
2
10
8
24
8
28
1
2
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
11
8
1
1
1
1
2
6
11
131
601
113
628
1
33
82
78
43
29
71
15
1
79
41
1
137
3
48
09
96
277
16.8
2a9
37.6
22.4
1.0
16.5
2a5
80.0
43.0
29.0
35.5
15.0
1.0
7.2
13.6
1.0
137.0
8.0
48.0
34.5
19.2
25.2
Fistula in ano
2
1
Hernia:
1
1
Indirect inguinal ...
Strangulated
femoral.
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
Strangulated
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
......
1
1
Umbilical
1
2
Ventral
2
Hernia and epididy-
mitis
Hernia and femoral
adenitis
1
1
Hernia and hydrocele.
1
Hernia and varlooele..
'
1
Tn wiftlna] obstruction
1
6
8
1
6
......
1
1
2
9
1
2
10
Mouth:
Stomatitis
1
1
Pancreoatis, acute
1
1
••••|""
1
Liver:
Abscess
1
1
1
2
"'4'
Cirrhosis
2
3
1
4
8
1
8
Cholecystitis
1
1
jftimdk^....
1
Syphilitic gumma. .
Recto-vaginal fistula. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
38
09
22
1
88.0
1
......
1
09.0
Ruptured spleen
1
1
22.0
Ruptured stomach. . .
1
1.0 ....
Digitized by
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EEPOBT OP FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
505
Medical and surgical diseases — Ck)ntdnued.
Admitted.
1
niwihuTged.
||
^ s
ft
t
DiaMsa.
White.
Colored.
1
1
D
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
1
r
DigetUPttraet-Coa.
Stomach:
CArdnoma..
1
2
1
1
2
3
10
6
2
2
1
1
3
1
6
36
9
4
3
5
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
7
1
I
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
14
1
4
1
1
4
3
1
2
1
i
2
9
2
1
31
'22
11
1
15
1
3
1
15
1
1
1
7
23
1
2
1
1
2
11
8
1
2
5
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
3
5
35
9
4
2
5
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
95
291
144
96
46
153
19
10
80
8
44
66
23
172
49
74
60
11
21
33
48
19.0
8.3
16.0
24.5
23.0
30.6
9.5
10.0
26.6
8.0
44.0
66.0
11.5
28.7
49.0
24.6
20.0
11.0
21.0
33.0
48.0
1
Gastritis-
Acute
2 ....
n
2
1
1
....
1
1
Ohionlo
1
Ulcer
1
1
Sfe, tar, note, and
throoL
4
t
1
1
2
1
T^auirvoffvstitis
Ectopfonlid........
****!
Entropion lid...
Fistula, laorymal sac
Glaucoma
1
1
Gonorrheal oph-
thalmia
1
3
1
?
1
1
'Z
Iritis
1
6
1
Kerato-tritis
,
1
3
3
1
1
1
VflnmraMnltlji
2
3
1
pn,n oplith<^1mitL*T. .
Phlyctenular eon-
1
1
1
pUvctenular ken-
Phthisia bnlbi
1
Pterygium .....
1
1
Retention, cyst-
lachrymal gmnd.
1
3
1
1
1
8
8
1
1
533
461
97
207
51
2
40
11
17
10
14
19
2
19
5G
2
11
115
928
149
0
1G8
09
122
27
134
24
34
1
130
1.0
66.6
42.0
97.0
69.0
51.0
2.0
10.0
3.6
17.0
5.0
14.0
9.5
2.0
9.5
6.2
1.0
11.0
3.8
48.8
10.5
0.0
11.2
09.0
40.6
27.0
9.0
24.0
34.0
1.0
18.5
SyphUltlc keratitis.:
Cataract—
f^enlle
1
7
0
2
8
1
1
1
""2
1
"2
1
2
3
2
1
11
4
4
8
?
11
1
3
1
4
3
1
2
1
?.
3
Congenital .
Traumatic.. ..
1
2
2
1
Ear:
Acute mastoiditis. . .
1
ImnnctpA CAniTrinn . ,
1
2
I
1
3
2
1
...i
\
1
7
2
"'23'
3
5
■"'2'
■ " ' "g'
1
1
""0
Otitis media
1
Nose:
Enlan?ed turbinates
Epistaxis
....!....
1
Nasal Dolvi)l.l
!
Ozena
:::: :::..:::
1
1
1
Rhinitis:
Acute
1
1
Cbronlc
1
1
2
9
Throat:
\ciite nbArvnifitis
1
1
2
1
Acute tonirillitis
0
....|....
.
"
Adenoids . .
2
1
30
19
9
1
AnfflTiA Itidovicf
, 1
' 1
7
13
4
1
11
1
1
1
8
rhronifi tonsillltla
2 l|....
1)0
15
I
12
1
.3
1
Oenilo-wrinarif.
Chancoids
2
1
3
Cystitis
0
Enuresis
Fnldidvmitis
2 1 ...
1...
ii
Perineal
I
1
15
1
1
Urethral
Urethro-rectal
1
5
1
1
10
......
1
Hematoma tunica ya-
glQ^Us
J _
TTMn^*
....I....
1
1
1
1
7
Hydrocele
1. ...''....> 7
....!....
....
Digitized by
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506
BEPOET OP FBEEDMEN's HOSPITAL.
Medical and surgical diseoMU — Contdnued.
p4
Admttted.
DJacbw«e<l,
1-1
if
>%
DlMSB.
Wlifte. Colowd.
1
1
}
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^
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1
1
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6
28
22
12
4
4
19
"l
1
4
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10
10
53
1
8
4
11
1
1
1
2
23
1
13
3
1
13
2
4
1
44
10
4
1
22
3
1
2
G
13
81
1
2
5
3
1
1
30
3
1
29
1
5
1
2
6
75
2
4
71
5
2
1
2
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1
3
32
1
3
1
2
7
6
14
10
9
47
1
7
8
10
91
853
1,623
2
172
210
108
9.1
30.2
34.6
2.0
216
7ao
las
N«>hrltls:
Acute imrenchy-
matfniR
Chronio iMireiiohy-
1
ChroDic interstltiRl. .
3
3
....
G
NephroUthiasis
1
1
8
1
Tuberculosis kidney . .
1
Unt'^'nlA.
8
1
Orchitis:
Tr&umfttic
1
SupDur&tin?
1
11
1
1
1
2
23
1
13
3
1
13
1
3
1
42
10
4
. 1
22
8
1
2
6
12
71
28
28
73
60
12
19
31
452
11
313
23
11
162
25
82
86
415
98
43
12
418
86
15
31
213
195
1,675
6
61
50
276
24
71
760
40
14
699
18
126
21
64
119
1,818
56
15
1,435
135
50
14
12.0
1«.0
15.6
19.6
ILO
24.0
7.6
11.0
11.7
26.0
27.8
36.0
9.8
9.8
ia7
12.0
19.0
2&6
15.0
15.5
35.5
16.2
23.5
6.0
30.5
16.6
92.0
24.0
71.0
27.2
13,3
14.0
25.0
18.0
25.2
21.0
27.0
19.8
24.9
28.0
6.0
20.8
27.0
25.0
14.0
BTDnilitlc
....
luDcrcular
1
1
1
12
PnilPOSiS. ..•.••...•••
Prcstate:
Cazdnoma
1
3
H3^I)ertrophy
1
"**2"
1
3
1
3
1
40
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
G
7
56
9
1
1
Retentioii urine
Spermatocele
Blilcture urethra
1
13
9
1
*■
Undescended testicle. .
1
Varicocele
\
Vesical calculus
Abortion
2
30
7
8
9
1
2
4
10
4
1
20
3
1
1
4
11
80
1
2
4
3
1
1
27
3
1
27
1
5
1
Acute va^^tis
Anteflexion uterus
...
Carcinoma cervix
2
9
9
2
Cyst broad ligament. .
Cystooele
Dermoid cyst
1
2
2
1
1
Ectopic gestation
Endometritis
3
9
2
4
1
Fibroma uteri
1
1
10
Fibroma and cyst
broad ligament
Fibroma and dermoid
cyst
2
1
......
1
21
2
1
24
1
3
Fibroma and pyosal-
p|nT....
1
2
f
F^tula:
Vesico-vaginal
3
Hydatidlfonn mole. . .
Lacerated cervix
Lacerated perineum . .
5
2
1
Q
Menstrual disorders:
Obstructive dy»-
Ovarltls
2
3
1
1
Ovaritis and double
uterus
1
1
1
Perforated uterus gan-
grene intestines
Post operative adhe-
sions
2
1
4
40
2
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4
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101
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6
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4
1
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238
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164
266
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247
129
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20
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24
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4
7
2
1
1
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1
2
10
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1
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Medical and iurgiedl (fiteoMf— Gontmued.
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37
74
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68
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1,164
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1,498
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Cystic ovaries and apiwndicitis. .
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Ectopic pregnancy ' . . . .
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Balping1ti9 and cy"tic ovarii . -
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3
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6
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Phimosis
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66
Conttage
Carcinoma cwvix
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EEPORT OF FREEDMEn's HOSPITAL,
Operations and resulU — Continued.
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Cmvttags. . . .
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Adeno-carcinoma scalp ,
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Chronic mastitis
Cyst of broad ligament ,
Condylomata anus
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Dermoid of skin ,
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Breast ,
Forehead
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Spina bifida
Tubercular epididymitis
Tuberculosis, knee Joint
Tubercular orchitis
Uteerated external hemorrhoid
Urethral caruncle
Varicose veins leg
Vennca thumb
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63
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6
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203
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16
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REPOBT OF FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL,
Operations and results — Continued.
Diagnosis.
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t
Hernioplasty
Hernia:
1
4
19
2
1
3
2
1
3
6
2
1
2
1
1
"2"
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
....
6
....
1
6
23
2
2
7
2
1
4
7
2
3
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
I
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
16
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
2
9
9
1
1
2
8
7
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
5
1
2
1
1
2
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
6
22
1
2
5
1
1
3
6
1
3
1
1
2
'""2
......
■ ■ 2"
Femoral --
Direct inguinal
2
Indirect ing^ijnal
1
Btranguiated inguinal
1
Umbilical L...
Ventral
1
1
1
Hemionlastv and cornfction .
Tng^'fin^l hernfi^ and hydixx^Ie.. .
Inguinal hernia and undescended
testicle.
Abscess:
Abdominal w*U
iDcfsion ...
1
1
1
Alveolar
Appendiceal
Axfilary
bS^.v..::::::::::::::...
2
Chin
Kxtemal ear
1
Knee Joint
1
1
1
Leg
2
Liver
1
Vulva
Cellulitis of lee
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
8
1
3
1
1
1
i "
Epididymitis
Extravasation urine iii scrotum. .
1
Femoral adenitis
1
1
1
1
15
......
2
1
\
6
2
9
3
Fistulo in ano
1
Furuncle of neck . . .......
Fibrous ankylosis, Icn^ ,
3
2
2
Gangrene of penis'.
Gunshot wound of ankl^
Hsematoma of acaln
::".i!:;
Infectedfoot
1
1
1
2
t
Infected finger
"'\.'.
Infected fracture inferior max-
illa.
Ischio-rectal abscess
1
... 1
T/udwigs angina. . - ,
1
Oedema of lin .
1
1
Otitis media sunnurative
Ovarian cvst .-,....-.,
1
1
1
9
Pancreftti'ls, acute . . . r - - . . - . -,
...1...
Paronychia'
'
Pelvic abscess
2
... 1
Perinenhritic abscess
2
PAritnn^flliLr ftKoni^^Q
4 h
9 ....
1 ....
1 ....
2 ....
6 2
4 , 3
?'::::
2 1
2 ....
1
Periurethral abscess
6
Pyemia with multiple abscesses.
Ranula r - - -,
1
'
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
I
1
......
Sebaceous cyst
Suppimttlng cervical adenitis . . .
SuPDurAtin? ine^iinal adenitbf . . .
5
3
1
Ligation dorsal vein
Sexual impotence
Nephrectomy
Pyonephrosis
1 ...1...
Tuberculosis kidney
1 ..:'...
Nephrotomy
Chronic Interstitial nephritis
1
Pyonephrosis
1
i ::::::
Osteotomy
Bunion
1 '
Dislocated cervical vertebra
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
I
2
2
X
1
1
Empyema antrum of Highmore.
Empyema frontal sinus
4
*'*3"
......
1
i ::::::
Genu valgum
2 :...
...
Oiinqhot wound, spine ,
1
Mastoiditis
1
Necrosis sacrum
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
Osteomyelitis:
Crest of ilium
Femur
Tibia
. ..!..-
Tuberculosis, knee Joint
*••
Perineal section . .
TIvnertro'Dhv nrostate
::::i:::
Urethral fistula
1
Urethral stricture
Vesical calculus
...
i
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BEPORT OF FBEEDMEN's HOSPITAL.
613
OperatioTit and retuKt— Contmued.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
1
1
1
1
Op€catlo&.
1
1
1
i
0
Plastic
Contnict^ire palmar hflcia.
1
5
10
•
109
334
1
""'4
1
....„
5
6
2
•j-
......
......
......
......
2
" **3"
1
'"2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
....
5
1
4
6
6
6
2
1
....
....
"2"
....
1
"a
4
'3'
1
....
1
....
....
"3'
1
1
1
'i'
....
1
1
....
....
'17'
47
1
1 11::::
(^Btooele
—
1
EiotropioD
4
1
1
:::
Laooatcd perineum and cystle
liacerated perineum an<l r^^rvix.
Lacerated perineum and cysto-
cele.
Reoto-vaginal flstola
1
Undcaoended testide
1
Vesioo-TBCinal fistula.
......
Donal Tertebn (tenth)
1
1
1
4
3
'
Humerus
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
6
2
7
1
8
2
Radius a****! ^^ihM^
Semilunar cartilage
Tarsal bone..... r........ ..
1
1
3
2
3
5
2
2
...
Fracture:
Acromion process
Clavicle
Femur
1
ribula
...|...
1
Tnfrrlor maxilla
Nftialbonn
Pnt*iii^ .. , . , .
1
Phalanx. ,, ,.n... .. ....
1
10
7
4
Radius
Rib
2
r
Bkull
Superior maxilla
1 ---
Tibia
4
2
3
2
1
Tibia and fibula
XTlna
BfimoTfil .... s
Bullet in ankle
3
1
1
Fragments of ftontal bone. . . .
K^i^ in finger
Needleinlip
Silver plate in tibia
2
1
1
1
Sponges in abdomen
Bceeotioo:
Bonn .
1
Tntostinf
nan^inoma caecmn
nnfi.fhot wound
1
1
2
1
Tncifled wound
Tntpstinal obstruction ...
R
If ultiple fistula
1
Strangulated hernia and unde-
scended testicle.
Strangulated intestines In per-
forated uterus.
1
1
1
......
4
1
......
1
'"'"i"
"m
334
1
1
Knfff Joint
Tuberculosis knee
1
Rib..'... ...11
Carcinoma pleura
1
1
Taberodtjr of humerus. . .
Vrtiw
Fracture aniatomical neck of hu-
merus.
Varicocele
1
4
sun gnSt
ProittDfted ntems
Ulcer^foot
1
1
Ulcer of leg
Ulcer thorax
8tnn«pi«Mf
Sprain:
Elbow
1
1
1
1
FinRer ,
1
Knee
Wrist
1
SatcnlJig
Fecal fistula ...
1
84
231
1
Tnr>li»«1 ^nirmA
6
53
2
Nephroptosto
'.'.'.'. 11.
...
11356'— iKT 1911— VOL 1 33
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514
BEPOBT OF FBEBDMBN S HOSPITAL.
OpenUions and retuZto— Continued.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
\
1
1
1
>
1
Operation.
i
4
a
i
T
t
Sotuxing
Recto-vaffinal fistula
Rnptnreci stomach
8eT>aration recti
1
1
1
■ '2*
1
Typhoid perforation
TTnitlir&l flRf.nla
HYDcrtroDhlo cirrhoslR of liver. . .
1
4
Trephtnft
Fractured skull
1
Truisplantation bone
Total
78
6
889
794
1,7«7
1,439
2M
6
58
Obstetrical record.
Month.
July
August
September..
October
November..
December. .
January
February...
March
April
May
June
Total
Living babies..
White.
Colored.
170
118
65
11
42
279
139
143
Medical and surgical diseases — out-patient department.
White.
Colored.
.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
Diagnosis.
1
1
1
1
1
h
1
P^
Medkal.
AlfM>h0l^»n .
2
7
6
5
4
'h'
85
33
1
2
1
42
21
5
13
4
4
9
3
1
2
13
13
4
3
2
15
187
81
4
2
2
86
64
7
27
9
4
22
9
Jftdkol-Oontlnued.
Febrioula
1
2
23
4
1
2
15
42
8
15
7
1
2
41
6
25
58
8
4
<v
1
2
12
2
12
6
1
.....
a
Asthma
OastnOgia.
4
An«m|ft
64
Oastro-enteritto
10
Aoitic insufficiency
3
2
10
102
48
8
Hemicrania
1
Aortic stenosis...!
Hepatitis 1 .
a
Arteriosclerosis
Indigestion:
Bronchitis:
1 nSSSc.
40
Acute
TnMM|t*n<^l
100
Chronic
' Tnffiieiisa
16
Lumbago
10
Chlorosis
Malaria.
13
Cholecystitis
1
44
33
2
14
5
Measles
1
8
16
5
8
8
10
Coryia, acute
Myaig^^. .....:::.:
28
Myocarditis
7
Debility
Nephritis:
Acute
Debility, senile
90
Diabetes, meUitus.
Chronic
14
Diarrhea
13
6
Phlebitis
1
Pharyngitto
6
6
Enteritis
PtouroSmia
6
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BrEPOBT OF FBEEDMEn's HOSPITAL. 615
Medkal and twrgieal di$eaii§ out-patimi ifeparftvMnt— Oontiiiued.
White.
Colored.
1
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
Diagnosta.
i
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
Pneumonia:
Lobar.
4
1
10
88
2
2
3
14
74
1
2
2
13
8
4
24
182
8
2
2
.27
3
1
1
107
Sprains:
Arm
1
1
1
1
8
RmnntilAl
..
Finger
3
RlmiinAliiini 7
Leg!:.
Acute artloalar
Wrist
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
2
78
1
3
2
2
.....
1
1
3
MpfmiVir
Back
Btematitis
Xpe^....,..
1
Tachycardia
Sjmoyitis
5
Tinea drobuUa.
Tnberaulosls of booe. . •.
3
Taberoulosto:
14
3
1
1
88
Ulcer
4
Pulmonary. ........
Varicocele
1
Trphoid
Veruoca.
3
Vertigo....:!::::::::::.
Va^lnatkms
188
Whooping ooogh
'
Wounds:
Contused
1
TTndiiuniofml. .".
3
....
Incised
8
Total
800
803
1.258
1,058
Laoented
....
3
Bevtalta.
....
Tnfal
...
....
3
2
203
143
881
3,180
Surgkal
1
3
1
2
1
1
I
2
4
1
10
1
2
.....
.....
■
1
2
1
1
2
.....
1
2
.....
.....
:::::
1
:::::
.....
3
.....
1
3
8
1
1
3
11
10
34
Suxifirial dressings
Abaoen:
Head
Oimecolw."
Abortion
1
1
30
3
35
83
15
31
1
3
63
81
8
11
7
14
1
14
59
1
43
3
10
34
2
2
1
17
Jaw
3
Neck i!:::'.::.
AmenoRhea
20
Arm 1
Carcinoma of uteras. . . .
Hand ::::::*'
Chanorold
LCK
Cystic ovary
Foot:::::::::::::::::::::"
Cervicitis...
Bxeaat 1.. ..!....
Condylomata
1
lachiorectai 1 .. 1
Displacements of uterus:
Prolapse
Tubercular. 1
....'
3
Adenitis:
35
CervicaL '
Dysmenoirhea
33
AxlIUry
Endometritis
18
Inguinal ' 1
Fibroid of uterus
81
Femoral. ...... a.... i
Hyperemesis of prog-
nan<7 ,
Bums. ...J.:..
1
Bunion
Leucoirhea...
8
Bnnltis 1.:
Lacerations:
Perineum
CeUuUtis 1
4
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
63
ClaviSp infected.
Cervix
31
Chancroids. .. . » .
.
8
...
...
Menorrhagia
11
....
....
MetroiThagia
7
Dislocations: .
Ovaritis
..
14
Sacroiliao
Pelvic abscess
1
Dog bite
....
Post operative adhesions
Pn»gnancy . . . r
....
14
Fkacture:
60
SkuU
■Pruritus of vulva
1
Jaw
Balpingitiff
....
42
Wrist
1
Subinvolution of uterus.
Urethritis
....
2
FordjsnbodieK
1
...
10
Vaginitis
34
Finger
Vulvitis
...
2
Fibroma. ..............x
1
3
2
Venereal warts
2
Urethral carbuncle
....
1
Fnmnele.
Undiagnosed.
....
17
Ganglion.
1
Total
HemonrhddL: 11 "::::::
....|....
8
2
.....
480
483
Hernia:
.. 1 ..
1
1
5
1
Revisits
....
871
Umbilical
Anterior poUomyelitis...
Alcoholism, chronic
Chorea
1
1
1
1
"z
1
7
5
fiO
6
0
3
1
3
TrMrnln^l
iDfM^ns:
Finger
1
1
3
Arm
3
Foot
3
Ingrowinj; nail
1
3
Cerebral hemorrhage. . . .
1
10
8
38
10
12
1
1
3.
2
SSSdsTf.iTr.::::::::::
EDtlensy
17
L-
hSsSS: :::::::::::::
8
::::i::::
1
Neurasthenia
80
Piipfflorna
Nmiralglft
1
17
34
2
1
1
Neuritis....:
18
Faniphlniottlfi....
Neuroses, oocunatlon... .
4
Paralysis agi tans
3
Betontloii of nrina*.*...
••*•
Faralysls,lijlal
....
,4
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516 REPORT OF FREEDMEN's HOBPITAU
Medical and sitrgical disease9 — out-patimi departTnerU — Continued.
Diagnosis.
WWte.
Colored.
3
Diagnosis.
White.
CMorad.
Nervous diMMM— Con.
Sciatica
BypbUis, cerebral.
Byphilis, spinal...
Tabes dorsalis
Undiagnosed
Total.
Revisits
196
Eve.
Ambylopia
Angio sclerosis..
Astigmatism
Bell's palsy
BlephaHtis
Cataract
Chalaslon
Choroiditis
Corneal opacity,
wtivltis...
Conjunct!
Corneal ulcere
Dacryocystitis
Ectropion
Foreign body in eye
Glaucoma
Hordeoleum
Hypertrophic astigma-
iritis.."*!!"!!!!!!!!!!!
Keratitis
Optic atrophy
Ophthalmia neonato-
rum...
Optic neuritis
Presbyopia
Pterygium
Retinitis
Refractions
Strabismus
Traumatism of eye
Undiagnosed
Total.
Revisits
226
824
Eoff noeef and ikroaL
Abscess:
Ear
Peritonsillar
Submaadllary
Adenoids
Eciema:
Ear
Nares
Edema larynx
Epistaxis
Foreign bodies, throat...
Fnrunculosis, ear
Impaction, oerumem
Inuammanon:
Auditory meatus....
Eustachian tube. . ..
Pharyngitis:
Acute
Chronic
Spedflo
Polypi , nasal
Perforation, septum of
nose
Rhinitis:
Acute
Atrophic..
Hypertrophio .......
Chronic
192
104
2
4
5
2
7
12
33
2
4
140
13
8
1
7
4
4
6
21
29
10
1
2
2
8
54
126
5
4
44
564
280
Ear, note, and throai~~
Continued.
Tonsils, hypertrophy....
ToDslllitb:
Acute.
Follicular
Turbinate banes, hyper-
trophy of
UvuiStis
Laryngitis
Oti&i media
Total.
Revisits....
20
14
20
6
10
4
2
16
20
2
6
6
6
C3
30
<6
7
16
10
8
221
212
GenUo-urtnarf.
Adenitis, Inguinal. . .
Chancre
Chancroid
Cystitis
Epldymitls
Gonorrhea:
Acute
Chronic
Hydrocele
Herpes, glans penis. .
Hematuria
Impotence
Phimosis
Periurethral abscess.
Prostatitis
Stricture of urethra. ,
Urethritis:
Anterior
Postericv
Vesiculitis, seminal. .
Venereal wartB
Varicocele
Undiagnosed
Total.
Revisits....
61
28
HI
6
46
84
25
1
2
1
5
61
2
22
26
114
90
2
6
6
96
437
00
61
28
111
6
4(
84
25
1
2
1
6
61
2
22
26
114
00
2
6
6
778
PedtatrkM,
Auto-lntozicatlon .
Adenitis, cervical.
Bronchitis:
Acute
Chitmlo.......
Capillary
Chicken poz
Constipation
Crou
Eczema
Enteritis
Funmculosis
Gastro-enteritlB
Hernia:
Inguinal
UmbilicaL
Oeo-colitis
Indigestion
Kahiutrition
Malaria
Marasmus
Mastoiditis
Meningitis:
Smnal
Tuberoular
Nephritis, acute
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Pan^sis:
riolal
Acute Infuttfto...
3
1
8
11
5
2
1
10
6
6
4
4
12
0
1
2
1
1
1
Digitized by
Coogk
778
768
1
1
0
66
2
11
1
0
1
8
19
10
1
11
3
6
14
18
16
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
a
iffiPOET OF FBEEDMEN^S HOSPITAL.
Medical and turgieal diieoHi — out^jxUient departTnent — Continued.
517
White,
Colored.
^
Diagnosis.
White,
Colored.
Diagnosis.
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
1
i
i>«i*rfric»-ContInued.
Fhttnmgitis
1
...„
1
10
1
2
2
4
0
2
2
1
10
2
*3*
1
4
.....
2
1
7
21
I
5
20
3
2
6
6
15
2
2
1
5
1
19
41
DenvUologrh-Coiatd.
Papilloma.
2
1
2
2
23
2
1
1
"n
3
30
8
2
"2*
4
2
"'2
4
Fhimods
Puipara simplex
2
Pvi4^niflinf^ ^ronnihlfi] . .
Pruuitus
3
BiMfbltiff .
Psoriasis
2
I^^iffl ,
Scabies
1
....
36
Stomatitis
Seborrhea
8
Syphilis. ooDflenital
Syphilis:
Secondary
1
25
6
5
2
8
7
Tmea
56
Tonaillltls:
1
1
Tertiary
14
Sycosis
1
1
6
FoHicular
llnea:
Circinata. .
Typhoid fever
5
UmbiUciis, infection of. .
Tonsurans
8
Urticaria..'
3
Venloolor
7
Va^tis
Ulcer, varicose . ..
2
4
1
4
4
19
Urticaria
14
2
1
2
18
XTridiagnoffMl .*!
Varicella ... .
4
Varioloid
1
Total
6
7
153
178
344
118
Verucoa.
4
Bevislts
Total
im
.
____
6
1
182
125
314
Dermatologif,
3
5
1
21
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
20
2
1
3
3
3
.....
"q
2
4
7
2
24
2
3
3
2
4
2
39
2
2
7
5
7
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
12
3
Revisits
142
Alopecia Areata
Orthopedic.
_^_
Aciie
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
■■'3"
.....
"i*
1
3
Acne rosea
4
Chloasma
Fracture'of ankle..1
2
DermfttHis
1
2
2
2
1
17
Infections:
Elbow joint
Dermatitis vmenata
2
Erythema....,,. . . ...
Lordosis...
2
Ecxemft:
Periostitis, oscalcis
1
Relaxed arch of foot.^
6
p^vM^ilw . ,
ReUxed sacro iliac Joint.
Scoliosis
1
8<][iiamous
2
Erythema, multiiorm&. .
Sprains:
Shoulder
Herpes.
1
4
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
Herpes soster
Elbow
3
Impetigo.
AnMe. .
2
Impetieo contaidosa
Tuberculosis of hip
2
I^lon: ^
Undiagnosed.
9
Face
Total
Finger
25
13
38
Intertrigo
Revisits
163
Keloid
Tubereulosi*.
Positive cases
■
Leaooplaia
1
26
2.5
22
18
T/lohen plannf? ...
Pedicoli:
1
1
G
1
Capitis
Doubtful cases
Corporis
Total
Pityriasis. . '''.. '.'.'.'.'.'.'...
51
40
91
PflJmar keratOiKW
Revisits
374
Emergency cases.
White.
Colored.
8
21
4
19
16
1
10
1
2
8
• Diagnosis.
White.
Colo
red.
Diagnosis
i
1
-a
1
it
■1 '
i
§
AhaoesBofleg
3
12
3
9
15
1
4
1
1
2
"4'
1
5
.....
1
Delusional insanity
Dislocation:
Humerus
2
Acnte aloohoiiflm. .......
Acnteoonjunctiyitis.. ..
Acute gastritia
Acnte retention urtnu. . .
4
1
1
"2
.....
2
1
2
2
3
Thumb
1
....
4
Epididymitis
1
Brondiitfe
EnileDST
2
8
1
ssss^,::; : :
2
Arm
Ford^ bodies:
Eve.
a
pis::::::::::::::::
Eye.
3
....
12
i^
....
....
Foot.;:::...:..:....
6
Digitized by
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518
EEPORT OF FBEEDMEN S HOBPITAIi.
Emergenof ccau — Oontinued.
White.
Colored.
Diagnosis.
White.
Colored.
DlftgDOsis.
1
1
1
5
1
i
1
<S
1
Foreign bodies— Contd.
H^d
2
....
8
1
2
1
*i'
.....
2
'%
5
.....
.....
24
2
'4'
1
1
8
15
2
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
5
21
2
2
3
2
1
14
67
3
2
14
1
2
3
2
11
19
10
8
3
Sprain— Gontinoed.
Knw
.
9
18
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
3
5
1
1
5
2
7
2
2
19
2
15
10
8
7
10
Noee .
Wrist
1
21
Throat!!*! ! -I
Traumatic pleurisy
1
Vaglnfi
..
Urethral fistula
1
1
3
1
4
6
1
1
10
12
15
16
6
1
1
1
1
7
22
6
34
14
7
87
15
70
48
4
5
17
14
3
Femur
Wounds:
Contused—
Body
Fibula
y\r\^,..
15
Frontal bone...
Face
18
Inferior fp atHIa ... .
Foot
22
Naaalbone
1
14
Hand
29
Radius
Scalp
8
Ribs
1
GunshoC—
Elbow
Tibia
1
XTlna .
Forearm .... . .
1
Furuncle.
2
Leg
1
flas T>ol8ontng
Tmgb
1
Heat exhaustion
HemfflThage
1
Incised—
Body
1
8
Hysteria.;.
Face ,
Foot
1
28
TmnAPtPd flemmen
19
8
tnf^tH f<>ot
1
Hand
4
1
1
19
2
14
16
!!!!
47
Infectedhand
4
1 i 3A
Scalp
17
Ingrown toe nail. . . . r . , .
lAcerated—
Body
yng"1"^^ hernia
Insect and dog bite.
Pes planus . ....
1
4
10
17
3
Face
127
Foot
19
TT*nH,.
90
Prolanee reotnm
Scalp
74
Sebaceous cysts
Punctured—
Body
Shock.
3
1
4
Sprain:
AnIrVi
Face
6
Foot
1
1
27
Back
Hand
21
Elbow
Total
Hio
....
no
14
664
195
983
Occupation ofpalienU,
Occupation.
White.
Colored.
Occupation.
White.
Colored.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Baker
1
Janitor
2
G36
Barber
ia
2
11
2
27
Bellman. . . . -r
I/aundress.
C6
Blacksmith
1
Lawyer
1
2
1
7
6
5
2
2
59
Bootblack
Milkman
Brtckmaker, ^ t - -
1
2
Miner
Batcher
Minister
Butler
13
6
1
39
8
4i
'*"i,*666
16
^lail
2
1
Caipenter
Caipet layer
4
Chambermaid . . .
Nooocuqwtton...
Nurse.. T7.T.....
5
2
62
Cbaufleur. . .....
1
2
1
Z'l
2
14
4
5
2
i'
a4
aerk
Painter
2
1
1
3
16
Coachman
Cook
Physician
Porter
Dishwasher
Printer
1
1
Domestio
1
1
Sailor
i*
2
i'
1
31
4
3
£1
12
8
Seamstress
27
Driver
Soldier
5
1
2
1
Stenographer....
Student
Engineer
HiApmiWmftn
2
3
30
29
Tailor
1
i*
1
Fanner
1
1
Teacher .......
19
Florist
Unknown
Walter
7
26
2
1
16
26*
54
1
Gardener
1
WfttChrniin .,.,,.
Hostler -
Total
Housekeeper
1
74
9
1,014
1,408
Huckster
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REPORT OF PREBa)MEN's HOSPITAL.
Nativitp ofpatienU.
519
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Male.
Female.
Mate.
Femate.
Male.
Femate.
Mate.
Female.
fklabaDia
4
1
455
. 1
8
3
2
2
701
1
5
i
4
iw
3
i
5
1
Pennsylvania....
Rhode Island....
South CaroUna...
1
1
1
9
15
rAT>¥«n««i
Coimeetlcat
1
3
3
4
2
12
287
9
1
2
1
12
District of
17
Tf^npemee
9
} Columbia.
T^xas
3
Florida
Unknown
Virginia
West Virginia....
Africa
7
2
1
9
Geonia
361
TIIifYoljl
1
24
1^4l*IHIft ,
I^APfflMf
1
3
2
142
2
1
1
4
2
British Quiana. .
Kentucky
British West
Indies
Louisiaiia
1
3
1
2"
Maryland
Massacbuaetts...
Canada
1
1
Cuba
i
Midiiran . . . .
Fnuice
2
12
1
9
4
IflnnMAti^
Germany
Miasissippl ...
Miflsoun
1
1
1
3
1
3
TrAl^nd
New Hampahire.
New Jeiaey
Italy
1
5
15
24
7
6
11
19
5
Mexico
1
1
New York
Porto Rico
North Carolina..
Ohio
Total
74
9
1,014
1,403
AnxstheUes.
White.
Colored.
688
12
8
17
1
10
3
White.
Colored.
•
5
1
2
h
1
238
6
5
10
445
5
1
7
1
f*^
1
1
1
Sther
Coc^ne
1
....
50
3
4
2
1
8
59
Chloroform
Ethyl chloride
4
Etiier and chloroform
Quinine
5
H. H. B. and ether
Carbolic add
2
H. M. 8. and chloroform. .
1
2
Sterite water
1
1
3
4
3
Total
....
....
go^nfV*'*" and ether
12
2 aM
474
810
Pathological Department,
White-blood counts 231
Red-blood counts 37
Hsemaglobin estiinates 106
Widal reactions
Noguchi reactions
Blood cultures
Malarial examinations.
Differential counts
99
11
16
10
6
UrinalysiB 2, 094
33
Postmortems
Examination of suigical speci-
mens 66
Examination of sputum 147
Museum specimens 63
X-ray photographs 236
Sections cut, stained, and mounted . 602
Total 3,646
PaHenti admitted eadi year for the past S7 years.
Year ending June 30 :
Year end
1876
190
1888
1876
319
1889
1877
500
1890
1878
619
1891
1879
642
1892
1880
819
1893
1881
892
1894
1882
1,102
1896
1883
1,373
1896
1884
1,509
1897
1885
1,794
1898
1886
1,923
1899
1887
2,017
1,997
2,074
2,392
2,373
2,331
2,422
2,801
2,476
2,596
2,816
2,355
2,374
Year ending June 80 :
1900 2,427
1901 2,414
1902 2,408
1903 2,677
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
2,907
2,918
2,207
2,366
2,669
2,690
2,740
2,900
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520
&EPOET OF FE££DM£K S HOSPITAL.
Summary.
1911
1910
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
CokiTBd.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
F^
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Mate.
Fe-
mato.
TotaL
In hospital July 1. 1009
9
1
40
70
120
In hospital July 1. 1910
2
78
1
3
9
1
70
79
1,397
101
154
2,496
2i8
Admitted
91
18
8
1,020
137
1,368
108
2,493
248
Births
76
18
'•%
1,677
17
2,900
42
100
17
1,206
1,«6
3,800
Stillbirths
Died
3
117
114
234
1,416
019
138
17
T
8
125
106
387
Discharged:
1.138
1100
tJmmproved
M
Nottnated
6
Total died and discharged
2,724
76
100
1,767
1,439
264
6
58
963
3,716
In hospital July 1,1911:
United States
8
83
42
889
40
58
794
87
District of Columbia
87
Operations
78
6
74
3
804
001
1,483
Results of operations:
Reooverod.
583
Improred
853
TTnimpro'ved.. >.. ... --
5
Died
43
110
14
604
195
121
10
538
180
858
iMg ••
Days maintenance:
United States patients
22,196
35,855
31,206
10,79»
District of Columbia patients
30,638
bfDcers and employees
Total days matntenanov ,
80,256
ia88
192
142
168.1
1,882
1,018
50,416
Cost of patients and employees per
day, based on gross expense
Laigest number of patients at any
one ti'ne
191
Smallest number of patients at any
one time.
134
Daily ayerage number of patients
16L0
District of Oohimbia patients admit-
ted, including births
......
1,931
United States patients admitted, in-
cluding births
561
Treated in out-patient department:
Medical....!:.
666
208
■"96*
236
221
778
153
182
25
51
592
143
480
92
324
212
"Its'
125
13
40
1,258
351
482
192
554
437
778
344
314
38
91
13
3
'"z
650
825
no
162
819
68
212
181
17
'•3S
Surgical
8
2
2
1
Oyneoologioal
810
Nervous.T
3
4
3
1
5
2
1
'z
2
76
166
206
221
38
2
146
Eye
386
Ear, nose, and throat
39S
Genito-urinary
239
Pediatrics....'
6
7
1
70
Dermatology
1
8
Orthopedic
Tuberculosis...
22
24
46
Total
25
14
2,601
2,199
4,839
5,637
26
8
1,717
1,731
4,647
Revisits
Prescriptions compounded:
19,483
12, n2
Outdoor
. ...
Total
32,195
1
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BEPOBT OF FREEDMEN's HOSPITAL.
Board of Charitiea aooountfrom July 1, 1906, to June SO, 1911.
521
Fiscal year ended—
Adults.
Children.
BablM.
Total.
Bills
rendered.
Payment
Balance
due.
1906
1,675
1,800
1,661
1 566
1,719
1,584
06
119
119
80
127
139
165
167
184
181
176
150
1,036
2,005
1,964
1,836
2,018
1,882
$38,223.75
36,184.80
34,470.55
38,846.40
41,640.85
37,139.36
$25,500
25,500
25,500
25,500
25,500
25,500
$12,723.75
1907
10,684.80
1908
8,970.55
1900
13,346.40
1910
16, 140. 85
1911
11,639.36
Total
10,014
689
1,032
11,731
226,505.71
153,000
73,505.71
Statement of the appropriation for salariea required by the sundry civil act approved June
tS, 1909 (S6 State,, 99t),
Sui^n in chief $3,000
Beaident assistant suigeon 1, 600
Beddent physician 1,200
Clerk 1,400
Assistant clerks (2) | ^
Pharmacist 720
Resident assistant pharmacist 120
Pathologist 2,000
Resident anaesthetist 1,200
Resident sui>erintendent of nurses 1, 080
Resident assistant superintendent of nurses 540
Resident night supervisor of nurses 480
Resident head nurses (2), $480 each 960
Steamstress 300
En^eer 1,200
Assistant engineer 900
Fireman (3), $720 each 2,160
Resident pupil nurses (39), $60 each 2, 340
Maids (3), $168 each 504
Resident orderlies (2), $300 each 600
Resident orderlies (4), $240 each 960
Steward 720
Cook, head 540
Cook, second 360
Cook, third 288
Waiters (3), $144 each 432
Resident driver 360
Driver 360
Laundryman 420
Laundresses (5), $144 each 720
Resident watchman (2), $200 each 400
Laborer 216
Laborers (2), $180 each 360
Total 29,480
Comparative statement of receipts and expenditures.
1911
1910
RECEIPTS.
Apfpropriation, sundry dril bill:
For support
Salaries
Appropriation, District of Columbian-Appropriation bill
(under contract with Board of Charities)
By transfer from Howard University, account fuel
EZPENDirnBES.
ICiaoeilaneous (ftiel, light, clothing, forage, medicines, etc.) . .
Bubsistenoe
Salaries
921,000.00
29,500.00
25,500.00
2,803.50
$15,000.00
28,500.00
25,500.00
178,893.50
- S69,000.00
28,289.65
20,932.40
29,335.72
78,577.77
21,100.73
18,450.96
27,956,13
67,607.82
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S22
REPORT OF FREEDMEn's HOSPITAL.
Cofm^parativt tUUemeni of mi9ceUaneou» expendUure$.
19U
1910
19U
1910
DnuB
Eqmpment:
Electric sappltos
Kitchen
Power plant ,
Plumber's tools.
Stable
Medical and surgloaL .
„ Xray
Forffge. ,
Fuel:
Goal
Wood
Fnmitnre and ftimisli-
jng
HeM. U^t, and power:
uiinent^—
Light
Power
Gas.
Matflrlala:
Dry
12,439.19
26.40
156.14
55.85
156.23
12.72
262.68
1,336.73
115.50
344.51
7,432.30
71.30
608.25
1,660.23
1,500.44
603.78
960.37
54.89
$1,782.05
15.00
149.71
71.99
630.49
116.06
385.66
4,118.65
84.75
2,121.24
1,954.06
440.55
1,088.82
Materials— Oontiniied.
Lumber
Plumber's material.
Paints
Repairs:
General
Power plant
Kitchen
Stable service
Stationery
Structures
Telephone
Supplies:
Hospital
Household
Laboratory
Laundry
Mechanics
MedlcaL
Surgical
Wearin^apj
Total
997.10
30.23
49.12
1,445.21
69.96
83.15
103.01
578.73
341.50
394.33
1,251.40
1,409.22
' 247.44
639.79
220.06
3,368.16j
188.81
56.61
38,389.66
$63.43
350.60
132.96
700.38
166.86
70.13
621.81
321.38
174.50
731.85
2,009.66
""iii.'96
31,100.73
Comparative staUment of suhnstence expendUwre$.
Provisions:
Beverages—
Goiiee
Sherry wine
Canned goods.
Condiments, flavors,
and pickles
Dairy products—
Butter
Cheese
Milk, fresh
Dried fruits.
Cereal food products-
Bread
Breakftat food.
Com meal
Crackers.
Flour
HE::
Fresh.
Salt
Clams
1911
$279.24
24.75
109.27
1,225.68
179.52
1,853.19
39.32
2,162.79
195.03
1,494.36
582.10
30.69
237.32
292.60
927.88
496.15
136.40
38.40
1910
$217.14
27.25
958.89
1,68L10
27.24
2,026.57
1,781.13
1,425.28
24.48
247.47
227.50
1,026.15
533.42
45.60
Provisions— Contlnaed.
Fish— Continued.
Oysters.
Fowl—
Chicken
Turkey
Fruits ana vegetables.
Meat-
Beef
Ham and shoul-
der, smoked
Liver
Mutton.
Pork
Sausage—
Qreen
Smoked
Veal
Sugar
Sundries
Ice...'.
Total
1911
20,932.40
1910
$163.80
$163.60
1,773.78
80.00
1,764.43
1,711.07
1,840.09
1,617.00
1,300.56
1,577.56
78.63
969.93
139.03
935.84
73.44
1,010.38
60.08\
78.08/
96.52
121.80
954.53
965.17
1,005.60
813.11
7f5.00
18,460.96
NEEDS.
An institution of the magnitude of this can not be satisfactorily
managed unless properly manned and equipped; nor is it in the
interest of efficiency and economy to provide low-grade workmen.
Your attention is therefore especially invited to the following needs,
and it is urged that such steps as are necessary be taken to secure
favorable congressional action therewith.
First is the need of a small building devoted exclusively to the
pathological work of the hosnital. This can be provided at a cost
of J25,000.
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iUEPOBT OF FBEEDMEn's HOSPITAL. 628
The rapid growth of this institution renders the services of the
following additional employees imperative:
Storee keeper |1»400
Eng^eer 1,000
2 firemen, $720 , 1,440
Assistant aneeethetist 1,000
Directcsr of clinics 720
Laimdiyman , 300
Cook 360
10 pupil nuraes, $60 600
2 telephone operatore, $380 760
3 laborere, $300 900
2 maids, $300 600
Seamstress - 300
Dishwasher 260
Ambulance driver 360
If some arrangement can be had whereby employees of the depart-
ment can be detailed to the hospital, estimates for the engineer and
firemen may be eliminated.
An electric ambulance, at a cost of $3,500, to replace the one drawn
by horse, should be provided. One of this kind would give greater
satisfaction and could be maintained and operated as economically
as the present one.
The installation of an ice plant is urged, and $4,000 would cover
this need. It is estimated that such a plant would pay for itself in
three years.
An ash conveyer is needed to complete the remodeling of the central
heating plant. The appropriation of last vear for this purpose was
not sufficient, and therefore $3,000 is askea.
My recommendation of last year as regards a fence, inclosing the
hospital grounds, is renewed. Not only should the grounds be
inclosed, but beautified as well, and in sucn a manner as to adorn the
"city beautiful."
There is a growing demand for some provision for pay patients,
and my recommendation of last year, touching this matter, is hereby
renewed. The Board of Charities of the District of Columbia in dis-
cussing this matter in their report of 1910 Used the following language,
which explains the situation fully:
The Secretary of the Interior, .under whose jurisdiction Freedmen's Hospital is
conducted, recommends that the noepital be authorized to admit pay patients^ and
in this recommendation the board concurs. The interest of the board of charities in
the matter arises from the fact that this board has a contract with the hospital under
which indigent patients are admitted for treatment at the cost of the District of
Columbia. Frequently colored persons who are not indigent apply to the board for
admission to Freedmen's Hospital. They state that they desire treatment at that
particular hospital, that the^ desire to be cared for by colored physicians and colored
nuisee, and tnat no other institution in the city provides sucn opjx)rtunity. Of
course this board must deny such applications, because we are authorized to provide
for indigent persons only. At the same time we recognize some force in the plea of
these colorea persons for treatment by nurses and doctors of their own race, for which
treatment they are willing to pay. As there is no other hospital in the District of
Columbia administered by colored physicians and nurses, it appears to the board
that it would be proper for Freedmen's Hospital to admit pay patients. It is cus-
Columbia administered
that it would be proper
tomary for public noq)itals to admit some private pay patients.
As stated in my report of last year, a new wing to the hospital is
the only means hj waich this class of patients can be satisfactorily
cared for, and it will require an appropnation of $60,000 to cover the
cost of construction.
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524
BEPORT OP PBEEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.
The school of nursing has completed its seventeenth year of work
and is represented by 217 graduates. These women are engaged
successfully in private nursing, and not a few are engaged in msti-
tutional work in various parts of the country.
The CTaduating exercises were held in the Andrew Rankin Memorial
Chapel Majr 19, 1911, at which time 13 nurses received their diplomas.
It is gratifying to state that the health of the nurses, notwithstand-
ing their crowded quarters, has been generalljr good, thus permitting
the usual routine of classes, lectures, and hospital work to be pursuea
without interruption.
Applications, resignations, dismissals, etc.
Applications received 108
Applicants taken on probation 33
Accepted 17
Rejected after probation .
Resigned
3
5
OraduatesoflBll.
Clara E. Blackburn, West Virginia.
Eva Virginia Clay, Pennsylvania.
Edna May Coates, District of Columbia.
Emily Estella Green, Vir^nia.
Sara Elizabeth Grisby, District of Colum-
bia.
Florence M. Harris, New York.
Jennie C. Hopkins, North Carolina.
Bessie Boyd Patton, Tennessee.
Ida J. Piper, Massachusetts.
Mae Irene Price, Massachusetts.
Nettie Bentley Stevens, Geoigia.
Lulu Eainestme Thompson, District of
Columbia.
Martella M. York, Illinois.
The course of lectures was delivered by the following staff :
Gynecology W. A. Warfield, M. D.
Anatomy and physiology S. L. Carson, M. D.
Hygiene C. A. Brooks, M. D.
Theoretical nursing Laura R. MacHale.
Dietetics, practicaland theoretical muring. .Emjna M. Irwin.
Diseases of the eye M. O. Dumas, M. D.
Medical nursing '...\ Caryl Burbank, M. D.
Diseases of children John R. Francis, M. D.
Operative surgery H. H. Kerr, M. D.
Obstetrics E. D. Williston, M. D.
Materia medica and therapeutics John W. Mitchell, M. D.
Urinalysis and bacteriology W. Van Swearingen, M. D,
Neurology J. C. Tappan, M. D.
Ear, nose, and throat J. J. Richardson, M. D.
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.
FIRSrr YEAR.
Anatomy — Six lectures, one hour each.
Physiology — ^Eight lectures, one hour each.
Hygiene — Four lectures, one hour each.
Bandaging — ^Two lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing — One lecture a week, one hour each, from October 1
to May 1.
SECOND TEAR.
Materia medica — Six lectures, one hour each.
Bacteriology and urinalysis — Five lectures^ one hour each.
Medical nursing, includmg the acute infectious diseases — ^Five lectures, one hour each.
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BBPOBT OF FBEEDMEn's HOSPITAL. 525
Surgical nursing, including anaesthetics — ^Eight lectures, one hour each.
Dietetics— Ten lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing — One lecture a week, one hour each, from October 1
to May 1.
THIRD YBAR.
Obetetrics— Six lectures, one hour each.
Children's diseases, including the feeding of infants — f'our lectures, one hour each.
Diseases of the eye-~Three lectures, one nour each.
Diseases of the ear, nose, and throat — Four lectures, one hour each.
Gynecoloejr — Six lectures, one hour each.
Nervous aiooaooe Four lectures, one hour each.
Practical and theoretical nursing— One lecture a week, one hour each, from October 1
to May 1.
Firtt^ear practical demonstrations,
(Baoh lesson one and one>half houn long.]
OCTOBER.
First lesson — ^Bed making; management of helpless patients — moving, changing
giving baths.
Second lesson — Note taking; pulse, temperature, respiration, mental condition.
Third lesson — ^The temperature; the thermometer, its use and care; excretions;
eruptions.
Fourtn lesson — ^Pulse; quality., rhythm, number, etc.; hypodermic syringe, its care
and use.
NOVEMBER.
Fifth lesson — ^Fomentations; poultices; sand bags* ice cap, its care; ice coil.
Sixth lesson — The hot-water bag or bottie, use and abuse; care of instruments, steril-
izing, etc.; care of rubber gloves, methods of sterilizing.
Seventh lesson — ^Administenng of enema ta, douches, cantharides, etc.; Murphy
infusion,
[ith lesson — Goimter irritations, mustard, cantharides, etc.; physiologiqal action;
ry cupping.
Ninth lesson — Hypodermoclysis; intra- venous or infusion; preparation of solution;
patient, instruments.
DECEMBER.
Tenth lesson — Positions: Dorsal, Sims, Trendelenbeig, Fowler's, knee and chest;
lithotomy.
Eleventh lesson — Prevention and treatment of bed sores.
Twelfth lesson-^Weighte and measures, solutions.
Thirteenth lessons-Disinfection of clothing, excreta, sputum, etc.
JANUARY,
Fourteenth lesson — ^Bandaginjg, making and use; material, Esmark.
Fifteenth lesson — Care of patient before, during, and after ansethesia.
Sixteenth lesson — Care of patient before, durmg, and after operation, and prepara-
tion of patient for operation.
Seventeenth lesson — Prepaiation of room for operation, sterilization, etc.
FEBRUARY*
Eu^teenth lesson— Urine analysis, specific gravity, quantity reaction, Fehling's and
Heller's tests.
Nineteenth lesson — Contagious-disease nursing, care of convalescents, feeding in
particular.
Twentieth lesson — Infant feeding, sterilization, pasteurizing, child's first bath, care
of eye^ buttocks, etc.
Twenty-nrst lesson — Administration of drugs, use and effect.
MARCH*
Twenty-second lesson—Care of the dead.
Twenty-third lesson— Fumigation.
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526
REPORT OF FREEDMEn's HOSPITAL.
Barley water.
Toast water.
Albuminized milk.
Course in eoohing,
LBS80N I.
Rice water.
Flaxseed lemonade.
Orangeade.
LS880N n.
Oatmeal water.
Lemonade.
^oumiflB.
B^edco£fee.
Broiled beef tea.
Arrowroot gruel.
Barley gruel.
Wine whey.
Tea.
LESSON m.
Bottled beef tea.
Farina gruel.
Indian gruel.
French coffee.
Coco.
Flour gruel.
Cracker gruel.
Hominy.
Dry toast.
Bread and butter sand-
wiches.
Boiled Qggs.
Foam^ omelet.
E^ m butter.
Soft custard.
White custard.
Raw oysters.
Boiled oysters.
Clam stew.
LESSON IV.
Dropped egg on toast.
Water toast.
Raw-beef sandwiches.
LESSON V.
Bread omelet.
Eggs a la goldenrod.
Junket custard.
LESSON VI.
Fancy roast.
Oyster roast.
Riced potatoes.
Souffled egg.
Milk toast.
Scrambled egg.
Baked apples.
French omelet
Baked custaid.
Ovster stew.
Cuim water.
Mashed potatoes.
LESSON vn.
Broiled fish.
Potatoes au gratin.
Creamed sweetbreads.
Broiled potatoes.
White sauce.
Broiled sweetbreads.
Creamed i>otatoes.
Boiled rice.
LESSON vm.
Mutton broth.
Broiled steak.
Broiled bone birds.
Cream soup.
Lemon jelly.
Irish moss blanc mange.
Snow pudding.
Chicken broth.
Broiled chops.
Baked potatoes.
LESSON iz.
Lemon ice.
Orange jelly.
Rice pudding.
Steamed rice.
Crisp crackers.
Tomato.
Tapioca cream.
Pineapple ice.
Wine jelly.
Orange ice.
Lemon sherbet.
LESSON X.
Vanilla ice cream.
Chocolate ice cream.
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BEPOBX OF FB££DM£K's HOSPITAL.
527
Three^ear schedule,
8UB0ICAL EXPBRIENCE.
Ward.
Day duty.
Ni^tdnty.
Offifto-arinsiy
MtmOu,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
MonOtt.
ritmiiln nnrfflea]
VnHmrrhS
Oyneoolokical
obSSi*/:!!:!::::!: :" ": - ^ --
fiS^^SrMjrcSm.!!^. "!'
Tfftiil
21
6
MEDICAL EXPERIENCE.
lffi]<> p^yllonl
3
3
1
1
W9P*fl^ rn«4toii]
1
IMfftUtdmr.... -. .
Total
7
s
Orand total (21 months each year)
28
g
The sonlcal eicperieiioe bichides four months' gynecol
The mealoal experienoe indadee two months In thecJ
_ andfDur months' ohstetclcal.
tdren's ward.
OCCT7PATION AND RESIDENCE OF GRADUATES.
1896.
AflhtoQ, Luci v., private nuiae, Kansas
City, Mo.
Blackburn, N. L., private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Burke, Julia (Mrs. Phillips), Jacksonville,
Fla.
Fleetwood. Sara I., deceased.
Foust, Isabella L., private nurse, Win-
ston, N. C.
Gibson, Katherine C^Bureau of Engrav-
ing and Printing, Washington, D. C.
Green, Anna N.. cfeceased.
Owens, Laura A., private nurse, Wash-
ington; D. 0.
Pierce, Letitia (Mrs. Blair), Washington,
D. 0.
Ricks, Antoinette M. (Mrs. Deinby),Kan-
sas City, Mo.
Robinson, Annie B., superintendent and
matron, Good Samaritan Hospital,
Charlotte, N. 0.
Shorter, Sazah A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Simms, Annie A. (Mrs. Johnson), Balti-
more, Md.
Smith, Gertrude (Mrs. Thorn), Washing-
ton, D. 0.
Tyler, Elisabeth, private nurse, North-
ampton, Mass.
1897.
OaldweU, Amanda J. (Mrs. Danell), Dal-
las, Tex.
Combs, Annie, massage specialist, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Green, Lucille (Mrs. Tibbs), St. Paul,
Minn.
GrifSn, G. Josephine, private nurse,
Washington. D. C.
Haithcock, Ada, private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. 0.
King, Annie C. (Mrs. Hughes), Richmond*
Va.
Rollins, Willie M. (Mrs. Frazier), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Smith, S. Majr, private nurse, Troy, N. Y.
Thomas, Annie M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thompson, Delia R. (Mrs. Davis),yieiuia,
Va.
Underhill, Katherine P. (Mrs. Wm. Mo-
ten), Washin^n, D. 0.
Webb, Eva, private nurse, Washington,
D. C.
Warner, Florence A., private nuise,
Sprinfi^eld, Mass.
Young, Lola E. M., private nurse, Green-
ville, S. 0.
1898.
Bannister, Carrie J., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Bennett, Florence R., private nurse, Bal-
timore, Md.
Cabannis, Martha £., night supervisor,
Freedmen'sHospitalj Washington, D. C.
Carter, Edith M., private nurse. New
Rochelle, N. Y.
Davis, Annie M., private nurse, Shelby-
ville, Tenn.
Ennis, Sarah J. (Mrs. Brooks), Washing-
ton, D. C,
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528
BEPOET OF FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Gaines, Mary R., private nurse, Oakland,
Cal.
Geder. Isabella, private nurse, Bingham-
ton,N.Y.
Hurlong, Mary A., private nurse, Aahe-
yille,N. C.
King, Carrie M. (Mrs. Foreman), Waahing-
ton, D. C.
Robinson, Amelia A., private nurse,
Nashville, Tenn.
Russell, Ruby £., private nurse, Char-
lot^tesville v'a
Stanton, Priscilla (Mrs. Todd), Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Sumby, Lillie May, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. 0.
Valentine, J. Ella, private nurse, Leba-
non, Ind.
Whitson, Clara E. (Mrs. Howe), Washing-
ton, D. C.
1899.
Banks, Effie P. (Mrs. Sykes), Indianapo-
lis, Ind.
Brown, Agnes M., private nurse, Meyers-
dale, Pa.
Coleman, Geoigia A., private nurse,
Washington, D. C.
Diamond. S. Matthew (Mrs. Dibble), St.
Louis, Mo.
N.C.
Hankins, Mintha C, private nurse, Wash-
ington. D. C.
HendricKs. Eliza R. (Mrs. Brown).
Henry, Lillian M., private nurse, Down-
ington. Pa.
Hoge, Carrie M., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Keemer, Jessie E. (Bfo. Robinson), Prov-
idence, R. I.
McEwen, Irene O. (Mrs. Green), Pensa-
cola, Fla.
Rich, Anna, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
Scott, Helen V. (Mrs. Cole), Swansboro,
Ga.
Thompson, Isabella, private nurse, New
Orleans, La.
Wilson, Emma C, private nurse,. Mont-
p)mery, Ala.
Williams, Elmira E., deceased.
1900.
Clarke, Mary F., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Hamilton, Priscilla, deceased.
Hawkins, Nannie E., private nurse, Char-
lotte, N. C.
Hunton, Mary A. (Mrs. Gordon), St.
Louis, Mo.
Johnson, Hattie B., private nurse, Mount
Pleasant, N. C.
Lewis, Eva P., private nurse, Manassas,
Va.
Mickens, Marcella C, private nuise, Pitts-
buigh, Pa.
Middleton, Haga H., private nurse,
Charleston, S. C.
Moody, Annie L., private nurse, Waah-
ington, D. C.
Smiui^ Cora V., private nurse, Camden,
N. J.
Winfield, Laura, private nuzse, Ware,
Mass.
1901.
Allen, Mamret A., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Barlm, Susan C, private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. 0.
CampbeU, B. N., private nurse, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Dey, Ma^ L., private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Hackley, Mamie £. (Mrs. Ash), Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Hanson, Carrie L., private nurse, Balti-
more, Md.
Harrell, Catherine S. (Mrs. Butler)} Texas.
Hunter, Bessie, private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Jackson, Eliza A., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Jones, Mary J., private nurse, Washing-
ton D. C.
Powell, Gussie D., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Rhone, Charlotte S., private nurse, New-
bem, N. C.
Robinson, Frances A., private nurse, New-
bem, N. C.
Thomas, Bertha J., head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, D. 0.
Walcott, Louisa M., private nurse. Rock-
hill, S. C.
Whitley, Florence A . , private nurse, New-
born, N. C.
1902.
Adams, Ella C, private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Baker, Vera L., head nurse, State Hos-
pital, CroldsborOj N. C.
Booth. Mary S., private nurse, head nuxse.
Holly's sanitorium, Hinton, W. Va.
Delisse, Augusta V., private nurse, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
Dias, Frances C, private nurse, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
Johnson, Gertrude B., private nurse,
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Mason, Corinna (Mrs. Phillips), Spring-
field, Mass.
Nichols, Florence L. (Mrs. Ayant), Ghar-
lott, N. 0.
Rogers^ Amanda, private nurse, Indian-
apolis, Ind.
Roper, Maggie A., private nurse, Galves-
ton, Tex.
Thompson, Rachel A. (Mrs. Thomas), de-
ceased.
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BEPOBT OF FBEEDMEN^S HOSPITAL.
529
1903.
Browne, £. M., head nurae, Douglaas
Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.
Baltijnore, Maiy £., private nune, Harris-
buj]^. Pa.
Chriatie, Sarah £., private nuzBe, Chester,
Pa-
Goates, MaieUa E., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Qugrave, L. S., private nurse, Trenton,
Johnaon, L. D., private nuise, Wanenton,
N. C.
Johnson, Nellie V., private nurse, Abbe-
ville, S. C.
lAtney, Carrie L. (Mrs. Bowie), Washing-
ton, D. C.
Love, Ellen V., private nurse. Lumber-
ton, N. C.
Purcell, £. J., private nurse, Brunswick,
Ga.
Rollins, Clara A., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Rutherford, Anna L., private nurse,
Kingston, N. C.
Sharp, Carrie M. (Mrs. Moigan), Peters-
burgj Va.
Valentine, J. L. (Mrs. Dial), Jackson-
ville, Fla.
Yarborough, S. V. S., private nurse, Co-
lumbus, Ua.
1904.
Baker, Hattie E., private nurse, Darling-
ton, S. C.
Blackwell, W. Lucille (Mrs. Morris), New
York, N. Y.
Garter, Mary E., private nurse, Rippon,
W. Va.
Carter, Elizabeth V., head nurse, Mercy
Hospital, Philadelphia, Fa.
Grant, Anna £., private nurse. Savannah,
Ga.
Gilmore, Mary E., private nurse, Leaven-
worth. Eans.
James, Aleathia D. (Mrs. Franklin), Jack-
sonville, Fla.
JefiEries, Emma M., private nurse, Red-
bank, N.J.
Jones, Violet, private nurse, Hartford,
Conn.
Lewis, Louzetta (Mrs. Mitchell), Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Richardson, EfSie V. (Mrs. McCoy), Wash-
ington, D. C.
Thomas, Marie E. (Mrs. Jones), Topeka,
Eans.
1906.
Braxton, Margaret, private nurse, Hart-
ford, Conn.
Brooks, Alpha E. (Mrs. Jones), Fairmont
Heists, D. C.
Carter, Marion M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
11365'— INT 1911— VOL 1 34
Henderson, Hattie E., private nurse,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Holmes, Julia E., private nurse, Plain-
field, N. J.
Jefferson, Roxanna M., private nurse,
Bristol, Tenn.
Kidd, Bertha M. (Mrs. Harris), Washings
ton, D. C.
Long, Ida E., private nurse, Newark,
N. J.
Maston, Mary J., head nurse. Red Cross
Sanitarium, I^uisville, Ky.
Scott, Julia E., private nurse, New
Haven, Conn.
Teabout, Stella, private nurse, Richfield
Springs, N. Y.
Taliaferro, Olivia, private nurse, Anacos-
tia, D. C.
Terrv, Jessie C, private nurse, Los An-
geles, Cal.
Williams. Daisy M. (Mrs. Moten), Sher*
man, Tex.
Williams, Mary T., private nurse, Ware
Neck, Va.
Wilson, Annabel, private nurse. Bald-
more, Md.
1906.
Barnes, Annie, private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Bearce, Daisy M., private nurse, Rye,
N. Y.
Burress, Mary E. (Mrs. Wormley), Ard-
wick, S. C.
Gordon, Mary B., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Hall, Zona M., private nurse, Troy, Ohio.
Henderson, Sam O., private nurse, New-
port, R. 1.
Johnson, Harriett C, private nurse, Cleve-
land, Ohio.
Lewis, Willie A., private nurse, Atlanta,
Ga.
Lucas, Marion V., head nurse, Freed-
men's Hospital, Washington, v. C.
McDougal. Colota M., private nurse, In-
dianapolis, Ind.
McKnight, Viola, superintendent of
nurses, Mercy Hospital, Philadelphia,
Pa.
MarahalL Mary E., private nurse, Morris-
town, Tenn.
Merritt, Mary E., superintendent of
nurses, Mitchell Hospital, Leaven-
worth, Eans.
1907.
Bullock, Blanche V., private nurse, Rich-
mond, Va.
Childs, Helen D., private nurse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Esconery, Lula M., private nurse, At-
lantic City, N. J.
Harmon, Nannie M., private nurse, Tip
Top, ta.
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530
REPORT OF FREEDMEN S HOSPITAL.
Porter, Susan H., dean woman's depart-
ment, Tuskegee, Ala.
Payton, Lillian M., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Peck, Alice M., private nurse, Baltimore,
Md.
Rose, Julia M., private nuise, Lynch-
burg, Va.
Slocum, Mary E., private nurse. Provi-
dence, R. I.
Smith, Minnie M., private nurse, Am-
herst, Mass.
Taylor, Loretta P., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. 0.
Wri^t, r^ena J., private nurse, Washing-
ton, D. C.
1908.
Brkgs, Cornelia K., private nurse, Troy,
Denning, Clara S., private muse, Cana-
johane, N. Y.
Douglass, Kate E., private nurse. New
B^ford, Mass.
Donaldson, Vesta L., private nurse. Ocean
Grove, N. J.
Fray, Julia, private muse, Washington,
D. C.
Henderson, Jamima S., private nurse.
Spring Lake, N. J.
Jones, fiertie L., private nurse, Harris-
bure. Pa.
Nicholas, Beatrice E., private nurse,
Baltimore, Md.
Proctor, Eva M., private nurse, Newark,
N. J.
Robinson, Alice E., private nurse, Harts-
ville. S. C.
Reynolds, Agnes, private nuise, Ironton,
levnold
Ohio.
1909.
Allen, Irene P. (Mrs. Martin), deceased.
Burnett, Sarah L., private nurse, Wash-
ington, D. C;
Coates, Nana E., Battle Creek, Mich.
Curtis, Minnie M., private nurse, Maii-
etta, Ohio.
Green, Lillian C, private nurse, Wash-
injgton, D. C.
Hair Anita B., private nurse, Baltimore,
Hankie, Areatha B. (Mn. Bailey), St
Louis, Mo.
Johnson, Lillian A., private mine,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Lewis, Charlotte M., private nurse, At-
lanta, Ga.
Parker, Mary E., private nuise, WiDiame-
port. Pa.
Sheppard, Emma D., private nurse, Mey-
eradale. Pa.
Smith, Annie M., private nurse, Jackson-
ville, Fla.
Spears, Lillian, private nurse. Provi-
dence, R. I.
Wainwright, Melinda E., Charles Town,
W. Va.
1910.
Amby, Grace, married, Baltimore, Md.
Brown, Nellie V., private nurse, Meyen-
dale, Pa.
Everett. Sankey B., private nuse,
Goldsboro, N. C.
Gates, Eugene J. P., private n
Washington, D. C.
Gilliam, Octavia T., private nurse, Han-
over, Va.
Hutchinson, Mabel M., private nurse,
Lockport, N. Y.
Jackson, Sara E., private nurse, Steelton,
Pa.
Jordan, Maggie M., private nuise, Wash-
ineton, D. C.
McClaine. Nettie L., private nune,
Paducan, Ky.
Richardson, Lizzette S., private nurse,
Atlanta, Ga.
Reid, Marion M., private nurse, Washing
ton, D. C.
Very respectfully,
The Secbetaby of the Interior.
W. A. Wabfield,
Surgeon in Chief.
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REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF HOWARD
UNIVERSITY.
531
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ROSTER OF OFFICERS.
BOABD OF TRUSTEES.
WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, LL. D., Preiidentcfthe XMoenUv.
Jastioe JOB BARNARD, LL. D., Pruidewl ^ the Bovri cf TmtteeM,
Prof. GEORGE WM. COOK, Seeretarif and Btuhtett Manager.
Prof. EDWARD L. PARKS, Treasurer and Refill.
Term etplree 19tS.
Rev. A. F. BEARD, D. D., New York aty.
Hod. henry M. BAKER, LL. D., Washington, D. 0.
President E. M. GALLAUDET, Washington, D. C.
Rev. CHARLES WOOD. D, D., Washington, D. C.
Rev. CHARLES H. RICHARDS, D. D.. New York City.
Justice GEORGE W. ATKINSON, Wa^ngton, D. C.
Justice STANTON J. PEELLE, Washington, D. a
Dr. JOHN R. FRANCIS, Washington, D. a
Term expires 1913.
Justice THOMAS H. ANDERSON. Washington, D. a
JosUce JOB BARNARD, LL. D., Washington, D. a
Rev. P. J. GRIMKE, D. D., WashlngtonTD. C.
Mr. CI7NO H. RUDOLPH, Washington, D. a
Mr. WILLIAM V. COX^ A. B., Washington, D. C.
Dr. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, Tuskegee, Ala.
Mr. HENRY E. PELLEW, WashingtonTD. C.
Bishop BENJAMIN TUCKER TANNSk, LL. D., Philadelphia, Pk
Term explret 19H.
WILBUR P. THIRKIELD. D. D., Washington, D. C.
Mr. J. DOULL MILLER, New York City.
Dr. J. H. N. WARING, Baltimore, Md.
Dr. MARCUS WHEATLAND, Newport, R. L
Rev. J. E. MOORLAND. D. D., Washington, D. C.
Dr. CHARLES B. PURVIS. Boston, Mass.
Mr. JOHN T. EMLEN, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hon. J. 0. NAPIER, LL. D., Washington, D. C.
HONOBABY BOABD OF TRUSTEES.
President WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT.
Bishop BENJAMIN F. LEE, Wilberforoe, Ohio.
Mr. JOHN A. COLE, Chicago, 111.
Hon. JOSEPH D. SAYERS, Texas.
Mr. S. V. WHITE, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Hon. JOSEPH H. OHOAf^E, New York, N. Y.
Hon. GEORGE H. WHITE, Philadelphia, Pa.
Bishop ALEXANDER MACKAY-SMfTH, Philadelphia, Pa.
PATBON EX OFFICIO.
The Secretary of the Interior, Hon. WALTER L. FISHER.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
WILBUR P. THIRKIELD, LL. D.. Prwitott.
Mr. WILLIAM V. COX. I Mr. CUNO H. RUDOLPH.
Dr. JOHN R. FRANCIS. Dr. J. H. N. WARING.
Hon. HENRY M. BAKER. | Justice GEORGE W. ATKINSON.
BEADS OF DEPABTMENTS.
TheCoUegeof Artsand Sciences: KELLY MILLER, A. M., Dean,
TbeTM&rs' College: LEWIS B. MOORE, A. M^ Ph. D., Dean.
The School of Theokigy: ISAAC CLARK, A. M.. D. D., Dean.^
The School of Medicine: EDWARD A. BALLOCH. A. M., M. D., Dean,
The School of Law: BENJAl^N F. LEIGHTON, LL. D.,Deaii.
The Commercial College: GEORGE WM. COOK, A. M., LL. M., Dean.
The Academy: GEORGE J. CUMMINGS, A. M., Dmn.
The School of Maxraal Arts and Applied Sciences: PERRY B. PERKINS, A. M., Pb. D., AttUng Diteelor,
> Snstained entirely by endowments and special gifts. No doctrinal tests required.
&32
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REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF HOWARD UNIVERSITY.
HOWABD UNIVBBSrrT,
Washington, D. C, July 16, 1911.
Sm: I have the honor to submit for Howard University the fol-
lowing report, showing the condition of the institution on the Ist day
of 3\Sj, 1911, embracing therein the number of pupils received and
discharged or leaving the same for any cause during the year and the
number remaining; also the branches of knowledge and industry
taught and the progress made therein.
Tlie enroUment for the past year has been 1,382. The intemsr
tional character of the institution may be judged from the fact that
these students come from 37 States and 11 foreign countries— from
British West Indies, 83 ; British Guiana, 7: Cuba, 6 ; rorto Rico, 5 ; Africa,
3; South America, 3; and from Dutch West Indies, Bermuda, Liberia,
and Republic of Panama, 1 each. After the successful completion
of the courses laid down in the catalogue, 200 students were gradu-
ated as per statement tmder each depigment, of these 129 receiving
degrees as follows: M. D., 28; D. D. S., 17; Phar. D., 8; LL. B.,
28; B. D., 6; A. B., 37; Ped. B., 5.
The strategic importance of Howard University is emphasized by
the fact that this is the only institution for the education of the
American Negro in any way under the supervision and partial sup-
port of the Government. Only at Howard tJniversity is there pro-
vision, with the same broad equipment and high standards, both for
the higher and professional training of the colored people. All the
State institutions of the South, supported by general taxation for
the higher education, are closed to them. They are practically shut
out from participation in the educational advantages made available
at great cost at West Point and Ann^pohs.
Yet teachers in the common and high schools must meet the require-
ments of the State school authorities. To practice medicine the
colored man is required to pass the same examination before the
State boards as the white pnysician. So also in other professions
and pursuits provision mustl>e made for these 10,000,000 of our citi-
zens, else it will mean the blind leading the bUnd, and both falUng
into the ditch, at great cost to society and the State. While the
appropriation for Indian schools last year, available at most for about
one quarter of a miUion of people, aggregated $1,430,000, the total
Grovemment appropriation looking to the training and equipment of
a race of 10,000,000, on whom have been placed the duties ana respon-
sibilities of citizenship, was only about $100,000.
RESOURCES.
It is becoming increasingly evident that the institution must
depend for the years to come almost entirely on Government support
and current receipts from tuition in the several departments. The
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534 HOWABD UNIVBBSITT.
President of the United States, in his recent notable address, has, for
the first time in the history of the university, laid the institution upon
the Govemment as a definite obligation, stating in strong terms
that—
This institution here is the partial repayment of a debt — only partial — to a race
to which the Govemment and the people of the United States are eternally in-
debted. * * * We are free from any embarrassment with respect to canyiog out
the obliRation, and it is fitting that tne Govemment of the United States should
assume me obligation of the establishment and maintenance of a first-class university
for the education of colored men. * * *
Everything that I can do as an Executive in the way of helping along this univer-
sity I expect to do. I expect to do it because I believe it is a debt of the people of
the United States, it is an obligation of the Govemment of the United States, and it
is money constitutionallv applied to that which shall work out in the end the solution
of one of the great problems that God has put upon the people of the United States.
The year has been signaUzed by the announcement* of a bequest
from MIS. Moir, of New York City^ that will probably amount to
about $25,000. This is a hopeful indication, as this is the first bequest
of any considerable amount that has been received in many years.
Dr. John L. Ewell, professor in the school of theology for 25 yearo,
showed his abiding interest in the university by a bequest of SI ,000
for the special use of the school of theology.
Little may be expected in the way of gifts for endowment to an
institution that since its foundation has been so closely affiliated with
the Goyernment, in yiew of the fact that the scores of academies and
colleges in the South for the academic and higher training of the
colored people are so largely dependent on the generosity of oeneyo-
lent people and on the efforts of the colored race.
SCHOLASTIC WORK.
The marked advance in the quality of work now done by the sev-
eral faculties has been favorably commented upon. It is not too
much to say that the advance to the high level of requirements and
instruction now maintained marks an era in the history of the uni-
versity. Both in the academic and professional departments the
standards of entrance have been raised and are stnctly enforced.
After careful scrutiny, the entrance requirements and the scholastic
work in the school of Uberal arts have received the commendation
of the secretary of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching. Instead of the rather free system of electives which has
obtained for some years, the return to required group courses with a
more Umited system of electives, especially in the freshman and
sophomore years, is yielding excellent results. The students are to
be highly commended for their earnestness, serious purpose, and
devotion to the work in hand.
EYALTTATION OF SCHOLASTIC WOBK.
In his annual report for 1909 the president called attention to the
need, in a growing university such as this, for careful supervision
and unification of tne entire academic work in order to secure modem
methods, uniformity of standards, and the most effective use of the
teaching force. The dean of a department is necessarily circum-
scribed by the demands of his own department. The tenaency is to
narrow his vision to its demands.
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HOWABD UNIVEBSITY. 535
It IS also evident that the time and ener^ of the president in a
modem university must be largely absorbed m the increase of equip-
ment and endowments, the general supervision and growth of the
plant, and the representation of the institution before the pubUc.
For these reasons the president suggested the value that might
come through the j)resence of an able and experienced educator, a
man of modem equipment and high educational ideals, who should
make an assessment of educational values in the scholastic work of
the institution. And all this with a view to giving well-matured sug-
gestions as to the coordination of the work, the proper balancing of
various courses, and the best utilization of ail the forces in the several
faculties.
Report has been made as to the hi^h commendation of this plan
by President Pritchett, of the Carnegie Foundation, and other edu-
cators. This year, in carrying out tliis plan, the cooperation of
of Dr. Ehner E. Brown, United States Conmiissioner of Education,
has been secured and some work has already been done through an
educational expert. It is beUeved that when his work is competed
he will be able to give suggestions of great value, thus adding to the
efficiency of the work through the best utilization of the teaching
force.
THE STUDENT BODY.
The registration for the year shows a total of 1,382 students in the
several departments, as foUows:
Oollc^ of arts and sciences 216
Teachers' collie 129
School of theology : 128
School of medicine 366
School of law 118
Academy 361
Conmiercial college 113
Students in music 88
Manual arts and domestic science 159
Total 1,672
Names duplicated because of students taking special courses in different depart-
ments ". 290
Correct total 1,382
This great student body, gathered from 37 States, with 111 from
11 foreign countries, has mamtained standards of conduct and devo-
tion to work that are worthy of high praise.
There have been few cases of serious discipline. The fact that
. 1,179 young men have been pursuing work in the several depart-
ments of the university during the past year, for only 190 of whom
there has been dormitory space provided on the campus, and that
they are thus thrown out into the heart of a great city, and that
there has been but one arrest in the past five years, furnishes a
tribute to the serious purpose and high-minded character of the
student body that is unusual.
Over five-sixths of the young men wholly or in part earn their own
way. practically all of tliem being self-dependent. This contributes
to tneir earnest purpose and serious devotion to duty. Under the
supervision of a single janitor the numerous buildings of the imi-
versity are entirely cared for by student labor. The amoimt of
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536 HOWABD UNIVEESITY.
direct aid is less than $1.25 per student. Students not only pay
for their own board and books, but also for their rooms, and an
incidental fee for current expenses. This throwing of the student
body upon their own support is developing a spint of self-reUance
and self-respect that will make them fitting examples to tiie people
among whom they shall go forth as teachers, physicians; and civicy
moral, and industrial leaders.
EQUIPMENT AND ENLARGED LABORATORY WORK IN
THE SCIENCES.
The opening of Science Hall for regular work last September, and
the notable occasion of its dedication on December 13, marked a
new era in the expanding life of the university. The occasion was
si^alized by the presence of distinguished educators and men of
science, and the addresses were by educators of world-wide fame.
Dr. Henry S. Pritchett. president of the Carnegie Foundation for
the Advancement of Teacmng, said:
The occasion is one of fiignificance for tlie reason that this is the most complete
modem building ever prepared for the instruction of the Negro race, in the sdences
which have been the mspiration of the world in the last half century, and whose
application will in the next half century afford the greatest stepping-stones for progresB
T^ch any race can find.
Dr. WiUiam H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, president of
the American Association of Medical Colleges, said:
I know enough of the work and of the purpose and of the hopes of Howard XJni-
versity to feel that here is an exceptional institution, serving a most useful and excep-
tional purpose in the life of the Nation, and with the greatest promise of future use-
fulness. I confess, also, that my interest has been aroused by the words of comimen-
dation in that very interesting report from the Gam^e Foundation, of the character
and work of the medical department of this university. I think I am not wrong in
saying that that was, to a very considerable extent, a revelation to those interested
in medical education. This university is indeed to be heartily congratulated on
the extension of its usefulness through this new foundation, the opening of your
Science Hall. President Pritchett has already indicated in what broad ways the
larger opportimities for study and investigation in the branches of science here, rep-
resenting the natural and physical sciences— biologv, chemistry, physics— in what
broad ways these opportunities would contribute to the advancement of liberal train-
ing. It IS indeed true that science contributes to the formation of character, that
it makes better men. It contributes to the search and appreciation of truth. It is
therefore as much a part of a liberal training to-dav as tne study of the so-called
humanities. You stand to-day among the relatively few medidd collies which
demand a thorough training, a college training in these sciences, before the student
is eligible for the study of medicine. This would hardly have been, I think, a justi-
fiable demand without the provision of such a new Science Hall as is now available —
the first which is available m any large way, I believe, to the members of your race.
Dr. Booker T. Washington, principal of Tuskegee Institute^ said:
I congratulate Howard UniverBity in behalf of my fellow members of the board of
trustees for the generosity of our Government in providing this magnificent and beau-
tiful hall of science, and I congratulate our Government on its wisdom and generosity
in using the opportunity to provide this fine building for the scientific education of
m^ race . This is a tremendous step forward in our education . It is not enoudi to get
scientific knowledge, but equallv important to see that the scientific knowledge De
applied to the life of the race. With this grc»t scientific equipinent, Howard Univer-
sity is for the first time in the history of this country placed in a position to be the
mother and the guide in connection with this great work. Through the work that
Howard University is doing in this new Science Hall, we are saying to all the men
who follow us and suffer for us, that their faith in us has not been misplaced.
The Science Hall is well equipped for efficient work in the several
departments of physics, chemistry, and biology. Tha eager response
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HOWABD tTKlVEfiSITY. 537
of the student body to the new facilities offered is seen in the fact that
more than 600 students are regularly instructed in these several
branches, with practical laboratory work offered in each department
of studjr. Instead of one professor and one instructor who gave their
entire time to the sciences, the work now requires three professors,
one assistant professor, three regular instructors, and seven student
assistants givm^ their time to the work of scientific instruction.
It has been onen said that while colored students were proficient in
the languages, history, etc., they showed no adaptation to the exact
sciences. But the eager response of this great body of colored stu-
dents to the opportumties here for the first time offered in auy large
way for advanced laboratory work in the exact sciences, marksman era
in the educational life of the Negro race. The possible application of
the practical instruction here received must have an important bear-
ing on the future welfare of the race.
MANVAIi ARTS AND THE APPMED SCIENCES.
The newHall of Manual Arts and Applied Sciences is now completed.
Spaulding Hall, which is 80 feet in lenjgth and three stories high, had
been found wholly inadequate to meet the requirements of emargin^;
work in this department of instruction. The new building is of brick
unth reinforced concrete floors, is 100 by 40 feet, and tnree stories'
high. The basement is occupied by the university printing press
and engineering laboratories; the second floor by the department of
woodworking; the third floor is given up to two Ifti^ lecture rooms,
domestic arte department, and a draftmg room. This will give an
opportunity for much-needed extension of the domestic science de-
partment, which will occupy the entire third floor of Spaulding Hall,
the basement of which will be used for engineering laboratories, forge
shop, laundry, storage, etc.
This hall, with the facilities now made available, will enable the
institution to meet the increasing demand for the skilled mechanic
and engineer through the courses of study authorized in civil, mechan-
ical, and electrical engineering, leading to the degrees of C. E., M. E.,
and E. E., respectively. The outline of courses includes plain survey-
ing, highway and rauroad location, engines and boilers, hydraulics,
roof and bndee engineering,^ masonry and reenforced concrete con-
struction, ^ arcnitectural design, etc. During the first two years
emphasis is laid upon those courses which wul give the student the
necessary mathematical equipment; during the junior and senior
years particular prominence is given to the more technical courses,
with especial emphasis placed on machine and architectural design
and laboratorv work.
The colored people are making rapid progress in the acquirement
of land, building of towns, and the estaolishment of manufacturing
plants. A body of skillea and capable mechanics and engineers is
essential^ to the equipment of a race for growth and permanent success.
HEATING, EliECTRIC MGHTING, AND POWER PLANT.
The present administration found the buildings on the main campus
inadequately heated by six or seven small steam outfits that were
worn out and inadequate. This was true also of the plant of the
school of medicine. The latter was replaced by new boilers and an
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638 HOWARD TJNIVEBSITT.
appropriation was secured for an addition to the heating plant of the
Freedmen's Hospital that in the fall of 1908 gave ample heat to all
the buildings.
The rapid expansion of the institution in the building of the Science
Hall ana Manual Arts Building has now rendered this plant inade-
quate. Through the cooperation of the Secretary of the Interior an
appropriation was secured for the building of an enlarged addition
to the heating plant, including equipment for electric nghting and
power.
The plant will give adequate heat, light, and power at the minimum
of expense, making a large annual saving in electric lighting and power
alone.
SAIiARLES.
Attention is especially directed to the action of the executive com-
mittee, looking to the enlarced appropriations for the increase of sala-
ries, especially in the school of lioeral arts. While the salaries now
paid are equal to those available in many institutions of like charac-
ter, yet the increased expense of living in Washington and the example
set by the District in paying more liberal salaries to heads of depart-
ments in the public schools doing similar work, enforce the ai^uments
for an increase in salaries, to be paid as soon as the appropriation can
' be made available.
NEEDS.
Dormitory for youTtg men. — An estimate of $100,000 for a new dor-
mitorv for young men was included in the original estimates which
had the approval of the President and the Secretary of the Interior,
but the exigencies of the situation and the cutting down of appropria^
tions for proposed buildings and improvements in other departments
under the Secretary of the Interior seemed to require that this pro-
posed appropriation be eliminated, which was done.
Itere nas been no increase in dormitory accommodations since
the ori^al buildings were erected, over 40 years ago. Of the nearly
fifteen hundred stuaents in attendance, four-fifths of whom are men,
onlv one in five can be accommodated in present dormitories. It is
unfortunate that the young men who are m training as the intellec-
tual, moral, religious, and industrial leaders of their race are thus
forced out into the miscellaneous lodging places of the city, and are
not kept under the direct supervision, control, and uphfting influence
of the dormitory life of the mstitution.
Assembly JiaU. — One of the pressing needs of the institution is an
assembly hall large enough to at least seat the student body. The
only assembly hall of the university, with fifteen hundred students,
is the Rankin Memorial Chapel, which was built especially for religious
services, and seats only 600. The increase in collegiate and academic
and industrial students so crowded the chapel last year that a large
body of students could not be seated, interfering with the best disci-
pline and order. On special occasions there is no assembly hall for
seating the people, although Howard University is becoming more
and more a center for the broader education of an entire race in
educational, civic, and moral life. A plain and commodious assembly
hall can be built in the natural amphitheater on the west side of the
campus at moderate cost. The board of trustees regard these pro-
posed buildings as indispensable.
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HOWABD UNIVEB6ITT. 539
SCHOOIi OF AGRICUIiTURE.
Permit me asain to emphasize the vital importance of practical
instruction in the science of agriculture. It is unfortunate that the
cutting down of appropriations several years ago led to the enforced
dropjpmg of regular instruction in agriculture. With a view to the
possible opening of such a department, the lot north of Clark HiJl
nas now been secured, which ^yes to tne university a half block, in
addition to space on the adjoming campus, for practical instruction
in agriculture. The need of such a department is emphasized by the
following facts:
Nearly 86 per cent of the colored people are engaged in agricultural
pursuits. Coming out from slavery, where initiative and intelligence
m agricultural work could be little cultivated, the marvel is that the
Negro farmer has made even such progress as he has. If he could
have had systematic supervision ana intelligent direction by teachers
trained in the modem science of apiculture, he would have added
untold millions to the resources of the South and of the Nation.
The ^eat need of agricultural teaching in the common schools and
academies of the South, in farmers' institutes, and through simple
literature adapted to the needs of the people is now recognized as
never before. If as the result of mcreased instruction in agriculture
there could be a small percentage of increase in the proauction of
cotton and diversified crops, tens of millions would be added to the
wealth of the South.
In view of these facts, it is anomalous that there is not a single
agricultural school of college grade for colored people in the Nation.
Imder the Morrill Act a number of schools of normal and preparatorv
grade have been established. An imperative need is a high-grade
agricultural sdiool where the best-equipped and broad-minded youn^
men of the Negro race can be trained as teachers and lead^f^ of their
people in agricultural work. Such men are needed to teach agricul-
ture in the numerous colored schools of the South. As lecturers and
demonstators at farmers' institutes, their work would be of untold
value. The improvement already made in sections that have had
this supervision and instruction emphasizes the value and importance
of such training. An amcultural department in connection with
fioward University would turn the tnought and plans of a large
number of the best-equipped young colored men toward amculture
as a life work. With^our well-equipped science and manual-training
departments a limited appropriation would provide for effective
training in amculture.
In view or the urgent need of an agricultural department, it is
hoped that some provision, either under the Morrill Act or through
special appropriation, shall be made for thorough-goinginstruction m
agriculture in the university. The proximity of the Department of ^
Agriculture and the sympathy of these officers with such work would *
nuke adequate provision for such work at limited cost.
IiOSS OF PROFESSORS.
During the last year the university has been singularly bereaved
in the death of three members of its faculties, a loss perhaps unprec-
edfiQted in the history of the institution.
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540 HOWABD UNIVEBSmr.
We have first to record the death of Dr. William H. Seamans, for
more than 35 years a member of the faculty of the school of medicine.
Dr. Seamans was a member of the "senior faculty/' who in the early
beginnings of the work threw himself, with his high scholarship,
broad scientific knowledge, and fine humanitarian spirit, into the
work of building up a high-grade school of medicine. He is one of
the nine faithful and devoted men who built an affiregate of more
than 265 years of service into the school. Their nigh standing as
scholars and scientific experts in their several chairs made possible
the rankingof the school of medicine among the best schools of the
coimtry. The loss of Dr. Seamans from the chair of chemistry is
irreparable. He gave himself with a high sense of consecration to
the work of his department until the very last. Three days before
his demise he attended a faculty meeting and gave in his resignation
from his chair, with evident premonition of his comingdemise.
. On August 21, 1910, Prof. C. C. Cook, professor of English in the
college of arts and sciences, met a sudden and tragic death by drown-
ing oflf the New Jersey shore. He was the son of the lamented John F,
Cook, for so many years a member of the board of trustees. Prof.
Cook was a graduate of Howard and also of Cornell University, where
he made preparation for the large efficiency he developed as head of
the English department of the university. He gave himself with
entire devotion to the work of his chair, and the quality of his work
may be estimated from the fact that during the last year of his
service four debating teams sent out- by the university, trained in his
department, won signal victories over the leading colored institu-
tions of the country. He was a man of high character, and to his wife
and children has left a stainless and noble record, and to the univer-
sity the memory of long and able service.
On January 26, 1911, Mr. Thomas P. Woodward, lecturer on the
law of reU propertv in the school of law, was suddenly stricken and
died within a few hours. He had brought to his chair large ability
in this important department, and had given himself for eight years
with efficiency and success to the school of law. At the semiannual
meeting of the board a committee was appointed to draft resolutions
on the death of these faithful servants or the university.
THE SCHOOIi OF MEDICINE.
(Medical, dental, and phannaceutic coU^gee.)
The importance of a thoroughly well-equipped school of medicine
for the training of colored physicians is strongly emphasized in the
report of the committee on medical education presented at the annual
meeting of the Louisiana State Medical Society, of which Dr. L. C.
Le Beuf is chairman, on May 4, 1909, as follows:
The committee suggests that instead of the several smaller colored schools now
struggling against insurmountable odds, some one or two central locations should be
selected where prejudice is not so extreme and all means and eneig^ be concentrated
in building up one or two lai^ge well-equipped universities, which, with ampler means
could obtam sufficient hospital advantages and better laboratory eouipment. Medical
education for colored students could then not only comply with uie letter of the law,
but also with the re<)uirements of modem medicine. Negro education should be
encouraged in medicine, as the 9,000,000 negroes of the South have a right to have
I)hyBicians of their own race treat them if tney so desire. But they also have the
right to expect that such physicians shall have had a thorough training in high-giade
medical collies. ^ ,
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HOWARD UNIVEBSITT. . 541
Dr. William Osier, of Oxford, in an address before the Harvard
medical school, said that he belieyed Harvard medical school to be
only half finished, as it had no hospital attachment. There should be
a hospital as great as the school, and it should be a part of the
imiversity.
^ The strategic importance of the Howard University school of medi-
cine is emphasized oy its close relations with the Freedmen's Hospital,
built and equipped at a cost of half a miUion dollars, and mamtainea
by the Government. The hospital is built on a part of the campus
leased to the Government. Hospital clinics are a necessity in mod-
em medical training. This is the only school of medicine for colored
people that has adequate hospital facilities.
History. — ^This school of medicine was founded in 1868. Of the
early professors, including some of the leading physicians and scien-
tific men of the District, nme of them built into tne work of the school
of medicine an aggregate of 264 years of service, 1,279 graduates hav-
ing been sent form, and their average record for efficiency and use-
fumess is high. Tne average attendance for the last two years is
391, representing this year 27 States and 5 forei^ countries. During
the last two years the students have paid in tuition fees over $53,000.
Entrance requirements. — Beginning with the opening of the last
scholastic year entrance requirements were enforced, mcluding one
full year or college work in cheimstry, biology, physics, and German.
This has greatly reduced the atten(k.nce for the time being, but the
rapid advance m entrance requirements during the last several years
seems to be justified by the high grades received by graduates before
the State boards.
Present huHdings and emiipment — ^The school of medicine now occu-
pies the old Freedmen's Hospital buildings and one of the old wards
erected over 40 years i^o. The dean estimates that the repairs now
needed to put the buudings in condition aggregate over $10,000.
While the laboratories have been doubled in capacity and equipment
in the last several years, they are altogether inadequate for the nearly
400 students in attendance. Were it not for the new Science Hali,
with its modem equipment, we should be unable to meet even in a
moderate way the demands of the standards of the Association of
American Medical Colleges. And yet the equipment of the great
body of physicians who are to largely determme the physical status
of the ten and soon to be twenty nmlions of the Negro race in America
is centering in this school.
School (^ preventive medicine. — ^While the Rockefeller fund of ^ a
million doUars is available for the eradication of the hookworm dis-
ease, yet here is the Negro race with tuberculosis, typhoid infection,
venereal and other diseases wimng out tens of thousands and lower-
ing the vitality and physical efficiency of a race. At the same time
their condition is a positive menace to the white race with which it is
80 closely bound up. It is a question of national interest. Here is
a race, multitudes of whom are still the prey of the voodoo doctors
and conjure men and given to patent nostrums. The pressing need
is for the training of men for the instruction of the ignorant and
superstitious, men with scientific knowledge and broad views of
medicine, men who can put medical knowledge in simple form before
the masses, and througn preventive medicine raise the vitaUty of a
race that is being decimated by disease.
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542 HOWARD UNIVBBSITr.
Tuberculosis, the scourge of the race, endangers also millions of the
white race, with whom they hve and with whom they are so closely
identified. Dr. Booker Washington at the forty-second opening of
the Howard Uniyersity school of medicine gives the situation:
I think we have on a conservative estimate about 3,500 ncsro phyaicians in Amer-
ica. We need at least 7,000. That will only give about 1 to every 7,000 of the
people and, as the president has already stated, in the case of the white race, they have
1 to every 500 or 600 of the total population. So you see that we are a long way from
the time when we will be overstocked in this country with negro doctors. * ♦ ♦
The success of a negro doctor and the increase of the number of negro doctors is
not only a matter of interest to the negro people but to the white people of this coun-
try. In many parts of the Southland the colored people are equal in numbers to the
white people; in many parts of the Southland the colored people outnumber the
white population. In many parts where they live side by side it is the ne^ who
raises the food, who prepares the food, who serves the food. In most cases it is the
negro who launders tne clothes; it is the neB;ro who nurses the baby; it is the n^ro
who touches the white family at every vitaTpoint in the life of that white family in
some respect. In other respects there are such fundamental elements in the situa-
tion that no color line can be drawn. Filth draws no color line. Immorality draws
no color line. If by reason of ignorance of the laws of health the black individual in
the community has in his body the germs of consumption, inevitably that black man
or black woman will carry those germs into the white family. It is impossible for
that negro to handle the white man's food, to touch the white man's child dav by
day, without the white man being just as much affected by dis^ise as is true of the
black race. For all these reasons it is very important that the white people throu^-
out this country should realize the work that Howard University is doing in sending
out these negro doctors.
Camepie Foundation report on the standing of the school. — ^After
careful inyestigation, the school has receiyed the strong indorsement
of the Carnegie Foundation for the Adyancement of Teaching.
Among other things, the report says:
Howard University Medical College: Organized 1869. Integral part of Howazd
University.
Entrance requirement: High school or equivalent (now advanced to inchide one
year of collie work in chemistry, biology, phvsics, and a modem language.
Attendance: Two hundred and five (not including students in dentistary andpbar-
macy), most of them working their way through. The students are practically all
colored.
Faculty: Numbers 52, 22 being professors.
Resources: The school budget calls for $40,000, of which $26,000 ia supplied by
student fees. Though the sdiool has been changed from a night to a day school,
the fees increased from $80 to $100, and the admission requirements stiffened^ the
attendance has, nevertheless, increased.
Laboratory facilities: The laboratories provide adequate facilities in anatomy,
pathology, histology, bacteriolo^, and chemistry. There ib no museum.
Clinical facilities: Clinical facilities are provided in the new, thoroughly modem,
and adeauate Government hospital of 278 free beds, with its dispe^ary, closely
identified with the medical school . A pavilion for contagious diseases is alone lacking.
Of the medical schools in Wadiington, Howard University has a distinct mission —
that of training the negro physician— and an assured future. The Qovemment has
to some extent been the patron of the institution, and has done its medical depart-
ment an incalculably great service by the erection of the Freedmen's Hospital.
Soxmd policy--educational as well as philanthropic — ^recommends that this hospital
be made a more intimate part of Howard University so that its students may pro^t
to the utmost by its clini(»d opportunities. Its usefulness as a hospital in its imme-
diate vicinity will thereby be increased, and its service to the colored race at large
will be ausmented to the extent that it is used to educate their future physiciaDB.
The health of both races is involved in tiie thorough training of tJieee physicianB
who are to mold the physical life of 10,000,000 of their people.
Necessity to the Negro race, — ^Medical students of this race are being
gradually crowded out of northern schools. This growing segrega-
tion of the races emphasizes the present need of a modem, well-
equipped school of medicine for the Negro race, /^ t
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HOWAKD UNIVERSITY. 543
The physician is the only man of science among the colored people.
In the judgment of leadmg physicians and careful scientists, the
Howard University school of medicine offers an opportunity unpar-
alleled in America for the phjBical, social, and moral betterment of
the Negro race. In the erection of modern buildings, with up-to-
date equipment, with research laboratories, and other facilities, an
opportunity is given to do a work that will do more to cleanse and
eJtevate a race of millions and safeguard the 20,000,000 of white
people among whom they live than is offered in any other single
mstitution in the Nation.
StvdenU in attendance in the school ofmedicme.
Senior pharmaceutic 13
Middle-year pharmaceutic 24
First-year pharmaceutic 20
Special students 12
Total 366
Seniors 38
Juniors 70
Sophomores 61
Freshmen 23
Senior dental 21
Middle dental 36
Krst-year dental 47
Of these, 28 received the degree of M. D,, 17 received the degree
of D. D. S., and 8 received the degree of Phar. D.
THE SCHOOIi OF liAW.
This is the only school of law in the nation, with adequate faculty
and equipment, open especially to the colored race. The school is
under the direction of a faculty of judicial and able men. Its
courses of study are broad and practical. It aims to send out well-
equipped men who shall be able, in a wise and sympathetic way,
to direct the people who may seek their counsel.^ The advancement
of the Negro race in their holdings of property in the towns as well
as in the country districts, and in the establishment of commer-
cial, banking, manufacturing, and other enterprises, opens broad
jQelds of useful service to the graduates of this school. The subjects
taught and the methods of instruction are similar to those of modem
schools of law.
Students in attendance in the school of law.
Seniors 29
Middlers 26
Juniors 49
Specials 14
Total 118
Of these, 28 received the degree of LL. B.
THE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY.
The school of theology is supported in no degree by Congress, but
through endowment and special gifts. It requires no doctrmal tests,
is interdenominational, and welcomes all who are preparing for
greater efficiency in moral and religious work.
The branches taught are the Scriptures in the original, the English
Bible, bibhcal history and antiquities, systematic theology, church
history, homiletics. Christian missions, pastoral theology, moral
philosophy, natural theology, evidences of Christianity, elocution,
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544
HOWABD UNIVERSITY.
rhetoric, and vocal music. There are three courses — ^a classical and
an English day course and a ni^ht English course. Only those in
the classical course study the Scriptures in the original.
Various denominations are represented among the teachers and
students, and all work in harmonv. Three teachers give all their
time to the work and two part of the time.
SUidents in attendance in the school of theology.
Seniors 17
Middlere 16
Juniors 23
Specials 13
Postgraduates 1
70
Evening institute:
Fourth-year 14
Third-year 15
Second-year 9
First-year 16
54
Total 1l24
Correspondence students 20
Of these, 6 received the degree of B. D., 10 received diplomas, and
8 received testimonials.
THE SCHOOIj of UGBERAIj ARTS.
The importance of such a school as this, oflfering the instruction of
strong faculties and the help of well-equipped laboratories and facili-
ties for thorough work in the liberal arts and sciences, is indicated
by the fact that during the last 40 years an average of only 75 regular
college ^aduates have been sent forth annually for teaching and
leadership among the colored people. The number of students in
the college courses in Howard Umversity is greater than the com-
bined enrollment of the college students m all other colored schools
in the Nation.
The faculty of the school of liberal arts consists of the officers of
instruction of the college of arts and sciences and the teachers'
collie, whose work is of collegiate grade. Applicants for admission
to tne freshman class must present at least 15 units, the same
entrance requirements as those of the leading colleges of the country.
By a unit oi secondary work is meant a course of study of one years
duration with recitations of not less than 45 minutes four times a
week for a term of not less than 36 weeks. All periods in the several
departments of Howard University are 60 minutes.
List of entrance units from which IS units may be presented.
English 3
Mathematics 2,2J,or 3
History 1, 2, or 3
Physics 1
Chemistry 1
Biology 1
Greek lor 2
Latin 2, 3, or 4
German lor 2
French 1 or 2
Physical or commercial geog-
raphy Jorl
Civics i
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HOWARD UNIVEBSITY. 545
THE OOLLBaS OF ABTS AND SCIBKOBS.
The college of arts and sciences is the department of the university
specificidly devoted to the pursuit of Uberal studies. In f acihties and
appliances of instruction, in extent and variety of its courses, and in
thoroughness and efficiency of teaching this department is keeping
abreast of the aporoved standards in the collegiate world.
OOUBSES OF INSTRUCTION.
There are 13 chairs whose courses cover the usual branches of the
modem college. The program of study includes courses in astronomy,
Bible, botany, chemistiy, commercial geography, commercial law,
economics, English langua^, English hterature, ethics, French,
geology, uerman, Greek, history, international law, Latin, logic,
mathematics, pedagogy, philosophy, physics, poUtical economy,
psychology, sociology, opanish^ and zoology.
These courses are divided mto (1) the arts group and (2) the
science CToup. The science group has been arranged to meet the
needs of those whose special tastes he in this field as well as those
looking forward to the pursuit of medicine, engineering, agriculture,
and science teaching.
Students in attendance in the college of arts and sciences.
Seniors 27
JuniofB 31
Sophomoree 41
Freehmen 96
Premedical students 8
Part-couise students 13
Total 216
Of these, 28 received the degree of A. B.
THE TBAOHBBS' OOLLBOB.
This college is the department for the study of educational science
and the training of teachers. The purpose of the college is to afford
opportunity, both theoretical and practical, for the training of
teachers of both sexes for elementary and secondary schools, and by
instruction and direction to help those who desire to pursue studies
and investigations in the science of education.
The work aims (1) to acquaint the students with those principles
and practices of education which have changed the methods of
secular schools and placed them upon a simple and more effective
basis; (2) to lay broad culture in the student himself; and (3) to
create a spirit of enthusiastic devotion to the highest of all work —
the instruction of the child. The practice school is the laboratory
of the department. Members of the senior class give instruction
one year as a part of their required training.
The following subjects are taught: Teachers' course in English,
physiolo^, zoology, physiography, physics, nature study, history,
gymnastics, Bible, elocution, psychology (elementary and descriptive),
history of pedagogy, history of phflosophy, ethics, philosophy of
education, methods of teadung, and kindergarten methods,
11356'— lOT 1911— VOL 1 35
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546 HOWARD UNIVBESiry.
The junior class has enjoyed a course in general culture, induding
reviews of popular works and discussions of current topics.
Students in attendance in the teachen* college.
Seniors 9
JuniorB -• 14
Sophomores , 29
Freshmen and first year 60
Part-course students 13
Graduate students 4
Total 129
Of these, 9 received the degree of A. B. and bachelor's diploma in
education and teaching, 5 received the degree oi Fed. B., and 7
received diplomas of graduation.
THE ACADEMT (PKBPAItATORT DEPARTMENT).
The academy furnishes a broad and thorough preparatory course,
fitting for the college, such as is offered in the best academies of the
coun&y. The course covers four years of study. In the jimior
year the subjects taught are: English compositiony elementary
rhetoric, ancient history, mtroductorvLatin, the bible, music, drawinjg,
physiology; also manual training four hours a week. In the sub-
middle year: English history, English classics, physical seograi>hy,
geometry, Frencn or German, tne Bible, ana manual training,
such as carpentry, printing, etc. In the middle year: Plwsics,
chemistrv, algebra, English classics, essays, mathematics, Latin,
Greek, German or French, the Bible as literature, essays, and dis^
cussions during the year.
Studente in attendance in the academy.
Seniors 39
Middlers 40
Submiddlers 92
Juniors 168
Special students 22
Total 361
Of these, 37 received diplomas.
THE SCHOOX. OF MAKUAIi ARTSU
The department of manual arts is dosely affiliated with tiia tearheiB*
college and the academy in order to serve the double purpose of
giving instruction in the manual arts and also of training teaoheEB
competent to teach manual training in the graded and secondary
schools. The demand for teachars who can give instruction in
manual training, domestic science, and the domestic arts, in addi-
tion to academic subjects, is more and mcHre urgent. By a proper
correlation of the industiial and academic wor£ 1^ design is to
make this department of the university of much more value to tlie
people whom Howard University must equip and devate.
The subjects taught are free-hand and mechanical drawing, wood-
work, sheet-metal work, printing, sewing, cooking, weaving, basketry,
garment making, miUiner^Ti and cookery. The courses are open to
all students of the university. The enrollment is as fcdlows: t
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HOWABD T7NIVEBSITT, 547
Printing 20
Domeatic arte 58
Woodwork 95
Diawin^ 55
Domestic science 60
Totel 288
THE COMMERCIAIi COIiliEGE.
This department offers a business course and English highrschool
education combined. In yiew of the rapid agricmtural, commer-
ciai. and industrial adTancement of the Ni^ro race in the acquiring
of farms, building of towns, and the openmg of insurance offices,
banking houses, and commercial ent^pnses, tne demand for young
men and women who have adequate business training is ui^ent.
The commerciiJ college offers courses in bookkeeping, commercial
law, histoiy, civics, etc. Special emphasis is placed on reading and
spelling, grammar, and arithmetic. The departmeiit maintains
special classes in t^ewritin^, shorthand^ ana English granmiar.
All students in the m^t-vear dass are required to spend four hours a
week in the industrial department. The instruction is designed to
fit pupils for intelligent citizenship and practical business.
The following branches are taught in the various classes: Higher
English, mathematics, stenography and typewriting, physics, book-
keeping, political economy, civics^ commercial law, commercial
geography, sociology, zoolo^, physiology, statistics, and history of
commerce.
Studenta in attendance in the commercial college.
Fourth-year cImb 12
Third-vear claas 16
Second-year claae 18
Firat-year claas 33
Special studenta 34
Total 113
Of these, 9 received diplomas.
REPORT OF TR11A.SURER.
The report of the treasurer shows a small balance. It has only
been by tne most rigid economy and the keepioff of many salaries at a
very low fig^ure that a deficit has been avoided. The increase in
expenses incident to the rapid growth of the institution have barely
been met by the increase in income.
The treasurer's report follows ''the standard form for the financial
reports of colleges, universities^ etc.," furnished, as the result of a
prolonged inquiry and of the views of many expert accountants, by
the Came^e Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The sys-
tem of bookkeeping followed is well adapted to these forms of accounts.
In addition to tne work of the Auditor for the Interior Department
in auditing the expenditures of the appropriation by the Government,
the vouchers and books of the university for this year have been
audited and certified by the American Audit Co., of New York City.
Very respectfully,
WlLBUB T. ThibkielDj
President.
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APPENDIX.
FZNANCIAIi BEPOBT.
I have the honor to add the following statement from the report of
treasurer:
Expenditure of appropriation for maintenance, faeal year ended June SO, 1911.
(General officers:
President H 400. 00
Secretary, in part 1, 126. 00
Treasurer, in part 1,126.00
Engineer, in part 804.96
Librarian 900.00
Bookkeeper, in part 764. 04
Preceptress 650.00
Cataloguer. 600.00
Assistant librarian, in part 460. 00
Assistant preceptress, in part 160.00
110,969.00
CoU^ of arts and sciences:
Dean and professor of mathematics 1, 760. 00
One prof essor of biology 1,660.00
One acting associate professor of English 1, 600.00
One professor of history^ in part 1,486.00
One professor of Latin, in part 1, 486. 00
One acting professor and instructor in mathematics 1, 360. 00
One instructor of French, ini)art 1,237.60
One professor of chemist^, in i>art 1, 160.00
One professor of social science, in part 1,126.00
One prof essor of physics, in part 1,060.00
One assistant professor of biology 1, 000. 00
One acting.profeesor of German, in part 990.00
One instructor in chemistry, in part 900.00
One professor of Greek 600.00
17,282.60
Teachers' college:
Dean and professor of pedagogy 2, 160. 00
One associate professor of mathematics, in part 1, 360. 00
One instructor in education and kidnergarten, in part 1, 080. 00
One director of music 900. 00
One instructor in methods, in part : 900.00
One instructor in English and literature, in part 765. 00
One assistant director of music 600. 00
7,665.00
Academy:
Dean and professor of Latin and Greek 1, 760. 00
Four instructors in English, in part 2, 350. 00
One instructor in Latin and Greek 750. 00
One instructor in physics 700. 00
One instructor in mathematics 450. 00
Four instructors in modem languages, in part 530. 00
6,640.00
Gonmiercial college:
Dean and professor of commercial law, in part 1, 126. 00
One instructor in bookkeeping, in part 765. 00
One instructor in shorthand 700. 00
One instructor in history and civics, in part 643. 50
One instructor in English, in part 620. 00
3,763.60
548
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HOWABD UKIYBBSITY. 549
The achool of law:
Dean and lecturer on amtracts, constitational law and
Btatatory lawB 11,300.00
One lecturer on pleading and practice 1, 300.00
One lecturer on torts, Crimea, misdemeanora, and corpo-
rations 1,200.00
One lecturer on evidence, personal property ; also librarian. 1, 500. 00
One lecturer on domestic rdations ana commercial paper. 867. 75
One lecturer on commercial law and instructor in pleading
and practice 700.00
One lecturer on the laws of real proT>erty, in part 131. 25
17,000.00
Total 63,200.00
Expenditure ofappr<ypiriationfoT the echool of manual arte and applied ecieneti.
Director 11,100.00
One instructor in woodwork 1, 200. 00
One instructor in domestic arts 1, 100. 00
One instructor in domestic science 1, 100. 00
One instructor in printing 900.00
One instructor in drawing 800. 00
6,200.00
Tools, materials, fuel, etc 2,800.00
9,000.00
ExpendUure of appropriation for naturaUnstory etudUs and labonatariee.
Chemical laboratory 1160.62
Biological laboratory 172.52
Physics laboratory 166.86
5oaoo
Expenditure of appropriation for repair of buUdinge and improvement of ffrounda,
Kepairs to buildings $3,847.49
Improvement of grounds 152. 5J.
4,ooaoo
ExpendUure of appropriation for bools^ etc.
Academic library books, etc 11,150.00
Law library books, etc 350.00
1,500.00
IhcpendUure of appropriation for fuel and light.
Coal and wood..! $2,375.08
Gas and electricity 1,124.92
3,500.00
Expenditure of appropriation for 9chool ofmadicxne
Equipment and apparatus $6, 081. 79
Laboratory supphes 3,918.21
10,000.00
Bv^Uxnge.
Addition to manual training and arts building $23, 000. 00
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650 ROWABD UxnVEKSITT.
Summary o/expendUure of appropriaiiUmt, fiaeal year ended Jtau SO^ 1911.
«-
j^SS!^
Cunvut
nanttond
ttcpaadttore
Dbbunsd tbrom^ ticMunif of unlyonlty:
«B,IOO.«0
i,6oaoo
I8S, 200.00
7ir6».40
£00.74
l>fp«rtinfntofniaiiaiUti1a.T ....'1 ,..
<1,8«>.51
FarlibnrTMiviDiiuiit. books, etc
Acadeonlo
70S. OS
Law .. .... ... . ^. .
Vf2.7Q
lutyinyf i^meni Vf gfWBwIt tnd repain to baUdlnKi- .^
4«ooaoo
10,000.00
MO. 00
8,AWl00
2s,ooaoo
4,000.00
8,918.21
£00.00
8,ooaoo
fiduiol of modlQloe, eqnj^meiit and ial>oratoi7 mppUeB. . .
IiolMmt^niM. anparatfisi. *n<i material ....
0^081.70
F5euSai3it".fI^™.™
Addition to manual tiatnlDg and arts bnUdtDg
2s,ooaoo
21^41^^
Totalondttedoomntftiod...
7S,2S7.44
73,287.44
Total appropriation
104,70a00
104,7DaOO
Oeneral tummanes/orjiical year ended June SO, 1911, from aU eovreee.
omutiNT ruND.
Total income for current expenditure lor year $138, 788. 15
Total current expenditure for year 135, S38. 56
Net surplus of cuirent fund for year 3,450. 59
Expenditure xor peimanent plant vhere there was no opedal fund 2, 122. 07
Net increase of current fund.
1,32&52
PXBMANBNT FUND.
ToUX income for increase of educational plant 31, 583. 83
Total expenditure for increase of educational plant, not including amount
changed current fund 31,522.53
eUMXART or ABOYX.
Income as above 170, 372. 98
Expenditure as above 168,983.16
— ■ ■■ ■ ' ■
8UMXABT OF ALL INOOMB AND BZPBNDrrUBB.
Income as above 170,372. 96
Additional income for dormitories $5, 711. 14
Additional income for boarding hall 16, 203. 01
21,914.15
Total income for all purposes .' 192,287.13
Expenditure as above 168,983.16
Additional expenditure for dormitories $5, 71L 14
Additional expenditure for boarding hall 16,203.01
21,91415
Total expenditures for all purposes 190,897.31
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HOWAB0 UHI¥U8ITT. 551
BoommB or mooiia.
Drauitionfl 12,766.60
Unked States Govenunent appropriatiQn 104, 700. 00
Income from endowments 15,094. 67
FromBtndents 47,781.00
XiBcellaneoiu 1,300.86
172,243.03
Less scholaiships and gratuities to students 1,870.06
Total income as above 170,372.98
Income as'above 170,372.98
Additional from students for donnitoriee $5, 711. 14
Additional from students for boarding hall M, 203. 01
21,914.16
Total : Me,287.13
Balarue »hett, Jum 90, 1911.
OUBBSNT FUIfO*
Assets:
Cash in bante and on hand for cwrrent expenses f2, 887. 69
Accounts receirable 16, 787. 00
Due from endowment funds 1, 243. 76
Supplies 1,621.90
Prepaid insurance 929. 17
Total current assets 28,419.61
Liabilities:
Notes payable 6,000.00
Accounts payable 1 , 289. 83
Interest accrued 160. 83
Total current liabilities 7, 440. 16
Surplus of current assets 16, 979. 36
Total : 23,419.51
PBRlf ANBNT yVNI).
Investment assets:
Securities $185,720.00
Productive real estate 96, 786. 96
282,466.96
Cash in banks for investment 2, 012. 21
Unproductive land 182, 077. 19
Loans to medical students and cash in hands of treasurer-secre-
tary, school (rf medicine, part of loan fund 420. 00
Total investment assets 416, 966. 36
Endowment funds, etc.:
MortgBgee agamst investments 18,000.00
Endowment capital accounts —
Funds for geneml purposes $166, 972. 42
Funds for designated purposes 116, 289. 79
281, 212. 21
Land fund (unrestricted fund) 114,077.19
Medical students' aid loan fund 1,203.40
Unexpended balance of permanent plant funds 1, 228. 81
Total endowment funds, etc 416, 721. 61
Balance due to current funds 1, 243. 76
416,966.
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552 HOWABD UNIVBESITT.
■DUCATIONAL PLAHT.
Land, buildinsB, and equipment:
At beginning of year 11,231,599.58
Additions during year ended June 30, 1911 33, 644. 00
Total educational plant 1,266,244.18
Capital fund account:
Educational plant, capital fund account 1, 265, 244. 18
Ineome and expenditure, cwrrentfuryd, fiscal year ended June SO, 1911.
INOOMl.
Income from students:
Oolleee of arts and sciences, teacher's college, commercial
college, and academy: Incidental and matriculation
fees 17,722.62
Ck)llege of arts and sciences and academy laboratory fees. 748. 93
School of theology: Incidental and matriculation fees. . . 509. 00
School of law : Tuition^niatriculation, and ^[laduation fees . 3, 721. 35
School of medicine: Tuition, matriculation, graduation,
and laboratory fees 31, 796. 50
Libiaryfees 1,006.60
Music department: Tuition and practice fees 1, 605. 47
For donnitories, net 225. 24
For dining hall, net 586.48
Total of above 47,821.44
Less loss on bookstore 40.44
»47,78L00
Income from investments:
Endowments for genial purposes 9,587.66
Endowments for designated purposes 6, 157. 01
15,694.67
Income from United States appropriation, for current expenses. 73, 287. 44
(Total appropriation of the Go *
Gifts as per aonors' list:
(Total appropriation of the Government was $104,700.)
For general purposes 335.00
For designated puiposes —
For school of theology |2, 000. 00
For excellence in political science 5. 00
Forstudents* aid 310.00
2,315.00
Income from other sources: 2, 660. 00
Chapel collections 245. 11
Interest 216.07
Post office 29.76
Miscellaneous 755.16
1,246.09
140,659.20
Less amount given students in scholarships and gratuities 1, 870. 05
138,789.15
Income, as above 138,789.15
Additional from students for donnitories 5, 711. 14
Additional from students for board 16, 203. 01
Total income 160,703.30
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HOWABD TTKIV19B8ITT. 55d
■zPBNDrnniss.
Departmental expenses:
College of arts and sciences, teacher's college, commercial
college, and academy $43,414.32
School of manual arts and applied sciences 8, 297. 00
School of theology 4,696.24
School of law 8,323.69
School of medicine:
Expenses paid from school's income |85, 474. 29
Heat, water, and repairs not paid from
school's income 867.36
36,331.65
Carnegie Library 3,680.42
Music department 1, 531. 09
$106,274.41
Administration and eeneial expenses:
Salaries of president, secretary, treasurer, and auditor. . . 7, 370. 20
Salaries of assistants, stenographers, etc 3, 791. 97
Heat, Ught, and water 448.26
Tele^ph and telephone 474.13
Printing and stationery 864.13
Postage 367.95
Traveling 404.25
AdvertuMig 340.19
Insurance 405.78
Publication expenses 959.67
Other general expenses 716.71
16,143.24
Maintenance of plant:
Salaries 3,235.29
Bepairs and renewals 7, 378 . 03
Care and improvement of grounds 826. 76
11,440.08
Expenses of productive real estate 1,074.81
IntSertT....:. 406.02
135,338.56
Expenditures, as above 135,338.56
Additional f(xr dormitories 5,711.14
Additional for boarding hall 16,203.01
Total expenditures 157,252.71
Ineonufnyra permanent plant fundi.
Donations for:
Alumni cymnasium fund $105. 00
History department fund 7. 50
Howard memorial fund 4. 00
$116.60
Appropriation of the United States Government for increase of
education plant and equipment:
New manual arts building 23,000.00
Manual arts department equipment 1,340.51
Books for Carnegie Library 708.06
Books for law Ubrary 282.20
School of medicine equipment 6, 081. 79
31,412.66
For framing picture 2.00
Interest alumni gymnasium fund 5L15
Medical building fund 1.62
52.77
Total income 31,583.83
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554
HOWARD VTsnvisisnY.
Unexpended balances brought forwwd from previofiu year, vis:
Alunini gymnadum fund $926. 85
History department equipment fund 83.^
Library fund 94.47
School of medicine building fund 54.06
Howard memorial fund .' t,76
Endowment fund»^ wUh income.
91,167.51
S2,75L34
Names of tands.
SobolMahipaid.
Ltnooln memorial price acholarablp fond.
Thaddeus Bteyeos profeasonhlp
Law prollesaonklp
Crebei professonfilp
Wldttierprofessarablp
liartha Siding, rrr.
J. P. Thompson scholazBhlp
Edward Smith textbook fond.
Hartford reading-room ftmd
MaryB. Patton scholarship
Fnmds B. Schoals ssholanhip
The Stone professorahip of theology
Wm. E. Dodge scholatship
Frederick Dougtass seholanhlp.
J. K. McLean seholardiip
Orange Valley Gluuch scholarship
Horace Ford scholarship
Tbomas Cropper Rilej sdiolardiip
Wm. W. Patton schoIanAilp
Wm. W. Patton memorial professorship.
John W. Alvord schnlanftip
Pomeroy scholarship
Caroline Patton Haidhftmd
Alumni professorship
School ox theology alumni ftmd
Principal.
$19,611.32
7tn.00
S,200.«0
io,oiaoo
2,450.00
87&00
8>828.a6
260.00
£00.00
42S.0O
1,200.00 i
«,ooaoo
40,000.00
6,000.00
8,603.11
1,000.00
1,000.00
1000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
12.10
1,000.00
2,Ji00.OO
200.00
26.00
4a 00
116,230.79
$i,oaoi60
36.00
iiaoo
WLfiO
122.60
43.76
441.41
13.00
2Sw00
21.25
60.00
3,380.00
SS0.00
426.16
6a 00
6a 00
6a 00
60.00
AOO
.61
6a 00
125.00
laoo
1.25
2.00
6^U7.01
RECAPITULATION.
Funds.
Students' aid funds
Stodents' scholarship ftmds.
Professorship funds
Textbook funds
Reading-room funds
Total for designated purposes. . . . .
Endowment ftindsfcr general purposes.
365,642.00 12,812.16
8,floaoo I leaoo
66,572.10 3,138.61
6oaoo
426.00
116,230.70
M6»972.42
281,212.21
2S.00
21.26
0,157.01
0,637.06
16^004.67
The accounts of Howard UniYersity for the vear ended June 30,
1911, have been audited and certiued by the Ammrican Audit Co.,
of New York City.
Edward L. Pabks,
Treamnter.
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
666
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
CAPITOL BUILDING AND GROUNDS.
Office of Superintendent,
United States Capitol Building and Obounds,
WaaUngton, D. C, October I4, 1911,
Sib: In presenting the annual report of this office for the fiscal
year 1911, 1 desire to call attention to the increased administrative
service now rendered.. In the ^rear 1905 supervision was exercised
over the real-estate values, repairs and improvements on the foUow-
mg buildings: The Capitol Building and Grounds; the Courthouse,
YE^hington. D. C. (under the direction of the Department of Justice) ;
the Court or Claims Building (under direction or Court of Claims).
Since that date there has oeen added to our supervision and main-
tenance bv construction, or otherwise^ the following: The Senate
Office Building, the House Office Buildmg, the heating, lighting, and
power plant for the Capitol and other concessional ouildings, and
subways connecting the Capitol with the office buildings; the Court
of Appeals addition to the Courthouse, Washington. D. C.
The four last-named structures and subways have oeen constructed
by the Superintendent United States Capitol Building and Grounds,
under vanous acts and terms of Congress, and the following statistics
may be of interest. There is omitted from this table the originid
Courthouse and the Court of Claims Building:
Principal buildings under the iupervision of the Superintendent of Capitol Building and
Oroundi,
BaUdlngs.
Aathorlsed.
Completed
and
occupied.
Valaeof
building.
Value of
grounds.
Total value
ofboUdingi
and
grounds.
Ckpltol
815,000,000
3,732,078
3,842,011
t 1,645,887
240,717
810,400,000
746,111
743,402
(«)
(«)
825,400,000
ScMteOffloe Building.
HoowOffloeBiiUdJiig.
plant.
Coort of Appeals BoUd-
tag.
Apr. 28, 1904.
Sundry elvll act ^yproved
Mar. 3, 1003.
Sondiy oIyII aet approred
Sondiy civil act approved
May 3D, 1908.
Mar. 6,1900
Jan. 10,1906
Dec 1,1010
Oct 1,1910
4:478; 189
4,066,488
1,882,887
240,717
1 Subways, 8337/)00.
s Public reservations.
The above table shows an addition in supervision of values amount-
ing to $10,687,226.
Keports on details of construction of the Senate and House Office
Builmngs and the congressional power plant and subways are to
appear later under authority of Congress. The reports herewith sub-
mitted for the appendix are therefore more or less descriptive.
667
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558 REPOET SUPBEINTBNDBNT U. S. CAPITOL BUIIJ)ING AND GBOUNDS.
THE CAPITOL,
The care and maintenance of the Capitol Building during the past
fiscal year has been full of more than usual interest, by reason or the
extra session of Congress. All usual preparations in the way of re-
pairs and improvements had been made for the r^ular congressional
year. The advent of the extra session brought with it a great number
of readjustments calling for many changes and reconstructions, to be
made by this office, not only in the Capitol Building, but in the Senate
and House Office Buildings. It is not necessary to specify these in
great detail, as a full record is on file in this office. Sufficient to say
that items for the year were 1,292 in number. Some of the most
important are now stated:
The entire central portion of the Capitol (constructed of sandstone)
and the dome surmounting it has been cleaned down and painted.
The policy of restoration carried out in the old central portion of
the building, mentioned in last year's report, has been contmued, and
during the present season the" walls oi corridors leading from the
crypt in the basement story northward to the Senate wing and those
leaaing northward from the rotunda were repaired and refinished to
conform to the surroundings. More of this work remains to be done
during the coming recess, being prevented at this time by conditions
incident to the extra session.
A new iron stairway has been constructed leading directly from the
large corridor in front of the Senate post office, basement stoiy, Sen-
ate wing, to the sub-basement floor below. This lands directly at the
entrance to the subway connecting the Capitol with the Senate Office
Building and provides a much needed and quick approach to the sub-
way for persons not desiring to use the elevators.
A new skylight, 36 feet by 10 feet in dimensions, has been installed
over the Senate document room.
New lavatories and toilets have been installed in the rooms of the
Senate Committees on Naval Affairs, Rules, Foreign Relations, and
the Senate library and document room.
In the Senate win^ the following rooms have been painted or
Bainted and decorated: The rooms occupied by the Committees on
ommerce, Privileges and Elections, Immigration, Territories, Judi-
ciary, Rules, Indian Affairs, Transportation and Sale of Meat Prod-
ucts, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico, Foreign Relations, Education
and Labor, Census, Agriculture, Public Buildings and Grounds, and
the Vice President's room. Other rooms as follows: Senate post
office, Senate disbursing clerk's room, Senate press gallery and re-
porters' room. Senate barber shop, and room No. 2, Senate terrace.
Stairways leading to the dome, elevator shafts, and motor rooms in
this section have been cleaned and paiated.
In the Supreme Court section of the Senate wing extensive repairs
have been made. The court heating plant has been much improved
bv substituting modem steam coils for the old type steam benches.
Tne Supreme Court room. Attorney General's room, court reporters'
room, and marshal's office have been repainted and decorated where
necessary. Additional plumbing fixtures have been installed, in-
cluding new lavatory in the robing room.
The removal of the file room of the House to another locatiMi made
possible the execution of an order of the House assigning the space
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BBPORT SUPERINTENDENT XT. 8. CAPITOL BUILDING AND GHOUNDS. 559
Tacated to the House Committee on ApjMropriations. To oany this
into effect the file room was transferred to the attic story and located
in a room formerly used by press reporters. A doorway was cut
through the side wall, giving access to space in the rear of the west
principal stairway, attic storjr, and that space allotted and adjusted
to the use of the file room.
The interrening doorway on the principal flo<Nr between the com-
mittee rooms and the old file room, which had been closed, was
reopened and suitable double-acting doors installed in conformity
witn others in the committee rooms. This readjustment inyolved
the removal of a large amount of steel case work and files and the
refitting of the cases in the new location. In this connection two
new lavatories were installed.
A new sought with ventilators 36 feet by 10 feet in size was placed
over the House Kbrary.
In the House folding room several of the aisle spaces have been
concreted, and repairs made to the room occupied by the foreman,
to the stairway, and to the wooden floors.
Repairs were made to the House kitchen and a new dish-waddng
machme installed. Additional lunch accommodations for the gen-
eral help were provided.
The rooms of the House C!ommittees on Reform in the Civil Service.
Enrolled Bills, Rules, Pensions, Manufactures, and the room aUottea
the minority leader were painted and decorated.
Statuary Hall was thwou^y overhauled, and the restoration of
the stonework in the hall, accomplished last season, was supple-
mented during the present by the painting of all plaster side walls
and the ornamental ceiling.
A number of rooms throu^out the building have been rewired in
a permanent manner in steefconduit, replacing old conduits of other
and less permanent and safe material.
The space in the attic story of the west central section, occupied
by ihe House document room, contains important files of the House,
stored on wooden shelving which is painted with fireproofing paint.
An effort to secure suitable steel cases failed. The lighting was done
in a temporaiy and not altogether safe manner. To protect, as far
as possible, such temporaiy installation of the files the old wiring has
been removed and the distribution of current carried in steel condtut
with suitaUe outlet boxes placed only at the important points, with
a minimum use of portable cord and fixtures.
For the benefit of this section and sections adjacent, permanent
ventilating skylights have been installed to take the place of tem-
g)rary ones formerly in place. It is to be hoped that the House of
epresentatives wiU soon authorize the installation of steel fireproof
shelving for this section.
New chandeliers have been installed in a number of rooms throu^
out the Capitol. These chandeliers are of a style and type which
should be suitable for a long period of time, the effort being made to
have l&em conform to the general architectural requirements of their
structural surroundingB.
I will not detail the repairs carried out in the lighting, heatmg, and
ventilating departments of the Capitol. They were general in char-
acter, such as the overhauling of 4^e large number of ventflating
motors and fans, ^vator mot<H9 and controlling boards, and the
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560 BEPOBT 8UPEBINTEKDEKT U. S. CAPITOL BUILDINQ AHD QBOUKDS.
renewal of the cables on 26 of the elevators. Our card system of
daily mspection on all elevators and their machinery continues.
Every possible precaution is taken by this early morning inspection
to prevent the use of a machine not nt for service.
Mention should be made of the thousands of feet of air ducts which
must be cleaned and whitewashed annually, cellar passageways to
be cleaned and painted, air chambers under the floors of the House
and Senate chambers to be scoured^ disinfected, to be followed by
similar processes every two weeks during the session^ bronze ventilating
risers in the chamber floors taken out, treated with Uve steam and
replaced in absolutely clean condition.
The departments named have a multitude of things to do, all of
which bear on theeeneral health of the Members and Senators, both
as relates to the HaUs of the House and Senate and the committee
rooms in general. The fact that these things rarely reach the atten-
tion of those who occupy the upper stories of the Duilding, prompts
me to speak of them nere.
The practical completion (though not final acceptance in detail) of
the new congressional heating ana power plant enabled us to furnish,
during the past year, l^ht, heat, and power to the Capitol Building,
the Senate and House Office BuUdings, and in a large measure to the
Library of Congress. So far, the operation of the plant has been
very satisfactory; and although operating imder somewhat abnormal
conditions^ very economical, as coinpared to past yearly expenditures
under divided and somewhat widely separated plants. There have
been no breakdowns serious enough to warrant particular attention.
Such as occurred did, at no time, inconvenience Congress. They
were incident to the beginning of any enterprise as great as the one
which the Government has just entered into with this plant. We
will now be able to displace the large amount of machinery located
in the sub-basement of the building and utilize the space for storage.
Mention may be made here of the fact that the Senate and House
Office Buildings have been maintained in excellent shape for occu-
pancy during the past^fiscal year. In the case of appropriations for
the maintenance of these two buildings, the disbursements are made
by the Interior Department, although all expenditure of money is
under the supervision of the Senate Committee on Kules for the
Senate Building, and the House Office Building Commission for the
House Building. The detailed report, therefore, both as to main-
tenance and expenditure of money, has been and will be made to
these two congressional commissions.
CAPITOIi OBOX7NDS.
An examination of the trees in the Capitol Grounds during the past
season disclosed the fact that a number were in poor condition, due
to breaks, splits, or to other forms of disease affecting the most vital
parts.
It is well known that when the Capitol Groimds were enlarged in
1873 a number of existing trees were taken up and relocated. The
filling material used in leveling up the grounas was not of the best
character; and the relocating of the trees was done in a period when
the science of tree culture and care had not reached the present-day
knowledge of the cure of disease or perfect handling of fractures.
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BEPOBT SUPEHINTENDENT U. 8. CAPITOL BUILDING AND GBOUNDS. 561
To-day, due to the more modem science of tree care, such results
and diseases are, apparently, as susceptible of treatment as those of
the human body.
The trees on the Capitol Grounds are panted but little more
immunity from accident or disease than those of other localities.
To-day, it is evident that experts can take hold of the tree in almost
any sta^e of the disease, and if , as in the case of the human body, the
disease nas not progressed too far, life may be prolonged to ripe
old age.
Impressed with the work of the experts elsewhere (some have
callea them 'Hree sui^eons"), steps have been taken to cure evils
found to exist; and enough has already been accomplished to cause
hope that some of the worst cases will yield to treatment and the
tr^ be saved. Much gratification has been experienced over the
results obtained through another development connected with this
subject.^ It is now possible ta spray witn power sprayers any tree
that exists in the Capitol Orounds. Such a sprayer was put into
service on the grounds just in time to save the trees from the pest
which last year robbed them— particularly the elms — of their
foliage early m the season. The advantage of the sprayer used here
seems to be that because of its power it can be effective under the
topmost leaves. In the case of our man-power sprayers, this result
was not obtained in any great degree. Other pests which afflict the
trees are and have been studied by experts of the Agricultural De-
partment and remedies suggested.
The shrubbery in the grounds has shown manifest improvement
during the past year, owing to judicious pruning and thinning out.
The lawns in the grounds, and those about the new office build-
ings, always a source of anxiety ,' have fared very well durii^ the
past season. Viewed from the walk levels, they have appeared well
clothed with grass, even during the trying months of the early sum-
mer. As they are much seen from the lofty positions of the terrace
and the south, west, and north floors of the Capitol, they have from
these positions sometimes appeared to disadvantage. We rely on
improvement during the conung season, owing to the considerable
amoimt of fertilizing during the year past.
The walks in the CapiU)l Grounds are in fair condition. The
gresence of the underground railway tunnel along the line of First
treet East is a source of much trouble to the walks and walla along
that section. Along this eastern Une of the grounds the railway
tunnel was constructed by the tunneling method, not by the open-
cut method. Settlement of the earth above the construction nas,
by the very nature of the work, occurred. The walls and walks
were at one time readjusted, but the settlement continues, and the
walls and walks are under almost constant repairs and readjust-
ment. Application will again be made to Congress for the repaving
of the plaza at the east front of the Capitol and for the restoration
of the root pavements directly in front of the building and for the
circular section between East Capitol Street and the north and
south roadways in the eastern grounds.
The usual plantings have been made for the varying seasons of the
year past, in the plant cases located on the terrace and east of the
buildmg.
USSS**— INT 1911— VOL 1 36 ^ y
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[662 BEPOBT SUPEEINTENDENT tJ. S. CAPITOL BTJILDINa AND QBOUNDS.
ENGINE HOUSE AND SENATE AND HOUSE STABIJBS.
At these bxiildings, the necessary repau^ to buildings and stalls,
plumbing; painting, etc., have been executed, including the removal
of the old cobblestone driveways at the House stable, and their
replacement with concrete driveways.
COURT OF CLAIMS BUIIJ>ING.
A new passenger elevator has been installed and the skylights on
the bmlding thoroughly repaired and painted.
COURTHOUSE, DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.
• At the courthouse a large amount of new work and repairs were
done during the past year. In the bar association library, the
District attorney's office, marshal's office, law library, and the new
toilet, electric lights, including fixtures, were installed. In the
bailiff's room the plumbing was overhauled and put in good con-
dition. The old floors in a number of rooms and toilets were taken
up and concrete floors laid. Plumbing in the public and private
toilets on the basement floor was changed, and^lavatories installed
in liie auditor's office and the office of the recorder of deeds. In
the office of the recorder of deeds new window frames and sash were
installed and the rooms painted. A number of rooms and stairways
in the first and second stories were painted, and the doors rubbed
down and srarnished. The steam-supply pipes were extended to
the third floor and radiators set to conform with the extensions.
The basement story was whitewashed and all necessary repairs made
to the heating and lighting plants. A No. 2 Worthington pump and
hot-water reservoir were furnished and installed. All needed repairs
•were made to the roofs.
BOTANIC GARDEN.
The superintendent of the Botanic Garden reports that the
exterior and part of the interior of the large conservatory, the super-
intendent's lodge, and the greenhouses south of Maryland Avenue
were painted; that new tin roofs were put on the cottage south
of Maryland Avenue, on the furnace room, and the superintendent's
lodge; large doors put up at the Second Street entrance of Mary-
land Avenue building, and sliding doors installed at the greenhouse;
and repairs made to the stable, heating apparatus, and chimney
outlets. He also reports that some 1,500 square yards of footwalli
and driveways in the grounds and 150 yards of asphalt paving in
stable yard have been laid.
EXPENDITURES.
Expenditures for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1910, were as follows:
CAPITOL BUILDING AND REPAIBB.
Payrolls 116,183.34
Labor vouchers 508. 00
Machinery, ironwork, and metal work 1, 812. 50
Brushes, sponges, and soap 597.08
Lumber and millwork 1, 699. 86
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BSPO&T SUPBBINTBNDBNT U. S. CAPITOL BUILDING AND GBOUNDS. 568
Hardware 11,312.88
Lime, brick, cement, and sand 98. 94
Paint, oil, and glasB 2, 666. 58
Marble, etone, brick, plastering, and concrete work 2, 740. 88
Electric wiring^ etc 329. 31
Diawmg materials, blue prints, etc ' 29. 93
Hanlinp, expressage, telegrams, etc 68.45
Plunabing and plumbing material 2, 405. 81
Elevators and repairs 1,068.20
Roofing and tin work '. 328.33
P&intinR, decorating, and whitewashing 175.00
Tile and tiling 8L50
Stationery and books 93. 70
Tackle, rope, and flags 157. 00
Office vehicle 612.96
Repairs to kitchen range and fixtures 687.30
Miscellaneous 88.43
Reserved for unpaid bills 5, 764. 03
39,450.00
Appropriated:
Sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 |30, 000. 00
Deficiency act approved Dec. 23, 1910 2,500.00
Deficiency act approved Mar. 4, 1911 1, 200. 00
Deficiency act approved Mar. 4, 1911 4, 000. 00
Deficiency act approved July 21, 1911 1, 750. 00
39,46a00
IHFBOVINO THB CAPrTOL OBOUNDS.
Payrolls $20,785.16
Labor vouchers 858. 61
Plants and sodding 574.38
Fertilizers 1,272.85
Tools and machiaery 3, 175. 08
Brushes, brooms, etc 408.50
Gasoline and batteries 207. 22
Brick, cement, lime, etc -. 15.46
Plumbing materials 144. 18
Hardware 148.74
Paving, and repairs 1, 457. 59
Freight and expressage 11. 44
Hose and couplings 146. 30
Lumber and carpenter work 191. 91
Removing snow 1,625.00
Miscellaneous items 67. 30
Arsenate of lead 117. 00
Traveling expenses 144. 20
Reserved for unpaid bills 749. 09
32, 100. 00
Appropriated:
Sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 $30, 000. 00
Deficiency act approved May 4, 1911 2, 100. 00
32,100.00
LIGHTING CAPITOL GBOUNDS, ETC.
Payrolls $68,320.41
Labor vouchers 606. 25
Incandescent and arc lamps 4, 431. 20
Electric wire and material. 3, 721. 04
fixtures 2,009.77
Iron and metal work 16. 74
Hauling and expressage 31. 30
Hardware 237. 69
Nickel plating 3. 60
Electric molding 132. 34
Steam pipe, and fittings 163. 90
Gas, and electric current /
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564 REPOET SUPERINTENDENT U. S. CAPITOL BUILDINa AND GB0UND8.
Tools, etc $629. 05
Mificellaneous 87.73
Brickwork on boilers, etc 567. 54
Reserved for unpaid bills 13, 238. 40
100,000.00
Appropriated, sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 100, 000. 00
ENGIKE HOUSE AND SENATE AND HOUSE STABLEB.
Lumber $60. 72
Paint, oil, and glass 45. 57
Hardware 16.42
Payrolls 662.50
Plumbing and plumbing material 224. 92
Labor vouchers 153. 00
Roofing and tin work 75.97
Repainng driveways 215. 00
Reserved for unpaid bills 45, 90
Total 1,500.00
Amount appropriated, sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 1, 500. 00
REPAIRS TO COURTHOUSE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Lighting fixtures and material $744. 17
Pay rolls 563. 45
Labor vouchers 773. 50
Lumber and millwork 1,488.27
Roofing tin and metal work 88. 96
Plumbing and material 2, 022. 66
Brick and cement floors, etc 2,291.49
Paint, oil, and glass 341. 75
Marble and stone work 495. 00
Hardware 14.23
Plastering... 70. 40
Bronze and iron work 34. 55
Pointing, whitewashing, and material 598. 68
Repairs to boilers 47L 01
Reserved for unpaid bills. L 88
Total 10,000.00
Appropriated, sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 10,000.00
COURT OF CLAIMS BUILDING, 1911.
Elevator $3,495.00
Pointing 336.00
3,83LOO
Appropriated:
Sundry civil act approved June 25, 1910 $3, 550. 00
Deficiency act approved July 21, 1911 28L 00
3,83LOO
Respectfully submitted.
Elliott Woods,
SuperiTdendent TJ. S, Capitol Building and Grounds.
The Secretary of the Interior.
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
565
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Depaktment of the Interior,
Yellowstone National Park,
Office of Superintendent,
Yellowstone Park, Wyo.j October 14, 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit annual report of the condition of
affairs in and the management of the Yellowstone National Park,
since October 1, 1910, to the present date.
The Yellowstone National Park, set aside by act of March 1, 1872
(sees. 2474 and 2475, R. S., 17 Stat., 32), is located in the States of
Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. It has an area of about 2,142,720
acres, and an average altitude of about 8,000 feet.
I arrived at Fort Yellowstone on September 26, 1910, with four
troops and the machine-gun platoon comprising the Second Squad-
ron, First Cavalry, and assumed the duties of acting superintendent
of the park on September 30, relieving Maj. H. C. Benson, Fifth
Cavalry, by whom I was advised in a general way as to the duties
connected with the administration and protection of the park.
TRAVEIi.
The act of Congress appropriat'mg funds for maintenance and
repair of roads ana bridges in tlie park specially proliibited the use
of such funds for removing the snow from the roads for the purpose
of opening them in advance of the time when they would be cleared
by seasonal changes. The spring was late in opening up, and as a
result, the tourists that came into the park on the m*st day of the
season could not be sent over the continental divide from Upper
Geyser Basin to Thumb, but had to be turned back to Norris and
thence to the lake via the canyon and back over the same route,
resulting in much disappointment and bitter complaint from some
of them.
The road over Moimt Washburn and through Dunraven Pass,
which the department has contemplated making a part of the regular
tour of the park, was not open for travel until July 22, and would not
have been open until several days later had I not sent detachments
of soldiers from Tower Falls Station to clear out the bowlders, slides,
and fallen trees for a distance of 5 miles from Tower Falls, connect-
ing with the crew of men employed under the Engineer Department
working from the canyon side.
667
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568 YELLOWSTOKE NATIONAL PABK.
The a^egate number of persons making park trips during the
season of 1911 was as follows:
Travel during the season of 1911.
Yellowstone National Park Transportation Co. , entering via northern entiafice . 5, 590
Monida & Yellowstone Stage Co. , entering via western entrance 5, 659
Others at hotels, traveling with private or Government transportation, foot
travelers, bicyclers, etc 499
Total traveling with regular companies 11, 748
Wylie Permanent Camping Co. :
Entering via northern entrance 2, 389
Entering via western entrance 2,614
5,003
Other licensees of personally conducted camping parties 2, 702
Total number camping, traveling with licensed transportation 7, 705
Making park trips travelmg with private transportation as * ' camping parties " . 3, 358
Total number making i)ark trips 22, 811
Number making short trips with special licensees 243
Grand total of travel season of 1911 23,054
Three thousand and forty-eight people took the boat trip across
Yellowstone Lake, of which 1,690 were traveling with the Yellow-
stone Park Transportation Co.^ 679 with the Monida & Yellowstone
Stage Co., 281 with the Wyhe Permanent Camping Co., and the
balance were with other licensees, private camping parties, employees
at hotels and camps, and miscellaneous.
Travel by the different entrancee.
From the north, via Gardiner, Mont 10,530
From the west, via Yellowstone, Mont 10,470
From the south, via Jackson Hole 490
From the eaat, via Cody, Wyo 1,524
From the northeast, via the mining camp at Cooke, Mont. (Soda Butte en-
trance) 40
Total 23,054
Travel via the western entrance has gradually increased from
1,777 during the season of 1899, to 10,470 in 1911. Travel from the
eastern, or Cody entrance has also materially increased — -from 310
in 1903, when the road was first opened, to 1,624 in 1911 — but as
this route passes over a high divide and the road can seldom be opened
until in July, the season must necessarily be shorter than from the
north and west entrances.
In addition to the Concord coaches, surreys, and other vehicles in
use by the contract transportation companies, the Wylie Permanent
Camping Co. had in use 98 passenger vehicles, and special season
licenses were issued for movable camping parties aggregating 161
wagons and 227 saddle and pack animals, and for 7 wagons for special
livery work. A list of concessionaires holding contracts for privi-
leges in the Yellowstone Park, with rentals exacted therefor during
the season of 1911, and usage tax paid during 1910 and 1911, is
hereto appended.
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YBLLOWSTONB KATIOKAIi PABK. 669
ROADS.
The following notes on the work done on roads and bridges were
furnished hj Capt. C. H. Knight, Corps of En^eers, United States
Army, who is in charge of improvement work in the park:
Worn-out wooden bridges were replaced by steel ones as follows:
Obsidian Creek Bridge, 36-foot plate girder; Gibbon River Bridge
(5 miles south of Norris), two 50-foot steel spans; Madison River
Bridge, two 80-foot steel spans; Heron Creek Bridge, 80-foot steel
arch; Gibbon River Brieve (9 miles south of Noms), 65-foot steel
span; Excelsior Geyser Sridge, two 50-foot steel spans; Riverside
Ueyser Bridge, 65-foot steel arch.
The four oridges between Manmioth Hot Springs and Gardiner
were redecked.
A crew consisting of 5 men with 1 team worked during the
months of February and March removing slides of earth and rock
from the road in the Gardiner Canyon.
Two crews consisting of 2 overseers, 27 laborers, 10 teamsters
with 11 teams worked during the months of April and May, grading
and graveling the road between Gardiner and Golden Gate, smoothing
up the road at Mammoth Hot Springs and the road between Mam-
moth Hot Springs and Tower Falls. One hundred and seventy-five
feet of concrete retaining wall was put in along the Gardiner Kiver
about 3i miles from Mammoth Hot Springs.
The road between Golden Gate ana Norris was graded and 16
miles thereof regraveled. From Norris to the Grand Canyon the
road was graded, a number of culverts and one bridge repaired, and
numerous washouts refilled. About 1,800 feet of new road, to con-
nect the old road with the new Canyon Hotel and with the Moimt
Washburn Road, was constructed. Between the Thumb lunch*
station and the upper basin, a number of washouts were repaired and
one 25-foot log bridge constructed. This portion of the road was
partly graded and graveled. The road between the Grand Canyon
and LaKe Hotel was graded and partly regraveled. From Yellow-
stone Station to Wyhe lunch station, the road was graded, partly
regraveled, and several hundred feet of the narrow road widenea.
From Norris to the upper basin, the road was graded and repaired.
The road from the Thumb Station to the Lake Hotel and from the
Lake Hotel to the east boundary was repaired, including the con-
struction of a number of small timber bridges.
Twenty sprinkler wagons were repaired and distributed to the
various camps in the park, and sprinKling was begun on 95 miles of
road. A party of 7 men with 2 teams worked until August 6,
repairing water tanks and changing a number of "pumping" stations
to ''overshot" stations.
A crew consisting of 1 overseer, 11 laborers, and 3 teams
worked during the months of June and July on the east (Cody) road
in the Shoshone National Forest, clearing the road of slides and fallen
trees, and repairing washouts, bridges, and culverts.
In July, work was begun on the road from the Canyon Hotel to
the top of Mount Washburn and through Dunraven Pass, which
included the construction of two timber bridges and two culverts.
A crew consisting of 1 overseer, 10 laborers, and 4 teams worked
from Julv 10 to August 26 on the south road in the Teton and
Bonneville National Forests.
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570 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK.
Sprinkling the roads was discontinued the evening of Au^st 6,
except at Mammoth Hot Springs, on accoimt of lack of funds.
The lawns at Mammoth Hot Springs were maintained throughout
the season.
A number of old bridges were redecked and repaired, and a number
of new culverts were put in.
At the end of August practically all improvement work, excepting
the steel bridge work, was suspended on account of the appropria-
tion being exhausted.
The attention of the department was called to the exhausting of the
appropriation for park improvements as a result of which sprmkling
of the roads was stopped, and rec^uest was made for an cQlotment
of $5,500 for labor and teams to sprmkle the roads during August and
September. The department at once submitted the question for
the consideration of the Comptroller of the IVeasury, who, for the
reasons set forth in an opinion dated August 12, 1911 (copy of which
is hereto appended), held that the revenues of the park could not be
lawfuUv used for sprinkling the roads in the reservation.
In May of 1910 permission was granted by the department to the
county commissioners of Gallatin County, Mont., to survejr and con-
struct a wagon road along the northwestern border of the Yellowstone
National Park and through a portion of that reservation to afford
more convenient intercourse with the southern portion of Gallatin
County, and to permit the residents thereof to conveniently reach
the county seat ror the transaction of business, upon the condition
that the county would bear the entire expense or the construction
of the road and that after completion it should be regarded as a public
road and the use thereof accorded to all persons strictly observing
the rules and regulations for the government of the park. This road
was completed and ready for travel during the year, and lessened the
distance from Bozeman to Yellowstone very materially. The road
by the new route is 75 miles, as against about 150 miles for the old
route through Madison County. The length of the road is 31.1
miles, and the cost thereof is reported as being over $9,700.
FISH.
The subhatchery located on the shore of Yellowstone Lake near
Thumb and maintained by the Department of Commerce and Labor
- was run this season from the mam hatcheiy at Bozeman, Mont.,
instead of from Spearfish, S. Dak., as heretofore. Mr. H. D. Dean,
the superintendent in charge, furnished me with the following
memorandum of the operations of this subhatchery for the season cS
1911:
The work of collecting the eggs of the black-spotted trout was
unusually successful — so much so that it was necessary to suspend
operations of collecting eggs for lack of room to care for them, although
every bit of material avaflable was worked up into troughs, trays, etc. ;
4,000 trout were taken in one haul with a 60-foot seine m Clear Creek,
and in other instances as many as 2,500 were secured at a haul.
A total of 20,682,000 eggs were collected at this subhatchery, and in
addition, one of the men was sent to Trout Lake near Soda Butte
for two weeks, where he succeeded in collecting about 845,000 eggs,
which were inmiediately shipped to the Bozeman hatchery tooe
taken care of. Li all, 16,866,000 black-spotted eggs wera^sent cmt of
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TEUiOWSTOKE KATIOKAL PABK. 571
the park, of which 5,345,000 were shipped green and the balance
were eyed at the hatchery before shipment.
The balance of the eggs taken in the park were eyed and then
planted in the small streams flowing into Yellowstone Lake.
Ten thousand fingerling brook trout (fontinalis) were received from
the Bozeman hatchery on August. 29 and planted in Glen Creek, and
100,000 black-spotted fry (salmo mykiss) were received from the same
source on August 29 and planted in Lava Creek, a branch of the
Grardiner River. Both of tnese streams are near the road and con-
venient for fishing, and therefore require frequent restocking.
WIIJ> ANIMAIiS.
ANTELOPE.
The experiment of capturing antelope in the park and transferring
them by express to the nationS bison preserve in Montana and to the
Wichita game preserve in Oklahoma, for which funds were supplied
by the Boone and Crockett Club, was quite successful. Twelve (4
bucks and 8 does) were captured and sent to the Montana preserve,
and 11 (4 bucks and 7 does), to the Wichita preserve. But 3 were
lost in making the capture and 3 injured themselves en route to such
an extent that they did not Uve long after arrival at their destination.
It was found that the does were qmeter and easier to handle than the
bucks. The capture was made near the stacks of hay along the north
line near Gardiner, during December and the early part of January,
and naturally disturbed the herd more or less, and for some time
afterwards it took considerable effort to get them back to their winter
range and used to eating hay. In February 450 were counted after
they had quieted down and recovered from the fright incident to the
capture of those shipped away. As yet this fall but few have come
down from the mountains, and it is tneref ore impossible to tell much
about their condition until later. An unusualljr large number of
elk that wintered along the north line interfered seriously with feeding
the antelope, deer, and mountain sheep, the hay not being sufficient
in quantity to feed the large herds of elk, which also constantly broke
down the fence along the north line, rendering it difficult to keep the
antelope inside the park. On 1 1 different occasions during December,
January, and February it was necessary to send detachments of
troopers of from 10 to 30 men each to assist the scouts in herding them
back into the park. This fence is not in very good condition, and it
is contemplated repairing it for this winter at as little expense as
possible, and have it replaced by a higher and stronger fence, or by
rebuilding and adding to the present one when sufficient funds are
available for the purpose.
The alfalfa on the field near Gardiner, which has produced hay for
the antelope, mountain sheep, and deer, was run out by foxtail,
weeds, etc., and was plowed up last spring with a view to restocking
to alfalfa. It requires at least two years' plowing and cultivating to
put the land in proper shape for reseeding, and as an experiment the
sod ground was sowed to spring wheat, which was cut and stacked
for use as hay. The season chanced to be a very favorable one, and
the results have therefore been quite satisfactory, about 80 tons of
wheat hay having been cut and put in stack for the game for the
?miter.
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572 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK.
DEEB.
Practically all of the deer that remain in the park during the winter
are found within a few miles of Fort Yellowstone, where uiey are fed
hay, and both white-tailed and black-tailed deer become very tame,
many of them eating from the hand. About 1,000 black-tailed deer
were counted last wmter, and while many of them died (probabljr at
least 100 in this vicinity) the loss was not considered excessive in view
of the fact that the winter seemed to be a particularly hard one on the
game. The white-tailed deer, of which there has never been above
100, wintered well and seem to be holding their own and probably
increasing slowly.
ELK.
Elk in certain portions of the park are very numerous, and are num-
bered by thousands both in wmter and summer. Last winter the
deep snows drove them down in large herds from the latter part of
November on, and many of them drifted into Montana, where they
did much damage to haystacks, fields, and fences on the ranches near
the park. Another result was to make good hunting in Montana
along the park line during the closing days of the open season. At
the last session the Montana State Legislature set asiae a strip several
miles in width and extending along the park line from where it crosses
the Yellowstone Kiver, west to the northwest comer, thence south
along the west lifie for about 7 miles, as a game preserve, and this will
be of great assistance in protecting the game in the park.
HOOSE.
Moose are frequently seen in the southeast, southwest, and north-
west portions of the park, but usually in wild and unfrequented spots
and never near human habitation.
BUFFALO.
WILD HERD.
The wild herd has been seen several times, usually in the Pelican
Creek Valley. The largest number seen at any one time was 27.
A patrol reported having seen 8 along the road, about 7 miles west of
Thumb Station, on August 12.
FENCED HEBD.
This herd is thriving and now cons&ts of 147 head. On the
date of last report there were 121 head — 61 males and 60 females.
In October, 1910, one 4-year-old bull was sold to B. A. Grant, of
Long Beach, Cal., for $500^ delivered on board the cars at Grardiner,
Mont. Mr. Grant took him to his home for eidiibition purposes.
On August 22, 1911, one of last year's male calves was gored so
severely bv one of the old bulls that it had to be killed. During the
spring ana summer 29 calves were bom, and on September 28 one
or these, a female, was found with a broken leg and had to be killed.
The heads, skeletons, and robes of thosathat had to be killed, together
with those of the yearling calf that died Sep^tember 1, 1910 (see
annual report 1910), were shipped to the National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C, for use as mounted specimens. ^ t
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YELLOWSTONE KATIONAIi PABK, 673
Fifteen bulls were brought in from the Lamar Valley to Mammoth
Hot Springs, where they were kept under fence for exhibition during
the tourist season, and were, as usual, one of the favorite sights for
the tourists.
About 200 tons of hay have been cut and stacked for use of this
herd during the winter. During the summer and late into the fall
these buffuo are herded in the open during the day and returned
to the pasture for the night.
The 40 acres of meadow land that was plowed up in the spring
of 1909 and stocked with timothy produced about 80 tons of excellent
hay this season, which is at least double the amount it would have
produced as wild land. An irrigation system to cover this and sev-
eral hundred acres adjoining was constructed last spring, and addi-
tional meadow land will be taken up^ as rapidly as funds permit, in
order to secure plenty of hay for the increasing^^herd.
BBAB.
The bears seem to be increasing—at least they have been very
plentiful during the past summer around the hotels and camps.
They are verv tame. During the summer two grizzlies and three
black bears, becoming dangerous to life and property, were killed.
In one or two instances men who have become too bold with bear
have been attacked and severely injured, usually by a mother bear
that thought she was defending her cubs, but investigation of cases
of this kind usually result in a conclusion that the bear is not entirely
to blame.
During the summer there have been captured and shipped aUve
to public parks, under authority of the department, the following
bears: A mother ^zzly with a pair of cubs, and a male erizzly to
the Zoological Society of Philadelphia; & Pftir of grizzlies ^ale and
female) to Biverdale Zoological Gardens, Toronto, Canada; a mother
grizzly with apair of cubs and a male grizdy to Swope Park Zoological
Gardens, at Kansas City, Mo. ; and a pair of black bears (male and
femalcjj to the city park at West Bend, Iowa. All of these ship-
ments were received without accident and were reported in each case
as very satisfactory. The expenses of capturing and shipping were
borne by the parks to which the animals were sent.
COYOTES.
Coyotes are plentiful, and doubtless do much damage to other
game. One^ hundred and twenty-nine have been killed by scouts,
noncommissioned officers in charge of stations, and others who were
specially authorized to kill them.
HOtJNTAIK 8HBEP.
The small flock of mountain sheep that winters on the slopes of
Mount Everts and in Gardiner Canyon seems to be thriving. Hay is
fed to these animals in winter, when they become very tame and are
seen at close quarters. As yet they have not come down for the
winter, but several small bands have been seen in the mountains,
accompanied by a number of lambs, which indicates a fair increase.
In addition to the animals mentioned above, mountain lions, lynx,
otter, foxes, badgers, beaver, martin, mink, muskrat, and different
varieties of rabbits, squirrels, and chipmunks are found. Beavers^
574 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
are particularly plentiful and are found in nearly every stream in the
park.
More than 70 species of birds, including pelicans, ducks, geese.
swan, and other waterfowl inhabit the park during the summer, and
some of them, including some of the waterfowl, remain during the
winter. Eight young pelicans that were captured at Pelican Koost
in Yellowstone Lake and held and fed during the summer were shipped
by express to the National Zoological Park at Washington, D. C.,on
September 27, where they arrived in good condition on October 1.
PBOTECTION OF GAME.
Many of the former favorite hunting grounds adjoining the park in
the States of Montana and Wyoming nave been included in strips set
aside by these States as game preserves. This fact, together with
the heaity cooperation of the officers of the game and &h commis-
sions of the adjoining States, has been of great importance and
assistance in protecting the game of the park from the depredations
of poachers.
TRAILS.
Late last fall 25 miles of new trails or fire lanes were built in the
southeast comer of the park, and during the present sunmier similar
passageways were built from Snake Eiver Station, on the south line,
west to near the southwest comer, thence north idong the west bound-
ary line and northeast via Summit Lake to Upper Basin. These,
together with such trails as have been opened up by troops, enable
scouts and patrols to get about much easier and omcker and are of
great importance in the protection of game and or forests from fire.
FOREST FIRBS.
Owing to the constant vigilance of patrols and strict enforcement
of the regulations relative to camp fires, there has been no forest fire
of any importance during the simamer. In several instances camp
fires were left burning, but these were extinguished by the patrols
themselves, or the guilty parties were marched back to put them out.
TEIiEPHONB lilNES.
The War Department has extended its system of telephone lines
from Snake Eiver Station west to the new Bechler Station in the
southwest comer, about 30 miles. Also from headquarters to the
new Gallatin Station in the northwest comer of the park, about 31
miles.
The new Canyon Hotel has been completed during the year and is
all that could be desired in a hotel in the park.
A convention of park superintendents and others interested in the
national parks was held m the park from September 10 to 13 to
discuss park problems and to arrive at such imiform methods of
management as are applicable to the different national parks. Those
in attendance were unanimously in favor of a biveau of national
parks.
Very respectfully, L. M. Bbbtt,
Lieutenant Colonel, First Cavalry,
Acting Superintendent
The Secbetaby of the Intebiob. Digitized by GooqIc
APPENDIX.
BTTIiES AND BEGTJI^ATIONS.
BegiilationB of Hay 27, 1911.
The following rules and regulations for the government of the
Yellowstone National Park are hereby established and made public,
pursuant to authority conferred by section 2475, Revised Statutes,
United States, and the act of Congress approved May 7, 1894:
1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the sediments or incrusta-
tions around the geysers, hot springs, or steam vents; or to deface
the same by written inscriptions or otherwise; or to throw any
substance into tlie springs or geyser vents; or to injure or disturb, in
any manner, or to carry off any of the mineral deposits, specimens,
natural curiosities, or wonders within the park.
2. It is forbidden to ride or drive upon any of the geyser or hot
spring formations, or to turn stock loose to graze in their vicinity.
3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any gro'wdng timber. Camping
{parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel. When
elling timber for fuel, or for building purposes when duly authorized,
stumps must not be left higher than 12 inches from the ground.
4. Fires shall be lighted only when necessary and completely
extinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
6. Hunting or killing, wounding, or capturing any bird or wild
animal, except dangerous animals when necessary to prevent them
from destroymg life or inflicting an injury, is prohibited. The outfits,
including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transportation used
by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trapping, ensnarmg, or captur-
ing such birds or wild anima&, or in possession of game killed in the
park under other circumstances than prescribed above, will be for-
feited to the United States, except in cases where it is shown by
satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the property of the person
or persons violating this regulation, and the actual owner thereof
was not a party to such violation. Firearms will only be permitted
in the part on written permission from the superintendent thereof.
On arrival at the first station of the park guard parties having fire-
arms, traps, nets, seines, or explosives wifl turn them over U) the
sergeant m charge of the station, taking his receipt for them. They
will be returned to the owners on leaving the park.
6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps^ or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the supermtendent of the park in any
of the waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season
of the year, until otherwise ordered by Uie Secretary of the Interior.
7. No person will be permitted to reside permanently or to engage
in any business in the park without permission, in writing, from the
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576 XELLOWSTONB NATIONAIi PABK.
Department of the Interior. The sui>erintendent may grant author-
ity to competent persons to act as ^ides and revoke the same in his
discretion; and no pack trains shall be fdlowed in the park wiless in
charge of a dulj registered guide.
8. The herdmg or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind
within the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over
the roads of the park, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases
where authority therefor is granted by the Secretary of the Interior.
It is forbidden to cut hay within the boundaries of the park excepting
for the use of the wild game, and such other puiposes as may be
authorized by the Secretary of the Interior or the park superintendent.
9. No drinking saloon or bar room will be permitted within the
limits of the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played within the park, except such as may be necessary for the
convenience and guidance of the public, upon buildings on leased
ground.
11. Persons who render thenaselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will
be summarily removed from the park, and will not be allowed to
return without permission, in wnting, from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park.
12. It is forbidaen to carve or write names or other things on any
of the mileposts or signboards, or any of the platforms, seats, railings,
steps, or any structures or any tree in the park.
Any person who violates any of the foregoing regulations will be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be siibjected to a fine as pro-
vided by the act of Congress approved May 7, 1894, "to protect the
birds and animals in Yellowstone National rark and to punish crimes
in said park, and for other purposes," of not more than $1,000, or
imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both, and be adjudged to
pay all costs of the proceedmgs.
InBtructLons of June 6, 1911.
1. The feeding, interference with, or molestation of any bear or
other wild animal in the park in any way by any person not authorized
by the superintendent is prohibited.
2. Fires, — The greatest care must be exercised to insure the com-
plete extinction of all camp fires before they are abandoned. All
ashes and unbumed bits of wood must, when practicable, be thor-
oughly soaked with water. Where fires are built in the neighborhood
of decayed logs, particular attention must be directed to the extin-
guishment of fires in tJie decaying mold. Fire may be extinguished
where water is not available oy a complete covermg of earth, well
packed down.
Especial care should be taken that no lighted match, cigar, or
cigarette is dropped in any grass, twigs, leaves, or tree mold.
3. Camps, — No camp will be made at a less distance than 100 feet
from any traveled road. Blankets, clothing, hammocks, or any other
article liable to frighten teams must not be hung at a nearer distance
than this to the road. The same rule applies to temporary stops,
such as for feeding horses or for taking luncheon.
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YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 577
Many successive parties camp on the same sites during the season^
and camp grounds must be thoroughly cleaned before they are aban-
doned. Tin cans must be flattened and, with bottles, cast-off
clothing, and all other debris, must be deposited in a pit provided
for the purpose. When camps are made in unusual places where
pits may not be provided all refuse must be hidden where it will not
oe oflfensive to the eye.
4. Bicycles, — ^The greatest care must be exercised by persons using
bicycles. On meeting a team the rider must stop and stand at side
of road between the bicycle and the team — the outer side of the road
if on a grade or curve. In passing a team from the rear the rider
should learn from the driver if his horses are liable to frighten, in
which case the driver should halt and the rider dismount and walk
past, keening between the bicycle and the team.
6. Fishing, — ^AU fish less than 8 inches in length should at once be
returned to the water with the least damage possible to the fish. No
one person shall catch more than 20 fish in one day.
6. Dogs. — Dogs are not permitted in the park.
7. OrcLzing animals. — Only animals actually in use for purposes of
transportation through the park may be grazed in the vicmity of the
camps. They will riot be allowed to run over any of the formations,
nor near to any of the geysers or hot springs; neither will they be
aUowed to run loose within 100 feet of the roads.
8. Formatioris. — No person will be allowed on any formations after
sunset without a guide.
9. Hotels. — ^AU tourists traveling with the authorized transporta-
tion companies, whether holding hotel coupons or paying cash, are
allowed me privilege of extending their visit in the park at any of
the hotels without extra charge for transportation. However, 24
hours' notice must be givqn to the managers of the transportation
companies for reservations in other coaches.
10. Driving on roads of park. — (a) Drivers of vehicles of any
description, when overtaken by other vehicles traveling at a faster
rate of speed, shall, if requested to do so, turn out and give the latter
free and unobstructed passageway.
(6) Vehicles in passing each other must give full half of the road-
way. This appUes to freight outfits as well as any other.
(c) Racing on the park roads is strictly prohibited.
id) Freight, baggage, and heavy camping outfits on sidehill grades
throughout the pare will take the outer side of the road while being
passed by passenger vehicles in either direction.
(e) In making a temporary halt on the road for any purpose all
teams and vehicles will be pulled to one side of the road far enough
to leave a free and unobstructed passageway. No stops on the road
for limcheon or for camp purposes will be permitted.
(/) In rounding sharp curves on the roads, like that in the Golden
Gate Canyon, where the view ahead is completely cut oflf, drivers will
slow down to a walk. Traveling at night is prohibited except in cases
of emergency.
(g) Transportation companies, freight and wood contractors, and
all other parties and persons using the park roads will be held liable
for violation of these instructions.
^ (fi) Pack trains will be required to follow trails whenever prac-
ticable. During the tourist season, when traveling on the road and
n355^-iNT 1911-voL 1 37 ^.g,.^^, .^ GoOglc
578 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK.
vehicles carrying passengers are met; or such vehicles overtake pack
trains, the pack train must move off the road not less than 100 feet
and await tne passage of the vehicle.
(i) During the tourist season pack animals, loose animals, or saddle
horses, except those ridden by duly authorized persons on patrol or
other pubUc duties, are not permitted on the coach road between
Gardiner and Fort Yellowstone.
(Jc) Riding at a gait faster than a slow trot on the plateaus near
the hotels miere tourists and other persons are accustomed to walk
is prohibited.
(Z) Mounted men, on meeting a passenger team on a grade, will
halt on the outer'side until the team passes. When approaching a
passenger team from the rear, warning must be given, and no faster
gait wm be taken than is necessary to make the passage, and if on a
grade the passage will be on the outer side. A passenger team must
not be passed on a dangerous ^ade.
(m) All wagons used in hauhng heavy freight over the park roads
must have tires not less than 4 inches in widm. This order does not
apply to express freight hauled in light spring wagons with single
teams.
11. Liquors. — ^AU beer, wine, liquors, whisky, etc., brought into
the Yellowstone National Park via Gardiner to be carried over the
roads through the reservation to Cooke Citv, must be in sealed con-
tainers or packages, which must not be broKen in transit.
12. Miscellaneous, — Automobiles are not permitted in the park.
Persons are not allowed to bathe near any of the regularly trav-
eled roads in the park without suitable bathing clothes.
13. Penalty. — The penalty for disregard of these instructions is
summary ejection from the park.
Nottcee.
(a) Boat trip on YeUowsUme Lake. — ^The excursion boat on Yellow-
stone Lake plying between the Lake Hotel and the Thumb Lunch
Station at the West Bay is not a part of the regular transportation
of the park, and an ex^a charge is made by the boat company for
this service.
(6) Side trips in parTc. — Information relative to side trips in the
park and the cost thereof can be procured from those authorized to
transport passengers through or to provide for camping parties in
the park: also at the office of the superintendent.
(c) All complaints by tourists and others as to service, etc., ren-
dered in the reservation should be made to the superintendent in
writiag.
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CONCESSIONS.
Coneesdcmaires holding contracts for privileges in the Yellowstone Park, with rentals
exacted therefor during the season of 1911 , together with usage tax paid during (he seasons
of 1910 amd 1911.
Present
Yellowstone Park Hotel Co. : ' r«ntaL
Operation of hotelB in the park under leases dated June 13, 1907, running
for 20 years from Marcn 20, 1905, covering sites aggregating 2Q acres;,
rental 1300 per annum first 5 years, $20 per acre per annum ($400)
thereafter. Lease dated November 5, 1907, for 18 years from Maica
20, 1907, covering sites aggregating 9} acres, rental $15 per acre per
annum to March 20, 1910, and $20 per acre per annum thereafter.
Leases expire March 20, 1925.
Total acreage of sites occupied, 29} acres, at $20 $585. 00
Hotels and luncn stations witn accommodations for guests at each as
follows:
Manmioth Hot Springs Hotel 350
Cottage Hotel 80
Norris Station 25
Fountain Hotel 350
Old Faithfulinn 400
Thumb Station, lunch only.
Lake Hotel 450
Canyon Hotel 350
Yellowstone Park Transportation Co:
Operation of transportation and stage lines in the park. Leases as
follows:
June 13, 1907, granting transportation privilege, 20 years, from
March 31, 1905.
October 18, 1907, for 18 years, from March 31, 1907, of sites aggre-
gating 20.95 acres in connection with privileges. Rental $40per
acre per annum ($838).
May 22, 1908, for 18 years, from March 31, 1907, covering 0.11 acre
at Mammoth Hot Springs (addition to 9.78 acres under lease Oc-
tober 18, 1907, thereat), at $40 per acre per annimi ($4.40).
December 31, 1908, 16 years, from March 31, 1909, for 7.1 acres at
Grand Canyon, at $40 per acre per annimi ($284). I^eases expire
March 31, 1925.
Total acreage, 28.16 acres, at $40 per acre 1, 126. 40
Monida & Yellowstone Stage Co.:
Operation of transportation and stage lines in the park. Lease dated
March 31, 1906, running for 10 years, covering sites aggregating 11
acres. Rental $25 per acre. April 27, 1910, rate increased to $40 per
acre per annum. Lease expires March 31, 1916 440.00
Wylie Permanent Camping Co. :
Privilege of transporting passengers through the park and maintaining
permament camps in connection therewith. Lease dated May 4,
1906, running 10 years from March 31, 1906. Rental, $10 per wagon
(no less than 50 wagons to be used). Season of 1911, 98 wagons used,
at$10each. Lease expires March 31, 1916 980.00
T. E. HoferBoatCo.:
Privilege of operating system of pleasure and fishing boats on Yellow-
stone Lake, renting and selling fishing tackle, etc.:
Lease November 12, 1907, lor 10 yean, covering boat privilege.
Rental, $100 per annum.
Lease January 30, 1909, for 9 years from November 12, 1908, cov-
ering 2-acre site on shore of lake, at $40 per acre per annum; use of
docKB and ways, $270 per annum; privilege of operating store for
selling Grain, hay, and other supplies, $S3 per annum. I^eases
expire November 12, 1917.
Total charge per annum under above leases 500. 00
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580 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK.
Pment
-r* 1 • -r 11 annual
Henderaon & Lyall: rental.
Privilege for store, dwelling, and post office. Lease dated August 7,
1905. Yearly rental, $100 per annum (lease runs for perioa of 10
years). Lease expires August 7, 1915 $100. 00
Pry or & Pry or:
Privil^;e for dwelling and store, including soda fountain, selling bev-
erages, etc. Lease dated August 26, 1908; runs for period of 8 years
from April 3, 1908; expires April 3, 1916. Yearly rental per annum,
$50. Kental is leadjustable. Lease covers plat 13,800 square feet,
occupied by dwelling and store 50. 00
Henry E. Elamer:
Lease of plat of ground (2 acres) at Upper Geyser Basin for dwelling and
general store, dated January 31, 1908, for period of 10 years from June
1, 1907. Rental, $100 per annum. Privilege reserved in lease to
readjust rental at any time or chaiging for store privilege 100. 00
P. Jay Haynes:
Lease dated June 1, 1904, for 1 acre of ground at Upper Geyser Basin, for
period of 10 years from March 31, 1904. for photographic privilege.
Yearly rental, $30 per annum. Lease aated June 1, 1904, for sixty-
four one-hundredtos of an acre at Mammoth Hot Springs; runs for
?eriod of 10 years from March 31, 1904; photographic privilege,
early rental, $30. Leases expire March 31, 1914 60. 00
Total of rentals under leases 3, 941. 40
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COMPmOLLEB'S DECISIOK BE USE OF BEVENUES FOB BOAB
SPBINKLINa.
Treasury Department,
Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury,
Washington, August 12, 1911.
Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of August 7, 1911, as follows:
On August 3, 1911, Maj. L. M. Brett, acting superintendent of the Yellowstone
National rark, wired the department as follows:
''Engineer officer reports appropriation maintenance and repair improvements
exhausted except sufficient to care for property and run office. Kequiree $5,500 for
labor and teams to sprinkle roads remainder August. Recommend this amount be
allotted from park revenues.''
The department replied on August 4, saying:
'* Replying your telegram 3d, park revenues can not be used sprinkling system while
any pait appropriation park improvement imder control War Department is actually
unexpended. Similar request decided adversely August 22, 1910. See also opinion
Comptroller, September 16^ 1910, copy in your office.
The department is now m receipt of a tel^^ram from the acting superintendent, in
which he says:
" The engineer's office has ordered in all road and sprinkling crews. Funds for same
exhausted. All work discontinued except on bridges contracted for. Unsatisfactory
condition with still six weeks tourist season."
You are requested to advise this department, at as early a date as practicable,
whether, in your judgment, this department has authority to authorize the acting
superintendent to U8e so much of the revenues derived from the park as may be nec-
essary to sprinkle the roads during the remainder of the present season. * * *
The fund in question consists of revenues derived from the man-
agement of the park under section 2475 of the Revised Statutes of
the United States and acts of Confess amendatory thereof, and is to
be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior.
The act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat., 1363) making appropriations
for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1912, provides (p. 1402) :
Yellowstone National Park: For maintenance and repair of improvements, » * *
seventy thousand dollars, to be expended by and under the direction of the Secretary
of War * * *.
The same act, under the heading "Miscellaneous objects, Depart-
ment of the Interior," provides (p. 1420) :
Yellowstone National Park: For the administration and protection of the Yellow-
stone National Park, five thousand five himdred dollars.
It has been held that the revenues derived from the management of
the park and the appropriation for "administration and protection"
are available for the same purpose and are to be used m conunon.
(8 Comp. Dec, 656; 7 id., 161.)
It thus appears that there are two funds available for use in con-
nection witn the Yellowstone National Park, viz, one for mainte-
nance and repair of improvements, to be expended under the direction
of the Secretary of \\ ar, and one for administration and protection
(composed of the small annual appropriation, supra, and the reve-
nues of the park), to be expended under the direction of the Secretary
of the Interior.
681
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582 YELLOWSTONE NaWONaL PABK.
While either of these funds might in the absence of the other be
used for the purpose of sprinkling the roads, I think it is beyond
question that the appropriation under the control of the Secretary of
War more specifically provides for that object, these roads being
''improvements" and sprinkling them a ''repair'' or "maintenance.
It also appears that said appropriation has heretofore been used for
that object without question.
It is a well-established rule in the construction of appropriation
acts that where a particular appropriation makes more specific pro-
vision for a particular object than is made by another appropriation,
it is exclusively applicable thereto, although if such more specific pro-
vision had not been made the other appropriation would have been
applicable. This rule also applies where the appropriation making
the more specific provision is insufficient or exhausted. (1 Comp.
Dec., 492; 3 id., 70, 353; 10 id., 655; 43 MS. Comp. Dec, 597, 599,
Nov. 9, 1907.)
I have therefore to advise you that the revenues aenved from the
[)ark can not lawfully be used for the purpose mentioned in your
etter.
Respectfully, * L. P. Mitchell,
Assistant Comptroller,
The Secretary op the Interior.
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fk, Bdmi Lkktn^kmg Cm
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF
THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
583
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
YosEMiTE National Pabk,
Office of the Superintendent,
Yosemite, Cdl,, October IB, 1911.
Sm: I have the honer to submit the following report of conditions
and administration in the Yosemite National Park during the season
of 1911:
OENERAIi STATEMENT.
This park is situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, and Mono Counties,
Cal.. and originally had an area of about 1,612 square miles. The
lands embraced therein were set aside by act of Cfongress approved
October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650), and were placed under the super-
vision of the Secretary of the Interior. By the act of February 7,
1905 (33 Stat., 702), and the joint resolution of Jime 11, 1906 (34
Stat., 831), the boundaries were changed, excluding a total of 555.94
square miles therefrom and including a total of 168.35 square miles
not previously within the reservation, making the present area of
1,124.41 square miles, or 719,622.40 acres. The second change in
boundaries included the recession of Yosemite Valley and Manposa
BigTree Grove to the Federal Government.
The Yosemite Valley is open to travel all the year round, and,
while it is impracticable because of the snow to ascend any of the
trails up to the rim of the valley, the principal roads on the floor of
the valley are passable.
Troops D and K, First Cavalry, that had been on duty in the park
during the season of 1910, were withdrawn on November 1, 1910,
and on December 6, 1910, I returned to my station at the Presidio
of San Francisco, leaving Mr. Gabriel Sovulewski, the supervisor,
in immediate charge of the park.
The weather during the winter was severe. The snow and rain-
fall was unusudly heavy and continued later than usual into the
spring. On account of the heavy snowfall, the road from Yosemite
Valley to Wawona was not open for stage travel until April 21, 1911,
nearly one month later than the previous spring.
On April 18, 1911, I arrived in the park to remain for the season,
and on May 22, 1911, Troops C and D, First Cavalry, arrived in
Yosemite Valley for the usual protection duty.
The troops were late in reaching the park because they had to be
brought from the Mexican border, where they had been on duty for
several months.
As soon as practicable, detachments were stationed at Wawona,
the Mariposa Big Tree Grove, Crane Flat, Merced Big Trees, Aspen
Valley, Hog Ranch, Hetch Hetchy Valley, Lake Eleanor, Buck Creek,
585
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586 Y06EMITE NATIONAL PABK.
and Soda Springs, and a district was assigned to each detachment,
which was provided with written instructions and a schedule of
patrols to be made in its district. The authorized strength of each
of the troops assigned to duty in the park having been increased by
the War Department to 75 men each, and Troop C having had no
previous service in the park, most of the men were unacquainted
with their duties and witn the geography of the park, but they were
eager to learn and deserve commendation for zealous and faithful
service. There were only three line officers with these two troops, a
number utterly inadequate for efficiency, and more officers were re-
peatedly askea for, but were not available.
GRAZING.
No sheep or stock have been herded through the park, and there
has been much less trouble with cattle and friction with cattle owners
on the west side than in previous years. The few cattle that drifted
in from the forest reserve on the west side were quickly removed, but
the owners were nevertheless reported to the rorest supervisor for
violation of the conditions of their grazing permits.
FIRES.
It is gratifying to be able to report that there have been no serious
forest nres in the park this season. The few that occurred were
discovered before they had spread and were promptly extinguished.
GAME.
The deer, bear, grouse, and quail continue to increase. Many coy-
otes were aestroyed last winter by poison after the bears went into
hibernation.
The measures adopted for driving the bears out of Yosemite Valley
proved in a great degree successful, and but httle annoyance to camp-
ers was caused by them this season.
FISH.
Thirty-two cans containing about 62^000 Loch Leven, Rainbow,
and Eastern Brook trout were received July 20 at El Portal from the
California fish and game commission, Sisson hatchery, and during
that night 18 cans were planted in the Merced River between the
park boundary and Happy Isles, 4 cans in Bridal Veil Creek below
the falls, 2 cans in Yosemite Creek below the falls, and 8 cans in the
Merced in Little Yosemite Valley.
Trout were also transplanted from nearby streams to Dorothy,
Mary, and Tilden Lakes, in the extreme northern part of the park.
Some trout were placed also in Miller Lake by the oierra Club.
FENCES.
The recommendation of previous years that the western boundary
be fenced is not renewed, as it is understood that an arrangement is
in progress between the Forest Service and the cattle owners on
that side to build a fence at their joint expense in the forest reserve^
near the west park boundary in order to prevent the trespassing ot
cattle on the park lands.
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YdSEMlT® NATIOKAL PABK. ' 587
The material for a fence around the big tree, ''Grizzly Giant/' has
been purchased and will be erected in the near future. The barbed-
wire lence around the Mariposa Big Tree Grove has not been kept in
repair this season in view of the contemplated removal of all dead
timber and other inflammable material from the grove. The barbed-
wire fence is unsatisfactory and should be replaced by a wire mesh
fence after the dead timber is cleared out of tne grove.
PATENTED LANDS.
The urgent recommendations of previous years that the Govem-
raent extmguish the title to all patented lands in the park is renewed.
There are approximately 20,000 acres of these lands, consisting of
timber claims and a few claims that were taken up under the home-
stead act and were never occupied as homesteads, but simply used
as a pretext for bringing in stock or cattle to stray upon tne park
lands.
There are no persons now hving on patented lands within the
limits of the park, except Mr. Eabby, at Lake Eleanor.
The timber claims are valuable and are becoming more so every
year. Some of the finest sugar pine timber in CaUfomia Ues within
the park along the road from Wawona to Chinquapin, and the
Yosemite Lunaber Co. is now building a logging railroaa from El
Portal to the park boundary near Chinquapin with the view of cut-
ting the timber from 6,000 acres of land that it claims within the
pare near Alder Creek. The work of denudation in that locality is
imminent, and this is what will happen to the timber on all the
Eatented lands in the park in a short time unless they are purchased
y the Government. This matter demands urgent attention and
snould no longer be neglected. It would be greatly to the interests of
the Government to extinguish all private claims within the park.
The necessity of preserving the forest in this portion of the park
and of reducing the number of private claims to such an extent as
would justify the Federal Government in purchasing the remaining
claims was one of the main points which caused the i osemite Com-
mission of 1904 to recommend the reduction of the area of the park.
That commission, as has every other person who has been charged
with the welfare of the park or with making any recommendations in
regard to it, recommended that the Government immediately pur-
chase and extinguish all private rights.
TEIiEPHONE SERVICE.
The telephone system connecting all the soldier outposts with the
superintendent's office was promptly repaired and placed in opera-
tion by the troops, much facilitating the administration and protec-
tion of the park. The Pacific Telephone & Telegr^h Co., by per-
mission of tne department, operates its lines from Yosemite valley
to the outside world by way of El Portal, on condition that all Gov-
ernment messages, telephone or telegraph, shall be transmitted free.
ROADS.
There are about 141 miles of road in the park, the Coulterville road,
19 miles, the Big Oak Flat road, 10 miles, the Wawona-Glacier
Point- Yosemite Valley road, 32 miles, the Tioga road, 45 miles, and
the Government roads, about 35 miles, the latter comprising the>
588 YOBEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
roads on the floor of Yosemite Valley and the portion of the Yosem-
ite Valley-El Portal road lyuig within the park.
The Big Oak Flat, the Wawona-Glacier Point- Yosemite VaUer,
and the Tio^a roads are toll roads. The status of the CoulterviUe
road is not definitely known, recent information beins to the effect
that the franchise of that road has been extinguishea. Full infor-
mation about these toll roads is contained in the Keport of the Yosem-
ite Park Commissioners, Senate Document No. 34, Fifty-eighth
Congress, third session.
GOVERNMENT BOABS.
The Yosemite Valley-El Portal road is the main highway into the
Sark. The sprinkling system installed on it last season was extended
y putting in more water supply stations, and the dust nuisance was
completely eliminated. The portion of this road between Pohono
Bridge and the park boundary, about 10 miles^ is still rocky, narrow,
and tortuous, and it should be widened, straightened, regulated in
grade, and metalled.
Work was resumed on the improvement of that portion of the
road on the south side of the Merced River between El Capitan Bridge
and Yosemite village and 3,145 feet have been completed, with work
still in process.
The portion of the Wawona road that belongs to the Government
should De improved and sprinkled, and all the roads on the floor of
the valley should be metalled, parts of them being relocated in order
to follow more attractive routes, and the road between the village
and Happy Isles, on the south side of the river, should be metalled
and sprmlded first, because of the preponderance of travel over it.
TRAILS.
The new trail from above Mirror Lake to Lake Tenaya has been
completed at a total cost of $6,461.43. The trip from Yosemite
Valley to Lake Tenaya over this trail is attractive and the trail was
much traveled this season.
In addition to the heavy wear and tear of the travel on all the
old trails leading up from the floor to the rim of Yosemite Valley,
thev wore all badly washed out by the heavy floods of the sprint
and early summer. They were repaired ana maintained in good
condition during the season.
The heavy floods also badly damaged nearly all the trails exterior
to Yosemite Valley, and a working party is now making repairs on
the Hog Ranch-Efetch Hetchy-Lake Eleanor trail whicn was com-
pletely washed away in many places.
Because of the heavy snowfall of the previous winter, the higher
altitudes of the park were inaccessible until late in the summer, some
of the high trails being blocked by snow at the end of August.
The trail from Yosemite Valley to Lake Merced was made about
4 miles shorter.
BRIDGES.
The recommendation of last year is renewed that the Sentinel
Bridge be replaced by a reenforced concrete bridge about four times
as wide as me present bridge, which is just wide enough for one
wagon and is in a dilapidated condition.
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YOSEMITB NATIONAL, PAEK.
589
The log bridge over Yosemite Creek near Camp Yosemite will be
replaced this fall by a new one. The foot suspension bridge over
the Merced near Camp Ahwahnee was badly damaged by tne high
water in the river ana floating logs, but has been repaired.
Part of the bridge over the Tuolumne in the Hetch Hetchy Valley
was carried away by high water and floating logs and has not yet
been repaired.
CONCESSIONS.
The following concessions were held in the park during the period
from November 1, 1910, to October 31, 1911:
Concessions f season of 1911.
No.
Name.
For what granted.
Expiration.
Annual
rentaL
LEASES.
Cook, J. B., estate of. .
Coffman, J. W
Jorgensen, Chris
Sentinel and Glacier Point Hotels.
Livery
Studio
Oct. 31,1911
.do.
PERMITS.
Best,U.C..»
Bo ysen, J. T
Coffman, J. W
Cook, J. B., estate of
Curry, David A
Degnan, John. .'
Degnan, Mrs. John
Fiske, George
Foley, D.J
Pillsbury, Arthur C
Salter, Nelson L
Sell,W.M
Yosemite Transportation Co.
....do rr.
Baxter, E.N
Baker, John, jr
Smith, Fred H
Drum, F. G., lessee
Pepoon, Margaret A
Torrence, Edward
Kenney, Charles A
Studio, photographs, etc.
.do..
Blacksmith shop
Public camp
do
Residence
Sale of bread, milk, etc. . .
Studio, photographs, etc.
do
Oct. 31,1914
Oct. 31,1911
.do.
.do.,
.do..
.do..
do
Merchandise store
Public camp
Transportation
Hauling freight
Studio, photographs, etc.
Transportation
Shoe repairing, etc
Transportation •. . . .
Manicuring, chiropody . . .
Guide
do
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..
<3,fi00
1,500
300
300
40
1,000
1,000
20
25
20
250
300
1,000
1,000
2,500
250
50
100
26
2,000
10
20
40
HOTELS AND CAMPS.
There is only one hotel in Yosemite Valley, and it was built years
ago for summer use only, possesses few conveniences, and does not
aomit even of being remodeled to advantage. A new hotel with all
conveniences for winter and summer travel and located on the north
side of the valley is much needed.
Camp Ahwahnee, Camp Lost Arrow, and Camp Curry were all
operated satisfactorily during the sunmaer, and with the hotel and
its annexes accommodated comfortably all visitors during the sea-
son.
The sewer systems of Camps Ahwahnee and Curry were enlarged
and gave no trouble this year.
SAN FRANCISCO WATER SUPPLiT.
In 1907 the Secretary of the Interior granted a hearing at Sail
Francisco in regard to reopening the matter of grantii^ reservoir
rights of way in the Hetch Hetchy Valley and at Lake Eleanor, in
the Yosemite National Park, for the f uiuianing of an adequate supplv
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590 TOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK.
of Sierra water for the city of San Francisco, under an application
of James D. Phelan, former mayor of the city, which had been filed
October 15, 1901, later assigned to the city, and denied by the
department.
^ Mr. Marsden Manson, citv engineer, department of public works,
was given authority to act for the city, and after extended hearings,
conferences, and the submission of briefs for and against the pro-
Kosition, the Secretary, in the exercise of the discretion vested in nim
y the act of February 15, 1901, reinstated the Phelan application
on May 11, 1908, and granted the option which the city of San Fran-
cisco desired until the matter could be submitted to the voters and
definite action taken upon the filing of certain stipulations affording
ample protection to the park lands and to the rignts of the Modesto
ana Turlock irrigation districts to the use of the flow of the Tuolumne
River. The stipulations provide, among other things, that the
Lake Eleanor site shall be developed to its full capacity before be-
rinning the development of the Hetch Hetchy site. The city will
be required to pay for timber cut or used in tne exploitation of the
reservoir site or rights of way for conduits, etc., and for any power
which may be generated in the future and sold commercially.
The city's representatives have surveyed a dam site in sec. 3,
T. 1 N., R. 19 K, at Lake Eleanor, and have taken prelilninary steps
to clear and explore for foundations for the dam, tne timber on the
site haying been first appraised by a forest oiEcer of the Depcurtment
of Agriculture, at the request of the Secretary of the Literior. A
camp site and temporary buildings for laborers were also established.
Preliminary surveys of the Lake Eleanor main canal, running from
the dam above mentioned to a junction with the He ten Hetchy main
canal, and of the Cherry Creek diversion canaL running from Cherry
Creek, in sec. 8, T. 2 N., R. 19 E., to the Lake Eleanor dam site, were
approved by the department on February 25, 1909.
The sum of $13,128.77 has been accepted from the city as payment
in f uU for timber and forest growth in the reservoir space of Lake
Eleanor, Tuolumne County, Cal., upon the land under control of the
United States to be flooded by the first reservoir level constructed
under the grant to the city of May 11, 1908.
On February 25, 1910, the Secretary of the Interior issued a citation
to the mayor and supervisors of the city and county of San Francisco
to show cause why tne Hetch Hetchy v alley and reservoir site should
not be eliminatea from the permit granted May 11, 1908, for a water
supply for the said city and county. A board of Army engineers,
consisting of Col. John Biddle, Lieut. Col. Harry Taylor^ and Maj.
Spencer Cosby, United States Engineer Corps, were detailed at the
request of the Secretary of the Interior as advisory to him in the
disposition of the question. Congress appropriated $12,000 to defray
the expenses of this board.
An application having been made by the city for an extension of
time to secure further data, a continuance for such purpose was
granted for one year, or until June 1, 1911, and the advisory board
of Army engineers^ was authorized to receive such data as might be
furnished by the city to establish its claims for the necessity tor the
use of the Hetch ifetchy site, and secure such further information
on the subject as might be advisable. On application a further con-
tinuance was granted until December 1, 1911.
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TOSEMITE NATIONAL PABK. 591
BUIIJ>INGS.
The building occupied by the superintendent as a residence and
office was remodeled and enlarged, but it is unsuitable as a resi-
dence and should be used entirely for administrative purposes. It is
recommended that a separate residence be constructed for the
superintendent.
The recommendation that cottages be built for the resident engi-
neer, the clerk, and for each of the two electricians having been
approved by the department, proposals for the construction of the
cottages were invited and received, but all were rejected as excessive,
and it was decided to build them by day labor under the supervision
of the resident engineer.
A new bam was constructed at a cost of about $1,800.
POWER PIjANT.
The improvement to the power plant reported last year as being
in progress, under an allotment of $10,000, was duly completed within
the allotment, and a further improvement has been made this sum-
mer by the installation of a new Pelton wheel. A power-transmi&-
sion svstem was installed from Camp Ahwahnee to tne rock quarry
near rohono Bridge, about 4 miles, and the water-tank pumps and the
rock crusher were operated during the summer by electrical power.
The plant is, however, generally of flimsy material and faulty con-
struction, and should be replaced by a new one.
ROCK QUARRY.
The rock quarrv has been much enlarged in capacity by the installa-
tion of a new rocK crusher, and it is believed that this equipment will,
provide an ample supply of road material for years to come.
WATER SUPPLY.
During the winter, explorations were made with the view of deter-
mining what steps would be necessary to develop the spring that
supplies Yosemite village. Camp Yosemite, and Camp Cuiry, and as
a result it was decided to build two concrete basins m such location
as would pen up the outflow and direct it all into a new system of
mains and distributing pipes. An aUotment of $15,000 was made to
begin the project and extend it as far as practicable with that sum.
The explorations made demonstrated what had long been suspected,
that most of the outflow of this spring of ideal water was running to
waste through the sands near the present basin, and it is believed
that enough will be conserved to supply the valley with water for
many years.
SANITATION.
A septic tank was installed at Camp Lost Arrow, and additional
septic tanks were added to the sewerage systems of Camps Ahwahnee
and Curry, with satisfactory results in each case. ^
The disposal of manure from the various stables in Yosemite Valley
was not satisfactory, however, and an incinerator for garbage and
stable manure has become a necessity.
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592 YOBBMITB NATIONAIj PABK.
In cooperation with the Board of Health of the State of California,
a continuous warfare has been carried on during the year against the
rodents, or ground squirrels, in the park, and many hundreds have
been destroyed.
UNDERGROWTH.
Gradual progress is being made m removing the imdergrowth and
clearing the thickets that have spread so extensively over Yosemite
Valley.
OAIiEN CIiARK MEMORIAL SEAT.
A granite memorial seat of appropriate design was completed and
set in place about a quarter of a mue south of the foot oi Yosemite
FaUs.
ACCIDENTS.
On June 3, 1911, the horses of one of the stage coaches ran away
while descending into Yosemite Valley, the coach turned over, and
all the passengers were badljr hurt. Mr. R. S. Leisenring, of Allen-
town, ra.. died of his injuries a few hours later, and Mrs. Sarah
Diefenderrer, of Milwaukee, Wis., died on June 8, of pneumonia, due
to injuries received in the same accident.
June 13, 1911, Mr. L. Rehfuess, of Berkeley, Cal., was accidentally
drowned in lUilouette Creek below the falls.
Mr. James McCauley, who had lived for many years on the south-
west boiindary of the park near El Portal, was found dead in the
Coulterville Road near its junction with the El Portal Road, his team
having nm away and thrown him out, fracturing his skull.
On July 16, 1911, nine saddle animals were instantly killed by the
same bolt of hghtning on the trail between Ulilouette Oeek and
Glacier Point.
CAMP YOSEMITE.
This is the camp of United States troops and is situated about one-
fourth mile soutnwest of the foot of Yosemite Falls. The War
Department has begun the erection of two temporary barracks, two
lavatories, and seven cottages, and the installation of a water and
sewer system in this camp, all to be completed before the end of the
year.
VISITORS.
Between October 1, 1910, and March 31, 1911, there were 713
visitors to the vallejr, and between April 1 and September 30, 1911,
there were 11,817 visitors, a total for the year of 12^530 visitors, which
were distributed about as follows: Sentinel Hotel, 4,286; Camp
Curry, 3,622; Camp Lost wAjtow^ 1,900; Camp Ahwaimee, 1,213* and
transient camps, 1,509. In addition to these visitors to the vsJley it
is estimated that about 300 people visited the park during the season
who did not come to Yosemite Valley.
About 10,647 of these visitors were transported by the Yosemite
Valley Railroad to El Portal and by the Yosemite Transportation Co.
from such terminus to Yosemite Valley. The Yosemite Transporta-
tion Co. also carried 3,087 of these visitors from Yosemite Valley to
the Mariposa Big Tree Grove during the season.
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YOSBMITE NATIONAL PABK.
598
The following list, though incomplete as to the full ntunber of
tourists to the Yosemite ^National Park, indicates the points in the
United States and the foreign coimtries from which 9,502 of the
travelers came:
Residences of visitors to Yosemite National Park,
Alabama 15
Arizona 21
Arkansas 7
California 5,935
Colorado 59
Connecticut 45
Delaware '. 5
District of Columbia 52
Florida 19
Georgia 17
Idaho 3
Illinois 351
Indiana 82
Iowa 60
J^^-nROM 52
Kentucky 48
Louisiana 12
Maine 13
Maryland 47
Massachusetts 249
Michigan 60
Minnesota 31
Mississippi 12
Missouri 145
Montana 15
Nebraska 42
Nevada '... 67
New Hampshire 14
New Jersey 107
New Mexico 15
New York 657
North Carolina.
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
9
11
197
14
37
Pennsylvania 230
~. - - . - 27
5
9
23
90
19
7
27
Rhode Island
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia ,
Washin^n 89
WestVirginia 7
Wisconsin 58
Wyoming 7
Total 9,113
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Australia.
Austria. . .
Canada...
China
Denmark.
England..
France. . .
Germany.
Hawaii...
Holland..
India
Italy
18
4
37
13
3
94
21
87
56
5
7
5
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Sweden
South America
Switzerland
Philippine Islands.
Total 389
Grand total 9,502
ESTIMATES.
The following are the estimated expenditures required during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1913:
Estimates for fiscal year ending June SO, 191S.
Pay of 1 civil engineer |2, 000
Pay of 1 supervisor 1, 500
Pay of 1 stenographer and t3rpewriter. . . : 1, 200
Pay of 1 chief electrician 1, 200
Pay of 1 assistant electrician 1, 080
Pay of 1 plumber 1, 080
Pay of 2 ranchers 2,400
For repair of existing roads, trails, bridges, culverts, buildings, plants, and
fences, camp sanitation, and removal of undeigrowth 25, 000
11355*'— INT 1911— VOL 1 38 ^ t
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694 TOSBMITE NATIOKAIi PABK.
For operating preeent roadHsprinkling system $7, 500
For extension of zoad-sprinJuing system to Fort Monroe and Happy Isles and
operation of same 7, 500
For 1 garba^ incineratory 6, 900
For continuing the installation of the water distribution system now in progress
in Yosemite Valley 25,000
For continuing the improvement of the road on the south side of the Merced
River from Camp Anwahnee to Hap^y Isles, 3i miles 46,750
For improving the road on the north side of the Merced River from Pohono
Bridge to the junction with the Coulterville Road, 3} miles 50, 210
For construction of new road along south rim of Yosemite Valley from Fort
Monroe to Glacier Point 76, OOO
For a reenforced concrete bridge to replace the Sentinel Bridge over the
Merced River in Yosemite Vafley 14, 000
' For construction of trail ibrom Merced Lake up the Merced River Canyon to
the head of the Merced River, about 25 miles 5, 000
For construction of trail from the head of Lyell Fork Meadows to the Lyell
Glacier, about 8 miles 1, 500
For construction of road from the park boundary near the Hog Ranch to Hetch
HetchyVaUey 60,000
For construction of bridge over the Tuolumne River in the Hetch Hetchy
Valley 3,000
Total 337,820
RECOMMENDATIONS.
It is recommended: (1) That all patented lands in the park be
condemned and purchased by the Government; (2) that comfortable
hotel acconmioaations be provided; (3) that an appropriation be
obtained for the construction of a road from Fort Monroe to Glacier
Point along the south rim of the valley (when built it will be for its
length one of the most remarkable mountain scenic roads in the
wond; the survey, location, and all other preliminary work has been
completed); (4) that an appropriation be obtained to complete the
improvement of the El Portal-Yosemite village road; (5) that the
road-sprinkling system be expanded as indicated in the table of esti-
mates; (6) that a law be enacted for the government of the Yosemite
Park similar to that provided for the Yeuowstone Park.
Attention is invited to the appended report of the resident engineer,
Mr. David A. Sherf ey.
Very respectfully,
V^M. W. Forsyth,
Major J Sixth Cavalry, Acting SuperirUendent.
The Secretary op the Interior.
APPENDIX.
BEPOBT OF BESIDENT iENaiNEEB.
YosEMrrE, Cal., October 16, 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report in reference
to work done under mv direction since entering upon my duties,
November 14, 1910, to October 1, 1911:
ROADS.
On the road leading from El Capitan Bridge to Camp Ahwahnee,
on the south side of the river, a Telford base 22 feet wide had been
completed for a distance of 2,232 feet previous to my arrival in the
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YOSBMITB NATIONAL PARK. 595
park. On the 1st of June, 1911, work was commenced on the
covering of this base with gravel, and the same was completed July
19, 1911. This covering consists of about equal parts of gravel and
clay, the gravel being taken from the Merced JRiver and screened; the
clay was taken from small clay deposits. The clay was first laid
over the Telford base, then the gravel was spread, and the whole
thoroughly sprinkled and rolled. The cost of this work was $1 per
linear foot. This road is now well packed and has a hard, smooth
surface on those parts most subject to traffic. There is an extensive
supply of gravel m the river bed for this kind of work, but it is acces-
sible only during low water in the fall season, and is of an inferior
grade for road-building purposes. Clay suitable for a binder to the
gravel is found only in a few places in the lower part of the valley, and
the deposi ts are not large. Ir this type of construction were attempted
in the upper part of the vallev, the cost of hauling the clay would
materially increase the cost or the work. It is not as good or as
permanent as a macadam road. For these reasons it is recommended
that no further construction of this type be attempted except on
unimportant roads where both gravel and clay are easily accessible.
From July 20 to September 5 the above-mentioned road was
graded and covered with a Telford base for a distance of 4,486 feet.
The grading was done with Fresno scrapers and a road grader. Rock
was obtained from the slides at the foot of the walls of the valley. A
Eortion of this work was done with rock that had been previously
auled along the line of the work, but those portions done entirely
during this period cost 63 cents per linear foot of road. The base is
22 feet in width and has a rustic curb of large bowlders on each side.
Preparations for crushing rock to be used for macadam roads have
been m progress since my arrival in the park and were practically
completed on September 1, 1911. This work consists of the installa-
tion of a Pelton water wheel and governor in the power house, the
extension of the two-phase electric transmission lines a distance of
4.4 miles, the installation of a gyratory rock crusher with a capacity
of 40 tons per hour, revolving screen, and motors, and the opening of
a rock quarry. This work represents a cost of about $16,000.
During September 828 feet of Telford base had been covered with
macadam furnished by the above plant. At the present writing an
intelligent estimate of the cost of this work can not be made smce
much of the work charged to road construction is development work
incident to the installation and putting in operation of a new plant.
WATER SUPPLY.
Shortly after my arrival in the park investigations were made to
determine the possibility of the increase of the local water supply,
which has been from a spring at the foot of the cliff below Glacier
Point. Test holes were dug in the vicinity of the old spring and
levels taken of the surface of the ground water, which lead to the con-
clusion that there was escaping around the old spring a considerable
amount of water which could be diverted and made to serve as a part
of the water supply of the valley. Plans comprising the building of
two concrete spring houses with diverting drains were prepared and
approved by the department, and construction commenced the latter
part of July of this year. At the present writing the work has so far
progressed as to show that the expectation of a large increase in the
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596 Y06BMITE NATIONAL PABE.
available water has been amply realized, and it seems that any necesr-
sity of taking water from the Merced River has been indefinitely post-
poned and that such necessity may never arise.
The water pipes leading from the old spring were of thin steel,
which in many places had become badly corroded, so that repairs
were difficult to make. Six thousand feet of 8-inch cast-iron pipe has
been purchased and delivered to replace an equal amount of the steel
pipe and is now being installed. This represents but about one-fifth
of the total amount of work to be done in order to put the water
system of the valley in good condition. Attention is mvited to the
necessity of the early completion of the improvements to the water-
supply system.
BUILDINGS.
An addition has been completed to the acting superintendent's
residence, and plans have been prepared and work commenced on
four cottages for permanent park employees.
OTHER WORK.
A memorial seat to Galen Clark has been completed. Two pump-
ing stations in the vaUey and a pipe line along the El Portal road, all
bemg equipment necessary for the operation of the sprinkling wagons
along this road, have been installed and placed in successful operation.
Very respectfully
David A. Sherfey,
Resident FLngineer.
The AcTiNQ Superintendent of the
YosEMiTE National Park.
BTTLES AND BEGULATIONS OF JUNE 1, 1909.
The following rules and regulations for the government of the
Yosemite National Park, including the Yosemite Valley and Mari-
posa Big Tree Grove, are hereby established and made public, pur-
suant to authority conferred by the acts of Congress approved Octo-
ber 1, 1890. February 7, 1905, and June 11, 1906:
1. It ia forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders on the Government
lands withm the park.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands, or to deface or injure any Government property. Camping
parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel. When
felling timber, stumps must not be left higher than 12 inches from
the ground.
^ 3. Fire should be lignted only when necessary and completely ex-
tinguished when not longer rec^uired. The utmost care must be exer-
cised at all times to avoid settm^ fire to the timber and grass.
4. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing, any bird or wild
Snimal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
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YOSEMITE NATIONAL PABK. 597
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in pos-
session of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is
not the property of the person or persons violating this regulation
and the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation.
Firearms will only be permitted in the park on written permission
from the superintendent thereof. On arrival at the first station of
the park guard, parties having firearms, traps, nets, seines, or explo-
sives will turn them over to the sergeant m charge of the station,
taking his receipt for them. They wfll be returned to the owners on
leaving the park.
^ 6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way tnan with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit" is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent in any of the waters
of the park, or Hmited therein to any specified season of the year,
until otnerwise ordered by the Secretary of Ihe Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business, or erect buildings, etc., upon the Government lands in
the park without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to competent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park Hmits are entitled to
the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may
be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken
over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission
and under the supervision of the superintendent.
8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in tne pjark, as well as the driving of such
stock or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such
cases where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
9. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon Govern-
ment lands in the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the pubHc.
11. It is forbidden to carve or write names or otherwise deface any
of the posts, signboarda, platforms, seats, railings, steps, bowlders,
trees, or structures of any kind in the park.
12. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules,
will be summarily removed from the park and will not oe Slowed
to return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in nis employ anv person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be subversive of the good order and management of the
reservation. ^ ,
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598 YOSBMITE NATIONAL PABK.
13. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby
authorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the Govern-
ment lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all
tibie provisions of the acts of Congress aforesaid.
INSTBXTCTIONS OF JUNE 1, 1909.
(1) Interference with or molestation of any bear or other wild
animal in the park in any way by any person not authorized by the
superintendent is prohibited.
(2) Fires. — ^The greatest care must be exercised to insure the com-
plete extinction of all camp fires before they are abandoned. All
ashes and unburned bits of wood must, when practicable, be thor-
oughly soaked with water. Where fires are built in the neighborhood
of decayed logs, particular attention must be directed to the extin-
guishment of fires in the decaying mold. Fire may be extinguished
where water is not available oy a complete covering of earth well
packed down. Care should be taken that no lighted match, cigar, or
cigarette is drooped in any grass, twigs, leaves, or tree mold.
(3) Camps, — ^No camp will be made except at designated localities.
All campers in Yosemite Valley shall first report at the office ot the
superintendent for assignment to camping sites, and will not chanjge
camps without permission, nor shall fires be lighted in Yosemite
VaUey or Mariposa Big Tree Grove without the express permission
of the superintendent. Blankets, clothing, hammocks, or any other
article liaole to frighten teams must not be hung near the road. The
same rule appUes to temporary stops, such as for feeding horses or
for taking luncheon.
Many successive parties camp on the same sites during the season,
and camp grounds must be thoroughly cleaned before they are aban-
doned. Tm cans must be flattened and, with bottles, cast-off clothing,
and all other debris, must be deposited in a pit provided for the
purpose. When camps are made m xmusual places where pits may
not DC provided, all refuse must be hidden where it will not oe offen-
sive to the eye.
(4) Bicycles, — ^The greatest care must be exercised by persons
using bicycles. On meetiojg a team the rider must stop and stand at
side of road between the bicycle and the team — the outer side of the
road if on a grade or curve. In passing a team from the rear, the
rider should learn from the driver if his horses are Hable to frighten,
in which case the driver should halt and the rider dismount and walk
past, keeping between the bicycle and the team.
(5) Fishing, — ^All fish less than 6 inches in length should at once
be returned to the water with the least damage possible to the fish.
No one person shall catch more than 50 fish in one day.
(6) Dogs, — Dogs are not permitted in the park.
(7) Stages, — Stages entering Yosemite Valley shall stop at each
hotel or permanent camp in tne order of location so that passengers
may exercise the right or selection.
(s) Driving on roads of park, — (a) Drivers of vehicles of any
description, when overtaken by other vehicles traveling at a faster
rate or speed, shall, if requestea to do so, turn out and give the latter
free and unobstructed passageway.
(6) Vehicles, in passing each other, must give full half of the road-
way. This appUes to freight outfits as well as any other.^^^Tp
TOSEMITE NATIONAL PABlTBL. 699
(c) Freight, baggage, and heavy camping outfits on sidehill grades
throughout tne park will take the outer side of the road while being
passed by passenger vehicles in either direction.
(d) Transportation companies, freight and wood contractors, and
all other parties and persons using the park roads will be held liable
for violations of these instructions.
(e) Mounted men on meeting a passenger team on a grade will
halt on the outer side until the team passes. When approaching a
passenger team from the rear warning must be given, and no faster
gait wul be taken than is necessary to make the passage, and if on a
grade the passage will be on the outer side. A passenger team must
not be passed on a dangerous grade.
(f) An wagons used in hauling heavy freight over the park roads
must have tires not less than 4 inches in width. This order does not
apply to express freight hauled in light spring wagons with single
teams.
(9) MisceUaTieous, — ^Automobiles and motor cycles are not per-
mitted in the park.
No person snail ride or drive faster than a walk over any of the
Government bridges within the park. • Riding or driving at night,
except on the floor of the Yosemite Valley, is forbidden.
Persons with animals using trails must keep therein; leaving the
trails for the purpose of making short cuts will not be permitted.
Persons are not allowed to bathe near any of the regularly traveled
roads in the park without suitable bathing clothes.
Campers and all others, save those holding Ucense from the Sec-
retary of the Interior, are prohibited from hiring their horses, trap-
pings, or vehicles to tourists or visitors in the park.
Ail complaints by tourists and others as to service, etc., rendered
in the reservation should be made to the superintendent in writing
before the complainant leaves the park.
(10) The penalty for disregard of these instructions is sunmiary
ejection from the park.
BEGULATIONS OF FEBBTJABY 29, 1908, OOVEBNINa THE DCPOXTNB.
ING AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at lai^e or being
herded or grazed in the Yosemite National Park without authority
from the &cretary of the Interior will be taken up and impounded
by the superintendent, who will at once give notice thereof to the
owner, if Known. If the owner is not known, notice of such im-
pounding, giving a description of the animal or animals, with the
brands tnereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park and
in two public places outside the park. Any owner of an ammal thus
impounded may, at an^ time before the sale thereof, reclaim the same
upon proving ownership and paying the cost of notice and all ex-
penses incident to the taking up and detention of such animal, includ-
ing the cost of feeding and caring for the same. If any animal thus
impounded shall not be reclaimed within 30 days from notice to
the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be sold at pub-
lic auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the superintend-
ent after 10 days' notice, to be given by posting notices in six public
places in the park and two pubUc places outside the park, and by
mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof. ^ j
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600 Y06EMITE NATIONAL PABE.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impoimd-*
ing, and seUing thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be clamaed by
and paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactory proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date of
sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Yosemite National Park
fimd.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable-
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
PENALTY FOB INJITBING TREES AND FOB NOT EXTINGITISHINO
FIBES.
[Exoeipt from an act entitled "An act to provide for determining the heirs of deceased Indians, for the
disposition and sale of allotments of deceased Indians, for the leasing of allotments, and for other pui^
poses/' approved June 26, 1910 (36 Stat., 857).]
Sec. 6. That section fifty of the act entitled *'An act to codify,
revise, and amend, the penal laws of the United States," approved
March fourth, nineteen hundred and nine (Thirty-fifth United States
Statutes at Large, page one thousand and ninety-eight), is hereby
amended so as to read:
^ Sec. 60. Whoever shall unlawfully cut, or aid in unlawfully cut-
ting, or shall wantonly injure or destroy, or procure to be wantonly
injured or destroyed, any tree, growing, stanaing, or being upon any
land of the United States which, in pursuance of law, has been
reserved or purchased by' the United States for any public use, or
upon any Indian reservation or lands belonging to or occupied by any
tribe of Indians under the authority of the united States, or any
Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by
the Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the
allottee without the consent of the United States, shall be fined not
more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one
year, or both.
That section fiifty-three of said act is hereby amended so as to read:
Sec. 53. Whoever shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber, or
other inflammable material upon the public domain, or upon any
Indian reservation, or lands belonging to or occupied by any tribe of
Indians under the authority of the United States, or upon any Indian
allotment while the title to the same shall be held m trust by the
Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the allot-
tee without the consent of the United States, shall, before leaving
said fire, totally extinguish the same; and whoever shall fail to do so
shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not
more than one year, or both.
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^T7.P0RT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTEM)ENT OF THE
SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NAHONAL PARKS.
601
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SEQUOIA
AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks,
Office of the Superintendent,
Three Rivers^ Cal.^ October 5, 1911.
Sir : I have the honor to make the f oUowmg report on the condi-
tion of affairs and the management of the Sequoia and General
Grant National Parks :
GENERAIi CONDITIONS.
The rainfall and snow during the winter of 1910-11 was about
normal in the parks and the surrounding coimtry. Repair work on
the roads and trails was beffun in April, under the direction of Mr.
Walter Fry, the ranger in charge, and they were found in good con-
dition on June 2, the date of my arrival in the park, except the
higher mountain trails, which were put in good condition by the end
of the fiscal year, June 30.
Troop A, First Cavalry, 2 officers and 55 men, arrived June 2, for
duty in the parks. The troop was accompanied by a surgeon and 3
men of the Hosi)ital Corps, and was provided with the usual supply
and transportation service. However, the transportation was in-
sufficient and should be materially increased during the coming
season. Camp was established at the old site, on the Giant Forest
Boad at the Marble Fork Bridge, but under orders from the depart-
ment commander the camp was moved to the Parker group of " Big
Trees," just off Moro Eock Road, 5J miles beyond the old camp site
and one-half mile from Moro Rock. Moving the camp was com-
menced June 23 and was not completed until July 18. Outposts of
three men each were put on the more important entrances of the
Sequoia Park and at the crossroads in the General Grant Park, the
outposts in the Sequoia Park being located as follows : Rocky Gulch,
Atwell Mill, Cold Springs, Elk Park Gate, Clough Cave, and supply
camp outside the park limits at Kaweah. All of the stations were
frequently inspected, and all roads and trails were patrolled from
the several stations by the outposts and by officers and special
patrols from the main camp, and by the five rangers — Mr. Decker
m Grant Park; and Messrs. Blossom in the southwest, with head-
quarters at Hocketts Meadow; Britten in the southeast, at Quinns;
and von Grunigen in the north, at Giant Forest, while Mr. Fry, hav-
ing general supervision of improvement work, was kept constantly on
horseback to cover all points.
On July 17 headquarters Third Squadron, Band, Troops B, I, K,
and L, First Cavalry, arrived in the park, Maj. John H. Gardner
coinmanding. Troop B, was sent to General Grant National Park, ar-
riving there July 18, relieving the detachment there, which returned
to Camp Sequoia. The remainder of the command marched into the
Sequoia ParJk, but never reached Camp Sequoia on account of the
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604 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL. GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
failure of the contractor to furnish necessary supplies. This portion
of the command returned to Kaweah, where it could obtain supplies,
and remained there until July 30. At that date, under orders of the
division commander, the command, including Troop B, started for
the Presidio of San Francisco. A detachment of one noncommis-
sioned officer and two privates was sent to General Grant National
Park August 1. The aetachment at Eocky Gulch was increased to
five men.
TOURISTS, TRAVEL, AND ACCOMMODATIONS.
There was quite an increase in the number of tourists entering the
parks this season over that of last season. The numbers are as
follows :
Tourists in Sequoia Park, season of 1911.
AprU 45
May 68
June 441
July 1, 061
August 925
September 574
Total 3,114
Tourists in General Orant Park, season of 1911.
April
May 151
June 335
July 852
August 762
September 60
Total 2,160
The total for both parks was 5,274, compared with 3,585 for last
year. Many persons used their own transportation, mostly vehicles
of various descriptions; some ride and a few walk. Tourists gen-
erally throughout the season showed a gratifying disposition to ob-
serve the park rules and regulations, and they seemed to enjoy the
parks thoroughly. The present railroad station for the Sequoia Park
IS Lemon Cove. There is a hotel at this place. The River Inn Co.
has a hotel and store 1 mile above Three Rivers and about 10 miles
from Lemon Cove, on the road to the Giant Forest. The same com-
pany also furnishes tent hotel accommodations and furnishes campers'
supplies at Camp Sierra, in the Giant Forest ; they also furnish stage
transportation from Lemon Cove to the parks. This company has
been granted a 10-year concession by the Interior Department, com-
mencing June, 1912, authorizing them to conduct a transportation
service and providing for the maintaining of hotels in the Giant
Forest, in the Sequoia Park. The company intends to erect a num-
ber of buildings for the accommodation of tourists, which after com-
pletion will undoubtedly be the means of drawing a different class
of tourists to the parks and in no way decrease uie number of the
present patrons, but as yet Mr. Stousland, the manager of the com-
pany, has had only a bathhouse erected. There is a telephone service
at Camp Sierra, connecting with long distance, and triweekly mail.
There are two stores at Camp Sierra, one operated by Mrs. Cora M.
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SEQUOIA AND GENEBAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 605
Keller and one by the River Inn Co. Mrs. Keller caters to the gen-
eral public, while the so-called store operated by the River Inn Co.
is only to furnish their eating house and individual guests with neces-
sary supplies. There are also two feed yards at Camp Sierra oper-
ated by the same parties on the same general plan as the stores.
General Grant Park also has telephone connections, triweekly mail
service, a store, and tent hotel accommodations. The wagon roads in
the General Grant Park are in very fair condition, but the motor roads
are poor and sadly in need of repair. It will require considerable
monev and labor to put them in good condition.
IMPROVEMENT WORK.
.. In the Sequoia Park 123 miles of trails were improved, and trails
were completed as follows: The Clough Cave-Cold Spring trail,
covering a distance of 3^ miles; 2^ miles of tlie Clough Cave-Denni-
son; and 6 miles of the Dennison-Summit Meadow trails. One-
fourth mile of wagon road, leading from Giant Forest Road to the
new military camp, was constructed, and the military camp site was
cleared of brush and litter. About 2,000 feet of water pipe was laid
into the tourist camp at Camp Sierra. A new post-office building
has been erected at a cost of $950 at Ranger, in Camp Sierra.
The Mount Whitney Power & Electric Co. has entered into a con-
tract with the Interior Department to utilize a portion of the waters
of the Kaweah River for the purpose of generating electric power,
and a force of its men (about 10) is constructii^ a trail from a point
near the junction of the Middle and Marble Forks of the Kaweah
River to the proposed dam near the Marble Falls on the Marble Fork.
At General Grant Park the fence has been repaired, additional
auto signs were placed on the Government roads, repairs were made
on the ranger's cabin, and about 1,100 feet of additional water pipe
was laid to the tourist's camp.
CONCESSIONS.
In the General Grant Park Mrs. Maftie Cooksey had a concession
for a store, hotel accommodations, and feed vard. Mrs. Cooksey
was also postmistress at the General Grant Part.
In the Sequoia Park the River Inn Co. maintained tent accommo-
dations, an eating house, and a stage line from Lemon Cove to
Camp Sierra ; also a store and feed yard for its own convenience
and that its individual guests. Mrs. Cora M. Keller maintained
a store and feed yard for the general public. Mrs. Keller was also
postmistress at Camp Sierra and acted as a Government agent in
operating the Interior Department telephone installed in the Kanger
post office. Mr. Eddy, photographer, whose concession was renewed,
erected a very neat redwood studio on Government land about 50
yards from the Ranger post office.
GRAZING.
The River Inn Co. grazed 10 milch cows and 20 beef cattle on
private meadows in the Giant Forest for the purpose of supplying
Camp Sierra and the military camp. During the season 496 head
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606 SEQUOIA AND GENERAIi GRANT NATIONAL. PARKS.
of cattle in 6 droves were allowed to pass through a section of the
park on the Mineral King Road to the national forest, where grazing
privileges were held by their owners.
WEATHER CONDITIONS.
The past season was a dry one, there was practically no rain, and
the roads were exceedingly dusty. The weatner was generally clear
and the atmosphere bracing and usually cool and pleasant.
FIRES.
During the season there were two forest fires. The first was at
Mitchell Meadow, caused by lightning July 28, 1911; extinguished
the following day by Ranger Blossom and two soldiers ; area burned,
one-half acre.
The second fire was at Horse Creek, caused by lightning July 30,
1911. This fire was surrounded by Ranger Blossom and four soldiers
on August 4 and a patrol around the burned area to prevent any
further spreading of the fire was kept on duty until August 11, when
it was thought the fire had burned itself out. On August 19 it was
reported that this same fire had broken out again. This time 12
soldiers under Sergt. Zobin, Troop A, First Cavalry, were sent out
to get the fire under control. Ihe fire continued to spread and
seemed to be getting beyond the control of the force fighting the
same, and, on August 30, Rangers Blossom and von Grunigen and 6
additional soldiers were sent to reenforce and aid the fire-fighting
party. This entire force fought the fire until September 5 when they
managed to surround it, but the fire was not finally extinguished
until September 13. About 600 acres were burned, mostly in brush
country.
The forest-fire notices furnished by the Interior Department are
posted in a great many conspicuous places both in and out of the
parks.
The fishing is nothing remarkable and the streams are practically
fished out early in the season. The fishing is supposed to be one of
the greatest drawing cards of the parks, and to make the sport
attractive and worth while I recommend that the Government estab-
lish a hatchery within the limits of the park with a suitable force
to care for the same and to well stock each vear all the desirable
streams.
RODENTS.
In order to comply with a State law of California there was
allotted by the department $55 for the purchase of poisoned grain —
$50 for the Sequoia Park and $5 for General Grant Park— for the
extermination of rodents. There was an unusual and unavoidable
delay in securing the poisoned grain. However, the grain has ar-
rived and will fe distributed to the rangers, and the extermination
of the rodents will commence immediately.
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SEQUOIA AND GENEBAL GRANT NATIONAL PAAKS. 607
EXTENSION OF THE PARKS.
This subject has been discussed by several of my predecessors, and
a variety of new boundaries have been suggested and the advantages
and disadvantages to the park that woula result from such exten-
sions have been gone over quite thoroughly. In thinking over the
matter and discussing the same with the rangers on duty in the
Sequoia Park, who have a thorough knowledge of the country and
several years' experience of active duty in their present positions, I
am of the opinion that the following boundary, suggested by Mr.
R. B. Marshall, chief topographer, Geological Survey, would be most
desirable.^
Be^nning at a point on the range line between ranges 31 and 32
east, m township 18 south, of the Mount Diablo base and meridian,
being a point on the present eastern boundary of the Sequoia Na-
tional Park where it crosses the hydrographic divide between Little
Kern Eiver and Soda Creek; thence southeasterly along the hydro-
^aphic divide between Little Kern Eiver and Soda Creek to the
junction of Little Kern Eiver and Quail Creek; thence easterly along
the hjrdrographic divide between Quail Creek and Lion Creek to the
summit of the Great Western Divide ; thence southeasterly along the
Great Western Divide to Coyote Peak; thence easterly along the
hydrographic divide to the junction of Kern Eiver and Little Creek,
aoout one-half mile south of Kern Lake and between that lake ana
Little Lake ; thence easterly along the main divide south of Little
Creek and between Golden Trout Creek and Cold Creek (tributaries
of Kern Eiver) to the summit of Kern Peak; thence northerly and
easterly along the hydrographic divide between the South Fork of
Kern Eiver and Golden Trout Creek to the smnmit of the Sierra
Nevada ; thence northerly along the main crest of the Sierra Nevada
to Pine Creek Pass at the head of Piute Creek; thence following
westerly down Piuti^ Creek through French Canyon to the junction
of the South Fork of San Joaquin Eiver and Piute Creek; thence
southerly along the main hydrographic divide to the summit of
Mount Henry; thence southeasterly along the hydrographic divide
between the drainage or the South Fork of the San Joaquin Eiver
and the drainage of the North Fork of Kings Eiver to the junction
with Goddard Divide; thence southerly and westerly along the hy-
drographic divide between Goddard Creek and the drainage of the
North Fork of Kings Eiver, and along the divide between Crown
Creek and Blue Canyon Creek, along Kettle Eid^e to Kettle Dome;
thence southwesterly along the hydrographic divide to the junction
of Crown and Fawn Creeks ; thence westerly along the hydrographic
divide between Fawn Creek and Eodgers Creek to Obelisk Peak;
thence westerly along the main hydrographic divide south of Eodgers
Creek to Spanish Mountain ; thence southerly along the hydrographic
divide (Deer Eidge) to the junction of the South and Middle Forks
of Kings Eiver; thence southerly along the hydrographic divide
between Tenmile Creek and Loclrwood Creek and along the Sequoia
and Big Baldy Eidges to Big Baldy; thence southerly along the
hvdrographic divide (Big Baldy Eidge) to the junction of Eedwood
Creek and the North ForK of Kaweah Eiver ; thence following down
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608
SEQUOIA AND GBNEBAL GRANT NATIONAL PAKKS.
UAP SHOWING THE BOTJKDART
O^ THE PROPOSED 1UCIEM8I0K TO TUB
SEQUOIA. NATIONAL PARK
CAUFOtaOA.
Seda
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SEQUOIA AND GENBBAL GBANT NATIONAL PABKS. 609
the east bank of the North Fork of Kaweah River to the junction
with Cactus Creek; thence southeasterly alone the hydrographic
divide between Cactus Creek, Maple Creek, ana the North Fork of
Kaweah River to Ash Pealra; thence southerly along the hydro-
graphic divide west of Alder Creek to the junction of the Middle
and East Forks of Kaweah River ; thence south and easterly along
the hydrographic divide between the East Fork of Kaweah River and
Salt Creek, over Red Hill, to Case Mountain; thence easterly along
the hydrographic divide (Salt Creek Ridge) between the South and
East Forfe of Kaweah River to Homers Nose ; thence southwesterly
along the hydrographic divide east of Bennett and Burnt Camp
Creeks to the junction of Burnt Camp Creek and the South Fork
of Kaweah River; thence southeasterly along the hydrographic di-
vide to Dennison Mountain ; thence easterly along the hydrographic
divide (Dennison Ridge) between the South Fork of Kaweah River,
the North Fork of Tule River, and the North Fork of the Middle
Fork of Tule River to Sheep Mountain ; thence northeasterly along
the hydrographic divide between the South Fork of Kaweah River.
Pecks Canyon, Soda Creek, and Little Kern River to the place or
beginning.
This boundary is a natural one, being the ridge line of numerous
mountain chains. Practically all the new territory that would be
acauired is now in the national forest, is of little value commer-
cially, and of great value as a park reserve. Its natural beauties are
^eat and varied, there is comparatively little deeded land within the
indicated boundary, it forms a natural game preserve^ and within this
extensive area game of all kinds shoula prosper and increase rapidly,
and be able to escape the hunter that each year is promptly, at the
opening of the hunting season, at the most desirable points for the
killing of such game, that by reason of the protection afforded by
park regulations, easily fall victims to the enthusiastic and persistent
hunter. These ridges are natural barriers and the game is not apt
to stray or roam beyond them. Also within this proposed area there
are some of the finest trout streams in the world, and these streams
and the fishing therein should be so regulated as to preserve their
reputation indefinitely.
PURCHASE OF DEEDED POSSESSIONS.
This subject I know has been under discussion and investigation
by the Government for a number of years, and I can say nothing new
on the subject. Still I might repeat some of the facts and the ad-
vantages gained, should such a policy be adopted.
The individual owners would receive a fair compensation for their
property, which, held under the present conditions, can be nothing
more than a source of annoyance and a constant demand on the Gov-
ernment for certain privileges connected with such holdings, in
order that they may develop the same, or manipulate it, so as to
derive the greatest pecuniary benefit therefrom.
The purchase of said lands would eliminate the possibility of any
trouble or friction between present land owners and Government
forces, and would materially aid in the general and natural de-
velopment of the parks.
11355"— INT 1911— VOL 1 39 r^^^^T^
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610 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL, GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
ADHIinSTKATIOK OF THE SEQUOIA ANB /(^EKEBAI. GBAHT
FABEB BY GIVHJAKa
I recommend that the administration of the Sequoia and General
Grant National Parks be placed in the hands of a civilian appointee
(a retired Army oflGicer, qualified by experience, knowledge and inter-
est, would, in my opinion, make an admirable superintendent). I
believe a similar appointment in the other parks to be equally desir-
able. A force of permanent park rangers should be appointed, suf-
ficient to properly patrol the parks, enforce police regulations, pro-
tect game, forests, and prevent violations of park regulations. I
believe some permanent arrangement could be made by which a suffi-
cient number of able-bodied men could be assembled at short notice
to fight fires, which are of such frequent occurrences in the mountain
forests. The large majority of these fires are due to lightning. The
men proposed to fight fires should be paid from a fund set aside for
this particular purpose.
This scheme I believe to be in the interest of both economy and
efficiency. One good ranger is, in my opinion, more valuable in the
park work than a dozen soldiers. lie is working in his chosen pro-
fession ; he is interested in the park, in its successful administration,
and in the enforcement of the park rules and regulations. It is his
livelihood and he is permanent, whereas most soldiers do their work
in a perfunctory manner and do it simply because they are ordered
to do it, but not from any sense of interest they have in the park or
its workings. Their work is temporary at the best and there is a
great probability of one season in the park being their first and last
park duty.
These remarks are to a certain extent applicable to an Army officer
detailed as acting superintendent. I believe the best interests of the
parks are neglected by these practically annual changes of superin-
tendents. One superintendent will become more or less interested
in certain improvement work requiring several years to complete.
About the time he gets this work started the season closes ; next year
a new superintendent is appointed, and he is in no way interested in
the work commenced by his predecessor, and probably this work will
be abandoned for a new scheme, deemed more important by the new
superintendent. A permanent superintendent such as I have sug-
gested would avoid this waste of energy and funds and the conse-
quent retardation of the general development and improvement of
the parks.
In my opinion park duty for enlisted men in the Army is more or
less detrimental to discipline and military training. From the neces-
sities of the park work a large number of men are on detached duty,
not suWect to the personal observation and frequent inspection of
their officers, and they become lax in discipline during this prolonged
absence from proper military control. Under present conditions a
large number of enlisted men are recruits, and if a recruit com-
mences his service and gets his initial instructions under the above
conditions it is doubly hard to make a good soldier of him and dis-
abuse his mind of the impressions he acquired while on outpost duty
early in his career with only a noncommissioned officer to direct and
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SEQUOIA AND GENEBAL GBANT NATIONAL. PAKKS. 611
discipline him. There are a number of noncommissioned officers at
the present time with a too limited experience.
I nave not been able to obtain figures on the subject, but at a glance
it seems to me that it would be a matter of great economy to have the
parks administered bv a civilian force. I do not mean that it would be
more economical to tne Interior Department, for the present arrange-
ment, with a military police force, saves the Interior Department the
amount it would require to employ the number of rangers necessary
in the absence of the military. The expense to the War Department
I believe to be much greater than would be the necessary expense in-
curred by the Interior Department in employing the proper number
of civilians. As before stated, under this scheme I believe more effi-
cient park work would be accomplished, and the military now en-
gaged on park duty would be in a position to pursue the course of in-
struction, which I believe to be more in line with the training neces-
sary to make competent and excellent soldiers of them.
CLEBK FOB THE ACTING SUPEBINTENDENT.
It is recommended that the department supply u competent clerk
for the acting superintendent from the Washington office, who is
perfectly familiar with all the returns, reports, vouchers, and forms
connected with the administration of the parks, this clerk to be
present for duty in the park from Majr 15 to October 1 of each year,
or for such periods as his services will be desirable by the acting
superintendent. It is practically impossible to secure a competent
clerk on short notice for such a short period at a reasonable rate of
compensation, and the result is that tne acting superintendent has
to perform the clerical work or have it done by an enlisted man with-
out any compensation whatever therefor.
SALE OP COMMODITIES BY Iia>IVIDUALS HGLDIKG CONCESSIONS
EBOM THE INTEBIOB DEFABTMENT.
I recommend that the department regulate the price of commodities
sold by individuals who acquired concessions, allowing a certain per-
centage on all commodities. I am also in favor of granting a similar
concession to two or more individual parties desiring the same. This
will have a tendency to induce concessionaires to observe more strictly
the conditions imposed upon them and will give the public a better
return for their money.
CONSTBUCTION AND IMPBOVEMENT WOBK TO BE DONE BY
CONTBACT.
I recommend that all improvement and construction work in the
parks be done by contract, instead of the present method of employ-
ment of day labor. I believe equally good, if not better, work can be
done, and certainly it can be done cheaper, if honest competition in
the securing of contracts can be secured.
SANITATION.
As long as the military are in charge of the parks the surgeon of
the command should be appointed sanitary inspector of the various
tourist camps and make frequent inspections of them.
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612 SEQUOIA AND GENEBAL OBANT NATIONAL PABK8.
A list of simple sanitary rules should be drawn up by the su^peon
and these posted or distributed among the tourists, and all the ofl^rs
on duty in the park and all park rangers should promptly report
any violations of them.
WATEB^PrPE SYSTEM FOB HILITABY CAMP.
During the season the military camp, by order of the department com-
mander, was moved. The new camp site selected was the Parker group
of " Biff Trees " just off the Moro Kock Road, about one-half mile from
Moro Sock. The site seemed the most desirable one that was avail-
able, and under conditions by which permanent water can be secured
I believe it to be the best location to be had. There is a small stream
running through the camp, but the flow is small and uncertain, and
during a dry season it will certainly cease to run before the end of
the tourist season. In selecting the present camp site it was con-
templated to pipe water from Log Creek, at the head of I^g Creek
Meadow, a distance of about 1^ miles from the camp, with a fall of
161.15 feet. It was assumed that the War Department would make
the necessary allotment of funds for this work. A requisition was
made for the same and flatly refused by the War Department.' This
water system will cost at least $2,000, and it is earnestly recommended
that if a military camp is to be continued in the parks that this
amount be allotted for this work from the next year's appropriatiou
and be made available for expenditure at a date as early as possible.
If the work is to be done material should be on the ^ound oj July
1 or as soon thereafter as possible. If this pipe line is not built the
present camp site will most probably have to be abandoned, and it
will be difficult to find a suitable new one.
BUFEAIiO.
There are sections in the Sequoia Park that are peculiarly
adapted for the propagation and all year around grazing of buffalo.
They should thrive and increase with practically no care or atten-
tion. They are ornamental, and would be quite an acquisition to
the park. It is recommended that a small herd, about 12, be sent
from Yellowstone Park to the Sequoia Park. Inasmuch as a similar
request or suggestion has been made during previous years and
nothing accomplished, it is suggested that the necessary funds for
the transportation and delivery of said buffalo be allotted from the
park revenues.
MOBO BOCK.
It is extremely desirable to build an iron stairway to the top of
Moro Rock. Moro Rock is a decided feature in the park, and^the
view from- it is superb. At present in its natural condition the
ascent to the summit of the rock is extremely dangerous, and only a
few bold spirits accomplish this feat. It is extremely probable that at
any time fatal accidents will result.
BOATS.
A couple of metal rowboats for Twin Lakes would be a very de-
sirable acquisition.
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SEQUOTA AND GEKERAL ORANT l^ATIONAI. PARKS. 6 13
GIANT FOBEST BOAD.
The Giant Forest Koad, the only means of entering the park by
vehicle, is practically only 12 feet wide. It is difficult at most any
point of the road for two vehicles to pass each other, and for great
stretches of the road such passing is absolutely impossible. This
road should be widened to 18 feet.
CONSTBUCTION ANB BEFATB WOBK.
There are numerous schemes for original and repair work in the
parks; all of these were enumerated and estimated for on the annual
estimate sheet. I do not think it necessary or desirable to enter
into details at this time concerning these schemes. After the next
year's appropriation is made and the person in charge is called upon
for a tentative scheme for allotting this money the various schemes
can be taken up in the order of their relative importance and the
immediate wants of the parks, bearing in mind the amount of money
available for the prosecution and completion of said schemes.
FBOTECTION OF THE BIO TBEES.
The most prominent of the big trees should be protected against
fire bv clearmg away annually the brush and fallen timber for a
considerable space around them. The most prominent and remark-
able of these trees are the General Sherman, the McKinley, and Abe
Lincoln in the Sequoia Park and the General Grant in the General
Grant Park. The latter-named tree has a fence partially around it,
but the fence was much damaged by falling limbs in 1909. To pro-
tect these trees against vandals, who have an irresistable desire to
carve their names in public places, or otherwise mutilate monuments
of all kinds, I recommend that substantial fences, preferably iron, be
placed around the General Sherman tree (the largest and the most
wonderful tree in the world) in the Sequoia Park and the General
Grant tree in the General Grant Park.
CABE OF THE FOBEST.
Considering the fi^reat tracts of forest lands within the limits of the
parks and the small amounts appropriated for the administration of
them, all I can suggest under such conditions is that the greatest
possible care, considering the means available, be exercised to prevent
the starting of forest fires, or the spreading of the same when once
started; also to check the ravages of insects^ so destructive and
deadly to a great variety of timber.
ANIMALS ANB GAME.
Predatorv wild beasts have noticeably decreased during the past
year, and this undoubtedly is due to the expenditure of $900 by the
department in employing three hunters for three months during the
winter season of 1910-11. It is recommended that a similar course
be adopted during the coming winter.
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614 SEQUOIA 'and oekeral grant national parks.
So far as known no deer were killed by wild animals during the
past season.
There was a marked increase in the smaller animals and birds,
particularly tree squirrels, quail, and grouse.
The bears at Canip Sierra during the past season proved to be a
general nuisance. Campers lost quantities of provisions that were
stolen and destroyed by them, and on several occasions during the
nighttime campers and tourists were alarmed and much fririitened
by the sudden and unwelcome visits of Mr. Bruin. So far as I know
the bear is neither useful nor ornamental, and I recommend that he
be exterminated.
The Fish and Game Conunission of California supplied 150 wild
turkeys, which were liberQ,ted August 23, 1911, at Hospital Rock, 10
miles east of the west boundary, on the middle fork of the Kaweah
River. I am now in communication with the fish and game com-
missioners of California, who wish to furnish 150 more wild turkeys
to be liberated in the Sequoia Park. I am trying to get possession
of these birds and have them liberated without any cost to the
department.
FISH.
The best trout streams in the Sequoia Park are the Middle and
East Forks of the Kaweah River and the headwaters of the South
Fork and the upper Marble Fork.
Fish this year were planted by the Tulare County Sportmen's
Club, of Visalia. About 90,000 of these fish were planted in the
waters of the Kaweah, in the Elk Park, and west of the park
boundary. Such replenishing of the streams is very uncertain, even
with this outside aid and such similar donations as have been made in
the past year.
TBOOFS ON DUTY IN THE FABJCS.
•Troop A, First Cavalry, was on duty in the parks during the past
summer. The troop rendered excellent service in construction work,
{)atrol duty, fire fighting, and in enforcing the park rules and rel-
ations. Tne troop left the parks for its home station September
14, 1911.
FABK BANaSBS.
The park rangers, Mr. Walter Fry, head ranger, Mr. C. W. Blos-
som, Mr. H. T. Britten, and Mr. John G. von Grunigen, of the
Sequoia Park^ and Mr. Milo S. Decker, of the General Grant Park,
performed their varied duties in a zealous and conscientious manner,
and were loyal to the acting superintendent in doing all they could
to make the administration of the parks as pleasant and efficient as
existing conditions would admit.
James B. Hughes,
Major^ First Cavalry^ Acting Superintendeivt,
The Secretary of the Interior.
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RULES AND REGUIiATIONS.
SEQUOIA NATIONAL FABK.
General Besrulations of March 30, 1007.
1. By act of Congress approved September 25, 1890, the tract of
land in the State of California descrioed in township 18 south and
ranges 30 and 31 east, and also sections 31, 32, 33, and 34, in town-
ship 17 south and range 30 east, and by act of Congress approved
October 1, 1890, the adjoining tract describM as townships 15 and
16 south, ranges 29 and 30 east, and also township 17 south, range
30 east, except above-mentioned sections 31, 32, 33, and 34, have been
set apart for a public park, and the same shall be known as the
" Sequoia Nattonal Park."
2. The park ly said act is placed under the exclusive control of
the Secretary of the Interior, and these rules and regulations are
made and published in pursuance of the duty imposed on him in
regard thereto.
3. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders on the government
lands withm the park.
4. It is forbidden to cut or injure any^timber growing on the park
lands. Camping parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber
for fuel.
5. Fires shall be lighted only when necessary and completely ex-
tinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
6. Hunting or killinff, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in posses-
sion of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances than
presented above, will be taken up by the superintendent and held
subject to order of the Secretary oi the Interior, except in cases
where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the
property of the person or persons violating this regulation and the
actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Firearms
win only be permitted in the park on written permission from the
superintendent thereof.
7. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives^ or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent of the park in any
of the waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season
of the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
8. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, or to engage
in any business on the government lands in the park without per-
615
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616 SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS.
mission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior. The super-
intendent may grant authority to competent persons to act as guides
and revoke the same in his discretion, and no pack trains shall be
allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly registered guide.
9. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled
to the full use and enjoyment th€rex)f ; such lands, however, shall
have the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined as that
they may be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may
be taken over the park lands to patented lands with the written
permission and under the supervision of the superintendent.
10. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such
stock or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such
cases where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
11. The sale or use of intoxicating liquors on the government lands
in the park is strictly forbidden.
12. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
13. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules,
may be summarily removed from the park and will not b^ allowed
to return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park.
14. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby au-
thorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the government
lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all the
provisions or the act of Congress aforesaid.
Begrulations of March 30, 1907, Governing the Impounding: and Bisposition
of Loose Live Stock.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed on the government lands in the Sequoia
National !Park without authority from the superintendent of the
park, will be taken up and impounded by the superintendent, who
will at once give notice thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner
is not known, notices of such impounding, giving a description of
the animal or animals, with the brands thereon, will be posted in
six public places inside the park and in two public places outside the
park. Any owner of an animal thus impounded may, at any time
before the sale thereof, reclaim the same upon proving ownership
and paying the cost of notice and all expenses incident to the taking
up and detention of such animal, including the cost of feeding and
caring for the same. If any animal thus impounded shall not be
reclaimed within thirty days from notice to the owner or from the
date of posting notices, it shall be sold at public auction at such
time and place as may be fixed hj the superintendent after ten days'
notice, to be given by posting notices in six public places in the park
and two public places outside the park, and by mailing to the owner,
if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
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SEQUOIA AND GENEBAL GRANT NATIONAL 1>ARKS. 6 17
ing, and selling thereof shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period oi six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed by
and paid to the owner upon the presentatiop of satisfactory proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date of
sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Sequoia National Park
fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
Tne superintendent will^ in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
GENEBAL GBANT NATIONAL FABK
General Begulations of March 30, 1907.
1. By act of Congress approved October 1, 1890, the tract of land
in the State of California described as sections 5 and 6, in township
14 south, range 28 east of Mount Diablo meridian, and also sections
31 and 32, of township 13 south, range 28 east of the same meridian,
have been set apart for a public park, and the same shall be known
as the " General Grant National Park," " General Grant " being
the name by which the Great Tree therein is so widely known.
All other provisions of the General Grant Park regulations are the
same as those for Sequoia National Park.
Begulations of August 17, 1910» Govemingr the Admission of Automobiles
and Motorcycles into the General Grant National Park, California, during:
the Season of 1910-11.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of October 1, 1890
(26 Stat., 650) , setting aside certain lands in the State of California
as a public park^ the following regulations governing the admission
of automobiles into the General Grant National Park are hereby
established and made public :
1. No automobiles will be permitted within the metes and boimds
of General Grant National Park unless the owner thereof secures a
written permit from the acting superintendent or his representative.
Permits may be obtained from the acting superintendent at Three
Rivers, CaL, or his authorized representative at the rangers' head-
quarters on the government road in the General Grant National Park.
2. Applications for permits must show: (a) Name of owner, (6)
number of machine, (c) name of driver, and (d) inclusive dates for
which permit is desired, not exceeding one year, and be accompanied
by a fee of $1 for a single round trip through the park or a fee of $5
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618 SEQUOU AND GENERAL GBANT NATIONAL PAEK6.
for each machine per annum. Permits must be presented to the acting
superintendent or his authorized representative at the rangers' head-,
quarters on the government road. The permittee will not be allowed
to do a transportation business in the park without a special license
therefor from the Secretary of the Interior. All permits granted
at any time when automobiles can enter the park will expire on
December 31 of the year of issue.
3. The use of automobiles will be permitted only on the Millwood
road, the Round Meadow road, the N^orth road north of its junction
with the north end of the Round Meadow road, and the tourists'
camp grounds, and return, between the hours of 6.30 a. m. and
10.30 a. m. and between the hours of 3.30 p. m. and 6. 30 p. m.
4. When teams approach, automobiles will take position on the
outer edge of roadway, regardless of the direction in which they are
going, taking care that sufficient room is left on the inside for the
passage of teams.
5. Automobiles will stop when teams approach and remain at rest
until teams have passed or until teamsters are satisfied regarding the
safety of their teams.
6. Speed will be limited to 6 miles per hour, except on straight
stretches, where approaching teams will be visible, when, if no teams
are in sight, this speed may be increased to the rate indicated on sign-
boards along the road. In no event, however, shall it exceed 15 miles
per hour.
7. Signal with horn will be given at or near every bend to announce
to approaching teams the proximity of an automobile.
8. Teams have the right of way, and automobiles will be backed or
otherwise handled, as necessary, so as to enable teams to pass with
safety.
9. Violation of any of the foregoing rules or the general regula-
tions for the government of the park will cause revocation of permit,
will subject tne owner of the automobile to any damages occasioned
thereby and to ejectment from the reservation, and be cause for
refusal to issue a new permit to the owner without prior sanction in
writing from the Secretary of the Interior.
10. All persons passing through the park with automobiles should
be requir^ to stop at the rangers' headquarters and register their
names.
11. These rules are also applicable to motorcycles, which may use
only the roads herein mentioned on payment of a fee of $1 for each
machine per annum. Permits issued therefor shall expire on Decem-
ber 31 of the year of issue.
Penalties for Bepredatioxis on Timber and for Not Extinguishing Fires on
the Public Lands.
[Excerpt from an act entitled "An act to provide for determining the heirs of deceased
Indians, for the disposition and sale of allotments of deceased Inaians, for the leasing of
allotments, and for other purposes," approved June 26, 1910 (86 Stat., 857)].
Sec. 0. That section fifty of the act entitled "An act to codify,
revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States," approved
March fourth, nineteen hundred and nine (Thirty-fifth United States
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SEQUOIA AND GENEKAL GBANT NATIONAL PARKS. 619
Statutes at Large, page one thousand and ninety-eight), is hereby
amended so as to read :
^^Set. 50. Whoever shall unlawfully cut, or aid in unlawfully
cutting, or shall wantonly injure or destroy, or procure to be wan-
tonly injured or destroyed, any tree growing, standing, or being upon
any land of the United States which, in pursuance of law, has been
reserved or purchased by the United States for any public use, or
upon any Indian reservation or lands belonging to or occupied by
any tribe of Indians under the authority of the XJnited States, or any
Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by
the Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the
allottee without the consent of the United States, shall he fined not
more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one
year, or both."
That section fifty-three of said act is hereby amended so as to read :
"Sec. 63. Whoever shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber,
or other inflammable material upon the public domain, or upon any
Indian reservation or lands belonging to or occupied by any tribe of
Indians under the authority of the United States, or upon any Indian
allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust bv the Gov.-
ernment, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the allottee
without the consent of the United States, shall, before leaving said
fire, totally extinguish the same ; and whoever shall fail to do so shall
be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more
than one year, or both."
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
621
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MOUNT RAINIER
NATIONAL PARK.
Office of Supebintendent,
Ashford, Washington, October 10, 1911.
Sm: I have the honor to submit the following report of the con-
dition of affairs in the Mount Rainier National Park for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1911, and for the season of 1911.
By the act of Congress approved March 2, 1899 (30 Stat. 993),
certain tracts of land therein described, lying in the State of Wash-
ington, were set aside for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of
the United States, to be known as the "Mount Rainier National
Park." This park is 18 miles square, with an area of 207,360 acres,*
and lies wholly within the Rainier National Forest. The summit of
Mount Rainier is about li miles southwest of the center of the
park, but the reservation includes substantially the whole mass of
the mountain proper, with its wonderful glacial system, which is
said to be the lai^est radiating from any smgle peak in the world.
The park by said act is placed under the exclusive control of the
Secretary of the Interior, who, among other things, is authorized to
establish rules and regulations and cause adequate measures to be
taken for the preservation of the natural curiosities, timber, mineral
deposits, game, etc., and the removal of unlawful occupants or tres-
passers.
TOPOGRAPHY.
Mount Rainier is situated apart from and to the west of the main
range of the Cascades. The ridges which radiate from it are high
and broken. The entire area of 324 square miles included withm
the boundary of the park is very rough and moimtainous. The sum-
mit of Moimt Rainier is 14,526 feet in altitude. The lower valleys of
the Carbon and Nisqually Rivers are not more than 2,000 feet above
sea level, but the general elevation of the park exceeds 4,000 feet.
Although there is fittle rain or snow from July 1 to the middle of
September, the precipitation during the remainder of the year is very
f-eat. The season of tourist travel is confined largely to June, July,
ugust^ September, and the first part of October, although parties
of tourists enter the park for snowshoeing and winter sports. Dur-
ing the winter months the Grovemment road is kept open for sleighs
as far as Longmire Springs. Beyond this point tne park is impass-
able for horses.
The summit of Mount Rainier is accessible from Camp of the Clouds
in Paradise Valley, and from St. Elmo Pass, between the White and
Emmons Glaciers, The difficulty of the ascent depends largely upon
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624 MOUNT BAIIHEB NATIONAL PABK.
the condition of the snow fields, which vary from year to year. It
is dangerous and should not be attempted unless the party is accom-
panied by an official guide.
Between and below the glaciers are numerous open slopes and val-
leys which are covered with luxuriant growths of grasses, sedge, and
flowering plants. . These parks are diversified by growths of alpine
fir and bemlock and by many small lakes and running streams.
They present a pleasing contrast to the snow fields and ru^ed peaks
by which they are surrounded, and are greatly admired by visitors.
Paradise Valley is the most frequented of the many parks. The Gov-
ernment road running through this park and for some distance
beyond the Camp of the Clouds makes it easily accessible for tour-
ists. Near Paradise Valley and at the headwaters of Tahoma Fork
is Indian Henry's Himting Ground, so named from the circumstance
that it was formerly the favorite resort of a small band of Klickitat
Indians. Grand Park, between the main and west forks of White
Kiver, is one of the largest and most beautiful of these open tracts.
At the altitude of 6,000 feet it is an almost level grassy plateau, the
greater part of which is entirely without timber. Moraine Park,
between the Sluiskin Range and the Carbon Glacier, is a small and
very attractive mountain valley. A natural stone bridge has recently
been discovered near the west "branch of the White River. The span
of the bridge measures 150 feet and is 200 feet from the floor of the
ravine which it crosses. This bridge overlooks two rock-bound lakes.'
It is 1 mile from the Grand Park trail. In Indian Henry's Hunting
Ground a waterfall with a sheer drop of over 200 feet was discovered
during the month of August, 1911, and named Pearl Falls.
FOREST CONDITIONS.
The forest in tne lower valley is of the type characteristic of western
Washington and Oregon. The imdergrowth is dense and the forest
floor is covered with moss and with a litter of fallen branches and
decayed wood. The predominant trees are the Douglas fir, hemlock,
white fir, and cedar. At 3,000 feet these species occur together with
the lovely and noble fir. From 4,000 feet to snow line the forest
is distinctly alpine, and consists of moimtain hemlock, alpine fir, and
Alaska cedar. On the high ridges are numerous and extensive tracts
of timber killed by fire before the creation of the park. These areas
are reforesting very slowlv. The high winds, scanty soil, short
summers, and extremely cold winters are unfavorable to tree growth.
Only a small quantity of the timber in the park shows signs of
disease, although a considerable portion of it has passed maturity.
Some means should be foimd for the removal of the dead timber at
the lower elevations. The cedar may be cut into shingle bolts and
marketed, but the other species of dead timber have a value for fuel
onlv, and all that can not be used for this purpose should be piled
ana burned, as the fire danger from this source is very great. The
utmost care should be taken to prevent injur}^ to the timber in the
small natural parks that surroimd the mountain.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
The Government road in the park was opened for travel to the
Camp of the Clouds in Paradise Valley, a distance of 20^ miles from
the park entrance, late in thesummer of 1910, although not completed
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MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 625
at that time. During the season of 1911 approximately $10,000 has
been expended on its construction above Narada FaUs^ this amount
remaining from the original appropriation, and $3,500 from park
revenues for its maintenance and repair. The road is well located,
but in places is narrow and poorly dramed. Below Longmire Springs
a 2 per cent grade is obtained, and between Longmire Springs and
Paradise Valley it exceeds 4 per cent only in a few short stretches.
The bridges are of heavy construction and well built, except those
over the Tahoma and Kautz Forks, spans of 40 and 30 feet, respec-
tively, and these should be replaced with steel bridges. Three and
one-naif miles of road have been constructed by the Government, from
the western boundary of the Rainier National Forest to the western
boundary of the national park, to connect the park and county roads.
This stretch of roadway is in bad repair, there being no funds for its
maintenance, and has not been brought to the grade intended by the
engineer's survey. It should be transferred from the War Depart-
ment to the Interior Department, placed under the control oi the
park superintendent, and appropriations be made for its upkeep and
repair.
The present road from the western boundarv of the Rainier National
Forest to the C amp of the Clouds in Paradise V alley should be widened
to 16 feet and macadamized, and at dangerous pomts parapets should
be constructed to keep stages and automobiles from going off grade.
It is estimated the cost of uiis work would be $6,500 per mile, except
the section of rock work above Nisqually Glacier, which extends for a
distance of 2 miles. This section is thorough a side cut of rock and
hardpan, with the present wall from 12 to 40 feet in height, and with
a perpendicular drop on the outside of from 800 to 1,200 feet. About
1,000 feet of the solid rock can be widened by a side chamber for
approximately $2.50 per foot; the remainder must be widened from
8 to 10 feet on the bank side and the bank reduced to a slope of one
to one to prevent the annual slides which are caused by the swelling
of the material on the bank by rain and frost. Unlimited quantities
of tough rock for macadam are found along the road in the park.
One large slide of columnar basalt, broken ready for the crusher, has
3,000 feet of road constructed through it. and many fine ledges of
granite are cut by the road from Nisqually Glacier to the head of
Paradise Valley. The value of the material found in the park for
binding purposes in macadam construction has not been proven, but
the cementing properties of the soft rock and hardpan on Ricksecker
Point are very noticeable.
The western entrance to the park is appropriately marked by an
archway constructed of heavy cedar lo^. This archway was erected
(luring the spring of 1911, is 22 feet wide, 24 feet high in the clear,
and from the center a hewn log 3 feet in diameter is suspended by
heavy chains on which is roughly cut and burned, *'Mt. Rainier
National Park."
All Government trails in the park are well located and are in
good repair. They are, however, entirely inadequate for its proper
patrol and protection and a system of trails should be laid out and
constructed at the eapliest possible date. Heavily timbered portions
of the park are now all but inaccessible, and in the event of fire great
diflBculty would be experienced in getting a fire-fighting crew, with
necessary tools and provisions, to tnese inacceasible points. A trail
11355'— iWT 1911— VOL 1 40 r^^^^T^
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626 MOUNT BAINIEB NATIONAL PABK.
should be constructed around the mountain at the lowest practicable
devation and from this main trail short trails should be built that
would reach all parts of the park. With the trails now constructed
it is bdieved tiiat an expenditure of $10,000 would complete a very
satisfactory system of trails and it is recommended that this amount
be expended during the season of 1912. This trail system is con-
sidered to be the most important improvement to be made in the park.
Approximately, $1,700 has been expended from revenues during
the season of 1911 for the construction of the Carbon River-Spray
Park Trail and for the repair and improvement of other trails in
the park, and a suspension nony bridge which wiD cost $800 is now
being constructed over the Nisqually River near Longmire Springs.
This bridge, with a span of 150 feet, will make more accessible the
southeastern part of the park and the forest reserve which lies
directly south of it, and is oeing- constructed jointly by the Interior
Department and the Forest Service.
The mincipal trails in the Nisqually River district are the Paradise
Valley Trail, 6^ miles in length, and the Indian Henry Trail, 6^ miles
in length. These trails are well located and constructed and kept
in good repair. There are also rough trails up the Tahoma and
Eautz Forks, which enter Indian Henry's Himtmg Ground 6 miles
from the Government road. A trail should be constructed from the
wagon bridge near the snout of Nisqually Glacier into Paradise Valley,
a cQstance of 1^ miles. A trail 3 miles in length was constructed
during the season of 1910 to the open parks near the summit of Eagle
Peak, which has an elevation of 6,000 feet and is made easily accessible
by this trail. It leaves the Government road at Longmire Spring,
crosses Nisqually River, and from the east bank ascends rapidly by
switchbacks to the top of the ridge. As a very fine view may be
obtained from Eagle Peak, the climb meets with favor among
tourists. One mile of trail has been constructed to the top of the
Ramparts. The Ramparts rise some 1,800 feet above Longmire
Springs, and a very good view of the surrounding country may be
had from this point.
In the Carbon and White River districts there are at present three
trunk trails with their several branches: The Carbon River trail from
Fairfax to the foot of the Carbon Glacier, with its brantjhes to the
northern part of the park via Chenuis Mountain, and the newly con-
structed trail to Spray Park via Cataract Basin; the trail which
enters the reservation from the west via the Meadows and Crater
Lake, continuing to Spray Park and connecting with the branch of
the Carbon River trail at the head of Cataract Basin; and the trail
which enters the park at the northeast comer and extends to the
mining camps in the vicinity of White River. No Government funds
have been expended in the construction or upkeep of this trail.
There are two branches of this trail open to travel, ooth leading to
the summit of the ridge to the north of White River, one via Sand
Mountain and continuing to the head of Huckleberry Basin and
Grand Park, and the other leaving the main trail at the old Eoiapp
cabin, thence over the ridge to Lodi mine and down the creek basin
to Grand Park. There is also a trail which leads from Lodi mine to
the foot of Winthrop Glacier and Moraine Park. These trails are
the result of mining operations and are not located as well as they
might be for park purposes, but could, at no great expense, be put
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MOUNT BAINIEB NATIONAL PABK. 627
into condition for travel and patrol. The ice barrier which in former
years occupied all of the space between the cliffs at the foot of Carbon
Glacier is rapidly receding and in a short time a trail may be main-
tained there throughout the season, which will make more easily
accessible Moraine Park and Winthrop Glacier from the Carbon
VaUey.
RANGER CABINS.
There are three ranger cabins in the park. The gatekeeper's
lodge on the Government road is a small log building. An addition
has been built onto this cabin which serves for an omce for the park
superintendent. The cabin at Longmire Springs is a three-room log
house with frame addition for kitchen. The cabin at the Carbon
River Station has been properly finished and furnished during the
past season but is only occupied during the summer months. A stable
should be built at this station. A smaU log ranger cabin is now being
built in Paradise Valley.
PROSPECTING.
No known prospecting has been carried on in the park during
the past season. Prior to the act of Congress of May 27, 1908, pro-
hibiting the further location of mining aaims in tne park, several
hundred locations were filed in the Carbon River and White River
districts and about Glacier Basin. From various causes these have
been reduced until at present there are in the districts mentioned
about 60 prospects to which an active claim is asserted. Consid-
erable development work has been done on some of the claims in the
way of tuhneUng, road and trail construction, buildings, etc. Ad-
verse proceedings have been instituted against a number of these
locations during the past few months, and it is expected that the
number will be greatly reduced by relinquishment or cancellation.
There are three groups of claims in the Nisqually district on which
active operations are being carried on. These claims are in the
vicinity of Longmire Springs. Development work consists of tun-
nels and buildings.
TRAVBIi.
During the 1911 season 10,006 visitors entered the park by way
of the Government road. Of this number 4,600 were transient vis-
itors and 5,406 remained three days or more. Three hundred .visitors
entered the park by way of Fairfax, 200 being campers who remained
three days or more. The total number of visitors known to have
entered the park during the season to date is 10,306. It is estimated
that this number will be increased by probably 350 transient visitors
before the season closes, most of whom will travel by automobile.
Of the total number entering the park, 4,169 traveled by stage, 5,110
by automobile, 410 by wagon, 115 by motorcycle, 455 on foot, 20 by
bicycle, and 27 on horseback.
There has been a substantial increase in travel during the past few
seasons. In 1908 the number of visitors was 3,511 entered; in 1909
it was 5,968, in 1910 it was 7,830, and it is expected before the
preoent season closes the register will show the names of 10,600
visitors. The summit of Mount Rainier was reached by 208 persons
during the season just passed. The register which is kept in a steel
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628 MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL. PARK.
box on the summit now shows the names of 1,012 persons who have
been successful in making the ascent.
Prudent Taft and party visited the park in automobiles October
8, 1911.
GUIDES.
Four persons were authorized to act as guides in the park during
the season of 1911, one of whom was not permitted to guide to the
summit of Mount Rainier nor across any glacier. Those authorized
to ^ide to the summit are mountaineers of known ability, and no
accidents of a serious nature have occurred where parties nave been
accompanied by these official guides. On August 14, 1909, two men
made the ascent from Paradise Valley and perished in a storm. It
is believed they lost their lives while trying to cross the feeders of
the White River Glacier. The bodies of these men have not been
recovered, and in all probability will not be until the feeders of this
glacier have moved to their terminal moraines. September 2, 1911,
Leigh Garrett, a young man, attempted to ascend the mountain
alone from Indian Henry's Hunting Ground, a route never used bv
experienced climbers, was caught in a storm, and perished. A search
party consisting df Official Guide Joseph Stampfler, two park rangers,
and two volunteers, followed Garrett's tracks to an elevation of
13^500 feet and believe at this point he was carried down the moun-
tam side by an avalanche. His hodj will probably never be recov-
ered. The search party was caught in a blizzard and compelled to
remain on the mountain side all night.
While the present guiding system in the park is crude compared
with that of the Swiss Alps, the number and class of tomists attempt-
ing the summit does not appear to warrant, at this time, a system and
regulations that would add greatly to the expense of making the
ascent, but the number in each party should be limited to eight
E arsons. It has been planned to erect a stone shelter hut at Camp
uir, which is on the route to the sununit at an elevation of 10,000
feet, and work on this hut would have been carried on during the
past season had it not been that the snow fields were too badly broken
up to admit of using horses for packing material and supphes up to
the camp.
FIRES.
July 14, 1911, a fire was started by lightning near Tolmie Peak, in
the northwestern part of the park. A heavy rainstorm assisted in
extinguishing this fire, and only a small amount of timber was
damaged.
During the dry season of 1911 several small fires were discovered
by rangers and extinguished before any damage was done.
PATROL..
During the season of 1911 the ranger force consisted of five men, two
of whom are regular rangers and on duty throughout the year. Three
men were employed as temporary rangers, one of them being detailed
as gatekeeper at the park entrance on the Government roaa and two
for patrol duty in different parts of the park. A systematic patrol
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MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 629
was maintained during the dry season and a vigilant watch kept by
the entire ranger force for forest fires.
GAME.
Wild animals are becoming more nimierous in the park each year.
In the watersheds of Puyaflup, Mowich, and Carbon Rivers deer,
bear, grouse, and ptarmigan are found in abundance, and on the
higher ridges a great many mountain goat have been seen. The
blasting necessary in constructing the Government road in the Nis-
quaUy district has, to some extent, driven the game from this district
to the northern part of the park. There has been no hunting or
killing of game in the park during the fiscal year of 1911.
Steps should be taken for setting aside a strip of land 3 miles wide
in the forest reserve on all sides of the park as a game preserve, as
the park animals become very tame durmg the summer months and
when thev cross the park lines- to their feeding grounds in the fall
they are killed by himters. It is believed that elk would thrive in
the park, and I wish to recommend that some of these animals be
transferred to this park from the Yellowstone National Park. Elk are
protected by State laws in Washington.
BOUNDARIES,
The boundary line of the park was definitely estabUshed by a
survey completed in the fall of 1908 by W. H. Tfiom. A wire fence
has been constructed along the western boundary north and south
from the park entrance to prevent loose stock from entering the park
at this point. I'he topc^aphic survey which is now being made by
the Umted States Geological Survey will probably not be completed
until the summer of 1912.
MINERAL. SPRINGS.
The Longmire mineral springs are the only ones of any importance
that have been discovered m the park. Tli^e springs are well known
and are noted for their curative powers. The springs are located on
patented land. Bathhouses have been built and attendants are
employed during the tourist season.
AUTOMOBILES.
During the 1911 season 757 automobile permits were issued and
1,053 machines entered the park. The speed limit in the park is
15 miles per hom*, and at abrupt curves this is reduced, siens being
placed at points along the road indicating the rate of speed allowed.
Automobiles may use the Government road in the park auring^ certain
hours of the daj*. The rules and regulations governing their use of
the road and admission into the park are rimdly enforced, and the
disposition of most owners is to adhere to tliem without question.
Nq accidents of a serious nature have occurred in the park.
The road is open to automobiles as far as Nisqually Glacier, and it
is not considered safe to permit machines beyond this point until
the road has been widened or passing places made which can be seen
from one to the other.
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630 MOUl^T RAlinER NATIOITAL PABK.
HOTELS AND CAMPS.
The hotels and tent camps have been entirely madequate to
accommodate tourists visiting the park during the season of 1911.
The National Park Inn is a three-story building located at Long-
mire Springs, is 125 feet long by 32 feet wide, contains 36 rooms,
and by usmg 86 tents in connection will accommodate 225 guests.
It was constructed during the spring of 1906 and was opened for
business July 1 of that year. It is not property constructed for a
first-class hotel, and it is understood that the company contemplates
erecting a more modem building before the openmg of another
season. A log cluUiouse has recently been constructed near the
main building. It is attractive in appearance and furnishings and is
used as a recreation hall by the hotel guests. The tents used in
connection with the hotel have board floors and walls, are equipped
with doors and electric lights, and are well fmnished. The hotel table
is supplied from the commissary of the Chicago. Milwaukee & Puget
Souna Railway at Tacoma and is satisfactory. A complete refrigerat-
ingplant is operated in connection with the hotel.
^The Longmire Hotel, maintained on the Longmire patented tract
at Longmire Springs, is a small frame building with 12 rooms. Tents
are used in connection, and it is operated as a second-class hostelry
and does a large business.
At Paradise Valley, a distance of 6J miles by trail and 14 miles by
road from Longmire Springs, a tent camp with 60 tents is maintained
by John L. Reese. Tnis camp is run at its full capacity during the
months of July and August.
At Indian Henry's Hunting Ground, a distance of 6i miles by
trail from Longmire Springs, a tent camp with 15 tents is maintained
by Geoi^e B. Hall and does a good business.
The sanitary conditions at these camps are not satisfactory,
and this defect can only be remedied by the construction of a sewer
system or septic tanks.
SPECIAL PERMITS.
The Tacoma Carriage & Baggage Transfer Co. operates a stage
line in the park, using 28 head of horses, three 4-seated and four
3-seated stages from Longmire Springs to Paradise Valley, and
between Ashford and Longmire Springs three 18-passenger auto-
mobile stages, one automobile for transporting express and baggage,
and a freight wagon. This company conducts its business m a
satisfactory manner, and the equipment is as good as may be expected,
considering that its permit to operate in the park is granted only from
year to year.
Geoi^e B. Hall conducts a livery business at Longmire Springs-
and uses 37 saddle and pack horses and 13 driving horses. He
operates three* 3-seated stage wagons between Longmire Springs
and Paradise Valley, and saddle and pack trains into !mdian Henr^rs
Hunting Groimd, and gives satisfactory service.
A general photographic business is conducted in tents at Longmire
Springs by Air. L. G. Linkletter, who makes a specialty of taking
photographs of parties, and carries in stock a good line of park views.
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MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 631
Pennits to operate rented automobiles in and through the park
were issued to Tacoma Touring Car Co., Tacoma Auto Livery Co.,
Ridgeway & Hathaway, and C. E. Wakefield.
Four persons were authorized by special pennits to act as guides
in the park during the season of 1911.
A special-use permit was granted the Tacoma Eastern Eailroad
Co. for the construction of a telephone line through the park. AU
connections were made, and the Ene was in operation to Longmire
Springs Jime 10, 1911. It is well constructed, has been kept in
good repair, and greatly facilitates operations in the park.
June 1, 1911, a five-year lease was made in favor of Fred George
for a small strip of land at Longmire Springs on which to construct
a building to be used in carrying on an ice cream, confectionery, and
camp grocery business for the accommodation of tourists and others
in the park. The building, which is well located and attractive in
appearance, was completed July 1, and the business has been con-
ducted in a satisf acto]^ manner during the simmier months.
ESTIMATES AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Estimates for the ensuing fiscal year are as follows: Salaries, $7,000;
road maintenance, $10,000; trail construction, $10,000; for repair
and improvement of trails, $500; protection from forest fires, $1,000;
for wiaening the present road to 16 feet and macadamizing for its
entire length, $145,000; for extending the road into Indian Henry's
Hunting Ground, $60,000; for making a survey for a complete system
of roads in the park, $25,000; total, $258,500.
The Government road now completed into Paradise Valley should
be widened and improved before new roads are constructed, in order
to make it safe for the combined traffic of stages and automobiles.
The road should also be extended as surveyed and partially con-
structed 1 nule above its present terminus in Paradise Valley, and
from a point 4 miles above Longmire Springs into Indian Henry's
Hunting Ground. A survey should be made for a complete system
of roads in the park with the object of extending the present road
around the east and north sides of the mountain. When the survey
is completed, or such portion of it as will enable construction work
on the new road to be started, work may be commenced in the north-
western part of the park, thereby opening up the beautiful mountain
parks on the north side of the mountain, ana in the southeastern part
to make connection with the road ^stem of Yakima County. The
road should be constructed at the lowest practicable elevation and
if all points of interest can not be reached m this way, branch roads
shoula be built to them. If the road is constructed at a high eleva-
tion it will be open for travel but a few weeks each year, as it will be
buried in snow until late in the summer. A complete systein of
trails is very necessary and should be given immediate consideration.
Four thousand one hundred feet of wire fence should be built in Para-
dise Valley and Indian Henry's Hunting Ground to form a pasture for
loose stock in order that it may be kept from destroying the flora in
these mountain valleys. The validity of all mining locations in the
park should be ascertained and those not held in good faith canceled.
All brush and refuse resulting from the construction of the Govern-
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632 MOTTNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK.
ment road, TniniPg operations, and from other causes should be burned
during the wet season. Congressional action should be taken to pro-
tect the park by proper legislation from ^ame^ trespass, and to pro-
vide a fine for the violation of the regulations in this respect promul-
gated by the Secretary of the Interior. It is further recommended
that men employed to police the park be known as "park scouts,"
instead of rangers, in order to distinguish them irom rangers
employed in national forests.
Very respectfully, Edw. S. Hall,
Superintendent.
The Secretary of the Interior.
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BUUSS AND RESOULATIOKS.
GBNEBAL BEGITULTIONS OF JUNE 10, 1908.
Pursuant to the authority couferred by the acts of Congress
approved March 2, 1899, and May 27, 1908, the following rules and
regulations for the goTemment of the Mount Rainier National Park,
in the State of Washington, are hereby established and made public:
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders on the Ooyemment
lands withm the park.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands, or to deface or injure any Government property. Camping
parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber tor fuel.
3. Fires shoidd be lighted only when necessary and completely
extin^ished when not longer required. The utmost care must l>e
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
4. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturmg such birds or wild animals, or m pos-
session of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not
the property of the person oj* persons violating this regulation and
the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Fire-
arms will only be permitted in the park on written permission from
the superintendent thereof.
5. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook or line^ is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prombited by order of the superintendent in any of the waters
of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the year,
until otnerwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business, or erect buildtogs, etc., upon the Government lands in
the park without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to competent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to
the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may
be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken
over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission
and under the supervision of the superintendent.
8. Hereafter the location of mining claims under the mineral-land
laws of the United States is prohibited within the park. Persons
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634 MOUNT BAINTEB NATIONAL PAEK.
who have heretofore acquired in good faith rights to any Tnining loca-
tion or locations shall not be permitted to injure, destroy, or interfere
with the retention in their natural condition of any timber, mineral
deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park outside the
boimdaries of their respective mining claims duly located and held
under the mineral-land laws.
9. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock
or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases
where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
10. No drinlong saloon or barroom will be permitted upon Govern-
ment lands in the park.
11. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessaiy for the convenience and guidance of the public.
12. rersons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who violate anv of the forgoing rules, will be
summarily removed from the park ancl will not be allowed to return
without pjermission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior or
the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ anv person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be subversive of the good order and management of the
reservation.
13. The superintendent designated by the Secretanr is hereby au-
thorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the Government
lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all the
provisions of the acts of Congress aforesaid.
SBGXTI^ATIGNS OF JUNE 10, 1908, aOVEBNING THE IXPOT7NDINO
AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE UVE STOCK
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed in the Mount Rainier National rark without
authority from tne Secretary of the Interior will be taken up and
impounded by the superintendent, who will at once give notice
thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known, notice of
such impounding, giving a description of the animal or animals, with
the brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park
and in two public places outside the park. Any owner of an ammal
thus impounded may, at any time before the safe thereof, reclaim the
same upon proving ownership and paying the^ cost of notice and all
expenses incident to the taking up and detention of such animal^ in-
cluding the cost of feeding and caring for the same. ^ If any ammal
thus impounded shall not be reclauned within thirty days from
notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be
sold at public auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the
superintendent after ten days' notice, to be given by posting notices
in six public places in the park ana two public places outside the
park, and by mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and selling thereof shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be clauned by
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MOXmT BAINISB NATIONAL PABK. 635
and paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactoir proof
of ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date
of sale, such proceeds shall be turned into the Mount Rainier National
Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record; in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locaUty of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
Tne superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impoimded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
REGTTLATIONS OF MABCH 20, 1911, GOVEBNIKa THE ADMISSION
OF automobHiES and MOTOBCYCLES.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of March 2, 1899 (30
Stat., 993), setting aside certain lands in the State of Washington
as a public park, the following^ regulations governing the admission
of automobiles and motorcycles into the Mount Rainier National Park,
during the season of 1911, are hereby established and made public:
1. No automobile or motorcycle will be permitted within uie metes
and bounds of the Mount Rainier National Park unless the owner
thereof secures a written permit from the superintendent, Edward S.
Hall, Ashford^ Washington, or his representative.
2. Applications for permits must show: (a) Name of owner, (6)
number of machine, (c) name of driver, and (d) inclusive dates for
which permit is desired, not exceeding one year, and be accompanied
by a fee of $5 for each automobile and $1 for each motorcycle.
Permits must be presented to the superintendent or his authorized
representatives at tne park entrance on the Government road. The
permittee will not be allowed to do a transportation business in the
Eark without a special license therefor from the Secretary of the
aterior.
3. The use of automobiles and motorcycles will be permitted on
the Government road from the western boundary of M!ount Rainier
National Park to Longmire Springs between the hours of 7 a. m. and
8.30 p. m., but no automobile or motorcycle shall enter the park or
leave Longmire Springs in the direction of the western boundary,
later than 8 p. m.; the use of automobiles and motorcycles to be
permitted on the Government road between Longmire Springs and
the Glacier between the hours of 9 a. m. and 9.30 p. m., but no automo-
bile or motorcycle shall leave Longmire Springs in the direction of
Nisqually Glacier later than 7 p. m.
4. When teams, saddle horses, or pack trains approach, automo-
biles and motorcycles will take position on the outer edge of the
roadway, regardless of the direction in which they are going, taking
care that sufficient room is left on the inside for horses to pass.
5. Automobiles and motorcycles will stop when teams, saddle
horses, or pack trains approach, and remain at rest until they have
Eassed or until the drivers are satisfied regarding the safety of their
orses.
6. Speed will be limited to 6 miles per hour, except on straight
stretches where approaching teams, saddle horses, and pad^timiia
636 VOUHT RAIHIEB HAXIOHAL FABK.
will be Yisible, when, if none are in sight, this speed maj be increased
to the rate indicated on signboards along the road; in no event,
however, ahaU it exceed 15 miles per hour.
7. Signal with horn will be given at or near every bend to announce
to ^>moaching drivers the proximity of a machine.
8. Horses have the ri^t of way, and automobOes and motorcycles
will be backed or otherwise handled, as necessary, so as to enable
horses to pass with safety.
9. All permits granted at any time when automobiles can enter the
park will expire on December 31 of the vear of issue.
All automobile and motorcycle regulations heretofore issued are
canceled and revoked.
10. Violation of any of the foregoing rules, or the general regula-
tions for the government of the park, will cause the revocation of
Sermit; will subject the owner of tne automobile or motorcycle to any
amages occasioned thereby and tb ejectment from the reservation,
and TO cause for refusal to issue a new permit to the owner without
prior sanction in writing from the Secretary of the Interior.
BXCBRPT FROM AH ACfF BHTITIiED "AS ACT TO PBOVIDB FOB
DBTBBIQHING' THE HKJJiS OF DBCBA8ED JJNDIAHS, FO& THE
BISPOSinOH AND SAI<E OF ALLOTMENTS OF DBCBASED INDIANS,
FOBTHB liEASINa OF ALLOTKBNTS, AND FOB OTHEB FUBPOSB8,"
APFBOVBD JUNB 25, 1010 (86 STAT., 857), PBOVIDINq PUNISH-
MBNT FOB DBPBBDATIONS AND FOB NOT BXIINaXJISHINa FIBBS
ON PUBLIC LANDS, BTC.
Sec. 6. That section fifty of the act entitled "An act to codify,
revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States," approved
March fourth, nineteen hundred and nine (Thirty-fifth •United
States Statutes at Large, page one thousand and mnety-eight), is
hereby amended so as to read:
"Sec. 50. Whoever shall unlawfully cut, or aid in unlawfully cut-
ting, or shall wantonly injure or destroy, or procure to be wantonly
injured or destroyed, any tree, growing, standing, or being upon any
land of the United States whicn, in pursuance of law^ has oeen re-
served or purchased by the United States for any pubhc use, or upon
anv Indian reservation, or lands belonmng to or occupied by any
tribe of Indians under the authority of the United States, or any
Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by
the Government, or while the same shall remain inaUenable by the
dlottee without the consent of the United States, shall be fined not
more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one
year, or both."
That section fifty-three of said act is hereby amended so as to read:
"Sec. 53. Whoever shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber,
or other inflanmiable material upon the pubhc domam, or upon any
Indian reservation, or lands belonging to or occupied by any trilJe
of Indians under the authority' of the United States, or upon any
Indian ^otment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by
the Government, or while the same shall remain inaUenable by the
allottee without the consent of the United States, shall, before leaving
said fire, totally extinguish the same; and whoever shall fail to do so
shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not
more than one year, or both,"
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REPORT OF THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF
THE MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
637
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REPORT OF ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF MESA VERDE
NATIONAL PARK,
Office of the Aotiko Supebintendent,
Mancos, Colo., August S, 1911.
Sib: I have the honor to submit the following report on the man-
agement of the Mesa Verde National Park, for the year ended Jime
30, 1911.
OENERAIi STATEMENT.
This park was established by act of Congress approved June 29,
1906 (34 Stat., 616). It is situated in the extreme southwestern por-
tion of the State of Colorado, in the coimty of Montezuma, and
embraces an area of 66.2 square miles (42,376 acres). The park is
under the control of the Secretary of the Interior, who, in pursuance
of legal authority, has prescribed rules and regiilations for the ad-
ministration thereof.
CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.
The principal geo^aphic features of the park are the Rio Mancos,
which cuts through it from northeast to southwest, forming a cannon
from 1,000 to 2,000 feet in depth, and the Mesa Verde proper, which
lies on both sides of this gorge, mostly on the northwestern side.
The mesa is cut in shreds b^ narrow lateral canyons of great beauty,
which present successions of huge promontories, sculptured ledges ana
bold and jagged cliffs. The Navajo, Ruin, Moccasin, and Ute Canyons
are the principal ones which enter the Mancos from the north, with
tributary canyons known as Garfield, Prater, Fewkes, Soda, and many
others. These furnish the labyrinth of cliiis in the high and almost
inaccessible recesses in which are foimd the abandoned homes of the
ancient inhabitants. Fort Lewis, Grass, and Weber canyons enter the
Mancos from the east, and these also contain many ancient ruins.
The^ altitude of the park is approximately 7,000 feet, the highest
elevation being Point Lookout, on the northern rim, which, according
to recent measurements of the United States Geological Survey, v$
8,400 feet above sea level. The table-land slopes southward.
LOCATION AND CHARACTER OF THE RUINS.
Within the jurisdiction of the park are approximately 400 ruins,
of the type mown as *'CliflF Dwellings'' and * 'Ancient Pueblos."
These comprise by far the most remarkable group of ancient struc-
tures in the United States. For the protection and preservation of
these invaluable remains of antiquity the Mesa Verde National Park
waa ^tablished.
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640 ACTING STJPEKINTENDBNT MESA VERDE NATIONAIi PABK.
The principal and most accessible ruins are the Spruce Tree House,
located near the head of Navajo Canyon, the Clin Palace, about 2
miles east of Spruce Tree House, located in branch of Cliff Canyon and
reputed to be one of the most famous works of prehistoric man in
existence, and Balcony House, a mile east of the Cliff Palace, in Cliff
Canyon. The United States Geological Survey has nearly completed
a topographical map of the park, which, when finished, will give the
exact location of each ruin of importance in the reservation.
CUSTODIAl^^SHIP.
The ciistodianship of the park is dele»Bited by the Secretary of the
Interior to the superintendent, whose offices are mai^tained m Man-
cos, Colo., the nearest town to the park having railroad facilities.
The superintendent is assisted in the discharge of his duties by park
rangers, who act as guides for tourists and police the park.
^ Mr. Hans M. Randolph, former superintendent of the park, severed
his connection with the service April 19, 1911, and under designation
by the Secretary of the Interior 1 entered on duty as acting superin-
tendent of the reservation May 13, 1911.
ORDER.
A high standard of order has been maintained in the park since it
became a Federal reservation. Prior to that time many of the cliff
dwellings were broken into by tourists and curiosity seekers in search
of pottery, arrowheads, and other relics of the ancient inhabitants.
MOVEMENTS OF STOCK.
Cattle and sheep belonging to owners of patented claims upon the
mesa have been moved up from the Southern Ute Indian Reservation
and other points in the valleys to the summer range on the mesa.
The park contains excellent grazing tracts, and under the provisions
of the act of Congress approved June 25, 1910, providing for the
development of the resources of the park, grazing permits lutve been
issued by the department at reasonable rates, for this pasturage.
The proceeds will be turned into the Treasury, as provided by the
legislation mentioned.
ROADS AND TRAIL.S.
During the past year the main wagon-road construction, under the
direction of my predecessor, was completed to station No. 166, about
3J miles from Point Lookout. On May 6, 1911, tmder instructions
from the department, proposals were asked for the construction of
additional road and the cleaning out and repair of the constructed
i^pad. Bids were opened June 2, 1911, and the road-work contract
awarded to Mr. Nathaniel A. Decker, of Mancos, the lowest bidder.
This contract provides for further road construction from station 166
to station 343, foUowinff the line of survey heretofore run. The
contractor is now actively engaged upon the imdertaking, and it is
expected that the portion under contract will be finished by the close
of the present smnmer.
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ACTING SUPERINTENDENT MESA VEKDE NATIONAL PABK. 641
The equipment purchased by the Government for the maintenance
of a road camp; together with all machinery and tools owned by the
Government and used in previous years on the road work, has been
turned over to the contractor for ms use on the work, in accordance
with the terms of the contract.
Upon the completion of that portion of the road now xmder con-
tract, there will remain to be constructed, in order to connect with that
portion heretofore built northward from Spruce Tree House 6 miles
700 feet along the line of the Mills survey. The cost of this latter
work has been estimated at $6,900. Upon the completion of this
work, the entire route to the ruins will be traversable by wagons.
The road heretofore constructed, however, from the base of roint
Lookout to Praters Canyon, which portion is cut into the steep and
precipitous sides of the mesa through soft soil, shale, and sanorock,
must be widened and surfaced with crushed rock to make the same
solid and safe for tourist travel. The insecure foundation of the
present roadbed between these points permits slides and caving in
rainy seasons, necessitating contmuous repair work to make it pas-
sable. It must be borne m mind that tnis highway ascends to a
great height, the steep rim rock of the mesa towering for hundreds
of feet above on the inside, with an abrupt and nearly perpendicular
descent of a thousand feet or more on the outside rim. If the park
is to be developed in such a manner that a heavy influx of tourists and
visitors is to be reasonably expected, this road must be put in such
condition that vehicles of all descriptions, including coaches and
automobiles, may traverse it with safety. In addition to the widen-
ing and surfacing above mentioned, all threatening rock and earth
formations on the heights above the road should be blown out and
removed. When this is done, the Mesa Verde National Park will
contain a safe and substantial road, and a scenic highway of remark-
able beauty, which will open the door, so long locked by the fast-
nesses of the wilderness, to the mystic and f ascmating country of the
cUflf dwellers.
WATER SUPPLY.
The springs at Spruce Tree and Balcony houses yield a supply of
excellent water sufficient for present needs, but a further water supply
must be developed at the ruins to meet the increased travel wnich
will undoubtedly follow the completion of the main wagon road. ^ A
geological examination should be made w^ith a view to developing
artesian water to meet the future demand. Wells have been dug
and windmills constructed in Prater and Ruin canyons along the
line of survey of the road, and these should supply the water needed
during the building of the highway and supply the needs of tourists
en route to the rums.
TRAVEL.
During the past vear 206 visitors have registered at Spruce Tree
House camp. No heavy traffic can be reasonably anticipated until
the wagon road is finished, as the present horseback trip necessarily
involv^ in the journey to the ruins deters many who, by reason of
age, infirmity, or lack of physical stamina, are wholly unable to
undergo the strain of the tnp over the rough mountain trails.
11355'*— INT 1911— VOL 1 41 Digitized by GoOglC
642 AGTIKO SUPEBINTENDENT MESA YEBDE NATIONAL PABK.
EXCAVATION AND REPAIR.
The work of excavation and repair on Cliflf Palace and Spruce* Tree
house under Federal appropriations has been completed, and further
work along these lines on other ruins will be deferred until the wagon
road is constructed, the latter being regarded as the most urgent need
of the park.
Durmg the fall of 1910, Prof. Edgar L. Hewett^ director of the
School of American ArchsBologjr, Archaeological Institute of America,
in conjimction with Mr. Nusbaum, constructor of the institution,
made a preliminary study of the conditions of the Balcony House,
which showed that the work of excavating would be comparativelv
small, but that the work necessary to preserve the remaining wal&
from -further deterioration would be very difficult. It was found
that the principal remaining walls of the Balcony House had been
badly shattered and weakened by shocks occasioned by stone falling
from the roof of the cavern, as well as by the operations of vandals
in years past. These gentlemen, after f uuy considering the condition
of these walls, deemed it best to secure the services of a consulting
constructor and an expert stonemason before proceeding with the
work. It was not their purpose to attempt to do more m the way
of restoration than was absolutely necessary to prevent further
deterioration. For the preservation of the walls that were found
to be in a dangerous condition, the constructors agreed upon a svs-
tem of supports by means of angle irons, which, while probably
slightly out of place in connection with ruins of this character, would
JuSke the walls as secure as would anything else.
The work of repairs on Balcony House was made possible through
the setting aside by the Colorado CliflF Dwellers' Association, of which
Mrs. Virginia Mcdlurg is regent general, the sum of $1,000, which
this department augmented oy the allotment of'S500 from the park
a|)propriation. A detailed report of this work, it is understood,
will be published by the American Institute of Archaeology.
LiANDS.
The n^otiations with the Southern Ute Indians looking to an ox-
change of lands whereby the United States is to acquire title to that
portion of the Southern Ute Lidian Reservation containing thepre-
nistoric ruins of importance, in exchange for grazing lands suitable to
the Indians, were concluded during the past year. A treaty has been
negotiated with the Southern Utes, a majority of the Indians signing
the same, whereunder the Government takes the foUowing-describea
land:
Beginning on the range line between ranges 14 and 15 west, in township 34} north,
where the same intersects the north boundary of the Southern Ute Indian Keeervation;
thence due south 3 miles and 60 chains to the southeast comer; thence due west 5
miles and 40 chains to the southwest comer; thence due north 3 miles and 60 chains
to the intersection of the north boundary of the Southern Ute Indian Reservation;
thence due east 5 miles and 40 chains along the said north boundary of the Southern
Ute Indian Reservation to the northeast comer and place of beginning, containing
12,760 acres.
For this tract the Government has agreed to give the Indians a
tract lying west of the present park 2^ miles north and south and 4
miles east and west, containing about 6,000 acres, and a second tract
in townships 34^ and 35 north, range 17 west, lying along the old rea-
ervation line and just south of the Ute Mountain, containisygj about
19,000 acres. Digitized by tiOOQle
AOTIKO SUPEBIKTENDENT HESA VEBDE NATIONAIi PABK. 643
The ijrovisions of this treaty will be carried into effect upon its
ratification by Congress.
No unperfected entries within the park now remain. The pat-
ented holdings therein are as follows:
PaUTUed holdings in Mesa Verds National Park
[AU in T. 35 N., R. 14 W., N. M. P. M.]
AOTM.
H. E. 915, made Feb. 20, 1900, by Albert Prater, for SE. i SE. i, sec. 18, E. i
NE. J, NE. J SE. J, sec. 19, patented Nov. 14, 1905 160
H. E. 0939, made Mar. 19, 1900, by Mabyn Morefield (now Armstrong), for
E.iNWi,E.*SW.i, sec. 20, patented Aug. 25, 1910 160
0. E. 339, made Apr. 10, 1889, by Frederick Richards, for NE. J SW. J, sec. 26,
patented July 14, 1891 40
C. E. 395, made Oct. 15, 1889, by George M. Comfort, for NE. J NW. J, sec. 26,
patented July 14, 1891 40
H. E. 0354, made Sept. 11, 1903, bv Ellen Elizabeth Waters, for W. J NE. }
and W.iSE. J, sec. 28, patented May 15, 1911 160
H. E. 1021, made Feb. 16, 1900, by William F. Prater, for SE. } SE. }, sec. 19,
andB. i NE. i, NE. i SB. i, sec. 30, patented Aug. 10, 1906 160
Total 720
The entire area of the park is under coal withdrawal by Executive
order of July 7, 1910.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES.
By a provision of the urgent deficiency act of June 26, 1910 (con-
tained in an excerpt set out in the appendix to this report) the Sec-
retary of the Interior is empowered to grant leases and permits for
the development of the natural resources of the Mesa Verde National
Park, the funds derived therefrom to be covered into the Treasury
of the United States.
Pursuant thereto, on January 21 and 23, 19n, coal-mining leases
were entered into by the Government, with WilUam John Jordan and
George S. Todd, respectively, of Cortez, Colo., covering certain tracts
in the western portion of the park. These leases, which are identical,
provide in substance for coal mining at a royalty of 10 cents per ton
per mine run, the lessees paying as advance royalty the sum of $50
each for the first year ana $100 each annually for succeeding years,
the term of the leases being six years.
Since the making of the above leases the mine opened by Mr. Todd
has been supplying the town of Cortez, the coimty seat of Montezuma
County, with fuel. An opening has been made in the rim rock of the
mesa, approximately 2,200 feet above the Cortez Plain, and the coal
taken out is of good quality; 260 tons have been produced from this
mine up to July 1, 1911.
The tract covered by the Jordan lease has not as yet uroduced coal
in merchantable quantities, but such production is to be reasonably
anticipated upon the completion of tne mine road now imder con-
struction by Mr. Jordan and the installation of a tramway, for which
negotiations are being made by the lessee.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
BOUND ABIE S.
In view of the consummation of the recent treaty with the Utes,
and in the event of its ratification by Congress, whereimder the Gov-
ernment will acquire jurisdiction over the tract embracing the most
notable and important ruins, I reconmiend that Federal control over
the 5-mile strip surrounding the park be relinquished, as/this terrir
644 AOTIKQ SUPEBINTBNDENT MESA VEBDE NATIONAL PABK.
tory contains no ruins of magnitude or unusual importance, and it is
wholly impossible to properly police the same with the present limited
ranger force. ,
BOAD BTJILDINa.
I most earnestly recommend that every effort be put forth to secure
an appropriation sufficient to complete the main wagon road above
mentioned and to widen, repair, and surface that portion heretofore
constructed. The completion of this highway is miperatively nec-
essary to make the cliff dwellings dbcessible to the general public.
The amoimt requested in the estimates embodied herein is not
believed to be excessive, but entirely justified by the value and im-
portance of this reservation.
BTJILDINaS.
I renew prior recommendations that a suitable building be con-
structed at Spruce Tree House which will serve as a headquarters for
the proper supervision of the ruins and, if necessary, for the accommo-
dation of travelers. At the present time visitors are housed in tents,
which, though comfortable and sufficient for present needs, will
probaoly be madequate to accommodate the increased travel which
the future development of the park will bring. The house when built
should l)e connected by telephone with Mancos. This will involve
the construction of approximately 15 miles of telephone line to con-
nect with the line on the Manco&-Cortez highway at or near Point
Lookout. This work has been estimated at S125 a mile.
PBIVATE HOLDINGS.
It is again recommended that as soon as appropriations for such
purpose can be secured, all private holdings be eliminated by purchase.
The presence of these noldings, however, has in no way embarrassed
the administration of the paj^ and this matter mav well be deferred
until the more pressing needs of the park are satisfied.
ESTIKATES.
I have the honor to recommend that an appropriation covering the
following amoxmts, be requested of Congress lor the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1913:
Administration expenses, including superintendent's, rangers', and clerk's
salaries |6, 000
Incidental office expenses 300
Telephone service (including proposed park line) 75
Office rent 240
Completion of main wagon road from stake No. 343 to stake No. 668 (local
contractor's estimate) 7, 000
Widening and sur^inff 'constructed road and blasting out earth and rock
formations above roadbed (estimate of Geological Survey engineers, sub-
ject to further engineering investigation) 20, 000
Repair and maintenance of roads leading from coimty highway to north
boundary of park and traversing public kinds, connecting with Mesa Verde
Park road at Station 0 1, 500
Custodian's house 3, 600
Construction of telephone line in park 3, 000
Contingent expenses, including maintenance of team 1,000
Total 41,615
Very respectfully,
Richard Wright,
Actirifg Superintendent.
The Seobbtart of the Interior. ^ t
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APPENDIX.
ACT OF JUNB 29, 1906 (84 STAT., 616), CBBATINa THE MBSA VEBDE
NATIONAL PABK.
Be it enacted by the SeruUe and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Ctmare^s assembled, That there is hereby reserved from settlement, entry, sale, or
other disposal, and set apart as a public reservation, all those certain tracts, pieces,
and parcels of land lying and being situate in the State of Colorado, and within the
boundaries particularly described as follows: Beginning at the northwest comer of
section twenty-seven, township thirty-five north, lan^ sixteen west. New Mexico
principal meridian; tnence easterly along the section lines to the southwest comer of
the southeast quarter of section twenty, township thirty-five north, ranee fifteen west;
thence nortlierly to the northwest comer of the southeast quarter (h said section;
thence easterly to the northeast comer of the southeast quarter of said section; thence
northerly to the northwest comer of section twentv-one, said township; thence easterly
to the nordieast comer of the northwest quarter of said section; thence northerly to the
northwest comer of the southeast ouarter of section sixteen, said township] thence
easterly to the nortiieast comer of tne southeast quarter of section fifteen, said town-
flldp; thence southerly to the southeast comer of said section; thence easterly to the
southwest comer of section thirteen, said township; thence northerly to the northwest .
comer of the southwest quarter of said section ; thence easterly to the northeast comer
of the southwest quarter of said section; thence northerly to the northwest comer of
the northeast quarter of said section; thence easterly to the northeast comer of said
section; thence northerly to the northwest comer of the southwest quarter of section
seven, township thirty-five north, range fourteen west; thence easterly to the northeast
comer of the southwest quarter of said section; thence northerly to the northwest
comer of the southeast quarter of section six, said township; thence easterly to the
northeast comer of the southwest quarter of section four, said township; thence south-
erly to the northwest comer of the southeast quarter of section nine, said township;
thence easterly to the northeast comer of the southeast quarter of said section; thence
southerly to the northwest comer of section twenty-two, said township; thence easterly
to the norUieast comer of the northwest quarter of said section; thence southerly to
the northwest comer of the southeast quarter of said section; thence easterly to the
northeast comer of the southeast quarter of said section ; thence southerly to the north-
west quarter of section twenty -six. said township; thence easterly to the northeast
comer of the northwest quarter ot said section; thence southerly to the southeast
comer of the southwest quarter of section thirty-five, said township; thence easterly
to the northeast comer of section two, township thirty-four north, range fourteen west;
thence southerly along the section line between sections one and two and between
sections eleven and twelve to the northem boundary of the southern Ute Indian Res-
ervation: thence westerly along the northem boundary of said reservation to the
center of section nine, township thirty-four north, range sixteen west; thence north-
erly along the quarter-section lines to the northwest comer of the southeast quarter of
section twenty-eight, township thirty-five north, range sixteen west; thence easterly
to the northeast comer of the southeast quarter of said section; thence northerly to
the northwest comer of section twenty-seven, said township, the nlace of beginnmg.
Sec. 2. That said public park shall be known as the Mesa Verde National Park, and
shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it
shall be to prescribe such mles and regulations and establish such service as he may
deem necessary for the care and management of the same. Such regulations shall
provide specifically for the preservation from injury^ or spoliation of the ruins and other
works and relics of prehistoric or primitive man within said park: Provided^ That all
Erehistoric ruins that are situated within five miles of the boundaries of said park, as
erein described, on Indian lands and not on lands alienated by patent tem the owner-
ship of the United States, are hereby placed under the custodianship of the Secretary
of me Interior, and shall be administered by the same service that is established for
the custodiansnip of the park.
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646 ACTING SUPERINTENDENT MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
Sbo. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized to permit
examinations, excavations, and other gathering of objects of interest within said park
by any person or persons wnom he may deem properly qualified to conduct such exam-
inations, excavations, or gatherings, subject to such rules and regulations as he may
prescribe: Provided always. That the examinations, excavations, and gatherings are
undertaken only for the benefit of some reputable museum, university, college, or other
recognized scientific or educational institution, with a view to increasmg theknowledge
of such objects and aiding the general advancement of archseological science.
Sbo. 4. That any person or persons who may otherwise in any manner willfully
remove, disturb, destroy, or molest any of the ruins, mounds, buildings, graves, relics,
or other evidences of an ancient civili^sation or other property from said park shall be
deemed Sfuiltv of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction before any court naving^ juris-
diction 01 such offenses shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned
not more than twelve months, or such person or persons may be fined and imprisoned,
at the discretion of the judge, and shall be required to restore the property disturbed,
if possible.
BT7X.BS AND BEaUI^TIONS.
Oeneral Begulations of March 19, 1908.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of Congress approved June 29, 1906, the
following rules and regulations for the government of the Mesa Verde National Park,
in Colorado, are hereby established and made public and extended as far as applicable
to all prehistoric ruins situated within 5 miles of the boundaries thereof on Indian and
public lands not alienated by patent from the ownership of the United States:
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb, except as herein provided, any of the mineral
deposits, natural curiosities, wonders, ruins, and other works and relics of prehistoric
or primitive man, on Government lands within the park or the ruins, and other works
or relics of prehistoric man on Government lands within 5 miles of the boundaries of
the park.
2. Permits for the examination of ruins, the excavation of archieological sites, and
the getting of objects of antiquity will, upon application to the Secretary of the In-
terior through the superintendent of the park, be granted to accredited representatives
of reputable museums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educa-
tional institutions, with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects and aiding
the general advancement of archaeological science, imder the conditions and restric-
tions contained in present or future regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the
Interior to carry out the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906,
entitled "An act for the preservation of American antiquities.^*
3. Persons bearing archaeological permits from the department may be permitted to
enter the ruins unaccoinpanied after presenting their credentials to the superintendent
or other park officer, rersons without archaeological permits who wish to visit and
enter the ruins shall in all cases be accompanied by a park ranger or other person
duly authorized by the superintendent.
4. The superintendent is authorized^ in his discretion, to close any ruin on Govern-
ment lands within the park or the 5-mile limit to visitors when it shall appear to him
that entrance thereto would be dangerous to visitors or might result in injury to walla
or other insecure portions thereof, or during repairs.
5. The superintendent is authorized, in his discretion, to designate the place or
places to be used by campers in the park and where firewood can be obtained by them.
All garbage and refuse must be deposited in places where it will not be offensive to the
eye or contaminate apy water supply on the park lands.
6. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park lands, except as
provided in paragraph 5 of these reflations, but dead or fallen timber may be taken
oy campers tor fuel without obtaining permission therefor.
7. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely extinguished when
not longer required. The utmost care must be taken at all times to avoid setting fire
to the timber and grass.
8. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing, any bird or wild animal on the park
lands, except dangerous animals when necessary to prevent them from destroying life
or iimicting an injury, is prohibited . The outfits, including guns, tzaps, teams, horses,
or means of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trapping,
ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in possession of game killed on
the park lands under other circumstances than those prescribed above, will be taken
up by the superintendent and held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior,
except in cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the
property of the person or persons violating this regulation and the actual owner thereof
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ACTING SUPEBINTENDENT MESA VEBDE NATIONAL PABK. 647
was not a party to such violation. Firearma will be pennitted in the park only on
written permifision from the superintendent.
9. No person shall be permitted to reside permanently or to en^e in any business
on the Government lancb in the park without permission, in writu^, from the Secre-
tary of the Interior. The superintendent may ^rant autnority to competent persons
to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion, and no pack trains wiU be
allowed in the park imless in charge of a duly re^terea guide.
10. Owners pi patented lands within the park limits are entitled to the full use and
enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have the metes and boimds thereof so
marked and defined as to be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may
be taken over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission and under
the supervision of the superintendent.
11. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on the Government
lands within the park, as well as the driving of such stock or cattle over the same, is
strictly forbidden, except in such cases where authority therefor is granted by the
superintendent.
12. The sale of intoxicating liquors on the Government lands in the park is strictly
forbidden.
13 . Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or displayed on the Govern-
ment lands within the park, nor upon or about ruins or Government lands wiHiin the
5-mile strip surrounding the same, except such as may be necessary for the convenience
and guidance of the piu)lic.
14 . Persons who render themselves obnoxious b^ disorderly conduct or bad behavior,
or who may violate anv of the foregoing rules, will be summaril^^ removed from the
park and will not be aUowed to return wiUiout penmssion, in writing, from the Sec-
retary of the Interior or the superintendent of the park.
15. The act creating the park provides that any person or persons who may, without
having secured proper permisaion from the Secretaiy of the Interior, willfully remove,
distUTD, destroy, or molest any of the ruins, moimds, building, graves, relics, or other
evidences of an ancient civihzation or other property in said park snail be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction l^fore an^ court having jurisdiction
of such offenses shall be fined not more than $1,000 or impnsoned not more than twelve
months, or such person or persons may be fined and imprisoned, at the discretion of
the court, and shall be required to restore the property destroyed, if possible.
Any person or persons euilty of such vandalism upon Government land within the
5-mile strip will be liable to a penalty of $500 or imprisonment of not more than
ninety days, or both, in the discretion of the court, as provided in the act of Con^;ress
approved June 8, 1906, entitled " An act for the preservation of American antiquities. "
16. The superintendent designated by the Secretary of the Interior is hereby
authorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the Government lands in the
park and to enforce these rules and regulations and all the provisions of the act of
Congress creating the same.
The Indian police and field employees of the General Land Office are required to
cooperate with the superintendent in the enforcement of these regulations as regards
the 5-mile strip surrounding the park.
BegiLlations of March 19, 1008, Governing the Impounding and Disposition
of Loose Live Stock.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or being herded or grazed
on the Government lands in the Mesa Verde National Park without authority from the
superintendent of the park will be taken up and impounded by the supermtendent,
who will at once give notice thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known,
notice of such impoimding, giving a description of the animal or animals, with the
brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park and in two public
places outside the park.
An^ owner of an animal thus impounded may, at any time before the sale thereof,'
reclaim the same upon proving ownership and paying the cost of notice and all expenses
incident to the taking up and detention of such animal, including the cost of feeding
and caring for the same. If any animal thus impoimded should not be reclaimed
within 30 days from notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be
sold at public auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the superintendent
after 10 days' notice, to be given by posting notices in six places in the park and two
public places outside of the park, and oy mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such anirnals and remaining after the i ''
of all expenses incident to the taking up, impounding, and sellinguiereof shall be care-
fully retained by the superintendent in a separate fund for a period of six months,
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648 ACTING SUPEEINTENDENT MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK.
during which time the net pioceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed by and
paid to the owner upon the presentation of satisfactory proof of ownership; and if not
BO claimed within six months from the date of sale, such proceeds shall be turned into
the Mesa Verde National Park fimd.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down a description of
all animals impounded, giving the brands found on them, the date and locali^ of the
taking up, the date of all notices and manner in which they were given, the date of
sale and the name and address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal
wad sold and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of the
proceeds.
The superintendent shall in each instance make every reasonable effort to ascertain
the owner of animals impounded and give actual notice thereof to such owner.
PimiSHMENT FOB DEPBEDATIONS AND FOB NOT EXTINGUISHING
FIRES ON PT7BLIC LANDS, ETC.
[Excerpt from an act entitled <* An act to provide for determining tbe heirs of deceased Indians, for the
disposition and sale of allotments of deceased Indians, for leasing of allotments, and for other purposes,"
approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 857).]
Sec. 6. That section fifty of the act entitled ''An act to codify^ revise, and amend
the penal laws of the United States, " approved March fourth, ninteen hundred and
nine (Thirty-fifth United States Statutes at Large, page one thousand and ninety-
eight), is hereby amended so as to read :
Sbc. 50. Whoever shall unlawfully cut, or aid in unlawfully cutting, or shall wan-
tonly injure or destroy, or procure to be wantonljr injured or destroyed, any tree,
Sowing, standing, or being upon anv land of the United States which, in pursuance of
w, has been reserved or purchasecl by the United States for any public use. or upon
any Indian reservation or lands belonging to or occupied by any tribe of Indians
under the authoritv of the United States, or any Indian allotment while the title to
the same shall be held in trust by the Government, or while the same shall remain
inalienable by the allottee without the consent of the United States, shall be fined
not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
That section fifty-three of said act is hereby amended so as to read:
Sbc. 63. Whoever shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber, or other inflammable
material, upon the public domain, or upon any Indian reservation, or lands belong-
ing to or occupied by any tribe of Indians under the authority of the United States, or
upon any Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by the
Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the allottee without the
consent of the United States, shall, before leaving said fire, totally extinguish tiie same;
and whoever shall fail to do so shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or
imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
EXCEBPT FBOM THE DEFICIENCY APPBOPBIATION ACT
APPROVED JUNE 25, 1910.
The Secretary of the Interior may, upon terms and conditions to be fixed by him,
grant leases and permits for the use of the land or development of the resources thereof
m the Mesa Verde National Park, and the funds derived therefrom shall be covered
into the Treasury of the United States: Provided^ That such leases or grants shall not
include any of the prehistoric ruins in said park or exclude the public from free or
convenient access thereto; for necessary expenses hereunder there is appropriated Ke
sum of two thousand dollars, to continue available during the fiscal year*nineteen
hundred and eleven.
EXCERPT FROM ACT OF MARCH 4, 1911, MAKING APPROPRIATION
FOR MESA VERDE PARK FOR FISCAL YEAR 1912.
Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado: For protection and improvement of Mesa
Verde National Park, Colorado, including the lands within five miles of the boundaries
of said reservation, which under the act of June twenty-ninth, nineteen hundred and
six, are to be administered by the same service established for the custodianship cnf
the park, seven thousand five hundred dollars.
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.
640
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CRATER
LAKE NATIONAL PARK.
Cbatbb Lake, Obeg.;
October 1, 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the con-
ditions and the administration of the affairs m tne Crater Lake
National Park since July 1, 1910:
Oia^ERAIi STATEMENT.
The Crater Lake National Park was created by act of Congress
approved May 22, 1902. It is situated in Klamath County, Oreg.,^
and has an area of 249 square miles, or 159,360 acres.
Crater Lake is near the sunmiit of the Cascade Range, in the crater
of an extinct volcano wliich is estimated to have been more than
16,000 feet high. The lake, which is practically in the center of the
park, is approximately 6 miles long and 4 miles wide, and has a water
surface oi 20^ square miles. The lake is 6,177 feet above sea level
and the depth of the water is 2.001 feet. The almost vertical walls of
the great caldera in which the lake is situated rise from 1,000 to 2,000
feet above the surface of the water.
Crater Lake was first discovered by John Hilman, the leader of a
party of gold hunters, on June 12, 1853, and was next seen by white
men October 1, 1862, by Chauncey Nye and his party of prospectors
and miners. It was known by some of the officers and enlisted men
of Fort Klamath, Oreg., as early as 1865, but did not come into much
prominence until about 1885, since which time many thousands of
visitors and admirers have been attracted to its shores by its beauty
and grandeur.
Crater Lake is 498 miles north of San Francisco, Cal., and is
reached by way of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 436 miles, to
Klamath Falls, Oreg., thence by steamer across Klamath Lake to
Agency Landing, thence by automobile or team via Fort Klamath.
The lake is 62 miles from Klamath Falls and 22 miles from Fort
Klamath.
The Crater Lake National Park is 416 miles south of Portland,
Oreg., and is reached by way of the Southern Pacific Railroad to
Medford, 332 miles, or to Ashland, 344 miles; thence by automobile
or team.
The lake is 84 miles from Medford and 96 miles from Ashland.
IMPROVEMENT WORK.
At the beginning of the season of 1910 lumber and other necessary-
building materials were purchased and the work of repairing the
buildings which were found to be so badly damaged in the spnng of
1909 was resumed. This work was done in the most substantial
manner possible.
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1
652 CBATEB LAKE NATIOKAL PABK.* I
I
At the beginning of the season, and while the work of rei>airiBg the
buildings was being carried on^ all the roads, trails, and bridjges were
put in the best condition possible with the very small workmg force
available.
As before, the appropriation for the protection and improvement of
the park for the fiscal year 1911 (season of 1910) was very small, and
the miprovement work was necessarily limited in extent.
Durmg the previous season no new bridges were built and not a
great amount of repair work upon the existing ones was necessary.
No new fences were built during that season, but those fences in-
closing pasture and necessary lots and corrals were repaired.
At the beginning of October. 1910, the tourist travel in and through
the park was almost ended ror the season, as the weather became
stormy and cold. About the 1st of the month the general work of
the season was discontinued, though the usual work of removing the
flooring from the bridges in order to prevent them from being broken
down by snow, and of preparing the buildings, fences, and gates, i
and other property for the winter was carried on. This work was i
completed during November. All the buildings were securely closed, i
the boat on the lake and all the took were safely stored, and all other \
Sropertv was put in the best possible condition for the winter. On
[ovemoer 22, the snow being 2^ feet deep and still falling, and aU
the roads in or through the park being closed to travel, I moved to
my winter quarters at Klamath Falls, arriving there on November 26.
The snow at this latter date was not less than 8 feet deep at the
headauarters in the park.
In May, 1911, 1 made a trip into the park to look after the property
of the park and to try to find some trace, if possible, of the lost photog-
rapher, B. B. Bakowski. The buildings, bridges, and other property
of the reserve were found to be in as good condition as coula reason-
ably be expected.
During the past winter the snow was very deep in the park, but
the buildings were not injured, as they had been strongly rebuilt
after having been damaged by the deep snows of 1909.
On June 5 I returned to Klamath Falls from the trip 'into the
park, and later in the same month I again went into the reserve to
ascertain the conditions in regard to the snow disappearing and the
prospects for getting up to the headquarters for the season's work.
During a portion or June a man with a team was employed in
clearing the roads of the logs and trees which had fallen during the
winter montlis.
During the past spring and summer the snow remained longer
than usual and consequently both the tourist season and the working
season opened later. There was no tourist travel in the park untu
the midcile of July.
During July the roads, trails, and bridges were repaired by a small
force of men, and by the end of the month they were in fairly good
condition for the tourist travel of the season.
During August the improvement work was continued upon the
roads, trails, and bridges, and some sUght repairs were made upon
the buildings and fences. Some time and labor were expended in
patrolUng portions of the park and in extinguishing some small forest
fires wliich had become started during the exceemngly dry weather.
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CBATER LAKE NATIONAL. PABK. 653
On September 4, by direction from the department, I started on
a trip to the Yellowstone National Park to attend a conference of
national park superintendents and others. I returned to my post
of duty in this reserve on September 20.
VISITORS.
During the season of 1909 about 5,000 persons visited the reserve :
during the season 1910 there would have been as many or more it
visitors had not been kept away by the supposed danger from the
forest fires in the adjacent mountains and by the fact that the smoke
made it impossible to obtain a good view of the lake and other
scenery. Up to October 1, 1910, 3,746 names were registered, but
there were probably many more persons in the reserve, as the one
park ranger whose duty it was to attend to the registering of names
was compelled to give a great portion of his time to guardmg against
dami^es by the forest fires.
Although the tourist season of 1911 opened later than any pre-
vious one, the number of visitors will probably be almost as great
as ever before. Up to October 1 there were 3,946 persons regis-
tered; the number that have been missed and have from one cause
or another failed to register would probably bring the total to 4,500.
CONCESSIONS.
There are at the present time but three concessions held in the
park — two by the CJrater Lake Co. and one by the Klamath Tele-
phone & Telegraph Co.
The Klamath Telephone & Telegraph Co. operates a telephone
line in and through the park. This line was kept in good condition
and was conducted according to the terms of the contract with the
department. This line extends from Fort Klamath to the superin-
tendent's headquarters and office and the hotel at Camp Arant, and
is connected with the hotel at the rim by a private line owned by
the Crater Lake Co.
The other two concessions in the reserve were held by the Crater
Lake Co., one for maintaining and operating hotels and operating
launches and rowboats upon Crater Lake and one for the trani^
portation of passengers in and through the reserve in automobiles.
One of the hotels owned and operated by this company is situ-
ated upon the rim of the crater of Crater Lake. During the last
season guests were housed in a temporary wooden building, but
the company has under course of construction a fine permanent
building, com{>osed of stone and concrete. This will probably be
completed during the season of 1912. The other hotel of this com-
pany is situateaat Camp Arant, near the superintendent's head-
quarters, 5 miles below the lake. Both of these notels have rendered
satislactory service; 716 guests were accommodated during the
season of 1910 and 1,291 during the season of 1911.
This company has one good launch and a number of rowboats on
the lake; and the excursions made with them have been a pleasing
feature of a visit to the park. Another fine launch is being
constructed.
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654 CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.
During the season of 1911 this company has had three licensed
automobiles making daily round trips rrom outside points into and
through the park, and up to October 1 had carried a total of 190
passengers.
AUTOMOBIIiES.
During July there were issued 59 automobile permits at $1 each
for a single round trip through the park and two permits at $5 each
and one permit for tnree automobiles at $10 for each machine foT
permission to run upon the roads during the entire season of 1911.
During August 142 single-trip permits and one season permit were
issued. During Septeniber 67 smgle-trip permits were issued.
liOOSE STOCK DRIVEN THROUGH THE PARK.
During the season of 1910 a small herd of loose cattle was driven
through the park, previous permission having been obtained from
the superintendent. They were driven over the Rogue River and
Fort Klamath wagon road, and the owner and drovers fully com-
pUed with the terms of their permit and all of the rules and regula-
tions of the park.
During the season of 1911 there was but one herd of loose cattle
driven over the road through the park, which was done by J. E.
Pelton & Co. In May the cattle were taken to their destination, 10
nules south of the reserve, in Wood River Valley.
FOREST FIRES.
The season of 1910 was an unusually diy one, and forest fires were
more prevalent and harder to handle and control. There were a
number of small fires in the reserve, some being started by lightning,
and there was continual danger from fires originating outside the
park. All the fires were extinguished before any considerable amount
of damage had been done.
ROADS AND TRAILS.
There are three wagon roads in the park — one leading from the
south line of the reserve to the superintendent's headquarters, a dis-
tance of 8 miles; one from the west line of the park to the same place,
a distance of 61 miles; and one from the headquarters to the lake, a
distance of 5 miles.
The two roads first mentioned were built 46 years ago by the Gov-
ernment troops at Fort Klamath for the purpose of hauling supplies
for use at the post. They are simply tracks little wider than a wagon,
cut out through the trees and bushes. By constant use these nar-
row roads have become veritable gutters tne width of a wagon and
1 or 2 feet deep, and it is very difficult for teams to pass. These
roads have been kept in the best condition possible with the meager
sum which has been available for improvement work in the park.
At some points these roads have been widened so that teams can
pass, but generally the trees, logs, and bushes are too close to the
road to permit a team to turn out of the narrow track. These roads
also become veiy dusty in summer, so much so that it is very dis-
agreeable to travel over them the greater pqrtiqnj)f^the season.
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GRATEB LAKE NATIONAL PABK. 655
The dust could easily be overcome by the use of road sprinklers.
There is an abundant supply of water with good fall suitably distrib-
uted along the roads, so that tanks could be filled by gravity. More
real benefit could be derived from the small outlay of money that
would be necessary to install this improvement than in any other
manner with the same amount of expense.
I can not top strongly ui^e that a sprinkling system be installed
and continued through the dry season of 1912. Three good sprinklers
should be purchased and tanks erected at suitable places. If these roads
were sprinkled they would need little other improvement, as they would
incline to fill up and become more level instead of being cut deeper
and deeper by the wheels of the vehicles passing over them. These
sprinklers could then be used upon the better roads in the park when
tney shall have been constructed.
m August, 1910., under the supervision of Maj. J. J. Morrow, Corps
of Engineers, United States Army, there was begun the location and
survey of a comprehensive system of roads. This work was com-
pleted in August, 1911.
These contemplated roaas consist of one from the south line of
the park to the neadquarters in the reserve, a distance of 8 miles:
one from the west line to the same place, a distance of 6^ miles; ana
one from the headquarters to Crater Lake, a distance of 5 miles.
On the east side of the lake the engineers also located and sur-
veyed a road from the east line of the park to the rim of the lake
south of Mount Scott, a distance of about 9 miles. This survey
follows the south side of Sand Creek and Wheeler Creek by way of
the pinnacles, one of the most beautiful and interesting localities in
tiie reserve. A road was located from the east line of the park
north of Mount Scott by the way of Cascade Springs to the summit
or rim of the crater.
This point on the rim is the place where the Crater Lake Co. con-
templates building a fine hotel for the accommodation of tourists.
Tnere was also located and surveyed a proposed road completely
encircling the lake. For most of the distance this road will be mune-
diatelv upon the rim of the crater, and when it shall have been com-
pleted, it will be beyond question one of the grandest scenic roads
m the world.
Upon this road one will be from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the lake
and at an elevation of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. It
would afford an unobstructea view of the surrounding country to
the north, the east, the south, and the west as far as the eye can
reach. This road when completed will be about 35 miles long.
The roads from the south and the west should be built first, and
all these roads should be constructed as fast as there are funds avail-
able. There should be appropriated by the next Congress $40,000
for the construction of these two roads to the lake from the south
and the west, and $100,000 for the first section of the road around
the lake. Additional appropriations should be made until the work
is completed. The horse trails to Sun Creek and Mount Scott, to
Union reak, and to Bybee Creek should all be cut out, widened, and
otherwise improved; for this purpose there should be an appropria-
tion of $1,500 immediately available.
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656 GBATEB LAKE NATIONAIi PABK.
BRIDOES.
Upon the roads now existing in the park there are six bridges
ranging in length from 60 to over 100 feet. These bridges are con-
structed wholly of wood, have been used a number of years, were not
painted, and will soon have to be replaced with new structures.
During the season of 1912 these bridges should be replaced with
such new structures having steel arches and concrete abutments.
For this purpose there should be an appropriation of $11,500.
BUIIiDINGS AND FENCES.
The buildings and fences in the reserve will require considerable
repaii' and improvement, including painting. The fences in the park
should be so constructed that they could be laid over on the side in
the fall to prevent them from bein^ broken down by the snow. For
repairs and improvements upon buildings and fences there should be
an appropriation of $900.
WATER POWER AND EliECTRIC PIiANT.
In order to increase the p^wer which operates the hydraulic ram
for raising water to the superintendent's office and residence and
the grounds adjacent, there should be a dam erected just below the
large spring at the head of Annsi Creek. There should also be installed
at this point a small electric plant with necessarv equipment to fur-
nish lignt for the buildings and grounds at the headquarters in the
park. For the dam and the electric plant there should be appro-
priated $1,100.
PARK RANGERS, RANGER STATIONS, AND TEI4EPHONB
LINES.
The number of rangers is too small to maintain a good and strong
administration of its affairs or to properly protect the game from
poachers. To prevent the timber of the reserve from being consumed
DV forest fires requires constant vigUance, and there should be a force
aole to cope with a fire when one breaks out.
There is at present but one temporary park ranger on duty from
July 1 to September 30, whereas there shoind be one permanent park
ranger on duty the year round and five temporary rangers on duty
from July 1 to September 30. Five ranger stations should be built,
and all these should be connected with each other and with the
superintendent's headquarters by good telephone lines. Five ranger
caoins with necessary equipments would probably cost at least $400
each, and the necessary telephone lines would cost. $1,200.
PATENTED liANDS.
There are approximately 1,200 acres of patented lands lying in
the southeast comer of the park the title to which should be acquired
by the Government. These lands are mainly timbered and are i>re-
sumably being held for speculation or for the purnose of manufacturing
the timoer into lumber.
Timber lands are becoming more scarce and consequently more
valuable each year, and it is only reasonable to suppose that the time
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OBATER ULK& nauonal pabk. 657
is short when some milling company will acquire control of these
lands and that that section m the park will be completely denuded of
its fine and highly valuable timber.
I think it would be greatly to the interests of the Government to
pmrchase all private claims within the reserve and thus extinguish
them, and I can not too strongly again urge that the necessarv action
be taken by the Government for the acquisition of the title to all
these patented lands in the park.
EXTENSION OF THE PARK lilNES.
In order to protect the game, the boundary of the park ought to be
changed to include the wintering pounds of the deer. ^ By tms means
they will have the same protection in the winter as in the summer,
when they stay in. the mountains included within the park.
As has been said, a national park should not be made a game pre-
serve to set up standing, living targets on its borders; nor should it
be used to tame the deer, so they will become the easy prey of the
deer skinner when the deep snow compels them to go outside the lines
of the park in order to live through tne winter.
I know there are numbers of nunters camped in the mountains
west of the park for the express purpose of intercepting and killing
the deer whue on their journey from the higher lands of the park to
their wintering grounds.
I recommend that the following tract immediately north and north-
west of the park be included within its limits: Beginning at the
northeast comer of the park and thence running north along the
meridian 122° west longitude to the north line of township 27 south,
thence west to the northwest comer of township 27 south, range 3
east, thence south to the parallel 43° 4^ north latitude, thence east
along the parallel 43° 4' to the place of beginning.
The area embraced within the proposed extended lines lies wholly
or almost wholly in the Crater National Forest, and so far as known
by the superintendent there are no settlers or private holdings within
its boundaries.
OBSERVANCE OF RULES AND REGUIiATIONS.
^ It is pleasing to note that there was apparently very little or no
disposition shown to violate intentionally any of the rules and regu-
lations of the park; and during the season of 1910 there were no
arrests made and no trials of offenders.
During the last season all guns were taken at the superintendent's
office^ checked, and retumedupon presentation of the coupon when
the visitor was readv to depart from the park.
As a matter of safety and a prevention of violation of the rules and
regulations of the reserve this mode was not objectionable, but was
laborious and somewhat inconvenient to both the management of the
park and the public. Under this method there are usually from
20 to 50 guns m the office all the time. I made requisition to the
department for gun seals, such as are used in the Yellowstone Park,
with instructions regarding their use.
There have been no trials of oflFenders during the season of 1911,
but it was found to be necessary to arrest one man for disorderly con-
U355*'— INT 1911— VOL 1 i2
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658 CBATBB LAKE KAXIONAL PABK.
duct, who was ejected from the park with the admonition not to
return without permission from the Secretary of the Interior or the
superintendent of the park.
ACCIDBNTS.
As a result of the caution exercised in regard to the quality, con-
dition, and the management of all automobiles and other conveyances
used upon the roads, and all launches and other boats upon the lake,
there have been no accidents during the regular seasons of 1910 and
1911. The only accident of any kind occurred in January, 1911
when B. B. Bakowski, a photographer, lost his life by coming into
these mountains alone wnen the snow was from 12 to 15 feet deep
and the temperature below zero.
On January 22, 1911, Mr. Bakowski entered the park on snowshoes
and established a camp near the lake for the purpose of taking photo-
graphs. As he had not returned to the valley oy the latter part of
February a searching party started to look for him. This party
remained in the park several days and made as thorough a search for
the missing man as was possible, but no trace of him could be found.
A number of parties have been organized during the summer and
every possible efiPort has been made to find his remains, but found
no trace of him, and the manner in which he lost his life is still unex-
plained.
I recommend that the park be closed against any and all kinds of
travel between December 1 and June 1 of each year, except by
written permission from the superintendent. This rule should l>e
made in order to prevent reckless or careless people or persons not
acquainted with the conditions in these high mountains from hazard-
ing and probably losing their lives. If persons desiring to enter the
park in winter were required to inake appUcation to the superin-
tendent, there would be opportunity to ascertain where the party or
parties were endangering their lives or whether they were properly
equipped and capable of taking care of themselves.
PISH.
There are no fish in any of the waters of the park except Crater
Lake and lower Anna Creek below the falls. Crater Lake is wdl
stocked with rainbow trout; those caught are usually from 14 to 20
inches in length, and some have been caught 24 or 26 inches long and
weighing 6 or 7 pounds. A year ago 50,000 fry of the rainbow trout
were planted in Crater Lake, and this summer a great many small
fish could be seen at any time.
There are a few Dolly Varden trout in lower Anna Creek. Upper
Anna Creek and its tnbutaries and Sand Creek, Wheeler Creek, and
Castle Creek should all be stocked with mountain trout or eastern
brook trout.
Fishing, with hook and line only, is allowed in Crater Lake from July
1 to September 30, the catch of each fisherman being limited to fi.Ve
in any one day. Fishing in all other waters of the reserve is allowed
under the regulations prescribed by the State laws.
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CRATER LAKE NATIONAL FARE. 659
GAME.
There is not a great variety of game animals or birds in the park.
Black and brown bears, some smaller fur-bearing- animals, such as
the pine marten, the fisher, and several varieties of squirrels com-
prise the principal valuable game animals. There are a good many
olacktail deer in the reserve m the summer, but they, as well as the
birds, are compelled to migrate to a lower and warmer climate during
the winter season.
The ringtail grouse and the native or timber pheasant are the
principal game Birds of the park. There are sorne other birds here,
nowever, such as the blue jays, camp robbers, robins, orioles, etc.
As soon as it is deemed practicable, probably next summer, a feed-
ing ground for the bears will be established. It is beheved that by
feedmg and protecting them they will soon become tamer and more
numerous.
PREDATORY ANIMALS.
Predatory animals in the park include panthers or cougars, bobcats,
timber wolves, and coyotes. All four or these species of animals are
very destructive to the deer. When the deer are driven to the lower
altitudes by the fall or winter storms these animals follow, so they
may prey upon them during the winter. I would favor taking steps
to kin out and exterminate, if possible, these harmful animals.
ESTIMATES FOR FISCAIi YEAR 1913.
I submit the following estimates for necessary protection and
improvement and the proper administration of the affairs of the park,
fiscal year ending June 30, 1913:
For the purchase of three road sprinklers |1, 800
For the erection of 15 water tanks, at $150 2, 260
For ^e construction of two roads from the south line and west line of the
reserve to the lake 40, 000
For the first section of the road around the lake 100, 000
For the improvement of trails to more important points ih the park 1, 600
For the construction of bridges 11, 600
For improvement of buildings and fences 900
For dam and electric plant 1, 100
For one permanent park ranger, at $75 a month 900
For five temporary park rangers 1, 125
For five ranger cabins, at |400 each 2, 000
For telephone lines in the park 1, 200
For labor 3,000
For salary of superintendent 1, 000
For allowance to superintendent 366
For incidental and contingent expenses 500
Very respectfully, W. F. Arant,
SuperiTUendent.
The Secretary op the Interior.
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RULES AND REGUIiATIONS.
OENEBAIi BEOULATIONS OF JT7NB 10, 1908.
By act of Congress approved May 22, 1902, the tract of land
bounded north by the parallel forty-three degrees four minutes north
latitude, south by forty-two degrees forty-eight minutes north lati-
tude^ east by the mericuan one hundred and twenty-two degrees west
longitude, and west by the meridian one hundred and twenty-two
degrees sixteen minutes west longitude, having an area of 249 square
inues, in the State of Oregon, and including Crater Lake, has been
reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale imder
the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart forever
as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit of the people of
the United States, to be known as ''Crater Lake National Park."
The park by said act is placed under the exclusive control of the
Secretary of the Interior, and these rules and regulations are made
and published in pursuance of the duty imposed on him in regard
thereto.
1. It is forbidden to injure or destroy in- any manner any of the
natural curiosities or wonders wdthin the park or to disturb the
mineral deposits in the reservation, .except under the conditions pre-
scribed in parajgraph 11 of these regulations.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands, except for use in the construction of places of entiertainment
and in connection with the working of located mining claims or to
deface or injure any Government property. Camping parties and
others on the reservation will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber
for fuel, in the discretion of the superintendent.
3. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely ex-
tin^ished when not longer required. The utmost care must be ex-
ercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and srass.
4. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or m pos-
session of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not
the property of the person or persons violating this regulation and
the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Fire-
arms will^ only be permitted in the park on written permission from
the superintendent thereof.
6. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives, or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
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CRATEB LAKE NATION AL PABE. 661
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent in any of the
waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the
year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business, or erect buildings, etc., upon tne Grovemment lands in
the park without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to competent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to
the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may
be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken
over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission
and under the supervision of the superintendent.
8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock
or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such cases
where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
9. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon Govern-
ment lands in the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands vrithin the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
11. The act provides that, under such regulations as the Secretary
of the Interior may prescribe, the reservation shall be open *'to the
location of mining claims and the working of the same.'' It was not
the purpose of this provision to extend the mining laws to the park
without limitation, but only to authorize the location and working of
mining claims thereon, under regulations to. be prescribed by the
Secretary of the Interior, and in such maimer as not to interfere with
or prejudicially affect the general purpose for which the reservation
was established. It is therefore prescribed:
(a) That persons desiring to locate mining claims within the park
shall enroll their names ana addresses with tne superintendent oi the
reservation, and shall file ynth such superintendent a description,
in writing, of the land desired to be located. They shall also file with
the supermtendent evidence that they are severally qualified to make
locations under the mining laws^ and before entering upon the park
for such purpose they must obtam from the Secretary ol the Interior,
through the superintendent, a written permit to do so. Such permit
will be issued only upon condition that the applicant or applicants
therefor, while upon the reservation, will not destrov or damage any
game, fish, timber, or natural objects therein, and will strictly observe
and comply with the reauirements of the law and these regulations.
(b) Lands in the park upon which valuable deposits of mineral
shall have been or may be found may be located under the rnining
laws by any person or persons duly qualified and holding a permit
such as is described in the precemng paragraph, and such person
or persons, his or their successor or successors in interest, may work
the claim or claims so located ; but in carrying on the work he or they
shall in all respects observe and comply witn the provisions of the
statute creating the park and with these regulations: Provided, That
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662 QEATBB lAKB HATIOHAIi PABK.
such person or persons maj; as the proper working of such mming
claim or claims shall require, be permitted to use, for mining pur-
poses, such timber or stone found upon the land located as m the
judgment of the superintendent may be so used without injury or
dajooage to the reservation ''as a public park or pleasure ground":
And provided further, That within thirty days after the location of
any mining claim within the park, and bdtore^ development work
thereon shall be commenced, a copy of the notice of location shall
be filed with the superintendent, together with proof satisfactorily
showing that discovery of a valuable mineral deposit has been made
within the limits of the location, and, if it be a placer location,
that every 10-acre tract embraced therein has been found to contain
valuable deposits of mineral.
(c) The statute does not authorize the purchase of or the acquisi-
tion of the legal title to lands located as mining claims within the
park. The rights of the locator or locators, therefore, will be at all
times subject to forfeiture upon breach of any of the conditions men-
tioned in the permit herein provided for, or upon refusal or failure
to comply with any of the provisions of the statute or of these regu-
lations.
(d) Upon breach of any such conditions, or upon refusal or fail-
ure to comply in all respects with the provisions of the statute and
of these regulations, or where locators oi mining claims do not appear
to be actii^ in good faith, or who, after location, do not work their
claims in such manner as to show good faith in the assertion thereof,
the superintendent wiD revoke then- permits, forthwith remove them
from tne park, and report the facts to the Secretary of the Interior.
12. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will
be summarily removed from the park and will not be allowed to
return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ any person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be suDversive of the good order and management of the
reservation.
13. Any person who violates any of the foregoing regulations will
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, be fined
not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than one year, and shall
be liable for any loss sustained by the United States as a result of
such violation, as provided by the act creating the park.
14. The superintendent designated by the Secretarv is hereby au-
thorized and directed to remove all trespassers from tne Government
lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all 4;he
provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid.
BBaXTLATIONS OF JTTNX 10, 1908, OOVEBNING THB QIPOTTNDING
AND DISPOSITION OF LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or
being herded or grazed in the Crater Lake National Park without
authority from the Secretary of the Interior will be taken up and
impounded by the superintendent, who will at once give notice
thereof to the owner, if known. If the owner is not known, notice of
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CRATER ULKE NATIONAL PARK. 663
such unpoundii^, giving a description of tlie animal or animals,
with tibe brands thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the
park and in two public places outside the park. Any owner of an
animal thus impounded may, at any time before the sale thereof,
reclaim the same upon proving ownership and paying the cost of
notice and all expenses mcident to the takine up and detention of
such animal, including the cost of feeding and caring for the same.
If any animal thus impounded shall not be reclaimed within thirty
days from notice to the owner or from the date of posting notices, it
shall be sold at public auction at such time and place as may be fixed
by the superintendent after ten days' notice, to be given by posting
notices in six public places in the park and two pubuc places outside
the park, and oy mailing to the owner, if known^ a copy thereof.
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after titie pavment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and selling thereof shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during; which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be claimed by
and paid to tiie owner upon the presentation of satisf actonr proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed vrithin six months from the date of
sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Crater Lake National Park
fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amoimt for which each animal was sold
and the cost mcurred in connection therewith, and the disposition
of the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
Application for permission to drive stock through the Crater Lake National Park, Oreg,
, 19-.
The Superintendent of the Crater Lake National Park.
Sir: I, , a citizen of the United States and a resident of , county
of , State of , hereby make application for penniesion to drive
head of loose stock or cattle over the main traveled wagon road leading through the
Crater Lake National Park, Greg., en route from to ; I nereby agree
that I will cross the park boundary with my stock on the day of , 19 — ,
and will not occupy more than days in crossing the reservation; that I will
cause the stock to oe moved expeditiously over the road through the park, and will
not allow the same to scatter, stop, graze, or pasture upon any of the places used or
occupied by the public.
I further agree to observe and obey all the rules and regulations for the government
of the Crater Lake National Park.
Approved and permit granted , 19 — ,
Superintendent,
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664 CRATER LAKE KATIOKAL PARK.
PENALTY FOR DBPRBDATIOHS ON PTTBUC LANDS AND FOB NOT
BXTINGinSHINa FIBBS ON PUBLIC LANDS.
[Excerpt from an act entitled ' 'An act to provide for determining the heirs of deceased
Indians, for the disposition and sale of allotments of deceased Indians, for the leasing
of allotments, and for other purpoees," approved June 26, 1910 (36 Stat., 857), pro-
viding punisnment for depredations and for nonextinguiJahment of fires on puolic
lands, etc.]
Sec. 6. That section fifty of the act entitled "An act to codify,
revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States," approved
March fourth, nineteen nundred and nine (Thirty-fifth United States
Statutes at Large, page one thousand and ninety-eight), is hereby
amended so as to read:
*'Sec. 50. Whoever shall unlawfully cut, or aid in unlawfully
cutting, or shall wantonly injure or destroy, or procure to be wantonly
injured or destroyed, any tree Rowing, standmg, or being upon any
land of the United States which, in pursuance of law, has been
reserved or purchased by the United States for any public use, or
upon any Indian reservation, or lands, belonging to or occupied by
any tribe of Indians under the authority of the United States, or any
Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by
the Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the
allottee without the consent of the United States, shall be fined not
more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one
year, or both."
That section fifty-three of said act is hereby amended so as to read:
*'Sec. 53. Whoever shall build a fire in or near any forest, timber,
or other inflammable material upon the public domain, or upon any
Indian reservation, or lands belonging to or occupied by any tribe of
Indians under the authority of the United States, or upon any Indian
allotment while the title to the same shall be held m trust by the
Government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the
allottee without the consent of the United States, shall, before leaving
said fire, totally extinguish the same; and whoever shall fail to do so
shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not
more than one year, or both."
BEGULATIONS OF NOVEMBER 16, 1910, GOVEBNINa THE ADMIS-
SION OF AUTOMOBILES DXTBINa THE SEASON OF 1911.
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of May 22, 1902 (32
Stats., 202), setting aside certain lands in the State of Oregon as a
public park, the following regulations governing the admission of
automooiles into the Crater Lake National Park during the season of
1911 are hereby established and made public:
1. No automobile will be permitted within the metes and' bounds
of the Crater Lake National rark unless the owner thereof secures a
written permit from the superintendent or his representative.
2. Applications for permits must show: (a) Name of owner, (6)
number of machine, (c) name of driver, and (d) inclusive dates for
which permit is desired, not exceeding one year, and be accompanied
by a fee of $1 for a single round trip through tne park or a fee of $5
per annum for each machine for personal use and not for hire.
Permits must be presented to tne superintendent or his authorized
representative at the rangers' headquarters on the Government roads.
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CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK. 665
Permittees will not be allowed to do a commercial transportation
business in the park without a special license therefor from tne Secre-
tary of the Interior. All permits granted at any time when auto-
mobiles can enter the park will expire on December 31 of the year
of issue.
3. The use of automobiles will be permitted on the Government
roads from the s'buthem and western boundaries of the park between
the hours of 6.30 a. m. and 10.30 a. m., and between the hours of 3.30
p, m. and 6.30 p. m.
4. When teams approach, automobiles will take position on the
outer edge of roadway, regardless of the direction in which they are
going, taking care that sufficient room is left on the inside for the
passage of teams.
5. Automobiles will stop when teams approach and remain at rest
until teams have passed or until teamsters are satisfied regarding the
safety of their teams.
6. Speed will be limited to 6 miles per hour, except on straight
stretches where approaching teams will be visible, when, if no teams
are in si^ht, this speed may be increased to the rate indicated on sign-
boards dong the road; in no event, however, shall it exceed 15 mfles
per hour.
7. Signal with horn will be given at or near every bend to announce
to drivers of approaching teams the proximity of an automobile.
8. Teams have the right of way, and automobiles will be backed or
otherwise handled, as necessary, so as to enable teams to pass with
safety-
9. Violation of any of the foregoing rules or the general regulations
for the government of the park will cause revocation of permit, will
subject the owner of the automobile to any damages occasioned
thereby and to ejectment from the reservation, and be cause for
refusal to issue a new permit to the owner without prior sanction in
writing from the Secretary of the Interior.
10. All persons passing through the park with automobiles are
required to stop at the superintendent's headquarters or the rangers'
headquarters and register their names.
11. These rules are also applicable to motorcycles, which may use
the park roads on pajonent of a fee of $1 for each machinfe per annum ;
permits issued therefor shall expire on December 31 of the year of
issue.
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK.
667
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE GLACIER
NATIONAL PARK.
Glacier National Pabk,
Office of Superintendent,
BelUm, Mont., October 15, 1911.
Sir: I have the. honor to make the following report on the con-
dition of affairs and the management of the Glacier National Park:
GfiNERAIi STATEMENT.
Glacier National Park, created by the act of Congress approved
Mav 11, 1910 (36 Stat., 354), is located in northwestern Montana
and embraces over 1,400 square miles of the Rocky Mountains,
extending north from the mam line of the Great Nortnem Railway
to the Canadian border. The eastern boundary is the Blackfeet
Indian Reservation and the western boundary is the Flathead
River. The park has an area of approximately 915,000 acres, its
length averaging 60 miles and its width '50 miles. Within its
borders are attractions for the scientist and tourist unsurpassed in
any country in the world, tourists of world-wide experience pro-
nouncing it the Switzerland of America. Within its confines are
60 active glaciers, these ice sheets being the sources of beautiful
cascades and roaring mountain streams flowing into countless clear,
placid lakes for which the park is famed, the most noted of these
Deing Lake McDonald, Lake St. Marys, Lake Louise, Iceberg Lake,
Red Eagle Lake, Kintla Lake, Bowman Lake, Kootenai Lake, Logging
Lake, Quartz Lake. Harrison Lake, and Two Medicine Lake. Lake
McDonald, situated 2^ miles from Belton, a httle town on the main
line of the Great Northern Railway, is one of the most beautiful lakes
in America. It is 3,154 feet above sea level, 12 miles long, 2 miles
wide, and surrounded by mountains covered with virgin forests of
western larch, cedar, white pine, Douglas fir. spruce, and hemlock.
The air about Lake McDonald is remarkably clear and pure, the
f ra^ance of the fir, pine, and cedar producing a refreshing and invigo-
ratms atmosphere.
Iceberg Lake is a small sheet of water about 16 miles north of Lake
McDonald. It is so named because of the great floes which are to
be seen on its surface in midsummer.
The St. Maiys Lakes are located on the eastern side of the park,
northwest of Midvale. These lakes are long and ribbonlike, one side
being heavilv forested, while on the other side the mountains rise
sheer from tne water's edge. Upper St. Marys Lake is 11 miles and
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670 OLiLGIEB NATIOHAIi PABK.
the Lower St. Maiys Lake 7 miles in length. Elqually as much can
be said in regard to the beautiful scenery surrounding all the other
lakes.
Avalanche Basin, a remarkable U-shaped vallej 8 miles from Lake
McDonald, is one of the most attractive and impressing features of
the park. Nestling in the valley below the basin hes Avalanche Lake,
into which dash cascades and cataracts that head in the melting snow
and ice above and leap thousands of feet to the lake beneath.
The principal glaciers in the park are Blackfoot, Grinnell, Harrison,
Pumpelly, Red Eagle, Sperry, and Chaney, which range in area from
a few hundred yards to several miles in extent.
From the summit of Red Eagle Mountain one of the grandest views
of mountain scenery in America is obtainable, this spot being a favorite
with artists who visit the park.
The park abounds in aU varieties of game that are indigenous to
this section of the country, such as bear, elk, moose, deer, mountain
sheep, mountain goat; mountain Uon, as well as the smaller wild
animals of the forest.
Fishing in the park is especially good and auite an attraction to all
who visit it. Practically all the streams ana lakes abound in many
species of gamy trout.
ROUTES AND ACCOMMODATIONS.
Glacier National Park is easily accessible via the Great Northern
Railway, at present it being the only line which touches its borders.
One entrance to the park is from Midvale, Mont., which is the gateway
to that portion of the park on the east side of the mountains. A line
of permanent camps has been established by W. J. Hilligoss, the dis-
tance between the camps being as follows: Midvale to Two Medicine,
14 miles; Two Medicine to Outrank, 16 miles; Cut Bank to St. Marys.
22 miles; St. Marys to Gunsi^ht, 15 miles; Gunsight to Sperry Glacier,
12 miles. Lake McDonald is 7 miles distant from Sperry Glacier.
It is the intention of Mr. Hilligoss to construct wooden structures,
patterned after the Swiss style of architecture, to replace the tents
which were in use this year. The Great Northern Railway is con-
templating constructing an automobile road from Midvale to St.
Marys, by which means the tourist can reach the foot of the moun-
tains a few hours after getting off the train at Midvale.
The western portion of the park is accessible via Belton, Mont.,
1,177 miles west of St. Paul, on the Great Northern Railway. A
number of chalets have been erected at this place and accomodations
are afforded tourists at the rate of $2.50 per dav. During the past
season the bulk of the travel came in this way. From Belton to Lake
McDonald the new Government road, 60 feet in width and 2 J miles in
length, runs through a dense forest to the foot of Lake McDonald.
Stages make three round trips each day, connecting with boat service
to the head of the lake, wnere good hotel accommodations can be
secured at from $2.50 to $3 per day.
Trails have been cut from Lake McDonald to many interesting
points on the west side of the mountains. Trips to such places oi
mterest as Sperry Glacier, Avalanche Basin, and McDonald Falls can
be made in one day. More extended trips, requiring from two days
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GLACIER NATIONAL PABK. 671
to one or two weeks, can be made to more distant portions of the
Sark, taking in such features as Granite Park, Iceberg Lake, Swift
urrent Pass, Chanejr Glacier, Mount Cleveland, Waterton Lakes, and
man^ other interesting points.
Guides, saddle horses, pack outfits, etc., can be secured at Lake Mc-
Donald.
ADMINISTRATION OP THE PARK IN 1910.
Shortly before I reached the park and assumed charge as super-
intendent of road and trail construction forest fires broke out in
various portions of the reservation, and immediately upon my arrival,
August 8, 1910, I devoted my attention to fire fighting. The forest
fires were the worst we have had in the West for years and my entire
time was taken up in checking them.
The following extract from a report made on September 14, 1910,
shows the extent of the fires:
Kintla Lake Fire: Ford Creek to Canadian boundary and from Flathead River to
Rocky Mountains, mostly burned over.
Extent: 23.000 acres.
Duration: July 17 to August 21; still burning, but boundary not extended since
August 21 or 22.
Cause: Fire crossed Flathead River from fire started on Trail Creek by lightning
about July 14.
Estimate: Very little heavy timber burned, but a great deal of lodge-pole reproduc-
tion.
Value of timber destroyed: No commercial value could be set, owing to its remote-
ness from sawmills, lack of transportation facilities, and the fact that the timber was
of recent reproduction.
Bowman Creek Fire: Fire originated 2 miles below foot of Bowman Lake; burned
down creek 1 mile and to top of ridge on both sides and back to main range of Rocky
Mountains on both sides of lake along ridges, but not down to lake shore, except along
the southwest shore.
Extent: 8,000 acres.
Duration: August 20 to present time; still burning, but under control.
("ause: Probably started by campers.
Estimate: Area burned over was covered with lodge-pole reproduction.
Value of timber destroyed : Unable to give money value; scenic value considerable
Quartz Lake Fire: Near head of Quartz Lake.
Extent: 10 acres.
Duration: August 20 to September 4.
Cause: Unknown.
No estimate.
Logging Creek Fire: Sees. 8, 9, and 16, T. 34 N., R. 21 W., M. M.
Extent: 200 acres.
Duration: Started about July 12; reported July 19. Forty men had fire under con-
trol July 23 . Force reduced to three men Juljr 25 ; force reduced to one man August 7 ,
guard removed September 2. Fire still burning, but safe.
Cause: Unknown. Supposed to be from lightning or from Whitefish fire.
Area: In heavy timber, 1 mile from road between Lomn^ and Quartz Creeks.
Estimate: Several million feet of matured timber were lost m this fire. Would have
a money value of $3.50 to $4 per thousand stumpage, as this timber could be driven
down flathead River to mills at Columbia Falls.
Anaconda, Dutch, and CWas Creeks fires: From mouth of Logging Creek diagonallv
across to a point 1 mile from Anaconda Creek, 4 miles from road; thence along bench
up Nordi Fork of Anaconda to top of ridge 1 mile from head of Ix)ge:ing Lake; thence
an irregular line along foot of mountains to ridge between two mainbranches of Dutch
Creek; thence to moulh of Dutch across Camas Creek.
Extent: 19,000 acres.
Duration: August 20 to present date, but under absolute control from September 4;
now beinffpatroll^ only.
Cause: Irobably caused from the Whitefish fire.
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672 GliACIEB NATIONAL PAEK.
Estimate: 75|000,000 feet; money value of loee considerable; scenic value even
more so.
Rock Hill Fire: Between Little St. Marys and Harrison Lakes, 6 to 8 miles north of
Great Northern Railway.
Extent: 600 acres.
Duration: August 12 to September 8.
Cause: Unknown.
Estimated loss: 3,000,000 feet of matured timber, probably worth $2 per thousand
stumpage.
Garry Fire: Northwest of Great Northern Railway about 5 miles.
Extent: Lenglh of trench on fire line, 12 miles; length of trench swept over by fire,
5 miles.
Duration: 18 days.
Cause: Unknown.
Area: 7,600 acres, estimated; total number of men employed, 42; average length of
time for each man, 17} days; avera^ number of hours per day for each man, 13.
Quantity and value of timber: It is hard to estimate this loss owing to the ^t that
this timber was in a very mountainous region, removed from either road or water trans-
portation. Its scenic VBlne did not amount to much, as it is off the line of travel for
tourists.
Essex Fire: From Middle Fork of Flathead River at Esisex on Great Northern, up
Ole Creek about 14 miles; about 6 miles up Park Creek; about 8 miles up Coal Creek.
Extent: About six townships.
Cause: Fire jumped from south side of Great Northern track and Middle Fork of
Flathead River from Blackfeet National Forest. Was reported at once to the forest
ranger on the Blackfeet Forest at Essex, who remarked it was out of his jurisdiction.
It was several days before any effort was made to put the fire out. By that time the
fire had spread so that it was almost impossible to do anything with it, or at least it
took a large force of men and almost a month's work before it was gotten imder control.
Estimate: On Ole Creek, 15,000,000 feet; on Park Creek, 54,000,000 feet; on Coal
Creek, 20,000,000 feet.
Fielding fire: Have no data on this fire, as it was principally handled by railroad
employees.
Mid vale Fire: Followed Great Northern right of way from Summit to creek near
Mid vale; followed creek 3 miles north toward Two Medicine Creek; thence northwest
2 miles to the mountains.
Extent: 8 miles square, estimated.
Cause: From fire at Fielding across the divide.
Value destroyed: About 8,000,000 feet of good timber, $3 per thousand stumpa^;
balance in old fire bums and late reproduction; principal loss to the park was its
scenic value.
Upon the cessation of the fires in 1910, I turned my attention to
trail work, but the season was practically over and camp was broken
September 26.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PARK IN 1911.
Administration headquarters this year were temporarily located
at the foot of Lake McDonald, the department authorizing the rent-
ing of six log cabins, which were turned into headquarters. Active
operations for the season of 1911 began on April 28. As the proposed
Grovemment road between Belton and Lake McDonald ran through
patented areas, deeds from the several owners were secured for a rignt
of way 60 feet wide and 2 mDes 610 feet long.. Much difficulty was
encountered in its building by reason of the fact that the route ran
through a dense forest, in some places swampy ground being encoun-
tered. On September 30 the road was practically completed, at a cost
of $7,634.89 per mile, making a total cost of $17,178.60. This
amount incluaes the cost of plows, scrapers, tools, etc., and is a
saving of $797.70 over the engmeer's estimate of $17,976.20.
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qijAoieb national pabe. 673
The following shows the amount of trail work done in the park
this year:
Trail worh, season of 1911,
Miles.
Old trail cleaned out from foot to head of Lake McDonald 11
New trail, foot to head of Lake McDonald 1
McGee*8 meadow trail, partly reconstructed 4J
New trail constructed from ranger cabin at head of Lake McDonald to McDonald
Falls 2
Cleaned out trail from head of Lake McDonald to Avalanche Basin 1\
Cleaned out trail from head of lake to Sperry Glacier 6
Cleaned out trail from head of lake to Kootenai Lake 34
Cleaned out p|art of Bowman Lake trail (Browns Pass) 20
Built new trail in Bowman Lake country 6
Cleaned out old trail from Boundary Line up Boundary Creek 8
Built new trail, Belton Hills 15
Built Red Eagle trail 20
Cleaned out Gunsight trail (partly rebuilt) 20
Built new trail up rark Creek 5
Cleaned out old trail up Park Creek 7
Cleaned out Swift Current trail 10
Cleaned out Red Eagle trail 10
New trail, Belly River country, approximately 10 or 12
There are now 199 miles of trails which have been put in fair con-
dition, at a total cost of $3,321.50.
The telephone lines built this season and in active operation are
as follows:
Miles.
Belton Station to the temporary administration headquarters at the foot of Lake
McDonald 2}
Administration headquarters to ranger station at head of Lake McDonald 12
Administration headquarters to Lomng Creek station 22
Head of Lake McDonald to Sperry Glacier 6
A total of 42^ miles was installed at a cost of $1,400.37, including
nine telephones. Telephones were installed in the residence of
J. M. Gruoer, and in the store of W. L. Adair, a rental fee of $4 per
month during the time that the phones are in use being exacted
therefor.
Two docks were built on Lake McDonald for the use of the public
and the licensed passenger boats, at a cost of S528.42. -
NUMBER OF VISITORS.
Between June 1, 1911, and October 1, 1911, there were 4,000 visi-
tors in the park. The majority entered the park by way of Belton
and registered at the superintendent's office at the foot of Lake
McDonald. Midvale stands next in the number of persons visiting
the park, and a few entered from the north. Considering that this
is the first year of the park, this number far exceeded expectations.
ADMINISTRATION HEADQUARTERS-
A site for administration buildings has been selected at Fish Creek,
a point on the western shore of Lake McDonald, about 2 miles from
its foot. This point will be connected by road with the recentlv
conapleted macadamized road between Belton and Lake McDonald..
Plans were drawn for the buildings, and bids solicited, but as the
department regarded the bids as excessive they were rejected, and
the matter has been dropped for the present season,
11355--INT 1911--V0L 1 i3 Digitized by GoOglC
674 gijAGieb katiokal pabk.
INSTAIjIiATION of SAWMILIj.
An order has been placed for a sawmill and shingle machine, with
all appurtenances, for the purpose of sawing all dead and down and
infested timber into lumber and shingles. In many places the cut-
ting of fully matured timber will not in the least mar the beauty of
the park, but will benefit the growing timber. In the past it has been
the custom of the department to set aside a certain amount of money
each year for the purpose of killingoflF insects infestingtimber. This
work was done by the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of
Agriculture. A great many merchantable infested trees were cut
down and left to rot on the ground, the Government not deriving
a cent of revenue from the timber. At the present time, it is my
plan to temporarily install the sawmill at Fisn Creek, the proposed
administrative site. Near this point there is a large amount of
matured, dead, and infested timber that can be cut out without
injuring other timber or marring any of the beauty of the park. It is
proposed to saw out all lumber (outside of finish material) and shin-
gles needed for the administration buildings, having it ririit on the
grounds, thereby eflFecting a saving in the way of hauling. JSfumerous
mquiries for lumber have been received, and in a short time it is
believed lumber will rank first among the sources of revenue.
CONCESSIONS.
A concession for a stage line between Belton and Lake McDonald
was granted to John Weightman, an experienced liveryman of Kali-
spell, Mont. During the season he ran five stages between the above-
named points, making three roimd trips each day.
A concession for a boat line on Lake McDonald was granted to
Messrs. Denney & KeUy, who during the season had two gasoline
launches in service, with a carrying capacity of 25 persons each. In
August they launched a new boat, having a carrying capacity of 100
persons, to' meet the demands of the puolic, and expect to' have it
m operation next season. The schedule for the season was arranged
so that there were no delays in changiug from the stage to the boat,
and vice versa, connections being made during the day with all
passenger trains on the Great Noruiem Railway at Belton.
Twelve permits were issued granting the privilege of transporting
passengers in and through Glacier National Park by means of saddle
and pack horses. Each permit included 25 animals, with the excep;-
tion of one, Josiah Rogers's permit calling for 60 horses. W. J.
Hilligoss also had 50 horses included in \m permit for permanent
camps, making the total number of saddle and pack horses authorized
by tne department 385.
Ten leases were issued for cottage sites within the park.
ALLOTMENTS OP APPROPRIATION.
The following shows the purposes for which the appropriation of
$69,200 for 1911-12 has been used:
Expenditures.
Employees' salaries $22, 561. 10
Printing park map 740. 00
DestroyuJg insects infesting timber 200. 00 '
Framing park pictures 50. 00 I
Rock crusher and motor boat 3, 500. 00
Phot«graphicmapofpark .„.„.. .Q|g 2. 20 j
QIACIEE NATIOKAL PABK. 675
Stationery, blanks, etc 160. 00
Miscellaneous supplies 172. 30
Printing and binding 15. 70
Road and trail construction 20, 600. 00
Confltniction of telephone lines 2, 700. 00
Rental six log cabins 500. 00
Construction of docks 590. 00
Team, wacon, and harness 410. 00
Salary ana expenses of E. S. Bruce, expert lumberman 1, 000. 00
Traveling expenses of superintendent and rangers 200. 00
Miscellaneous supplies (2 typewriters) 186. 00
Traveling expenses of Supt. Xogan : 104. 32
Traveling expenses of H. F. McCabe 81. 95
Traveling expenses of E. M. Sunderland, architect 181. 70
Telegraph chaiges • 6. 94
Compensation of E. M. Sunderland, architect 350. 00
Geological Survey, rei>air of instruments 12. 00
Purchase and installation of sawmill 3, 000. 00
Logging operations 3, 000. 00
Remaining unallotted 9, 075. 71
Total 69,200.00
Purchase of rowboat authorized from saving of allotment for purchase of team,
wagon, and hamesp, $40.95.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
One of the most pressing needs of the park at the present time and
. vital to its success is the building of new trails to scenic points which
have heretofore been inaccessible, and I have accordingly requested
in my annual estimate that the sum of $25,000 be set aside for this
purpose. Most of these trails will be along and over the Continental
bivide, and it will necessarily take a considerable amount of money
to put them in such condition as to afford the maximum of safety to
tourists.
I recommend that a road be constructed around Lake McDonald,
a distance of 25 miles, connecting with the new Government road
from Belton to the lake. When this road is completed it will, with-
out doubt, be one of the grandest scenic hignways in America.
For the construction of this driveway I have requested that the sum
of $75,000 be set aside.
Another need of the park, which demands immediate attention, is
the construction of a bridge across the Middle Fork of the Flathead
River, thus lessening the distance between Belton and the foot of
Lake McDonald by 1 mile. At the present time use is made of an old
wooden structure which was hastily erected some years ago by the
Flathead County commissioners and which is liable at any moment
to go out during the spring freshets. The bridge on the park side of
the river would connect with the new Government road and would be
the entrance to the park. The estimated cost of a steel structure
across this river is $50,000, and I have accordingly reauested in my
annual estimate that this sum be placed at my oisposal for the erec-
tion of a bridge this coming year. At the present time the road runs
up for half a mile on the river bank, thence across the wooden bridge,
above referred to, and back for half a mile on the other side alone
the base of a mountain. In places the road is in a dangerous and baa
condition.
It is also recommended that a bridge be constructed across
McDonald Creek at the foot of Lake McDonald in order to connect
the new Government road with the proposed road around thp^l^e. t
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676 OIACIEB NATIONAL PABK.
As it is now contemplated to erect the administration headquarters
at &e foot of the lake at the Fish Creek site, the building of this
bridge is imperative. I estimate the cost of tlus bridge at $5,000.
I also most urgently recommend the purchase of 30 head of pack
animals for the coming year, as the work this year on trails suffered to
a considerable extent by reason of the fact that with the six head of
pack horses I had on hand it was impossible to keep trail crews in sup-
plies, and much difficulty was experienced in moving them from
camp to camp.
Attention is called to the desirabiUty of the Federal Grovemment
gurchasing and gaining control of the patented areas within the con-
nes of the park. At the present time the most desirable land at the
foot of Lake McDonald is neld in private ownership, and I am satis-
fied that the land can bepurchased cheaper to-day by the Government
than at a later date. Ultimately I beUeve that the patented lands in
all our national parks will be purchased by the Government when it
reahzes that without control of these areas the administration will
always be face to face with obstacles and difficulties in the way of
proper and successful administration. Existing conditions at the
loot of Lake McDonald bring up this question in a very forceful
manner. As stated above, the desirable tracts are owned by individ-
uals, the Government owning onlv the ri^ht of way over which the
road passes. In February, 1911, the Legislature of the State of Mon-
tana passed a bill ceding jurisdiction over the lands contained within
the metes and bounds of Glacier National Park to the United States,
Eroviding, however, that the jurisdiction should not vest until the
Wted States, through the proper officers, notifies the governor of
Montana that they assume police or mihtary jurisdiction over said
park. This tender upon the part of the State ol Montana has not up
to the present time been accepted, though there is a bill pending in
Coi^ess looking to that end, copy of which is hereto appended, and
untU its acceptance it will bring about confusion and namper the
administration of the park. In this connection it may also be stated
that the foot of Lake McDonald is the natural entrance to the park,
and I believe it would be the better poUcy for the Government to buv
out these patentees now, instead of waitmg for the park to be devel-
oped, whidti will naturally increase the value of these private holdings.
Another matter of vital importance to the park is the increase in
the number of guards. It is unpossible, with the limited number of
rangers that I now have, to properly protect the game — in fact, the
park in general. Hunters watch the ranger and when he is out
patrolling one section they slip in on others, kill their game, and are
out of the park before they can be caught. I hope to see hunting
entirely eliminated from the park, on patented lands as well as on
park lands". Another need for a larger ranger force is for fire patrolling,
also for taking charge of trail-building crews.
In regard to leasing land within the park for residence purposes it
is desirable that the term of these leases be extended to at least five
years. Other leases may remain for term already established. List
of permits issued is hereto appended.
Very respectfully, W. R. Logan,
Superintendent,
The Secretaet of the Intekior.
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APPENDIX,
BXTLSS AND BEOX7LATIONS.
Oeneral Beg^alationB of December 3, 1910.
The followine rules and regulations for the government of the
Glacier NationiS Park are hereby established and made public, pursu-
ant to authority conferred by the act of Congress approved Maj 11,
1910:
1. It is forbidden to injure or disturb in any manner any of the
mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders on the Government
lands withm the park.
2. It is forbidden to cut, without a permit from the Secretary of
the Interior or his authorized representative, any timber growing on
the park lands; it is also forbidaen to injure any growing timber or
deface or injure any Gk)vemment property. Camping parties wiU be
allowed to use dead or fallen timoer for fuel. When felling timber
stumps must not be left higher than 12 inches from the ground.
3. Fire should be lighted only when necessary and completely extin-
guished when not longer required. The utmost care must be exer-
cised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
4. Hunting or killing, wouncung or capturing any bu*d or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying hfe or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, kiuing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in posses-
sion of game killed on the park lands under other circumstances than
prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and held
subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in cases
where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not the
property of the person or persons violating this regulation and the
actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Firearms
will only be permitted in the park on written permission from the
superintendent thereof. On arrival at the first station of the park
guard, parties having firearms, traps, nets, seines, or explosives will
turn them over to the officer in charge of the station, taking his receipt
for them. Thej will be returned to the owners on leaving the parte.
5. Fishing with nets, seines, traps, or by the use of drugs or ex-
Slosives, or m any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited,
'ishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be prohibited by order of the superintendent in any of the waters
of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the year,
until otnerwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
6. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business, or erect buildings, etc., upon the Government lanos in
the park without permission in writing from the Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to competent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
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678 GIACIBB NATIOKAIi PABK.
7. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled
to the full use and eniojment thereof; such lands, however, shidl have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that thej may
be readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken
over the park lands to patented lands with the written permission and
under the supervision of the superintendent.
8. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such stock
or cattle over the same, is strictlv forbidden, except in such cases
where authority therefor is panted by the superintendent.
9. No drinkmg saloon or Darroom will be permitted upon Govern-
ment lands in the park.
10. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the pubUc.
11. It is forbidden to carve or write names or otherwise deface any
of the posts, signboards, platforms, seats, railings, steps, bowlders,
trees, or structures of any Idnd in the park.
12. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules,
will be summarily removed from the park and wiU not be allowed to
return without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Inte-
rior or the superintendent of the pam.
No lessee or licensee shall retam in his employ anv person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be suDversive of the good order and management of the
reservation.
13. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby
authorized and directed to remove ail trespassers from the Govern-
ment lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all
the provisions of tne act of Congress aforesaid.
Beffulations of December 3, 1910, Oovermnff the Impounding and Dispo-
sition of Loose live Stock Found in the Olacier National Park, Mont.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or being
herded or grazed in the Glacier National Park without authority from
the Secretary of the Interior will be taken up and impounded by the
superintendent, who will at once give notice thereof to the owner, if
known. If the owner is not known, notices of such impounding, giv-
ias a description of the animal or animals, with the brands thereon,
wul be posted in six pubUc places inside the park and in two public
places outside the park. Any owner of an animal thus impounded
may, at any tune before the sale thereof, reclaim the same upon prov-
ing ownership and paying the cost of notice and ail expenses incident
to the taking up and detention of such animal, inclu(ung the cost of
feeding and carmg for the same. If any animal thus impounded shall
not be reclaimed within 30 days from notice to the owner or from the
date of posting notices, it shall be sold at public auction at such time
and place as may be fixed by the superintendent after 10 days' notice,
to be given by posting notices in six public places in the park and two
public places outside the park, and by mailmg to the owner, if known,
a copy thereof.
AU money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
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OtAClEB KATIOKAIi PABlt. 679
ing, and selling thereof, shall be carefully retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, durinj^ which
time the net proceeds from the sale of any animal may be clamied by
and paid to me owner upon the presentation of satisiactoir proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date of
sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Glacier National Park fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locaUty of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
The superintendent wiU, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
CONCESSIONS IN OLACIEB NATIONAL PABK.
Permit No. 1, E. C. Cazruth, Havre, Mont., residence (the tejm of this permit
expired Aug. 31, 1911, and has been renewed for another year) |25
Permit No. 2, J. M. Gruber, St. Paul, Minn., residence (term expired Sept. 30,
1911, renewed) 25
Permit No. 3, Mrs. J. M. Gruber, St. Paul, Minn., residence (term expired Sept.
30, 1911, renewed) 26
Permit No. 4, Joeiah Rogers, Columbia Falls, Mont. , pack train 60
Permit Nos. 5 and 6, John E. Lewis, Columbia Falls, Mont., rest cabins (term ex-
pired Sept. 30, 1911, one renewed) J 10
Permit No. 7, L. F. Easton, La Crosse, Wis., residence 26
Permit No. 8, John Weightman, Ealispell, Mont., stage 64
Permit No. 9, Denney £ Eelley, Belton, Mont., boat 50
Permit No. 10, Charles W. Pomeroy, Kalispell, Mont., residence 25
Permit No. 11, W. L. Adair, Belton, Mont., pack train 25
Permit No. 12, Hamilton Lee, Kalispell, Mont., residence 25
Permit No. 13, John Weightman, Kalispell, Mont., freight 10
Permit No. 14, Cvrus Bellah, Belton, Mont., pack train 25
Permit No. 15, Chester Gephart, Belton, Mont., pack train 25
Permit No. 16, Norman Powell, Belton, Mont., pack train 25
Permit No. 17, Walter Gibbs, Belton, Mont., pack train 25
Permit No. 18, Charles Howes, Belton, Mont., boat 6
Special-use permit No. 1, Dennis Sullivan, Belton, Mont. , grazing 16
APPKOVED BATES FOB TBANSPOBTATION, SEASON OF 1911.
Permit No. 1, to John Weightman, for stage line between Belton and Lake
McDonald:
Passenger fare, each way $0. 50
Trunks and baggage, each way 50
Hand baggage, nee.
Permit No. 2, to Messrs. Denney & Kelly, for boat privil^e across Lake
McDonald:
Passenger fare, one way 75
Passenger fare, round trip 1. 26
Trunks and baggage, each way 50
Express or freight, 1,000 pounds and under hundred weight. . . 25
Express or freight, over 1,000 pounds do 20
Permit No. 3, to Josiah Rogers, for saddle and pack-horse transportation:
Licensed guide, in charge, per day 3. 50
Cooks, per day 3.00
Saddle and pack horses:
1 to 5 days, per day 2. 00
Over 5 to 10 days, per day 1. 50
More than 10 days, per day .^^. , . 1. 00
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680 QIAOXBB KATIOKAIi PABK.
GHABGES VOB CONCESSIONS, SEASON OF 1011.
PerrrumerU camp. — ^Privilege to transport passengers through the
park, usmg horses or wagons, providing for their care and mainte-
nance at stated places in the reservation, to be desimated as perma-
nent camps, $25 for privilege and $1 for every saddle horse or pack
animal during the season.
Personally conducted camping parties, — ^Where persons are trans-
ported through the reservation and provided for at fixed camping
grounds open to all persons, camp equipage, etc., to be moved m>ni
camp to camp, a fee of $5 to be exacted, and for each horse used in
coimection therewith $1 .
Ouidea. — ^Twenty-five dollars per annum, the privilege to include
the use of 25 horses; for every additional animal the r^ular rate of
$1 per horse to be exacted.
Residents' permits. — ^Twenty-five dollars for permits on Lake
McDonald and Lake St. Marys of 1 acre or less; $10 for 1 acre
or less at other points in the P&rk.
Boat privileges on lakes, — ^Twenty-five dollars per season for boats
having a capacity of 25 persons, $50 ner season for boats having a
capacity of 60 persons, all boats to De subject to inspection and
approval by the U. S. Steamboat Inspection Service; the rate for
1912 (to be hereafter determined) to oe based upon a per capita
charge for each passenger handled during 1911.
Transportation of passengers hy wagon or stage. — Rate of $50 for
the season of 1911, the rate for 1912 (to be hereafter determined) to
be based upon a per capita charge for each passenger handled during
1911.
Rest cabins for tourists. — Cabins situated at various points in the
reservation used as rest cabins for tourists, the nominal sum of $5
per annum to be exacted.
Hotel sites. — Rates (to be hereafter determined) to be dependent
upon the site selected, cost of building, etc.
ACT OF MONTANA LEOISIiATtJBE CEDZNG JITBISDICTION.
Senate Bill No. 46.
An act to cede jurisdiction over the Glacier National Park to the United States, and
for other purposes.
Be it enacted hy the legislative assembly of (ke State of Montana:
Section 1. That exclusive jurisdiction shall be, and the same is
hereby^ ceded to the United States over and within all the territory
which IS now or may hereafter be included in that tract of land in the
State of Montana set aside by the act of Congress approved May
eleventh, nineteen hundred and ten, for the purposes oi a national
park, and known and designated as *'The Glacier National Park,"
saving, however, to the said State the right to serve civil or criminal
process within the limits of the aforesaid park in any suits or prosecu-
tion for or on account of rights acquired, obligations incurred, or
Grimes committed in said State^ but outside of said park, and saving
further to the said State the right to tax persons and corporations,
their franchises and property, on the lands included in said park:
Provided J however, That jurisdiction shiJl not vest imtil the United
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GIAOIEB NATIOKAIi PABK. 681
States, through the proper officers, notifies the governor of this State
^at tney assume police or military jurisdiction over said park.
Seo. 2. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with this act are
hereby repealed.
Seo. 3. This act shall be in force and effect from and after its
passage and approval by the governor.
W. R. Allen,
President of the Senate.
W. W. McDowell,
Speaker of the House.
Approved, February 17, 1911.
Edwin L. Nobbis, Governor.
Filed, February 17, 1911, 4.15 p. m.
A. N. YoDEB, Secretary of State.
BILL AGOEPTINO CESSION OF jnOBISDICTION (H. B. 1679, 62D
CONG., IS^ SESS).
A Bill to accept the cession by the State of Montana of exclusive iurisdiction over
the lands embraced within the Glacier National Park, and for ower purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the provisions of the act
of the Liegislature of the State of Montana, approved February seven-
teenth, mneteen hundred and eleven, ceding to the Unitea States
exclusive jurisdiction over the territory embraced within the Glacier
National rark, are hereby accepted, and sole and exclusive jurisdic-
tion is hereby assumed by the United States over such territory, sav-
ing, however, to the said State the right to serve civil or criminal
process within the limits of the aforesaid park in suits or prosecution
for or on account of rights acquired, obligations incurred, or crimes
committed in said State, but outside of said park, and saving further
to the said State the right to tax persons and corporations, their
franchises and property, on the lands included in said park. All the
laws appUcabie to places under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of
the United States shall have force and effect in said park. All fugi-
tives from justice taking refuge in said park shall be subject to tne
same laws as refugees from justice found in the State of Montana.
Sec. 2. That said park shall constitute a part of the United States
judicial district of Montana, and the district and circuit courts of the
United States in and for said district shall have jurisdiction of all
offenses committed within said boundaries.
Seo. 3. That if any offense shall be committed in the Glacier
National Park, which offense is not prohibited or the punishment is
not specifically provided for by any law of the United States or by any
regulation of the Secretary of the Interior, the offender shall be subject
to the same punishment as the laws of the State of Montana in force at
the time of tne commission of the offense may provide for a like offense
in said State; and no subsequent repeal of any such law of the State
of Montana shall affect any prosecution for said offense committed
within saidpark.
Sec. 4. Tnat all hunting or the killing, woimding, or capturing at
any time of any bird or wild animal, except dangerous animals when
it is necessary to prevent them from destroying human lives or mflixjt- t
682 QIACIEB NATIONAL PABK.
ing an injury^ is prohibited within the limits of said park; nor shall
any fish be taken out of the waters of the park by means of seines^
nets, traps, or by the use of drugs or any explosive substances or com-
pounds, or in any other way than by hook and line, and then only at
such seasons and in such times and manner as may be directed by the
Secretary of the Interior. That the Secretary of the Interior shall
make and publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary^
and proper for the management and care of the park and for the pro-
tection of the property therein, especially for tne preservation frona
injury or spoliation of ail timber, mineral deposits other than those
legally located prior to the passage of the a<5t or May eleventh, nineteen
hundred and ten (Thirty-sixth Statutes, page three hundred and fifty-
four), natural curiosities, or wonderful objects within said park, and
for the protection of the animals and birds m the park from capture or
destruction, and to prevent their being frightened or driven from the
park: an^ he shall make rules and regulations governing the taking
of fisn from the streanas or lakes in the park. Possession "within said
park of the dead bodies, or any part thereof, of any wild bird or animal,
shall be prima facie evidence that the person or persons having the
same are guilty of violating this act. Any person or persons, or stage
or express company, or railway company, receiving for transportation
any of said anunals, birds, or fish so killed, caught, or taken, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined for every such
offense not exceeding three hundred dollars. Any person found guilty
of violating any of the provisions of this act, or any rule or regulation
that may be promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior with refer-
ence to the management and care of the park, or for the protection
of the property therein, for the preservation from injury or spoUation
of timber, mineral deposits, other than those legally locatea prior to
the passage of the act of May eleventh, nineteen hundred and ten
(Thirty-sixth Statutes, page three hundred and fifty-four), natural
curiosities, or wonderful objects within said park, or for the protection
of the animals, birds, or fish in the park, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of not more than one thou-
sand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both, and
be adjudged to pay all costs of the proceedmgs.
Sec. 5. That aU guns, traps, teams, horses, or means of transporta-
tion of every nature or description used by any person or persons
within said park lirnits when engaged in killing, trapping, ensnaring,
or capturing such wild beasts, birds, or wild ammjds snaffbe forfeited
to the United States and may be seized by the officers in said park and
held pending the prosecution of any person or persons arrested under
charge of violating the provisions of this act, and upon conviction
under this act of such person or persons using said guns, traps, teams,
horses, or other means of transportation, such forfeiture shall be adju-
dicated as a penalty in addition to the other punishment provided in
this act. Such forfeited property shall be disposed of ana accounted
for by and under the autnority of tne Secretary of the Interior.
Sec. 6. That any person who shall, within the said above-mentioned
park, commit any damage, injury, or spoliation to or upon any build-
ing, fence, hedge, gate, guidepost, tree, wood, underwood, timber,
garden, crops, vegetables, plants, land, springs, mineral deposits oth^
than those legally located prior to the passage of the act of May elev-
enth, nineteen hundred and ten (Thirty-sixth Statutes, page three
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GIAOIEB NATIOKAL PABK. 683
hundred and fifty-four), natural curiosities, or other matter or thing
growing or being thereon, or situated therein, shall be deemed guilty
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a
fine of not more than one hundred dollars and be adjudged to pay all
costs of theproceedings.
Sec. 7. That any United States commissioner, duly appointed by
the United States court for the district of Montana and residing in
said district, shall have power and jurisdiction to hear and act upon
all complaints made of any and all violations of this act or of the rules
and regulations made by the Secretary of the Interior for the govern-
ment of the park and for the protection of the animals, birds, and fish,
and objects of interest therem, and for other purposes authorized by
this act. That any such commissioner shall have power, upon sworn
complaint, to issue process in the name of the Umted States for the
arrest of any person charged with the violation of this act or of the
rules and regulations made oy the Secretary of the Interior, as aforesaid,
or with any misdemeanor or other like offense the punishment provided
for which does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, and to try
the person thus charged, and, if found guilty, to impose the punish-
ment and adjudge the forfeiture prescribed. In all cases of convic^
tion an appeal shall lie from the judgment of any such commissioner
to the United States district court for the district of Montana. The
said United States district court shall prescribe rules of procedure and
practice for said commissioner in the thai of cases and with reference
to said appeals.
Seo. 8. That any such commissioner shall also have power to issue
process as hereinbefore provided for the arrest of any person charged
with the commission, within said boundaries, of any criminal offense
not covered by the provisions of section six of this act, to hear the
evidence introduced, and if he is of opinion that probable cause is
shown for holding the person so charged for trial, shall cause such
person to be safely conveyed to a secure place of confinement, within
the jurisdiction of the United States district court for the district of
Montana, and certify a transcript of the record of his proceedings
and the testimony in the case to said court, which court shall have
jurisdiction of the case: Provided. That the said commissioner shall
grant bail in all cases bailable under the laws of the United States or
of said State.
Seo. 9. That all process issued by the commissioner shall be directed
to the marshal of the United States for the district of Montana, but
nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the arrest
by any officer or employee of the Government, or any person employed
by the United States m the policing of said reservation, withm said
boundaries, without process, of any person taken in the act of violating
the law or this act, or the regulations prescribed by said Secretary as
aforesaid.
Seo. 10. That such commissioner and the marshal of the United
States and his deputies in the district of Montana shall be paid the
same fees and compensation as are now provided by law for like serv-
ices in said district.
Sec. 11. That all fees, costs, and expenses arising in cases under
this act and properly chargeable to the United States shall be certi-
fied, approved, and paid as are like fees, costs, and expenses in the
courts of the United States.
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684 GIACIEB NATIONAL PABK.
Sec. 12. That all fines and costs imposed and collected shall be
deposited bj said commissioner of the United States or the marshal
of the United States collecting the same with the clerk of the United
States district coiui) for the district of Montana.
MAGAZINB ABTICUSS OK OLAdEB KATIOKAIi PABK.
Harper's Weekly, vol. 52 (Dec. 26, 1908), p. 26. An ice playgronnd for touzistB, by
K. L. Smith.
National Geographic Magazine, vol. 21 (Maich, 1910), pp. 215-223. A new national
park, by G. E. Mitchell.
Outlook, vol. 94 (Apr. 16, 1910), p. 826. The proposed Glacier National P&rk.
Overland Monthly, 2d a., vol. 63 (June, 1909), pp. 495-601. Glacier Park, by H. S.
Sanders.
Recreation, vol. 31 (May, 1910), pp. 211-216. America's nest great playground:
Glacier Park in northwestern Montana, by W. T. Homaday.
Review of Reviews, vol. 41 (June, 1910), pp. 710-717. A new playground for the
nation, by G. E. Mitchell.
Science, n. s., vol. 2 (Dec. 13, 1895), pp. 792-796. A glacier in the Montana Rockiee,
by Li W. Chaney, jr.
Scientific American Supjplement, vol. 48 (Sept. 23, 1899), p. 19864. The gladers in
Montana, by G. B. Grinnell.
Sierra Club Bulletin, vol. 7 (June, 1910), pp. 225-228. The new Glacier National
Park.
Technical World, vol. 14 (November, 1910), pp. 287-294. Land gift to wild aninuds,
by G. E. Mitchell.
World's Work, vol. 16 (May, 1908), pp. 10248-10250. Crown of the continent, by
A. W. Greeley.
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REPORT ON PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARKS,
SULLTS HILL PARK, CASA GRANDE RUIN, MUIR
WOODS, PETRIFIED FOREST, AND OTHER
NATIONAL MONUMENTS, INCLUDING
LIST OF BIRD RESERVES.
685
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REPORT ON PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARKS.
SULLYS HILL PARK, CASA GRANDE RUIN, MUIR WOODS,
PETRIFIED FOREST, AND OTHER NATIONAL MONUMENTS,
TOGETHER WITH LIST OF BIRD RESERVES.
PliATT NATIONAIi PARK.
By the acts of Congress of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat, 641), and April
21, 1904 (33 Stat., 220), 629.33 and 218.89 acres, respectively, at the
town of Sulphur, Okla. (then Ind. T.), were segregated as the
" Sulphur Springs Reservation," which designation, by joint resolu-
tion approved June 29, 1906, was changed to " Piatt National Park."
The park, with a total area of 848.22 acres, extends in irregular
ferm a distance of approximately 3 miles from northeast to south-
west along Travertine Creek, including a portion of Rock Creek,
which empties into the former, and it has a circuit of 9 miles.
Within the park are 33 known mineral and 2 nohmineral springs.
The principal groups are the Bromide and Bromide-Sulphur Springs
in the southwestern part of the park, Beach and Pavilion Springs
in the northwestern comer, and the Wilson group in the southern
part. Sulphur springs predominate, but there are also bromide,
soda, and iron varieties. The Antelope and Buffalo Springs, non-
mineral in character, are situated at the extreme northeastern end
of the park with an elevation of 1,083 feet above sea level and an
approximate discharge of 6,000,000 gallons daily into Travertine
Creek. A spring has recently been discovered known as Medicine
Spring. The work of completing the development and installing
water from this spring in the pavilion at Bromide Springs has been
completed and the pare has been generally improved.
Permits for the transportation of passengers in and through the
park were issued for seven automobiles — ^five for two-seated hacks
and two for three-seated hacks — ^also several permits for other
privileges. A license fee was exacted in each instance and the total
revenues derived from permits was $475.76.
There were 768 campers in the camping grounds who remained
more than three days, and the park records show that 124,078 per-
sons visited Bromide Springs during that period. Many of these
visitors are residents of the city of Sulphur and they were counted
each time they visited the springs. From the best obtainable infor-
mation the actual number of visitors to the park, inclusive of the
residents of Sulphur, was about 30,000.
There were driven through the park 4,694 head of cattle. Most of
them were driven through in changing from one pasture to another
or in order to get them to water or to where water was accessible.
Quite a number of cattle, however, were driven through the park
for shipment to market or for sale to local butchers.
The appropriation for the care and maintenance of the park for !
the last year, including all personal service, was but $5,000, which i
^h T
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688 PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL. PAEKS, ETC.
was barely sufficient to pay the salaries of the superintendent and
other park employees. The appropriation for the next fiscal year
for the maintenance of the park, including bridges, roads, trails,
and sewerage, is $10,000. Six thousand dollars of tnis will be re-
quired to pay the salaries of employees and $4,000 is not a suflSlcieni
amount to construct the sewer. However, an estimate has been made
to Congress for an appropriation of $53,445 for this park for tht
fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, which, ir appropriated, will enablr
the department to construct a proper sewer through the park.
BEGXTIiATIONS OF JUNE 10, 1908.
Pursuant to the authority conferred by the acts of Congress ap-
proved July 1, 1902 (32 Stat, 656), April 21, 1904 (33 Stat., 220),
and the Oklahoma statehood act of June 16, 1906 (34 Stat, 272) , the
following rules and regulations for the government of the Plan
National Park (formerly Sulphur Springs Reservation), in Okla-
homa, are hereby established and made public :
1. It is forbidden to injure in any manner any of the springs, miii-
eral deposits, or natural features within the park.
2. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber or plants growing
on the park lands, or to deface or injure any Government property.
3. No camping shall be permitted within 1,000 feet of any spring,
nor upon any land except such as may be specifically designated for
that purpose by the superintendent. Fires snail not be lighted except
by the express permission of the superintendent; when so allowed
campers shall use only dead or fallen timber for fuel, and the utmost
care must be exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber
and ^ass.
4. It is forbidden for any person to deposit garbage or refuse upon
the park lands, except at places designated for that purpose by the
superintendent, or to contaminate any of the springs or streams
therein, or to divert or conduct the waters of such springs or streams
from the natural or regular course.
6. No person shall remove from any of the bromide, iron, or soda
springs more than 1 gallon of water in any one day, nor remove
from any of the other springs more than 5 gallons in any one day,
nor shall any water be taken therefrom for commercial purpos^,
except in pursuance of a license issued by the Secretary of the In-
terior. "Wiienever in his iudgment the circumstances warrant, the
superintendent may prohibit the use of the waters of any of the
springs in the park other than for immediate drinking purposes at
such springs, the facts in such case to be reported to the Secretary of
the Interior.
6. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such biros or wild animals, or in pos-
session of game killed on the park lands under other circumstance^^
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not
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FLATT AND WIND OAVB NATIONAL PABKS^ ETC. 689
the property of the person or persons violating this regulation and
the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Fire-
arms will only be permitted in the park on written permission from
the superintendent thereof.
7. Fishing with nets, seines, traps^ or by the use of drugs or explo-
sives^ or in any other way than with hook and line, is prohibited.
Fishing for purposes of merchandise or profit is forbidden. Fishing
may be pronibited by order of the superintendent in any of the
waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of the
year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary oi the Interior.
8. No person will be permitted to reside permanently^, engage in
any business, or erect buildings or other improvements in the park,
without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior.
9. The herding, grazing, or otherwise trespassing of cattle or loose
stock of any kind within the park is strictly forbidden. Stock or cat-
tle may be driven across the park, but must be confined to the roads
and kept in motion under competent care while in the reservation.
10. Is o vehicles will be permitted to travel through the park except
upon the roads designatea for such traffic by the superintendent, and
driving or riding over roads or bridges at a high rate of speed is pro-
hibited.
11. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played within the park, except such as may be necessary for the con-
venience and guidance of the publia ^
12. The sale of intoxicating liquors in the park is strictly forbidden.
13. No gambling or game of chance shall be permitted within the
limits of tne park ; nor shall any person use profane or obscene lan-
Suage, commit or maintain a nuisance, or be guilty of disorderly con-
uct or any act involving immorality therein.
14. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct
or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules, will be
summarily removed from the park and will not to allowed to return
without permission, in writing, from the Secretary of the Interior
or the superintendent of the park.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ any person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superintend-
ent to be subversive of the good order and management oi the reser-
vation.
15. Any person who violates any of the fore^oin^ regulations will
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subjected to a fine, as pro-
vided by the act of April 21, 1904, of not less than $5 nor more tnan
$100 and may be imprisoned for a term of not more than six months
for each offense.
WIND CAVE NATIONAIi PARK.
The act of Congress approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat., 766),
reserved a tract of land containing 10,622 acres in theiState of South
Dakota, 12 miles east of the town of Hot Springs and about the same
distance southeast of Custer, as a public park, to be known as the
Wind Cave National Park.
With the consent of the Attorney General, Mr. Seth Bullock, mar-
shal for the district of South Dakota, has been continued in general
charge of the reservation in an advisory capacity, and the superin-
11355--INT 1911-voL 1—44 ^^^ ,^^^^ ^^ GoOgk
690 PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAli PARKS, ETC.
tendent confers with him in regard to the administration thereof.
The course pursued has aided in the effective management of the park
during the park season. The present superintendent, A. C. Boland,
was appointed May 1, 1911, succeeding R. J. Pilcher, who resigned
on that date.
At the time of the creation of the park there were 10 entries cover-
ing lands within the park, aggre^ting 1,519.15 acres. Since that
date the Government has secured title to all of the lands within the
6 ark except the NE. i NW. i and NW. i NE. i, sec. 35, T. 5 S.,
1. 5 E., Black Hills meridian. Jonathan C. West patented Decem-
ber 31, 1904, 80 acres, which is now owned by W. A. Rankin, formerly
a superintendent of the park. For administrative reasons it is desir-
able that this private holding be eliminated from the park and it is
recommended that adequate appropriation be made by Congress for
the purpose.
On May 8, 1911, a revocable permit was granted Mrs. P. T. Paulsen
to furnish meals to tourists at 50 cents each. No complaints have
been made of the service rendered under this permit.
The number of tourists through the park during the year was 3,887,
the majority of whom entered the reservation in automobiles.
During the season 12 permits were granted for the transportation
of passengers in and through the park at the rate of $50 per vehicle.
Eleven of the permits were for the transportation of passengers by
automobiles and one for the use of wagons.
No applications were received for the driving of cattle or other
stock through the park, and no change was made during the year in
the regulations promulgated June 10, 1908, for the government of
the park.
^ A bam was constructed for the use of the superintendent, and con-
siderable improvement work was done around the residence of the
superintendent.
The roads and bridges require more or less attention continuously,
but are reported to be in good condition.
In the cave considerable repair work was done to bridges, stairs,
and paths and several new stairways constructed. Considerable ex-
ploration work was completed in the cave with a view toward ascer-
taining the practicability of opening more of it to the public. As
nothing extraordinary in character was discovered, the opening of
further sections will be deferred until, considering other park needs,
more money is available for the purpose. The question of providing
electric lignts in the cave is under consideration.
GENEBAL BEGnLATIONS OF JUNE 10, 1908.
*
Pursuant to authority conferred by the act of Congress approved
January 9^ 1903, the following rules and regulations for the govern-
ment of the Wind Cave National Park, in South Dakota, are hereby
established and made public:
1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the specimens or formations
in and around the Wind Cave, or to deface the same by written in-
scription or otherwise, or to injure or disturb in any manner or carry
off any of the mineral deposits, specimens, natural curiosities, or
wonders on the Government lands within the park.
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, BTO. 691
2. No person shall be permitted to enter the cave unless accom-
panied by the superintendent or other park employee or by compe-
tent guides.
3. It is forbidden to cut or injure any timber growing on the park
lands, or to deface or injure any Government property. Camping
parties will be allowed to use dead or fallen timber for fuel.
4r. Fires should be lighted only when necessary and completely ex-
tinguished when not longer required. The utmost care must be
exercised at all times to avoid setting fire to the timber and grass.
5. Hunting or killing, wounding or capturing any bird or wild
animal on the park lands, except dangerous animals when necessary
to prevent them from destroying life or inflicting an injury, is pro-
hibited. The outfits, including guns, traps, teams, horses, or means
of transportation used by persons engaged in hunting, killing, trap-
ping, ensnaring, or capturing such birds or wild animals, or in pos-
session of game killea on the park lands under other circumstances
than prescribed above, will be taken up by the superintendent and
held subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, except in
cases where it is shown by satisfactory evidence that the outfit is not
the property of the person or persons violating this regulation and
the actual owner thereof was not a party to such violation. Fire-
arms will only be permitted in the park on written permission from
the superintendent thereof.
6. Fishing in any other way than with hook and line is forbidden.
Fishing may be prohibited by order of the superintendent in any of
the waters of the park, or limited therein to any specified season of
the year, until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of the Interior.
7. No person will be permitted to reside permanently, engage in
any business^ or erect buildings^ etc., upon the Govermnent lands in
the park without permission in writing from Secretary of the
Interior. The superintendent may grant authority to competent
persons to act as guides and revoke the same in his discretion. No
pack trains will be allowed in the park unless in charge of a duly
registered guide.
8. Owners of patented lands within the park limits are entitled to
the full use and enjoyment thereof; such lands, however, shall have
the metes and bounds thereof so marked and defined that they may be
readily distinguished from the park lands. Stock may be taken over
the park lands to patented lands with the written permission and
under the supervision of the superintendent.
9. The herding or grazing of loose stock or cattle of any kind on
the Government lands in the park, as well as the driving of such
stock or cattle over the same, is strictly forbidden, except in such
cases where authority therefor is granted by the superintendent.
10. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted upon Govern-
ment lands in the park.
11. Private notices or advertisements shall not be posted or dis-
played on the Government lands within the reservation, except such
as may be necessary for the convenience and guidance of the public.
12. Persons who render themselves obnoxious by disorderly con-
duct or bad behavior, or who violate any of the foregoing rules,
will be summarily removed from the park and will not be allowed
to return without permission in writing from the Secretary of the
Interior or the superintendent of the park. ^ t
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692 PIATT AND WIND GAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
No lessee or licensee shall retain in his employ any person whose
presence in the park shall be deemed and declared by the superin-
tendent to be suDversive of the good order and management of the
reservation.
13. Any person who violates any of the foregoing regulations will
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, be fined
not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than 12 months,
or both, in the discretion of the court, as provided by the act creating
the park.
14. The superintendent designated by the Secretary is hereby au-
thorized and directed to remove all trespassers from the Government
lands in the park and enforce these rules and regulations and all the
provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid.
BEOTTLATIOKS OF JUNE 10, 1008, OOVEBNINa THE IMPOUKDIlfO
AND DISPOSITION OP LOOSE LIVE STOCK.
Horses, cattle, or other domestic live stock running at large or being
herded or grazed on Government lands in the Wind Cave National
Park without authority therefor, will be taken up and impounded
by the superintendent, who will at once give notice thereof to the
ownerj if known. If the owner is not known, notice of such impound-
ing, giving a description of the animal or animals, with the orands
thereon, will be posted in six public places inside the park and in
two public places outside the park. Any owner of an animal thus
impounded may, at any time before the sale thereof, reclaim the same
upon proving ownership and paying the cost of notice and all ex-
penses incident to the taking up and detention of such animal, includ-
mg the cost of feeding and caring for the same. If any animal thus
impounded shall not be reclaimed within 30 days from notice to
the owner or from the date of posting notices, it shall be sold at public
auction at such time and place as may be fixed by the superintendent
after 10 days' notice, to be given by posting notices in six public
places in the park and two public places outside the park, and by
mailing to the owner, if known, a copy thereof. ^
All money received from the sale of such animals and remaining
after the payment of all expenses incident to the taking up, impound-
ing, and^ selling thereof, shall be caref ullv retained by the superin-
tendent in a separate fund for a period of six months, during which
time the net proceeds from the sale of an;^ animal may be claimed by
and paid to tne owner upon the presentation of satisntctory proof of
ownership, and if not so claimed within six months from the date of
sale such proceeds shall be turned into the Wind Cave National Park
fund.
The superintendent shall keep a record in which shall be set down
a description of all animals impounded, giving the brands found on
them, the date and locality of the taking up, the date of all notices
and manner in which they were given, the date of sale, the name and
address of the purchaser, the amount for which each animal was sold,
and the cost incurred in connection therewith, and the disposition of
the proceeds.
The superintendent will, in each instance, make every reasonable
effort to ascertain the owner of animals impounded and to give actual
notice thereof to such owner.
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MATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PAEKS, ETC.
693
SUUiTS TTTT.Ti PARK.
This reservation, set aside by Executive proclamation dated June
2, 1904, under the act approved April 27, 1904 (33 Stat., 319), con-
tains about 780 acres, it is located on the south shore of Devils
Lake, N. Dak., having about 2 miles of shore line, with its western
boundary 1 mile east of the Fort Totten Indian School. Inasmuch
PLAT
Showing
SUmJLiy'S mSUL IPAISBS
Within Devils Lake IiuBan ReservaUcxx
NORTH DAKOTA
Reaervad for Park purpoees by Phssldents Proclamation dated
June Z7. 1904
Under the Act of April 27.1904
Scale- 20 Chains- 1 inch
TomnhipNa 152 North. R«>^ No. 65 West.
Fig. 1.— Map of Sullys Hill Park.
as no appropriation has been made for the care and protection of this
reservation. Mr. Charles M. Ziebach, in charge of the Indian indus-
trial school (Fort Totten), has been continued as acting superin-
tendent, and required to exercise the necessary supervision ana con-
trol over the same until appropriation is made therefor by Congress.
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694
PIATH AND WIKD OAVB NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
The tract is well wooded and has an ample supply of water and
many rugged hills, among which, on the western boundary, lies what
is known as SuUys Hill. In the southwestern part is a small body
of water known as Sweet Water Lake, west of which Ite surface is
generally level and the soil good.
No buildings or improvements of any kind have been made in the
reservation, and Congress has made no appropriation for the care
thereof. If this park is to be continued under the supervision of
the Secretary of tne Interior, it is desirable that funds oe provided
for the protection and improvement thereof, and an estimate in the
sum of $2,500 has accordmgly been submitted to Congress for such
purpose.
y/////////yy. Reservafion boundary
CXSA GRANDE
RU
^y^m.
SeciS
RESERVATION
IN
I
^^
Fig. 2. — Casa Grande Ruin Reservation, Ariz., embracing the NW. |, the NB. i, the N. |
of the 8W. I, and the N. | of the SE. } of sec. 16, T. 5 S., B. 8 B., Gila and Salt River
meridian; created March 2, 1889.
CASA GRANDE RUIN.
This reservation is located near Florence, Ariz., about 18 miles
northeast of Casa Grande station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad,
and contains about 480 acres. It was set aside by Executive order
dated June 22, 1902, under the act approved March 2, 1889 (25 Stat,
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MAW AM) WIND CAVfi KAHONaL PABKS, ETC. 695
961). By presidential proclamation of December 10, 1909, the
boundaries of the reservation were changed by the elimination of 120
acres on which there were no prehistoric ruins and the inclusion of
a tract of 120 acres adjoining the reservation on the east, on which
are located important mounds of historic and scientific interest.
Casa Grande is an Indian ruin of undetermined antiquity, which
was discovered in 1694 by Padre Kino, a Jesuit missionary. This
gi*eat house is said to be the most important ruin of its type in the
Southwest, and as such it has strong claims for archaeological study,
repair, and permanent preservation. It is built of puddled clay
molded into walls and dried in the sun, and is of perishable char-
acter. The main building was originally five or six stories high and
covered a space 59 feet by 43 feet 3 inches. The walls have been
gradually disintegrating, owing to the action of the elements. A
corrugated^ iron roof has heretofore been erected over this building
to nrotect it, so far as practicable, from further decay.
surrounding Casa Grande proper is a rectangular walled in-
closure or "compound," having an area of about 2 acres. In this
inclosure, which nas been callea Compound A, excavations conducted
under the Bureau of American Ethnology have resulted in the un-
covering of a number of buildings or clusters of rooms, and others
are known to exist but have not been excavated. Two other com-
pounds were discovered and designated, respectively, Compound B
and Compound C, but the latter has not been excavated and is still
in the form of a mound. These three compounds together constitute
what is known as the Casa Grande group of ruins. As a result of
this work, conducted under the Bureau of Anierican Ethnology, the
points of interest to visitors have been materially augmented. The
ground plan of the ruin was increased by some 58 rooms, a number
of plazas and surrounding walls, making the total number of rooms
now open on the ground floor 100.
Mr. Frank Pinkley, the custodian, who resides on the reservation,
reports that the number of visitors during the year were fully up to
the average and the usual interest seems to be shown by persons from
the various parts of the United States in the ruin. He calls atten-
tion to the need of literature in relation to the ruin for distribution
among visitors as a means of greatly increasing the interest of the
public in the reservation.
NATIONAIi MONUMENTS AND PRESERVATION OF
AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.
GENEKAL STATEMENT.
By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preser-
vation of American antiquities," the President of the United States
is authorized, "in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation
historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other
objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the
lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States
to be national monuments." Under such authority the President has
created the following monuments:
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696 PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, BTO.
Ifatianal monuments administered by Interior Department.
Name.
State.
Data.
Area.
Devlb Tower.
Wymnlfig.
Sept. 24,1906
Dec. 8,1906
do.. .
Mar. 11,1907*
Jan. 9.1906
Jan. 16,1906
Sept 15,1908
Mar. 20,1900
July 31,1900
Sept 21, 1909
Sept 25,1909
Nov. 1,1909
Mar. 23,1910
May 30,1910
May 16,1911
May 24.1911
July 31,1911
Aerea.
1,1S2
Mmtecinna Castle. . . .
Ancona . .
'l60
ElMorro
New Mexico
do
160
f'hfloo Canyon . ^ .. . .
20,629
MttlrWoo<3si
California
296
Pfnnaoleif..
do
•2,060
Trnna'^aoori....
Arizona
10
Nav^o*
do
4 QQO
Hnkuntnwfiftp. ^
Utah
* 15,840
Shoabone Cavern
WymnInF
210
Natural Bridges*
Uteh.....
•2.740
QranQulTira
New Mexico
•160
Sitka
Alaska
•57
i^a'nbow PH''g^>»
Utah
160
Lewis and Clark Cavern
Montana
160
Colorado
Colorado
13,883
FMrlfled Forest
Ari««na.
25,C35
1 Donated to the United States.
•Estimated area.
•Within an Indian reservation.
* Based on 15 known ruins, with a reserved area of 40 acres surrounding each mln.
Exterior limits of tract specified In proclamation contain 018.310 acres.
• Originally set aside by proclamation of April 16, 1008, and contained only 120 acres.
The following regulations for the protection of national monu-
ments were promulgated on November 19, 1910 :
1. Fires are absolutely prohibited.
2. No firearms are allowed.
3. No fishing permitted.
4. Flowers, ferns, or shrubs must not be picked, nor may any
damage be done to the trees.
6. Vehicles and horses may be left only at the places designated
for this purpose.
6. Lunches may be eaten only at the spots marked out for such
use, and all refuse and litter must be placed in the receptacles pro-
vided.
7. Pollution of the water in any manner is prohibited; it must
be kept clean enough for drinking purposes.
8. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted.
9. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct
or bad behavior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules, will
be summarily removed.
Names and addresses of officers T^aving supervision of national monuments.
F. 0. Dezendorf. new custom-house building, San Francisco, Gal. :
Mulr Woods National Monument, Cal.
Pinnacles National Monument, CaL
Gratz W. Helm, Federal building, Los Angeles, Cal. :
Montezuma Castle National Monument, Ariz.
Petrified Forest National Monument, Ariz.
Tumacacorl National Monument, Ariz.
Navajo National Monument, Ariz.
George E. Hair, Federal building. Salt Lake City, Utah :
Mukuntuwenp National Monument, Utah.
Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah.
Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah.
Leroy O. Moore, Santa Fe, N. Mex. :
El Morro National Monument, N. Mex.
Chaco Canyon National Monument, N. Mex.
Gran Quivlra National Monument, N. Mex.
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC. 697
H. C. Cnllom, Helena, Mont, Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument, Mont.
Adelbert Baker, Ch^enne, Wyo.:
Devils Tower National Monument, Wyo.
Shoshone Cavem National Monument, Wyo.
A. Christensen. special agent in charge field service, Alaska (219 Federal
building, Seattle, Wash.), Sitka National Monument, Alaska.
By proclamation of May 24, 1911, one new national monument
under the department has been created during the year, designated
as the Colorado National Monument^ Colo. The lands embraced
within this reservation are in part identical with those included
within the boundaries of the Monument National Park proposed in
H. E. 22549, introduced in the Sixty-first Congress, and which failed
of passage. The monument, however, contains nearly 5,000 acres of
land less than the area proposed to oe segregated by the national-
park bill.
In the case of the Lewis and Clark Cavem Monument, Mont., set
aside by proclamation of May 11, 1908. a new proclamation was
issued on May 16, 1911, more specifically defining the boundaries
thereof.
The Pinnacles National Monument, Cal., was set aside ^y a procla-
mation dated January 16, 1908, at which time it was under the super-
vision of the Secretary of Agriculture, being within a national forest.
By proclamation dated December 12, 1910, the lands on which this
monument is located were eliminated from the national forest, and
since that date it has been under supervision of the Secretary of the
Interior.
The Petrified Forest National Monument, Ariz., was originallv set
aside on December 8, 1906, with an area of 60,776 acres. The definite
location of the principal deposits of silicified wood was not known,
the intention being to reduce the area after the lands could be exam-
ined and the location of the valuable deposits determined. During
the year Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology. National
Museum, visited the reservation at the instance of this department
and submitted a report thereon recommending the reduction of the
metes and bounds of the reservation and suggesting the segregation
of such portions thereof as are desirable tor the use of collectors
having permits under the act of June 8, 1908, to take specimens of
silicified wood from the reservation. This report met with the ap-
proval of the department, and accordingly on July 31, 1911, a new
Sroclamation was issued reducing the area of the Petrified Forest
rational Monument to 25,625 acres.
The supervision of these various monuments has, in the absence of
any specific appropriation for their protection and improvement,
necessarily been intrusted to the field oflficers of the department hav-
ing charge of the territory in which the several monuments are
located. This supervision in many instances is necessarily limited,
and considerable difficulty has been experienced in protecting the
monuments from vandalism, unauthorized exploration, and spolia-
tion. The department has recommended that adequate appropria-
tion be made by Congress for the protection and improvement of
these reservations, only such monuments as in the judgment of the
Secretary^ of the Interior are subject to depredations by vandals and
unauthorized collections on the part of the public to be provided with
a custodian or superintendent.
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698 PIATT AND WIND CAVE NAT16NAIi PAE^S, ETC.
National monuments administered by the Department of Agriculture.
Name.
State.
Bate.
Area.
Cinder Cone
tiftflsen Peak
Gila Cliff dwenings.
Tonto
Grand Canyon
Jewel Cave
Wheeler
Mount Olympus
Oregon Caves
Devil's PostpUe....
California....
do
Newlfexico.
Arizona.
do.
South Dakota..
Colorado
Washington
Oregon
California
Hay 6,1907
do
Nov. 16, 1907
Dec 19,1907
Jan. 11,1908
Feb. 7,1908
Dec. 17,1906
Mar. 2.1909
July 12,1909
July 6,1911
Acres.
16,120
11, 2»)
160
1640
1806,400
11,280
300
1608,640
480
800
1 Estimated area.
National monument administered by the War Department.
Name.
State.
Date.
Area.
Big Hole Battlefield
Montana.. .
June 23, 19101
AertM.
5
¥
1 Set aside by Executive order.
The uniform rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretaries
of the Interior, Agriculture, and War, under date of December 28,
1906, to carry into effect the general provisions of the act for the
preservation of American antiquities provides (par. 3) that —
Permits for the excavation of ruins, the excavation of archeologlcal sites, and
the gathering of objects of antiquity will be granted, by the respective secre-
taries having Jurisdiction, to reputable museums, universities, coU^^ea, or other
recognized scientific or educational institutions, or to their duly authorized
agents.
During the year three permits were granted for the examination,
excavation^ and gathering of specimens in the San Joaquin Valley
in the contiguous State and Territory of Utah and Arizona, the ruins
of Puye on the Santa Clara Indian Keservation in New Mexico, and
the prehistoric ruins on public lands in the northern part of Yavapai
County, Ariz., adjacent to the Coconino National Forest. Permits
were granted for the gathering of samples of silicified wood from the
Petrified Forest National Monument to Dr. Victor Goldsmith, for
the use of the museum of the University of Heidelberg, Germany,
and to the American Museum of National History, New York City.
One application was denied. A number of the largest archeological
institutions in the country have claimed that the uniform regulations
of December 28, 1906, should be amended so as to remove certain
restrictions which they regard as oppressive. This matter is still
under consideration in the department
MiriB WOODS NATIONAL MONUKCENT.
On December 31, 1907, the Secretary of the Interior, for and on
behalf of the United States, accepted from William Kent and his
wife, Elizabeth Thatcher Kent, or Chicago, 111., in accordance with
the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the
preservation or American antiquities," a deed convejinff to the United
States the following-described land, situate in Marm County, Cal. :
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PIAIT AND WlKt> CAVS NATIONAL fAllES, ETC.
69d
Beginning at a stake, A. 7, driven in the center of the road in Redwood
Gafion and located by the following courses and distances from the point of
commencement of the tract of land, which was conveyed by the Tamalpals Land
and Water €k>mpany to William Kent by a deed dated August 29th, 1005, and
recorded in the office of the county recorder of Marin County, Oalifomia,
Book 95 of Deeds at page 58, to wit : North eighteen degrees thirty-two minutes,
east two hundred thirty-two and sixty-four hundredths feet, north sixty-six
degrees thirty minutes, west one hundred sixty-seven and thirty-four hundredths
feet, north eighty-six degrees twenty-five minutes, west ninety-eight and sixty-
two hundredths feet, north seventy degrees no minutes, west two hundred
forty-one and seven hundredths feet, north fifty-seven d^rees twenty-nine
minutes, west one hundred seventy-eight and three-hundredths feet, north
forty-six degrees twenty-two minutes, west two hundred thirty-five and thirty-
nine hundredths feet, and north twenty-four degrees twenty-five minutes, west
Fig. 3.-
-Muir Woods National Monument Cal., in T. 1 N., E. 6 W., Mount Diablo merid-
ian ; created January 9, 1908.
two hundred twenty-five and fifty-six hundredths feet ; thence from said stake,
A. 7, the point of beginning, south fifty-four degrees nineteen minutes, west
fourteen hundred eighty-two and seven-tenths feet to Station A. 8, from which
Station 4 of the survey of the tract of land conveyed to William Kent as
aforesaid bears south fifty-four degrees nineteen minutes, west three hundred
ten feet distant; thence from said Station A. 8 north forty-seven degrees thirty
minutes, west twenty-six hundred eighty feet; thence due west six hundred
fifty and eight-tenths feet; thence north fifty-two degrees thirty minutes, west
eleven hundred feet; thence north nineteen degrees forty-five minutes, west
ten hundred fifty-eight and four-tenths feet to Station A. 12, frpm which
Station 16 of the survey of the tract of land conveyed to William Kent as
aforesaid bears south eighty-three degrees forty- two minutes, west three hun-
dred ten feet distant; thence north eighty -three degrees forty-two minutes,
east thirty-one hundred nine and two-tenths feet ; thence north fifty-fiv(^ degrees
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700 PIATT AKD WIND CJAVlS KAlTONAIi PABKB, ETO.
twenty-eight minutes, east fifteen hundred fifty feet to an iron bolt, three-
quarters of an inch in diameter and thirty inches long, Station 14 ; thence sonth
seventeen degrees eighteen minutes, east twenty-eight hundred twenty and nine-
tenths feet; thence south four degrees ten minutes, east nine hundred thirty
feet to a stake, A. 16, driven in the center of a graded road ; and thence south
forty-five degrees seventeen minutes, west two hundred ninety-eight and five-
tenths feet to said stake A. 7, the place of beginning. Containing an area of
two hundred ninety-five acres, a little more or less.
On January 9, 1908, the President, by virtue of the power and au-
thority vested in him by section 2 of said act^ declared, proclaimed,
and set apart the lands described as a ^^ national monument to be
known and recognized as Muir Woods National Monument The
Secretary of the Interior had, prior to the date last mentioned, with-
drawn the lands from entry or sale.
On September 10, 1908, the department prescribed regulations as
follows for the government and protection of said monument:
The following rules and regulations for the government of the Muir Woods
National Monument, in the State of California, set aside under the provisions of
the act of Ck)ngress approved June 8, 1906, are hereby established and made
public, pursuant to the authority conferred by said act :
1. Fires are absolutely prohibited.
2. No firearms allowed.
3. No fishing permitted.
4. Flowers, ferns, or shrubs must not be picked, nor may any damage be done
to the trees.
5. Vehicles and horses may be left only at the places designated for this
purpose.
6. Lunches may be eaten only at the spots marked out for such use, and all
refuse and litter must be placed in the receptacles provided.
7. Pollution of the water in any manner is prohibited. It must be kept
clean enough for drinking purposes.
8. No drinking saloon or barroom will be permitted.
9. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious by disorderly conduct or bad be-
havior, or who may violate any of the foregoing rules, will be summarily
removed.
While the sundry civil act approved May 27, 1908 (Z5 Stat, 317),
was pending before Congress attention was called to tne fact that no
provision was made for the salaries of custodians or for other protec-
tion of national monuments, as recommended in the estimates for
these services, and that the department would be embarrassed in its
efforts to protect monuments from vandalism and unauthorized ex-
ploration and spoliation because of a lack of funds. The depart-
ment had recommended an appropriation of $5,000 for these purposes.
Three thousand dollars had oeen appropriated the previous year, but
because of deficient wording of the act, was not made available.
However, on July 11, 1910^ Andrew Lind, of California, was ap-
pointed custodian of the Muir Woods National Monument, at a salary
of $900 per annum, payable from the appropriation "Protection of
public lands and timber."
These lands consist of one of the most noted redwood groves in the
State of California, and were held in private ownership by Mr. Kent.
The tract is of great scientific interest, contains many redwood trees
which have grown to a height of 300 feet and have a diameter at the
butt of 18 feet or more. It is located in a direct line about 7 miles
from San Francisco, CaL, and is in close proximity to a large and
growing suburban population.
The report of Mr. Andrew Lind, the custodian of the reservation,
for the year shows that the monument was carefully patroled and the
'gulations for the government thereof enforcejd^^ ^(Obstructions to
PIATT AND WJND CAVE KATIONAI* PABES, ETC.
701
the roads and trails in the shape of fallen trees have been removed
and placed in condition for tne accommodation of travel. About
60,000 people visited the monument during the year. Mr. Lind
recommends that allotments be made for the renewmg and cleaning
out of the fire lines, that the main road ruiming through the reserva-
tion be put in better condition, and that a suitable building be pro-
vided inside the monument for the use of the custodian.
PETBIEIED FOBEST OF ABIZONA.
'^^^^ R«i€rv«flonBoun<tory— — Coufrty 8oundaf7^^Coltectint Ground*
Fio. 4. — Petrified Forest National Monument, Ariz., embracing sees. 1, 2, 11, and 12 and
E. I sees. 3 and 10, T. 16 N., R. 23 E. ; sees. 4 to 9 and W. i sees. 3 and 10. T. 16 N.,
R. 24 B. ; sees. 34. 36. 36. T. 17 N., R. 23 B. ; sec. 3 to 10, 16 to 22, 27 to 33, and W. I
sees. 2, 11, 14, 23, 26, T. 17 N.. R. 24 E., Oila and Salt River meridian, containing
40.04 acres, set aside by proclamation of the President July 31, 1011.
The Petrified Forest of Arizona lies in the area between the Little
Colorado River and the Rio Puerco, 15 miles east of their junction
and 6 miles south of Adamana, a station on the Santa Fe Pa<;ific
Railroad, from which place it is accessible by horse or vehicle. This
area is of great interest because of the abundance of petrified conifer-
ous trees, as well as its scenic features. The trees lie scattered about
702
PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, BTO.
in great profusion ; none, however, stands erect in its original place
of growtn, as do many of the petrified trees in the Yellowstone
National Park. The trees probably at one time grew beside an inland
sea ; after falling they became wateriogged, and auring decomposition
the cell structure of the wood was entirely replaced by silica derived
from sandstone in the surrounding land. Over a greater part of the
entire area trees lie scattered in all conceivable positions and in fra£r-
ments of all sizes. Perhaps the most prominent of all the scenic
Fig. 5. — ^Navajo National Monument, Ariz., embracing all cllfr-dwelling and pueblo ruins
between the parallel of laUtude 36*' 80' and 37* north and longitude 110* and 110* 45'
west from Greenwich, with 40 acres of land in square form around each of said ruins ;
created March 20, 1909.
features of the region is the well-known Natural Bridge, consistin.:^
of a great petrified trunk lying across a canyon 45 feet in width and
forming a footbridge over which anyone may easily pass.
Prof. Lester F. Ward, of the Geological Survey, has stated that
" there is no other petrified forest in which the wood assumes so many
varied and interesting forms and colors, and it is these that present
the chief attraction for the general public. The state of mineraliza-
tion in which much of this wood exists almost places them amon;^
the gems or precious stones. Not only are chalcedony, opals, and
agates found among them, but many approach the condition of
jasper and onyx. The degree of hardness attained by them is such
that they are said to make an excellent <^uality of emery."
Dr. Walter Hough, of the Smithsonian institution, who visited
this monument, states that " in the celebrated Petrified Forest, which
is some 18 miles from Holbrook, Ariz., on the picture.sque Saiita Fe
PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
703
Kailroad, there are ruins of several ancient Indian villages. These
villages are small, in some cases having merely a few nouses, but
what gives them a peculiar interest is that they were built of logs
of beautiful fossil wood. * ♦ * The prehistoric dwellers of the
land selected cylinders of uniform size, which were seemingly deter-
mined by the carrying strength of a man. It is probable that pre-
historic builders never chose more beautiful stones for the construc-
MQn um^ni BQf*n^9ty
Fio. 6. — Navajo National Monument, Ariz., containing .'^60 acres, embracing tbe Keet
Seel and Betata Kin ruins, located in two small tracts of 16U acres each, along Laguna
Creek, and Inscription House ruins, on Navajo Creek, in a 40-acre tract, all within the
Navajo Indian Reservation.
tion of their habitations than the trunks of the trees which flourished
ages before man appeared on the earth.
"This wood agate also furnished material for stone hammers,
arrowheads, and knives, which are often found in ruins hundreds of
miles from the forest."
NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT.
This monument as originally created embraces a large area within
the Navajo Indian Reservation, which was reserved tentatively and ^
^ ^ igitizedbyV "
704
PIATT AND WIND GAVE NATIONAIj PABKS, ETC.
with a view to a reduction to such small tract or tracts as might be
found to contain valuable prehistoric pueblo or cliflf dwellings when
the extent of same could be determined by examination on the ground
and their locus definitely fixed by traverse lines connecting them with
some corner of the public surveys. Both of these conditions have
now been fulfilled, by proclamation of March 14, 1912, the original
reserve was reduced to three small tracts, embracing 360 acres, within
which are located, respectively, two most interesting and extensive
Eueblo cliff-dwelling ruins in a remarkable state of preservation and
nown as the Betata Kin and Keet Seel, and a third cliff-dwelling
ruin called Inscription House, located on Navajo Creek just beyond
the western boundary of the present monument and centrally located
T.2IN.,R.IIW.
T>2IN.,R.I0W.
T2lN.,R.f2W.
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Fio. 7. — Chaco Canyon National Monumont, N. Mex., embracing sees. 7 and 8 and 16
to 29. indusiye, T. 21 N., R. 10 W. ; sees. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 to 14, incluslye. and 17
19, 20, and 30, T. 21 N., U. 11 W. ; S. i Rec. 12, T. 20 N., E. 8 W. : SB. i aec, 32, T. 21
N., E. 12 W. : SB. | sec. 28, T. 17 N.. B. 12 W. ; SE. | see. 17, T. 17 N.. B. 10 W, New
Mexico principal meridian ; created March 11, 1007.
within and protected by a tract of land containing 40 acres. Inscrip-
tion House IS extraordinary not only because of its remarkable state
of preservation, but because upon the walls of itg well-preserved
rooms were found inscriptions written in Spanish by early explorers
and plainly dated 1661.
The new boundaries of the Navajo National Monument under the
latter proclamation are shown in the preceding plat.
CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONtJMENT.
These remarkable relics of an unknown people embrace numerous
communal or pueblo dwellings built of stone, among which is the
ruin known as Pueblo Bonito, containing^ 9,3 it originally stood,
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PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
705
1^00 rooms and being the largest prehistoric ruin yet discovered in
the Southwest. Numerous other ruins, containing from fifty to a
hundred or more rooms, are scattered along Chaco Canyon and tribu-
taries for a distance oi about 14 miles and upon adjacent territory
to the easl^ south, and west of Chaco Canyon many miles farttier.
The most important of these ruins are as follows: Pueblo Bonito,
Chettro Kettle, Arroyo, New Alto, Old Alto, Kin-Klet Soi, Casa
Chiijuita, Penasco Blanco, Ein-EHa-tzin, Hungo Pavis, Unda Vidie,
Weji-gi, Kim-me-ni-oli, Blin-yai, Casa Morena, and Pintado.
KArKTBOW BBIDOE NATIONAL MONUMENT.
^ This natural bridge is located within the Navajo Indian Reserva-
tion, near the southern boundary of Utah, a few miles northwest
adM-j
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Fig. 8. — ^Rainbow Bridge National Monument, TTtah, embracing 160 acres of land in
square form/ the southeast corner of which bears from one hundred and seventy-ninth
mile comer on the Utah and Arisona boundary N. 60* 25' 18" W. 7 miles 67.87 chains
distant; created September 20, 1909.
from Navajo Mountain, a well known peak and landmark, and spans
a canyon and small stream which drains the northwestern slopes of
this peak. Among the known extraordinary natural bridges of the
world, this bridge is unique in that it is not only a symmetrical arch
below but presents also a curved surface above, thus presenting,
roughly, the character of the rainbow^ for which it is named. Its
height above the surface of the water is 309 feet and its span is 278
feet.
The existence of this natural wonder was first disclosed to William
B. Douglass, an examiner of surveys of the General Land Office, on
August 14, 1909, by a Piute Indian, called "MikeVboy," later
"Jim,'' who was employed in connection with the survey of the
natural bridges in White Canyon, Utah,
11355*— INT 1911— VOL 1 45
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706
PIATT AND WIND OAVB NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
EL KOBBO KATIOHAL KONTTXENT.
A feature of great historic interest and importance is the so-called
El Morro or Inscription Eock, some 35 miles almost due east of Zuni
Pueblo in western central New Mexico.
It is not too much to say that no rock formation in the West or
perhaps in the world is so well adapted to the purpose for whi<^ ibis
table of stone was used — at least history does not record any collection
of similar data. Here are records covering two centuries, some of
which are the only extant memoranda of the early expeditions and
explorations of what is now the southwestern part of the United
States. On these smooth walls, usually under some projecting
Fig. 9.-~E1 Morro National Monument. N. Mex., embracing the S. i NB, J and N. i SB.
k sec. 6, T. 0 N., R. 14 W., New Mexico raerldlaii ; created December 8, iMift.
stratum, inscriptions were cut by the early conquerors and explorers,
which have made this rock one among the most interesting objects
on the continent.
Here, in this remote and uninhabited region, in the shadows of
one of nature's most unique obelisks, wrappea in the profound silence
of the desert, with no living thing to break the stillness, it is hard to
realize that 300 years ago these same walls echoed the clank of steel
harness and coats of mail ; that with the implements of Spanii^ con-
quest the pathfinders in the New World were earring histcHrical
records upon the eternal rock. ^ .
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC. 707
Locally Inscription Rock and El Morro are known as separate and
distinct monumental rocks. The latter, translated The Castle, is the
rock standing out in bold relief to the east, while Inscription Eock is
the name applied to the formation to the west, which is a part of the
mesa. On the south side in the angle formed by the two, one extend-
ing east and the other south, is a great chamber or cavern, a natural
amphitheater where secure refuge from storm or human foe could
easily be secured. It is here, too, that the only spring within many
miles wells up as if to make the natural fortincation doubly secure.
Upon these walls are many of the best preserved Spanish inscripticms,
although there are quite a number 200 feet east, under the shadows of
a stately i>ine tree and on the north side of El Morro. Most of them
are as plain and apparently as legible as the day they were written ;
especially is this true of the older ones, carved during the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.
The existence of extensive, prehistoric ruins on the very summit of
Inscription Sock is another feature of interest. On the top of the
Tock a deep cleft or can]^on divides the western end of the formation.
On each of these arms is the remnant of large communal houses or
pueblos. Some of the walls are yet standing and the ground plans
of the structures are well defined. That on the south arm, and almost
overhanging the cavern and spring, is approximately 200 by 150 feet ;
some of the buildings must have been more than one story in height.
The remarkable natural defenses of the site and the existence of
the spring doubtless mduced the builders to select this odd location.
At some distant day it may be desirable to excavate these ruins and
thus add to this historic spot attractions for the scientist as well as
the general public who are interested in scenic and natural curiosities.
LE[WIS AND CLABK CAVEAN NATIONAL KONtJMENT.
^ The feature of this monument is a limestone cavern of great scien-
tific interest, because of its len^h and because of the number of
large vaulted chambers it contams. It is of historic interest, also,
because it overlooks for a distance or more than 50 miles the trail
of Lewis and Clark along the Jefferson Eiver, named by them. The
vaults of the cavern are magnificently decorated with stalactites and
stalagmite formations of great variety in size, form, and color, the
equal of, if not rivaling, the similar formations in the well-known
Luray caves in Virginia.
The cavern is located about 1 mile northeasterlv from Limespur, a
post office in Jefferson County, and a station on tne Northern Pacific
Railroad. Its two entrances, which are about 100 yards apart, are
upon the walls of a deep canyon about 500 feet below the rim, and
the cavern extends back therefrom approximately half a mile. The
proclamation establishing this monument is as follows:
Whereas the un9uryeyecl tract of land containing an extraordinary limestone
cayem and embracing one hundred and sixty acres, situated in township one
north, range two west of the Montana principal meridian, Montana, and which
was created the Lewis and Glnrlc Cavern National Monument by proclamation
dated the 11th day of May, 1908, has recently been definitely located by an
official suryey thereof, made under the direction of the Commissioner of the
Goicral Land Office, and such survey having determined that the tract in ques-
tion lies wholly within the limits of the grant of the Northern Pacific Eailway
€k>mpaiiy but has not yet been patented to that company ;
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708
PIATX AND WIND GAVE NATIONAL PABX8, STG.
And whereas, by its qnitclalm deed the said Northern Pacific Railway Com-
pany relinquished nnto the United States all its right, title, and interest to lot
twelve, section seventeen, township one north, range two west of the Montana
principal meridiaQ, Montana, the same being the original tract proclaimed a
national monument, for the purpose of maintaining thereon the said Lewis
and Clark Cavern National Monnmoit, under the condition that the Instmmait
of relinquishment shall become void and the premises immediately revert to the
grantor should the monument no longer be maintained.
Now, therefore, I. William H. Taft, President of the United States of
America, by virtue of the power in me vested by section two of the act of
Congress approved June 8, 1906, ^titled "An act for the preservation of Ameri-
d
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Fio. 10. — Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument, Mont., embracing lot 12, sec. 17,
T. 1 N., R. 2 W., Montana principal meridian; created May 11, 1908.
can antiquities," do hereby set aside and confirm as the Lewis and (Mark
Cavern National Monument the said tract, embracing one hundred and sixty
acres of land, at and surrounding the limestone cavern in section sevente^i,
township one north, range two west, Montana, subject to the conditions set
forth in the relinquishment and quitclaim deed No. 18129E, dated F^ruaty 14,
1911, of the Northern Pacific Railway Company, the said tract being In square
form and designated as lot twelve in the survey and deed, with side lines run-
ning north and south and all sides equidistant from the main ^itrance of the
said cavern, the center of said entrance bearing north fOrty-nine degrees, fbrty-
two minutes west, fifty-three and thirteen hundredths chains distant firom the
comer to sections sixteen, seventeen, twenty, and twenty-cme, as shown upon
the diagram hereto attached and made a part hereof. r^^^^T/^
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE KATIOKAL PABKS, ETC.
709
Warning IB h^eby ezpreBdy giT«a to all persona not to appropriate, injure,
or destroy any of the natural formations in tlie cavern liereby declared to be
national monument, nor to locate or settle upon any of the lands reserved and
made a part of said monument by this proclamation.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the
United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this sixte^ith day of May, in the year
[ssAL.] of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and eleven, and of the
independence of the United States the one hundred and thirty-fifth.
TUMACACOBI NATIONAL MONUMENT.
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Pig. 11. — ^Tatnacacorl National Monument, Ariz., embracing the E. \ NW. \ SW.
\ and the W. I NB. | SW. | SB. |, sec. 30, T. 21 8., R. 13 E., Oila and Salt
meridian; created September 15, 1908.
S
This monument embraces 10 acres of land relinquished to the
United States by a homestead entryman for the purposes specified in
the act of June 8, 1906. Upon the tract is located a very ancient
Spanish mission ruin, erected probably, as appears from the reports,
in the latter part of the sixteenth century. The church is in a re-
markable state of preservation, owing to the fact that it was erected
out of burned bricks and cement mortar.
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710
VUkTT AND WIITD OAVE KATIONAI. PABK8, BTC.
MONTEZUXA CASTLE NATIONAL MOVTJHSHTT.
This structure is of very ffreat interestviiot only because of its pii::-
turesqueness, but for ethnological and other scientific reasons. It is
strictly a cliff dwelling, with the added importance that it is also
a communal house. Although very small as compared with the great
ruins of Chaco Canyon, Canyon de Chelley, Mesa Verde, the Mancos.
and other localities of the l^uthwest, it is so unique in location and
structural design^ and so perfectly preserved, that it may be said
to have no equ^ m the United States.
The character of the material used in the Verde cliff ruins, adobe,
rubble, and a soft calcareous stone, rendered the progress of disin-
tegration and ruin somewhat rapid, though many centuries must
(J/^JUJ-fPyfal
Fxo. 12. — Montezuma Castle National Monument, Ariz., embracing the NW. i NW. i
tec. 16, the N. | NB. i and NB. | NW. | sec. 17, T. 14 N., R. 5 E., GUa and Salt BiTer
meridian; created December 8, 1906.
have elapsed since the passing of the race. The Mojave Apache
Indians, who occupied the vallej^ at the advent of the white men, have
no tradition respecting the existence of the people who formerly
occupied this region. Montezuma's Castle, it is stated, is the only
single perfect specimen and type of the architectural skill of the
prehistoric cliff dwellers of this valley.
NATURAL BRIDGES NATIONAL M0NX71CENT.
This tract of land was first created a national monument on April
16, 1908.
A second proclamation, issued by the President September 25, 1909,
includes, besides the three bridges originally reserved, a much more
PIATT ANh WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
711
eiri^nded territory, but within which, along the walls of the canyons
in the vicinity of the bridges, are found many prehistoric ruins of
cavern and cuff dwellings. There are also two cavern springs con-
taining some prehistoric ruins, which are located approximately 13
and 19 miles southeast of tiie bridges, respectively. These caveto
springs are included within the Natural Bridges Monument. They
are located upon the ancient and only trail to the bridges from the
south, and are important way stations in the desert surrounding this
monument.
Monument Bounc/ary
Fxo. 13. — ^Natural Bridges National Monument tTtah, embracing a subtriangnlar tract in
unsurreyed Tps. 36 and 87 S.. R. 17 B., and two smaller tracts, one each in T. 88 8.,
B. 18 B., and T. 80 8., B. 20 K, Salt Lake meridian ; created September 26, 1008.
OBAH QUIVXaA KATIONAL MONUMENT.
The Gran Quivira has long been recognized as one of the most
importajit of the earliest Spanish church or mission ruins in the
Southwest Near by are numerous Indian pueblo ruins, occupying an
area many acres in extent^ which also, with sufficient land to protect
them, was reserved. The outside dimensions of the church ruins,
which is in the form of a short-arm cross, are about 48 by 140 feet,
and its walls are from 4 to 6 feet thick and from 12 to 20 feet high.
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PIATT AKD WIKD OAVE NATIONAL PABXS, ETC.
The Gran Quivira National Monument is located 1| miles outside
of the exterior boundaries of the Manzano National Forest, and is
remote from the headquarters of any officer of this deparhnent.
MUKXTNTXTWEAP NATIONAL KONUMBNT.
The Mukuntuweap National Monument, Utah, embraces the mag-
nificent gorge of Zion Creek, called the Mukuntuweap Canyon by the
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Fio. 14. — Gran Qnlyira Katlonal Monnment, N. Mez.. embracing nnaurreyed N. I N. i
sec. 3, T. 1 8., R. 8 B., New Mexico principal meridian ; created November 1, 19<y9. "^
Powell Topographic Survey of southwestern Utah, Eanab sheet, and
the same is of the greatest scientific interest. The canyon walls are
smooth, vertical sandstone precipices, from 800 to 2,000 feet deep.
These walls are unscalable within the limits of the boundaries of the
reserve, except at one point about 4 miles from the southern and 6
miles from the northern extremity. The north fork of the Rio
Virgin passes through the canyon, and it is stated that the views into
the canyon from its rim are exceeded in beauty and grandeur only by
the similar views into the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.
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Fio. 15. — Muinintiiweap National Monument, Utah, embracing tseca. S, 4, B, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14,
15, Id, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 33. and 84, T. 40 8., R. 10 W.. and all of the Mnktintaweap
Canyon In T. 41 S., E. 10 W., Salt Lake meridian ; created July 81, 1909.
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PLATT AND WIKD OAVB KATIOKAL PABXS, ETC.
At intervals along the west wall of the canyon are water courses
which cross the rim and plunge into the gorge in waterfalls 800 to
2,000 feet high. ^
SHOSHONE GAVEBN NATIONAL KONUMENT.
The Shoshone Cavern National Monument embraces 210 acres of
rough, mountainous land. The cavern entrance is located upon the
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Pio. 16. — Shoehone Caveni National Monument, Wyo., embracing the SW. \ SB. |, W. i
SE. J SE. \. SW. I NE. \ SE. \, S. | NW. \ SB. \\ and SB. I SW. i, sec. 6 ; tbe NW.
i NB. I and NE. \ NW. \ eec. 8, T. 62 N., R. 102 W., sixth principal meridian ; created
September 21, 1900.
north face of Cedar Mountain, about 3 miles east of the great
Shoshone Dam in Big Horn County, Wyo. From its entrance the
cavern runs in a southwesterly direction for more than 800 feet, if
measured in a direct line. The route which must be traveled to
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PIATT AND WIND OAVB NATIONAL PABKS, BTO.
715
reach this depth within Ihe mountain, however, is so winding and
irregular that at least a mile is passed before the terminus is reached.
There are en route many dark pits and precipices of unknown depth
and therefore of a special interest. The various chambers and pas-,
sages are beautifully decorated with a sparkling crust of limestone
crystals and from the roof hang myriads of stalactites.
SITKA NATIONAL MONUICENT, ATiASTCA,
This monument reservation, created under the act of June 8, 1906,
embraces about 57 aci'es of comparatively level gravel plain formed
Fio. 17. — Sitka National Monument, Alaska, embracing a tract of land which includes the
mouth of Indian River and adjacent territory near Sitka ; created March 23, 1910.
by sea wash and by the deposits of Indian River, which flows through
the tract. Upon this ground was located formerly the village of a
warlike tribe— the Kik-Siti Indians — who, in 1802, massacred the
Russians in old Sitka and thereafter fortified themselves and de-
fended their village against the Russians under Baranoff and lisi-
anski. Here also are the graves of a Russian midshipman and six
sailors, who were killed in a decisive battle in 1804; a celebrated
" witch tree " of the natives; and 16 totem poles, several of which are
examples of the best work of the savage genealogists of the Alaska
clans, stand sentrylike along the beach.
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ElO.
BBVILS TOWEB .NATIONAL MONUMENT.
This extraordinary, natural monument has been known and util-
ized, doubtless, from time immemorial by the aborigines of the plains
and mountains, for the American Indian of tiie last century was
found to be directing his course to and from the hunt and foray by
reference to this lofty pile. In their turn the white pioneers of
civilization in their explorations of the great Northwest which began
with the expedition of the Verendryes, pathfinders of the French
colonies of Canada, in 1742, utilized the tower as a landmark, and
still later the military expeditions into the Sioux and Crow Indian
country during the Indian wars of thelast century carried on opera-
tions within sight of the Devils Tower or directed their march by
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Pig. 18. — Devils Tower National Monument. Wyo., embraclnf: sec. 7 and the N. i NB. J,
the NE. I NW. i, and lot No. 1, sec. 18, T. 53 N., R. 65 W. ; the E. | sec. 12 and the
N. I NB. I sec. 13, T. 53 N., R. 66 W.» sixth principal meridian ; created September 24,
1006.
the aid of its ever-present beacon, for the tow^r is visible in some
directions in that practically cloudless region for nearly 100 miles.
PINNACLES NATIONAIi MONXTMENT.
There are two CToups of the so-called Pinnacles Bocks, known
locally as the Big Finnacles and the Little Pinnacles. The general
characteristics oi the two groups are similar. Each covers an area
of about 160 acres, very irregular in outline.
The name is derived from the spirelike formations rising from
600 to 1,000 feet from the floor of tne canyon, forming a landmark
visible many miles in every direction. Many of the rocks are so
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FIATT AND WIND GAVE KATIONAI. PABKS, BIO.
717
precipitous that thej can not be scaled. A series of caves, opening
one into the other^ he under each of the groups of rock. These caves
vary greatly in size, one in particular^ known as the Banouet Hall,
being about 100 feet square with a ceiling 30 feet high. The caves
are entered through narrow canyons, with perpendicular rock walls
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and overhaujg^^ bowlders. One huge stone^ called the Temple Bock,
is almost cubical in form. It stands alone in the bottom of the can-
yon and its walls rise perpendicularly to a height of over 200 feet.
There are also several specimens of '^balancing rocks" in each of
the groups.
COLOBADO NATIONAL M0NT7MENT.
This area was set aside as a national monument by the President's
proclamation of May 24, 1911, and is the latest monument to be
created.
It is situated near Grand Junction, Colo., and the site is in a
picturesque canyon, which has long been an attractive feature of that
portion of the State. The formation is similar to that of the Garden
of the Gods at Colorado Springs, Colo., only much more beautiful
and picturesque. With the exception or the Grand Canyon of the
Colorado it exhibits probably as highly colored, magnificent, and
impressive examples of erosion, particularly of lofty monoliths^ as
may be found anywhere in the Westw These monoliths are located
in several contributary canyons. Some of them are of gigantic size,
one being over 400 feet high, almost circular in cross section, and
100 feet in diameter at base.
CINDEB CONE NATIONAIi MONUMENT.
The Cinder Cone National Monument was created by proclamation
dated May 6, 1907. It is situated within the Lassen Peak National
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718
PIATT AKD WIND CAVE NATIONAli PABKS^ BTO.
Forest, and with the adjacent area, embracing a lava field and Sna£
Lake and Lake Bidwell, is of scientific inter^ as illustrative of vol-
canic activity, and is of special importance in tracing the history of
the volcanic phenomena oi that vicinity.
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Fig. 20. — Colorado National Monument, Colo., emoraclne parti of Tps. 11 and 12 8., Ba.
101 and 102 W. of the sixth principal meridian, and part of ate. 32, T. 1 If , R. 2 W.
of the Ute meridian, Colo., containing 18,883.06 acres.
LASSEK PBAX KATIOKAL HOIHTMEKT.
The Lassen Peak National Monument was created by proclamation
dated May 6, 1907. It is situated within the Lassen Peak National
Forest and^ marks the southern terminus of the long line of extinct
volcanoes in the Cascade Range, from which one of the greatest
volcanic fields in the world extends, and is of special imj>ortance in
tracing the history of the volcanic phenomena of that vicinity.
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FLATT AKD WIND CAVE NATIONAL. PABKS, BTO. 710
OTLA GLnV-DWBLLINaS HATIOKAL XONUMBNT.
The Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument was created hj proc-
lamation dated November 16, 1907. These cliff-dweller rums are
Fig. 21. — Clndbr Cone National Monument, within Lassen Peak National Forest, Cal.
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Fio. 22. — ^Lassen Peak National Monument within Lassen Peak National Forest, Cal.
neither very large nor very important, but are located in a district in
which few prehistoric ruins are found. C^ooolp
720
Pli^TT AND WIND OAYE NATIONAL PA&K8, BTO.
TONTO NATIONAL MONXJICBNT.
The Tonto National Monument was created by proclamation dated
December 19, 1907. It is located in Gila County, Ariz., and em-
braces two prehistoric ruins of cliif dwellings located somewhat
less than 2 miles south of the Salt River Reservoir constructed by
the Reclamation Service in the valley of the Salt River within the
Tonto Baain, and is about 5 miles southeasterly from the town of
Roosevelt. The prehistoric ruin is situated in the high, flaring en-
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Fia. 23. — Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument, within Gila NaClonal FVirest. N. Mez..
embracing NB. \ of sec. 27, T. 12 8.. R. 14 W., New Mexico principal meridian and
base.
trance to a large, shallow cavern, is three stories high, approximately
60 feet wide and 30 feet deep, and contains 14 or more rooms.
OBAKD CANYOK NATIONAL MONUMENT, ABIZ.
A considerable portion of the area set aside by the proclamation
creating this national monument is covered by three different procla-
mations, one of which created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve, one
the game preserve embracing that part of the national forest north
of the river, and the third the monument proclamation, It is b^
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
721
lieved that the most wonderful portion of the canyon is contained
within the present limits of the national monument and game pre-
Steps have been taken to create a national park of the Grand
Canyon of the Arizona, and a bill (H. R. 6331) providing for such
purpose was introduced in Congress April 20, 1911, and is now
pending before that body. The Association of American Geog-
raphers has recommended that the above-mentioned park be desig-
nated as Powell National Park, and the Geological Society of America
serves.
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Fiu. 24. — Tonto National Monument, unsnrveyed sec. 34, T. 4 N.» R. 12 E., Gila and Salt
River meridian, Ariz., containing 640 acres. \
has approved the naming of the national park in the Grand Canyon
of the Colorado after its explorer, Maj. J. W. Powell.
JEWEL CAVE NATIONAL MONXTMENT.
Jewel Cave, which is located 13 miles west and south of Custer,
the county seat of Custer County, S. Dak., was discovered on August
18, 1900, by two prospectors, Albert and F. W. Michaud, whose
attention was attracted by the noise of wind coming from a small
hole in the limestone cliffs on the east side of Hell Canyon. In the
hope of discovering some valuable mineral and the source of the
wind, these men, in company with one Charles Bush, enlarged the
11355**— INT 1911— VOL 1 46 ^ t
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722 PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
opening. Jasper and manganese are found in the cave, but to what
extent is not definitely known.
The prospectors have followed the main descending wind passi
for a distance of 1^ miles, which point the explorers believe to
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Pio. 25. — Grand Canyon National Monument, within Grand Canyon National Forest, Arl*.
from 600 to 700 feet below the entrance, and have explored numerous
side gallerjies and passages. However^ the cave is far from being
fully explored*
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PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PABKS, ETC.
723
The cave, as far as known, is located in limestone formation and is
apparently the result of action of water. A prominent geologist who
visited this cave believes it to be an extinct geyser channel. The cave,
as far as explored, consists of a series of chambers^ connected by
narrow passages with numerous side galleries, which increase in size
as the distance from the entrance becomes greater.
The explorers have been careful observers of the action of the
wind within the cave. They have discovered that ordinarily the
wind blows in and out of the cave for regular periods, the periods of
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Fxo. 26. — Jewel Cave National Monument, within Black Hills National Forest, S. Dak.,
Tps. 3 and 4 S., R. 2 E., Black Hills meridian.
blowing in and out being 15 hours each, although they have known
the periods to be of 72 hours' duration. Other wind passages have
been discovered in the vicinity of the cave.
WHEELEB NATIONAL MONXTMENT, COLO.
The lands embraced in this national monument are situated near
the headwaters of the middle fork of Bellows Creek, a northern
tributary of the Rio Grande del Norte, about 10 miles northeast of.
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724
PIATT AND Wnro OAVB NATIONAL PARKS, BTO.
Wagon Wheel Gap, Colo., and 2 miles south of the crest of the
Continental Divide.
The tract lies on the southern slope of the ridge which fonns the
crest of the Continental Divide. It is traversed from north to
south by numerous deep canyons with very precipitous sides, the
intervening ridges being capped by pinnacle-uke rocks, making it
practically impossible to cross the tract from, east to west, even on
foot. There are also many crevices cutting the ridges transversely,
making an intricate network of ravines separated by broken pre-
cipitous ledges and broken mesas.
Pig. 27. — Wheeler National Monument, within Cochetopa and Rio Grande National
Forests, Colo., T. 42 N., B. 2 E., New Mexico principal meridian and base.
It is probable that the formation found here is the result of a
succession of outpourings of lava and showers of volcanic ash which
have left a series of nearly horizontal strata of varying degrees of
hardness. Numerous pebbles and breccia of a flint-hke rock are im-
bedded in the softer lavas which were probably gathered up by the
flowing lava mud from the original bearock. The formation is for
the most part scoriaceous tufa and trachyte, with some rhyolite.
The effect of erosion on this formation has been to cut it into sharply
defined forms of many kinds. The harder broken rocks imbedded in
the lavas have acted as veritable chisels, greatly accelerating erosive
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PIATT AKD WIND CAVE NATIONAL. PABKS, ETC. 725
action and making the lines and angles more sharply defined than
would be the case m ordinary weathering. This erosion is still going
on at a remarkably rapid rate, making the place very interesting
from the geological point of view.
The fantastic forms resulting from the rapid erosion make this
spot one of exceptional beauty. The numerous winding canyons,
broken ridges, pinnacles, and buttes form such striking and varied
scenes that it will be much visited by tourists when it has been made
accessible by the construction of roads and trails.
From the most reliable data it is believed that the ill-fated expedi-
tion of John C. Fremont, in 1848, reached this immediate vicinity,
when disaster came upon the party, compelling it to turn back.
Skeletons of mules, bits of harness, and camp equipage are found
here, lending force to the recorded data.
MOTINT OLYMPUS NATIONAIi MONUMENT, W^SH.
This monument was set aside by Presidential proclamation of
March 2, 1909, and contained approximately 608,640 acres. It was
created for the purpose of preserving many objects of great and
unusual scientific interest, embracing nimierous glaciers, and the
territory has also been for time immemorial the summer range and
breeding ground of the Olympic elk, a species which is rapidly de-
creasing in numbers. A bill was introduced in Congress on July 16,
1911, providing for the setting aside as a national park the same
tract of land as was set aside by proclamation of the President creat-
ing the Mount Olympus National Monument.
By Presidential proclamation of April 17, 1912, certain lands have
been eliminated from the original area embraced in the monument.
This proclamation providing therefor is as follows :
I, William H. Taft, President of the United States of America, by virtue of
the power in me vested by section 2 of the act of Ck>ngre68 approved June 2,
1906, entitled "An act for the preservation of American antiquities," do hereby
declare and proclaim that the south half of the southwest quarter of section
twenty-one, and the north half of the the northwest quarter of section twenty-
eight, in township twenty-four north, range eight west, Willamette meridian,
Washington, be, and the same are hereby, eliminated from the Mount Olympus
National Monument. The provisions of the proclamation of March 2, 1909,
shall remain in full force and effect as to all other lands thereby reserved as
a national monument
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my haiid and caused the seal of the
United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this sev^iteeaith day of April, in the
[SEAL.] year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and twelve, and of the
Independence of the United States the one hundred and thirty-sixth.
OBEaON CAVES NATIONAIi MONUMENT, OBEG.
The Oregon Caves or " Marble Halls " of Josephine County, dis-
covered in 1874, are located in the Siskiyou National Forest, about 30
miles south of Grants Pass in Cave IMfountain, a peak of the Grey-
back Bange, that divides the headwaters of the Applegate and IIU-
nois Rivers, and connects with the Siskiyou Mountains near the north
line of California.
Cave Mountain, the peak which contains these caves, rises to an
elevation of about 6,000 feet, and is of limestone formatipa. The
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726
PIATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PAEKS, ETC.
main openings around which the national monument has been create
are at an elevation of 4,000 feet, but the entire mountain side for 5 or
6 miles shows caverns of various sizes and in all probability through-
out its interior is honeycombed like the portion that has been explored.
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FiQ. 28. — Moant Olympiu National Monument, within Olympic National Foreat, Wash.
These caves are more of a series of galleries than of roomy cavem&
though many beautiful rooms have been discovered, while miles oi
galleries have been visited; but there are thousands of passageways
leading in all directions — ^partly closed by stalactites — that have never
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PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PAKKS, ETC.
727
been opened, and with the distant and unexplored opening on the
opposite side of the mountain die magnitude of the Oregon Caves can
be said to be practically unknown.
Many smaD streams are found at different elevations, and -larger
bodies of running water can be heard in pits bottomless so far as
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Fio. 29. — Oregon Cavefl National Monument, within Siskiyou National Forest, Oreg.
measured (by 300-foot line). This running water probably ac-
counts for currents of wind that in some of the galleries dIow so hard
as to extinguish an open light at once.
The lime deposits take many beautiful forms — ^massive pillars,
delicate stalactites of alabaster whiteness with the crystal drop of
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PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL, PARKS, ETC.
water carrying its minute deposit of lime from which they are formed,
and broad sheets resembling drapery with graceful curves and wave^
that were certainly made by varying currents of wind during
formation.
The Forest Service has rebuilt and improved the trails leading to
the caves from each side of the divide in order to more easily, pro-
tect the valuable forest surrounding and to make the caves more
accessible to tourists.
DEVILS POSTFILE NATIONAIi HONTJMENT, CAL.
The Devils Postpile consists of basaltic rocks laid down in the form
of an immense pile of posts, and while there are similar formations in
NATIONAI. MONUMCNT BOUNDARY
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Fig. 30. — Devils Postpile National Monument, Cal.
different parts of the country, this is especially prominent, being one
of the most noted of its kind on the continent, and said to rank with
the famous Giants Causeway on the coast of Antrim, in the north of
Ireland.
Below the postpile and above the junction of King Creek and the
middle fork of the San Joaquin River is Rainbow Falls, similar to
tiie well-known Vernal Falls of the Yosemite Valley, and one of the
few of its kind on the continent.
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PLATT AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PAEKS, ETC.
729
BIRD RESERVES*
All of the bird reserves have been created through reference from
the Interior Department to the President of forms oi Executive (H'ders
providing therefor. These reserves are regarded as in all essential
particulars reservations of public lands for public use or other pur-
poses, for which there are numerous precedents. The first specific
act or Congress providing for the protection of birds by bird reserves
created by Executive or<fer was introduced hj Hon. John F. Lacy, of
Iowa, and became a law on June 28, 1906. (34 Stat., 536.) This act
made it unlawful to kill birds, to take their eggs, or to willfully dis-
turb birds upon the reservations, and it provides a fine of not ex-
ceeding $500, or imprisonment for not exceeding six months, or both
fine and- imprisonment, for each conviction secured. This law was
substantially reenacted in the new penal code approved March 4,
1909 (35 Stat, 1104), in the following language:
Sec. 84. Whoever shall hunt, capture, wilfully disturb, or kill any bird of any
kind whatever, or take the eggs of any such bird, on any lands of the United
States which have been set apart or reserved as breeding grounds for birds by
any law, proclamation, or Executive order, except under such rules and regula-
tions as the Secretary of Agriculture may from time to time prescribe, shall be
fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than six
monthSL or both.
The reservations now existing, which are being administered under
the direction of the Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture,
are 52 in number, as follows :
Bird reserves created.
Name of reservation.
Date.
Location.
Area.
Pelican Island.
Breton Island..
Stamp Lake
Horon Islands
Sbkiwlt Islands
Passage Key
Indian Key
Tern Islands
Shell Keys
Three Arch Rocks
Flattery Rocks
Quillayute Needles
Copalis Rock
East Tlmballer Island.
Mosquito Inlet
Tortugas Kevs
Klamath Lake
Key West
Lake Malheur
Chase Lake
Pine Island
Matlacha Pass
PalmaSola
Island Bay
Loch Katrine
Hawaiian Islands
East Park
Cold Springs
Shoshone
Pathfinder
Bellefoorche
Strawberry Valley
Salt River
Deer Flat
Minidoka
Willow Creek
Carlsbad
Rloarande
Mar. 14,1903
f Oct. 4, 1904
INov. 11,1905
Mar. 9, 1905
Oct. 10,1905
do
...do
Feb. 10,1906
Aug. 8,1907
Aug. 17,1907
Oct. 14,1907
Oct. 23,1907
....do
....do
Dec. 7,1907
Feb. 24,1908
Apr. 6,1908
Aug. 8,1908
do
Aug. 18,1908
Aug. 28, 1908
Sept 15, 1908
Sept 26, 1908
....do
Oct. 28,1908
Oct 26,1908
Feb. 3.1909
Feb. 25,1909
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
-...do
....do
East Florida coast
^Southeast coast of Louisiana
North Dakota
Lake Superior, Mich ,
do
Taim>a Bay, Fla
Mouths of Mississippi' River, La. .
South Louisiana coast
West Oregon coast
West Washington coast
do
....do
South Louisiana coast
East Florida coast
Florida Kevs. Fla
Oregon ana Califomla
Florida Keys, Fla
Oregon
North Dakota
West Florida coast
....do
....do
Florida
Wyoming
Hawaii
California
Oregon
Wyoming
do
South Dakota
Utah
Arizona
Idaho
do
Montana
New Mexico
....do
5.50
Unknown.
27.39 acres.
Unknown.
Do.
36.37 acres.
90 acres.
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
730 PIATT Al^ WIND CAVE KATIOKAL PAKES, ETC.
Bird reserves created — Ck)ntinued.
Nun6ol imoivttttan.
Date.
Locatkm.
Area.
Feb. 25,15m
do
WaahfiifftoD
UnkDOwn.
KMh<^ T^e
do
Do.
O^nm T-nkQ
do
do
Do.
Bumping I^Ueo
do
do
Do.
Godbonuifiy
do
do
Do.
Bering Sea
Feb. 27,1909
do
All^<lr^,.
Do.
Pribaof.
do
Do.
T^uxfldnl
..do
. .do
Da
Faralloa
do
r^flfimiia.
Do.
Culebre
. ..do
Porto Rtoo
Da
Yr^n Delta
do
Ali^f^^,,
Do.
Pt T^tftiif^
do
do
Da
Bososlor
Mar. 2,1M9
Apr. 11,1S»U
do
Do.
nmrT^ke
Califrania
Da
BIRD RESERVES ENLARGED.
Pelican Island. .
Mosquito Inlet.
Jan. 26,1900
Apr. 2,1900
Florida.
....do..
Unknown.
Do.
One new reserve for the protection of native wild birda was created
during the year, to wit, the Clear Lake Beservaticm, in California,
which was set aside by Executive order of April 11, 1911. A number
of these reservations lie within tracts reserved or set aside for 'pmr-
Soses other than the protecticm of birds, such as reclamation with-
rawals and naval reserves, but in all such cases the administration
of the bird reservation is made subject to the use of the reservatic»
under the primary and more important segregation.
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REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
731
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REPORT ON THE HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION, HOT
SPRINGS, ARK.
Department or the Intbriob,
U. S. Government Reservation,
Hot Sp^dngsy Ark,^ August i8P, 1911.
Sir : I have the honor to respectfully submit this my aimual report
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911.
GENERAIi STATEMENT.
This is the second report of the affairs of this reservation during
my incumbency as superintendent, and the prophesies made in my
report for last ^ear have more than been realized in that the past
year has the distinction of beinff the banner year for this great health
resort To illustrate how widely these waters are known, a daily
bathhouse report, selected at ranaom, shows patients here from seven
foreign countries. The cures effected here are so startling as to seem
almost miraculous.
The past year was the most prosperous ever known here, notwith-
standing that there is an element in the city which has felt that the
success of the resort depended on the existence of certain amuse-
ments prohibited by law. In my* opinion, people come here for the
benefit of the waters and for rest and recreation; and while, as a
resort city, many expect it to be free and open, with no restrictions, it
has been demonstrated beyond question that it will grow and continue
to thrive without questionable features. At the same time, every
amusement should be furnished consistent with the good morals and
civic decency of a resort so closely allied with the Government. In
this connection, the fact that the Government has taken so decided
control of local conditions is doubtless one reason for so many people
coming here.
To afford some idea of how successful the past year has been, I ^ve
some comparative figures of arrivals and bathhouse receipts. The
arrivals for March, 1910, which up to that time was the best year
ever known, were 14,878 ; the arrivals for March, 1911, were 18,793.
Every month of this year shows more visitors than the corresponding
month during the previous year, and I estimate there was an increase
of visitors here this year over last of over 20,000, the total number of
visitors for the year being approximately 130,000.
When I first took charge and endeavored to create some sort of
a system and change local conditions for the better, I was told my
ideas were so revolutionary as to be almost certain of disaster; that
the old system was the only one under which existence here was
possible. I felt the people were in error and proceeded to suggest
such changes as I deemed absolutely necessary for the future of the
resort. I was told more than once that such years as 1905 and 1907,
vhen everything was wide open and racing was at its height, could
never be expected again. The figures on file in this office utterly
733
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734
HOT SPRINGS RESEBVATIOK.
disprove this assertion. I give here a few comparisons: The
batnhouse receipts for all the bathhouses for March. 1905, were
$27,999.70; for March, 1907, thev were $30,615.24; and for March,
1911, they were $32,380.34; so that every previous year, including
the banner years, is far behind this vear; ana I feel sanguine that the
coming year will exceed this one oy a still greater ratio. This is
essentially a health resort^ and as such it should be most jealously
guarded and maintained.
It is gratifying in the extreme to compare the total receipts of the
bathhouses for flie fiscal years 1910 and 1911. The total receipts
amounted to $217,916.90 in the fiscal year 1910 and to $253,314.42
in the fiscal year 1911, making a net gain in favor of 1911 of
$35,397.52.
BATHHOUSES.
The schedule of prices for baths at the various bathhouses, as pre-
scribed by the department, is as follows :
Table of maMmum rates for sinple haths and conne of tl haihs.
Name of bathhouse.
Single
baths.
21batha.
10.30
S5.00
.50
10.00
.25
4.00
.50
laoo
.90
S.00
.40
7.00
.25
4.00
.40
7.00
.46
8.00
.40
7.00
.30
5.00
.45
8.00
Name of bathhouse.
ai
Alhambra.
Arlington
Crystal (oolored)
Eastman
Great Northern.
Hale
Uoneshoe
Hot Springs
Imperial
Lamar
Magnesia.
Hafestlc
Maorioe
Moody
Oxark
Osark Sanatortam. . . .
Palace
Park, lower floor
Park, upper floor.
Rammetoberg
Rector
Rockafellow
8t Joseph's Inflmary
Superior
fO.40
.40
.25
S7.Q0
7.00
4.00
e.00
7.00
6.00
laoo
8. 00
7.00
6.00
7. no
6.0U
Business of "bathhfmses, fiscal year ended June SO, 1911,
Name of bath-house.
Whole
tickets.
Half
tickets.
Quart
tickel
»ts.
Single
pidd
battis.
Baths
sold.
Baths
pedoQuied.
Alhambra. ...........
Arlington
Crystal (colored)
Eastman
Great Northern
Hale
Horse Shoe
Hot Springs
Impenal
TATTlftr
l^Stlo....-".."'"^
Maurice
Moody
Oiark
Ozark Sanatorium
Palace
Park (upper floor)
Park (lover floor)
Rammelsberg
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Superior
024
279
307
385
454
171
966
589
805
422
094
750
866
700
901
162
322
500
420
187
637
,747
405
530
80,373
1,202
1,182
571
389
361
863
1,825
417
1,016
1,726
674
851
929
880
2,884
712
727
864
286
833
184
196
19,524
84
643 j
86
1,476 1
6B3
46
8,451
7,345
547
1,718
1,739
4,207
1,141
1,887
2,227
3,844
1,258
1,019
1,200
918
8,106
40
1,205
103
581
2,124
835
1,220
505
56,951
45,624
12,704
13,608
14,849
88,070
68,711
16,635
61,283
75»997
42,068
46,279
50,268
25,673
121,250
3,542
36,067
10,103
81,979
37,969
17,402
46,237
12,235
13,735
2,902 41,822
878,174
7,163
6,400
647
2,240
1,643
2,936
6,662
1,687
6,346
9,249
4,966
7,160
7,209
8,550
13,355
714
6,195
1,111
4,246
4,350
2,945
8»122
712
2,121
106,747
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HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 735
Business of bathhouses, fiscal year ended June SO, 1911 — Continued.
Name of bathhoose.
ADiambra
Arlington
Crystal (colored)
Eastman.
Great Northern
Hale
Horse Shoe
HDt Springs
Impenal
JSLVnttT
liagnesia
Maj^tic
Maurice
Moody
Ozark
Ozark Sanatoriimi
Palace
Park (upper floor)
Park (lower floor)
Rammelsberg
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Superior
Net paid
baths.
48,788
40,124
12,067
11,448
13,216
85,134
£3,049
14,048
44,887
66,748
37,002
39,110
43,054
22,123
107,895
2,828
30,892
8,992
27,733
33,610
14,457
43,115
11,523
11,614
774,437
Amount
paid for
redeemed
baths.
$1,790.76
2,602.25
129.50
1,100.85
890.35
1,024.10
1, 132. 40
577.00
2.221.10
:\ Ms:^ 15
],:^4i.eo
?./.S! 05
?.W^30
1. Is-^ 45
-.r.NTLOO
2IVJ.35
1 *H^ 00
;>:^>.92
1,274.45
653.95
981.97
937.70
249.30
636.40
31,566.89
Total re-
ceipts less
redemp-
Total ex-
pense of
operation.
$12,197.00
19,520.25
2,214.25
6,541.65
3,379.95
11,665.95
10,609.80
9.130.20
16,808.50
22,249.50
9,334.40
14,461.65
14,351.20
7,581.75
20,954.00
774.65
10,675.66
4,495.58
9,612.55
5,142.25
4,932.53
12,471.00
3,859.70
3,350.35
253,314.32
$6,996.60
13,636.49
3,002.08
4,434.70
3,342.36
4,829.95
5,064.95
6,086.50
6,888.71
9,306.70
5,282.84
7,278.61
6,006.43
4,134.18
7,317.00
822.00
6,882.95
3,272.36
5,292.65
8,270.32
2,758.06
6,896.26
1,518.45
2,878.86
1^848.96
Net
$787.78
48.36
Net
profit
$6,200.40
6,8S3.70
1, 118. 16
37.50
6,835.90
5,544.85
3,043.70
10,919.79
12,942.80
4,051.56
7,183.04
8,664.77
3,447.57
18,637.00
4,792.71
1,223.23
4,319.90
1,871.93
2,174.46
5,572.76
2,341.26
471.60
836.13 112,368.60
The attendant's fee charged in all bathhouses is $3 per course of
21 baths, $1 per week, and 15 cents for a single bath. The reports
show that the net amount paid the attendants from July 1, 1910, to
June 30, 1911, inclusive, is $106,079.95, which exceeds that of last
year by $3,342.57. This amount is exclusive of any tips or presents
received by them.
Frequent inspection of bathhouses and the close watch over them
exercised by the medical director have given the public scientific ad-
ministration of the waters and wholesome sanitation and hygienic
conditions. The bathhouses, as will be seen bv their annual reports,
have had a splendid year. Never have they known such prosi)erity
as this year has brought them. The bathhouse lessee is now willing
to comply with the regulations because he realizes that they are bene-
ficial to him as well as to his patrons.
The spirit of hopefulness for the future is as much manifest by the
acts of me bathhouse lessees &s anybody, and each appears to be vying
with the other as to who will have the best and most up-to-date
bathhouse. Early in the spring agreements were entered into be-
tween the department and the Maurice and the Eammelsberg bath-
houses (the latter now designated as the Buckstaff Baths) for leases
for certain periods provided new, modern, fireproof bathhouses were
erected in the places of the old ones. The result is that both houses
named were demolished, and there are now in course of construc-
tion on the old sites two as magnificent bathhouses as can be found in
the world. Each will represent an investment of approximately
$125,000, and when completed will certainly be an ornament to bath-
house row and a credit to the lessees and the Government.
I have never favored taxing ground rent, but have always advo-
cated that the lessees be required to erect and maintain the very best,
high-class bathhouses. This policy met with departmental approval,
und I am gratified to be able to report that it will result within the
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786
HOT SPBIN06 BESEBVAXION.
next five years in a bathhouse row consisting of the best and most
magnificient bathhouses in the world.
Owing to disagreement between the lessees of the Superior Bath-
house, and their inability to comply with departmental requirements
for improvements, that house was closed on March 31, 1911, and still
remains closed.
The Imperial Bathhouse lessee has recently entered into a contract
with the aepartment for a renewal of his lease, conditioned on his
making certain improvements. This has resulted in the closing of
this bathhouse, which is now being torn down, and will be recon-
structed and beautified at an approximate cost of $50,000. When it is
taken into consideration that tne Imperial was one of the newest and
best bathhouses on the reservation, and that it will be enlarged and
practically made new, it will be readily seen what the future promises
for the resort in the way of superb bathhouses.
The different individuals and corporations now holding leases for
liot-water privileges from the Government reservation, also ground
leases, together with the date and expiration of said leases, are given
in the f oUowing table :
Hot-water and ground leases.
Name of bathhouse, etc.
Alhambra
ArllDgton »
Crystal
Eastman i
Oreat Northern
Hale*
Horse Shoe >
Hot Springs
Imperial «
Lamar
Magnesia*
Majestic
Maurice <
Moody«»
Oiark
Oiark Sanatorium i
Palace
Parki
Rammelsberg > «
Rector
Rockafellow
St. Joseph's Infirmary
Superior •<
Waverly»
Horse Fool •
Arlington Hotel, ground
Ground lease
Alhambra Bathhouse Co
Arlington Hotel Co
Knights of Pythias (colored)
New York Hotel Co
FannleO. Williamson
Roots dc Eastman
D. Fellows Piatt
C. H. v. and G. M. Smith
Chas. N. Rix and Mary E. Barnes
M. C. Tombler and G. fi. Buckstaff . . . .
Chas. B. Piatt
Avenue Hotel Ck)
Maurice, Convers 6c. Maurice
Nicholas M. Moody
F. P. Sorrells and F. B. Latta
O zark Sanatorium Co
Samuel W. Fordyoe
Park Hotel Co
Gilbert E. Hogaboom. Aaron H. and
Milo R. Buckstaff, Sinclair Mainland.
Ellas W. Rector
Mahala J. Rockafellow
Sister Scholaetica »
Robert Proctor and R. A. Simpson
New Waverly Hotel Co
Simon Cooper
Arlington Hotel Co
Hot Springs Moimtaln Observatory
Co.
24 Feb.
eol Mar.
12 i Aug.
Nov.
May
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
July
Jan.
Sept.
Jan.
May
Dec.
28,18M
3,1802
1,1908
28,1892
25,1897
1,1893
1,1895
1,1903
1,1902
1,1897
1,1895
1,1903
1,1897
1.1900
1,1904
16,1905
1,1907
12,1882
31,1906
Ju^ 1,1901
Feb. 1,1904
Sept. 15,1896
Mar. 34,1893
7,1908
3,1892
Jan.
Mar.
Oct. 16,1903
Feb. 27,1914
Mar. 2,1912
July 31,1913
May 11,1912
May 14,1912
I>ec 31,1907
Dec. 31,1909
Deo. 31,1912
Dec 31,1906
Deo. 81,1016
Dec 31,1909
Dec 81,1912
Dec 31,1916
June 30, 1910
Dec 31,1913
Sept. 16,1912
Dec 31,1921
May 11,1913
Dec 31,1906
Apr. 15,1914
June 30,1916
Jan. 31,1914
Sept. 14. 1906
Mar. 23.1913
Oct. 29.1912
Mar. 2,1912
Aug. 81,1913
I Water used in private bathrooms in portion of tubs leased.
• Tenants holding over.
• Closed Apr. 30, 1911.
« Closed mIt. 31.1911.
» Destroyed bv fire Jan. 23, 1910.
8 Water sufficient to supply two tubs.
DRUMMING.
What has been the worst detriment and curse to this resort for
over 40 years is what is known as doctor and hotel drumming. For-
merly it was not at all unusual for 20 to 30 hotel runners to meet the
visitor at Little Bock or Benton on every train, and frequently some
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HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 737
drummer went as far as Memphis and St. Louis. The hotel drum-
ming was but a mere subterfuge in most instances, the real object
being to place the visitor in the hands of some physician who would
give nail his fee to the drummer. I am happy to be able to report
that since October 15, 1909, when United States inspectors were
placed on all incoming trains to notify the public what to avoid"
and to give full information as to how to proceed, the drumming
on the trains has entirely ceased, and the practice of the doctors '
dividing fees for drummed patients has been reduced to the lowest
ebb ever known.
The announcement made by the United States inspectors on trains
is as follows :
The public Is notified that the waters of the Hot Springs are owned and con-
troUed by the United States Government, and It is a violation of the law for
any person to drum or solicit patronage on the trains In this State for hotels,
boarding houses, bathhouses, or doctors. No one will be permitted to bathe
who stops at a hotel or boarding house which drums or employs inside men to
drum or solicit for doctora
The baths are open to everyone without a doctor. You are requested not to
take the advice of any hotel man or Inside man as to whether you should employ
a doctor; but should you employ one, be sure that he Is one registered by the
Government and permitted to prescribe the baths. If you treat with a non-
registered doctor, or one not authorized to prescribe the baths, the baths will be
denied you ; and if you bathe or attempt to bathe while treating with a non-
registered doctor, you lay yourself liable to severe penalty. A list of regis-
tered physicians can be found in every bathhouse, posted on " bathhouse row,"
and at the superintendent's office. All Information regarding doctors and the
baths wiU be cheerfully given at the superintendent's office, the first office on
" bathhouse row."
I do not assert that doctor drumming has been entirely eliminated ;
there may be isolated cases now and then, but on the whole I can
assert without fear of successful contradiction that such cases are few
and far between. I am firmly convinced that as long as the list of
registered physicians contains doctors who have heretofore drummed,
and who believe it their vested right, that drumming on a very small
scale will always exist.
I have, through my detective force, kept continually investigat-
ing, with the result that the evil has practically ceased ; but to com-
pletely cut it out, root and branch, would necessitate one of two
things: (1) To have annual examinations of all^ physicians, who
would be required to show a clean slate on this subject and also pass
such examinations before the Federal Registration Board as it might
prescribe. This would in time eliminate all objectionable physicians
and materially raise the professional standard. (2) To employ Fed-
eral physicians, who shall attend the ill at nominal charges. This
may appear at first glance to be Utopian, but I have no doubt thatat-
would result in a great increase in the number of visitors and insure
every visitor who comes here an absolutely square deal. These sug-
gestions may seem radical, but the thousands and hundreds of thou-
sands of patrons of this resort are entitled to the very best treatment
which human minds can devise.
fedebaij beoistration board.
The Federal Registration Board as now organized is composed of
five physicians who stand at the very top of their profession, and arc
earnestly and zealously assisting this oflBce in the enforcement of
every nue pertaining to the protection of the visitor.-gi^i^g^ by GoOqIc
11355^— INT 1911— VOL 1 47 ^
738 HOT SPBINGS BESEBVATIOK.
M]BDICAIi DIRECTOR.
During November, 1909, complaint was made that patients bathing
at the public bathhouse suffering from different diseases were not
properly segregated; that any person could bathe in any pool he
desired. This was true. There were no means of discriminating be-
tween diseases, and I suggested to the department that the only remedy
I could name which would obviate such condition was the employ-
ment of a medical director. On August 1, 1910, the department
created the office of medical director, and Maj. Harry M. Hallock,
United States Army, retired, was appointed to fill that position.
Maj. Hallock assumed his duties on September 4, 1910, taking charge
of the public bathhouse^ and having supervision over the sanitation,
hydrotherapy, and hygiene of all the bathhouses. By his untiring
efforts the medical director has brought about a scientific adminis-
tration of these waters.
IMPROVEMENTS.
During the year many improvements have been made, and I have
endeavored in every instance to build not merely for to-day, but for
years to come. There has been built a substantial six-room brick
cottage for the keeper in Whittington Lake Park at an approximate
cost of $2,500. The superintendent's office, which was originally
erected for a central pumping station, was completely repairea,'a tile
roof put on in place of the old tin and composition one, the rooms
divided, new floors put down, the interior redecorated and refur-
nished throughout, and the exterior well painted.
The official residence of the superintendent was completely re-
paired, a new tile roof was put on, new polished oak floors laid, and
everything put in first-class condition.
On the top of East Mountain has been erected a beautiful stone-
columned, tile-roofed pavilion, in which it is intended to place a
drinking fountain. A contract for a deep well has been let, and I
expect shortly to have in operation not only a drinking fountain for
the public, but also a place to water stock.
All the pavilions in Whittin^on Lake Park were re-covered and re-
painted, as was also the pavilion on Fountain Street containing the
only cold springs on East Mountain. There are two of these, one of
which, in compliance with instructions of the department, I have
named " General Kelley," and the other " Colonel Hamblen," in
honor of former superintendents.
A 6-foot concrete sidewalk has been laid in front of the Govern-
ment lots in blocks 188 and 189, a watering trough for stock has been
placed in front of the '* Whittington Cold Sprmg" on block 188, a
stone wall with large stone columns on either side, similar to those
on the Whittington Lake Park side-gate entrance, is now beine
erected around this spring. This will add very much to the gener^
effect of the Government properties in that section of the city.
In Whittington Lake Park the six worn-out wooden bridges have
been replaced by fine, substantial, reenforced concrete bridges. There
18 now in course of construction in this park a public-comfoirt sU^
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HOT SPRINGS BBSBBVATION. 739
tion, which has long been needed. It is contemplated to erect during
this year at least two such stations on East Mountain.
A vast amount of ornamental shrubbery and flowers have been
planted both in Whittington Lake Park and on East Mountain. On
East Mountain a border of flowering shrubs has been placed along
the mountain roads to the sununit. By trimming the slopes and
getting a good stand of Bermuda grass, the picturesque feature of
tnese roads have been much improved.
The maintenance in first-class condition of the 10 miles of moun-
tain road is no small work, and with the limited force available it
consumes a great deal of time. The labor is well expended, however,
as nothing m Hot Springs, where walking, driving, and horseback
riding is so much in vogue, affords the visitor more pleasure than do
these mountain roads, all of which are in first-class condition. Sub-
stantial improvements have been made on them during the past year.
The stables have been thoroughly repaired and painted, as were
also the two reservoirs on East Mountain.
The greenhouse was completely overhauled and reconstructed, so
that the reservation has now a first-class greenhouse, and should be
able to propagate and raise sufficient plants to fill all requirements.
This should prove a material saving, as heretofore it has been neces-
san^ to replenish the flowers and shrubbery annually.
in the places of the pine flagpoles that were in front of the super-
intendent's official residence and office building there have been
erected two 60-foot standard iron flagpoles, which were embedded in
cement, so that for years to come no charge or eicpense will arise
for this necessity.
This year has been an exceptional one for the forests, the flowers,
and the shrubbery. Never have they been more beautiful and lux-
uriant or in more perfect condition. The park in front of the bath-
house row had several inches of rich earth spread over it in the
spring and new CTass seed planted, and with the almost perfect sea-
sons we have had this year both the grass and flowers have grown
in profusion the entire distance from the superintendent's office to
the Arlington Hotel, especially the flowers, which are in splendid
condition and elicit favorable comment, satisfaction, and keen enjoy-
ment on the part of the visiting public. This park should each season
be replenished with fresh rich earth, so as to maintain it in its present
condition.
GOVERNMENT BATHHOUSE.
The act of Congress approved December 16, 1878, provides :
That the superintendent shall provide and maintain a sufficient number of
free baths for the use of the Indigent, and the expense thereof shall be defrayed
out of the rentals hereinbefore provided for.
Owing to the inadequacy of the present bathhouse I suggested, in
my last report, that a sworn statement was necessary, so that the
baths given would be only to those contemplated bv the act of Con-
gress referred to. There has always been a belief that more cures
were effected by the public baths than by those taken in individual
tubs, by reason of the fact that in the public bathhouse there are
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740 HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
18 large pools, somewhat on the order of the old Roman baths, in
which the radio-active gas is present in much larger quantities be-
cause of the volume of water.
As a result many persons who ^ere amply able to pay took advan-
tage of the free baths. Hence I recommended that each applicant
for baths make a sworn statement of his inability to pay. This
recommendation, after receiving favorable consideration in the de-
partment, resulted in the enactment of the following act of Con-
gress approved March 2, 1911 :
Be it enacted hy the Senate and Hou8e of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled. That only persons who are without
and nnab]e to obtain the means to pay for baths and are suffering from ail-
ments for which bathing in the water of the Hot Springs Reservation will afford
relief or effect a cure shall be permitted to bathe at the free bathhouse on
the public reservation at Hot Springs, Arkansas, and before any person shall be
permitted to bathe at the free bathhouse on the reservation he shall be required
to make oath, before snch officer duly authorized to administer oaths for general
purposes as the superintendent of the Hot Springs Reservation shall designate,
that he is without and unable to obtain the means to pay for baths, and any
person desiring to bathe at the free bathhouse on the Hot Springs Reservation
making a false oath as to his financial condition shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine of not to
exceed twenty-five dollars, or thirty days* imprisonment, or both.
After the passage of this law the privilege of bathing in the free
bathhouse was limited to those actuaUy indigent. Yet so steady has
been the increasing demands that the baths ^ven this year exceed
those given last year by nearlj 25,000. While this increase seems
unusual under the restrictions m force, it is in fact reasonable when
it is considered that this was an unprecedented year for visitors, and
the proportionate increase of indigent is natural.
I wish to again state that while the present bathhouse is in^ood
repair, sanitary, and well arranged, it is altogether too small, lliere
should be a free bathhouse more distant from bathhouse row, and at
least two or three times the size of the present building.
I do not see how the revenues can yield suflScient funds to pay for
a new building, so if the Government expects to care for the indi^nts
who come here. Congress should appropriate at least $260,000 for a
new bathhouse, fully equipped, for the exclusive use of the indigent.
Should this be done, the present building could be razed, with the
exception of the main portion, which, together with the furnace
therein, could be utilized for the installation of an electric-light plant
and pumping station. At present the light bills for the reservation
are approximately $1,200 annually, exclusive of the cost of mainte-
nance of equipment, which is now owned bj^ the Government
A good small electric-light plant could be installed, using the buiTd-
inff as suggested, for approximately $5,000. This would furnish
lijrfits for the mountain, Whittington Lake Park, the superintendent's
official residence and office, the free bathhouse, the medical director's
office and residence, and bathhouse row. This plant would furnish
about three times the number of lights now on the reservation.
I recommend this improvement, provided a new Government free
bathhouse is arranged for.
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HOT SPBIKGS BESEEVATIOK. 741
The following table shows the result of the operation of the free
bathhouse for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911 :
Bath8 given by free hathhousc.
Applications for free baths 9,374
Applications for free baths refused 300
Tickets issued on original application 9,074
Tickets reissued on original application,^ 5,972
Total l>ath8 given white males 138, 840
Total baths given white females 22,601
Total baths given colored males 41,819
Total baths given colored females 17,175
Total baths given during year 220, 435
Persons bathed daily (average) 618
Soldiers and sailors bathed j 712
SAIiE OF GOVERNMENT LOTS.
In March, 1911, there was held under the supervision of the chief
clerk of the department a public auction sale of the remaining 169
lots owned by the Government, aside from those reserved for various
purposes. All were sold or permanently withdrawn, except 6, upon
which it appeared the appraisement was too high. The majority of
the lots sold were disposed of at prices considerably in excess of the
appraised values. The sale netted $82,518, which has been set aside
for improvements and current expenses of the reservation.
Incidentally I know of nothing which affords stronger proof of the
substantial growth of the city and the fullest confidence of its future
as a resort than the way these lots sold and the prices they brought.
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
The receipts and disbursements during the fiscal year ended Jime
30, 1911, were as follows:
BEGEIPTS.
Balance Hot Springs fond July 1, 1910 $37,355.32
Receipts for fiscal year ended June 30, 1911 :
Water rents $30,960.00
Ground rents 5, 100. 00
Total receipts 30,060.00
Grand total 73, 415. 32
DISBURSEMENTS.
Salaries for fiscal year $28,191.83
Improvements, repairs, incidentals, and miscellaneous
supplies 21, 329. 90
Incurred and expended by superintendent $49, 521. 73
Incurred by superintendent and paid in department 3, 334. 00
Incurred and expended by the department 3, 519. 60
Total disbursements 56,375.33
Balances June 30, 1911 :
In the United States Treasury $16,906.64
Assistant Treasurer United States, St. Louis, Mo 118. 89
In hands of disbursing officer. Department of the
Interior 14.40
Available balance Hot Springs fund July 1, 1911 17, 039. 99
Grand total J73,415.32
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742 HOT SP&INOS BESEBVATIOir.
In addition the proceeds of the Government lot sale, amounting to
$82,518, are available for expenditures on the reservation. This
sum, added to balance given above, makes $99,557.99 available for
reservation expenditures.
OFFICIAL VISIT.
During March of the present year the chief clerk of the depart-
ment, Mr. Clement S. Ucker, was assigned by the Secretary of the
Interior to conduct the sale of the unsold lots belonging to the Gov-
ernment in the city of Hot Springs. He was accompanied by
Inspectors E. B. Linnen, Joe H. Norris, and William R. Logan, of
the department.
In this connection I wish to say that the visits of the chief clerk
to this reservation in 1910 and the present year, his coming in contact
with conditions as they actually exist^ his observations as to obstacles
that must be surmounted in the effective enforcement of the rules and
relations, his having an opportunity to meet the leading citizens of
this community and ascertain the public opinion of the wishes and
intentions of the department regarding the present and future for
this resort, have resulted in incalculable benefit both to this office
and to the community by enlisting the hearty cooperation of the gen-
eral public in the department's designs for the general upbuilmng
and development of Hot Springs.
I am strongly of the opinion that the Government has no asset
nearly so valuable as these wonderful waters, and that there is
nothing in all the world which can bring the same measure of relief
and benefit to mankind as these baths. Such being the case, every
official encouragement extended by the department stimulates a
better and more cordial * feeling of cooperation on behalf of the
citizens of Hot Springs.
I have been informed that but two Secretaries of the Interior
Department have ever visited Hot Springs during the entire period
in which the Government has controlled this reservation. I regard
this as most unfortunate, for the reason that the importance of these
waters to suffering humanity can not be over estimated, and an
official intimate knowledge of conditions would necessarily result
in much that would prove vastly beneficial both to the department
and to the public. I therefore indulge the hope that at no distant
date we shall have the honor of an official visit from the present
head of the department, when I believe that such an enthusiastic,
loyal, and cordial welcome would be extended as would clearly
demonstrate the very sincere appreciaiion with which the depart-
ment's efforts are held by the citizens here.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
There is in contemplation the erection of a magnificent fountain
to replace the one in front of the superintendent's office, the latter
to be duplicated and the two placed on each side of the grand
entrance. Both changes are necessary because of the fact that at
present the accommodations afforded the public are inadequate. It
IS also intended to construct a colonnade :^om the curb line of bath-
house row to the Maurice Spring; and while the spring will be left
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HOT Sf^EIl>rGS ftESEEVATlOIt. 743
in its natural shap^e, ample shelter will be provided for the use of
its patrons at all times. This colonnade will be of stone and terra
cotta, with walks, grass plots, and flowers its entire length.
During the present summer the lower part of AVhittington tiake
Park will be filled in and graded, and the present rock walls
throughout the entire park will be cemented. Allotment for this
work has already been made.
^ Among the improvements needed is a road leading down from
North Mountain to Park Avenue.
It is believed that one of the most practical and beneficial im-
provements required here at the present time is the construction of
a substantial conduit of suitable size along the reservation front to
accommodate the pipe lines leading to all the bathhouses on bath-
house row, with manholes at appropriate distances. This would
prevent digging^ up the lawn every time a bathhouse has trouble
with its line. There should also tie a conduit of like nature built
from the main impounding reservoir in the rear of the superintend-
ent's office to the curb line on Reserve Avenue to accommodate the
six pipe lines now receiving their supply from this reservoir.
ADMINISTRATION OF SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE.
Important changes have been made during the past year in the
administration of the affairs of this office, the most important of
which is the requirement that every person not under the care of a
registered physician shall first secure a permit from the superin-
tendent's office before he is permitted to bathe. This regulation
went into effect December !• 1910. This has demanded an increase
of help in order to properly handle the large number of visitors
who necessarily come to the office to procure their bath permits.
This custom has reduced the business of nonregistered physicians
to the minimum, and I predict that within a few months there will
not be a nonregistered doctor doing business in Hot Springs, for
the reason that they will be unable to make a living. They are
finding it harder and harder each day to persuade patients who are
drummed to them to come here and certity to a falsehood in order
to get the baths. It is believed that increased results might be
accomplished by applying the same rule to the patients of registered
physicians as well as to those not under medical treatment.
A modem and complete filing system has been installed, which is
an important factor in facilitating the administration of this office,
and especially will this be true as the volume of business continues
to increase.
EMPLOYEES.
There are 30 employees, including the superintendent, required
to properly maintain and care for the reservation interests. Their
names, duties, and compensations, together with the names of the
States from which they were appointed, are shown in the following
table : ,
Reservation employees.
Harry H. Myers, superintendent, appointed from Arkansas $3, COO
B. Frank Bayley, chief clerk and assistant to superintendent, appointed
from Arkansas ^ — It 680
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744 HOT SPBINGS BESEBVATION.
Miss Una Roberts, clerk stenographer, appointed from Texas $900
MaJ. Harry M. Hallock, medical director, appointed from Vermont 4,400
J. H. Pemby, manager of free bathhonse, appointed from Arkansas
(duties are to have general charge of the free bathhouse, receive ap-
plications for free baths, collect tickets, and see that the rules and
regulations are carried out, together with such instructions as he may
from time to time receive from constituted authority) 1,080
Richard L. Lawrence, head male attendant at free bathhouse, appointed
from Arkansas (duties are to have charge of bathtubs, pools, dressing
rooms, etc., and see that the same are kept clean ; also to have charge
of heating plant, electric motor, and pump which furnishes water sup-
ply, and to act as manager during the absence of the latter) 840
Martin Winn, male attendant at free bathhouse, appointed from Arkan-
sas (duties are to have charge of the white men's bathing department
and to keep the tubs, pools, and dressing rooms clean and sanitary)— 540
Samuel Clark, male attendant at free bathhouse, appointed from Arkan-
sas (duties are to have charge of the colored men's bathing department
and to keep the tubs, pools, and dressing rooms clean and sanitary)— 540
Van Gannon, male attendant at free bathhouse, appointed from Arkansas
(duties same as other attendants) 540
William Clark, male attendant free bathhouse, appointed from Arkan-
sas (duties same as other attendants) 540
Mary Clark, female attendant at free bathhouse, appointed from Arkan-
sas (duties are to have charge of the white women's bathing depart-
ment and to keep the tubs and dressing rooms clean and sanitary) 480
Mattie Fielding, female attendant at f^ee bathhouse, appointed from
Arkansas (duties are to have charge of the colored women's bathing
department and to keep the tubs and dressing rooms clean and sani-
tary) 480
Susie Fielding, female attendant at free bathhouse, appointed from
Arkansas (duties same as other attendants) 480
Jonathan A. Jordan, supervisor on the reservation, appointed from
Arkansas (duties are to have charge of the distribution of the hot
water and see that each bathhouse gets the amount allotted to it, and
act as foreman of foresters and gardeners) 1,020
Edward Wheelock, policeman, appointed from Arkansas (duties are to
have general supervision over all Government property and see that no
stock or persons commit depredations on the reservation, observe and
report all violations of department rules and regulations, give general
information to strangers concerning the reservation, and make arrests
when necessity requires) '. 840
Miles E. Davis, policeman, appointed from Arkansas (duties same as
other policemen) 840
Frank C. Bloom, policeman, appointed from Arkansas f duties same as
other policemen, but now assigned issuing bath perm: :s in the super-
intendent's office) 640
Richard L. Gaffney, mounted police for night duty, appointed from
Arkansas 960
Patrick J. Dugan, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas (du-
ties are to cultivate and care for shrubbery and flowers, keep up
roads, drives, and walks, and make and maintain other improvements
on the reservation under direction of the superintendent) 000
Peter Nelson, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas (duties
same as other foresters and gardeners) OOO
William F. Jennings, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas
(duties same as other foresters and gardeners) 600
Philander H. Bump, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas
(duties same as other foresters and gardeners) 600
John Ussery, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas (duties
same as other foresters and gardeners) (WO
Jap George, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas (duties
same as other foresters and gardeners) ^ 600
Bishop H. Burrough, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas
(duties same as other foresters and gardeners) (500
Thomas George, forester and gardener, appointed from Arkansas (du-
ties same as other foresters and gardeners) 600
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HOT SFBINGS BESEBVATION.
745
James Daniels, laborer, appointed from Arkansas (duties to care for tlie
horses and vehicles in stables, act as driver for the superintendent
when necessary, and perform such other duties as may be required)— $600
Robert L. Stutts, laborer, appointed from Arkansas (duties are to sweep
and keep clean the concrete walk in front of bathhouse row, and to
remove all trash on the front from grounds not cared for by the bath-
house lessees) 600
Abraham Logan, laborer, appointed from Arkansas (duties are Janitor
at the office building and messenger and driver for the medical di-
rector) 600
Montgomery Prichard, detective, appointed from Arkansas 1,080
CIRCUIiAR OF GENERAL INFORMATION.
I have always felt that it was the duty of the Government to fur-
nish the public with ample and exact information as to what these
waters would accomplish and the conditions surrounding them and
their uses. On my recommendation the department has issued a
circular giving in detail all information likely to be useful to the
visitor.
CITY OF HOT SPRINGS.
Hot Springs is a city of about 16,000 resident population, with
churches of all denominations, public and private schools, a fine street
railway system, waterworks, electric and gas lights, well-equipped
fire department, local and long-distance telephone systems, metro-
politan police system, fine city auditorium, and a magnificent race
track and State fairgrounds. There are about 600 hotels and board-
ing houses, which furnish all grades of accommodations for visitors.
A fine tennis court in Whittington Lake Park Reservation is always
open to the public, as is also a splendid 18-hole golf-link course and
country club. Hot Springs is reached by two trunk lines — St.
Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern and the Rock Island system.
In conclusion, I indulge the hope that the results accomplished in
the administration of the affairs of this reserv'^ation during the past
year will prove a source of gratification to the department, as I am
sure they have to the public. The cordial interest in the advance-
ment of every idea tending to afford a greater degree of relief to a
visiting public and the more hearty cooperation of the citizens with
this department, as has been manifested in numerous ways during
the year ; the general improved tone of business and the assurance
of a greater hope for the future, taken in connection with the more
scientific and efficient administration of these wonderful waters,
augur a solid and substantial growth and splendid future and indi-
cate beyond question that so long as the visitor receives the very best
treatment amid climatic conditions rarely equaled and imsurpassed,
with waters as marvelous in curative properties as they are mys-
terious in their source, that Hot Springs may well be termed the
" World's pleasure ground and health sanatorium.''
I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
The Secbetary or the Interior.
Harry H. Meyers,
Superinterident.
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APPENDIX,
BULES AND BEGULATIONS, WITH ALL AMENDMENTS THEBETO,
T7P TO AND INCLUDING JTTNE 80, 1911, FOB THE GOVEBNMENT
OP ALL BATHHOUSES BECEIVTNG HOT WATEB. FBOM THE
UNITED STATES BESEBVATION AT HOT SPBINGS, ABK.
The superintendent of the Hot Springs Reservation is directed to
enforce a prompt and faithful compliance with the following rules :
Rule 1. Bathhouses or hotels will be allowed such number of tubs
as the Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, deem proper
and necessary for the public service and the amount of hot water will
justify.
Rule 2. The constant flow of hot water for vapor or other baths,
even during business hours, or the unnecessary waste of water in any
manner, is strictly prohibited, and will, if continued after written
notice irom the superintendent to stop such waste of water, be con-
sidered by the department sufficient grounds for the cancellation of
the lease of such offending lessee.
Rule 3. Rentals must be paid quarterly in advance, at the office of
the superintendent, and if not paid withm five days from the begin-
ning of each quarter the supply of water may be cut off.
Rule 4. The charge for oaths at the different bathhouses shall be
at the rates fixed by the Secretarj^ of the Interior, and no bath tick-
ets shall be sold for more than said rate, and then only to such per-
sons as intend to actually use them for bathing. In event of charges
in a less amount being exacted for baths, such new rate shall at once
be reported to the superintendent, and, when approved by the de-
partment, shall thereafter become the maximum rate. No bath ticket
shall be sold except at the office of the bathhouse where the bath is to
be given, and tickets must show the date when issued, the serial num-
ber, the number of baths for which issued, the full name of the pur-
chaser, and the amount paid therefor. Bath tickets shall be redeem-
able for the same proportionate price for which they were sold, when
presented by the original purchaser: Provided^ That when less than
seven baths have been taken on any ticket presented for redemption,
the bathhouse may charge the rate for single baths for the number
of baths taken on said ticket. No bath ticket or part of a ticket shall
be reissued after having been redeemed. No bathhouse receiving
water from the Hot Springs Reservation will be permitted to issue
complimentary bath tickets, except that bathhouse lessees ipay, on
the written permission of the superintendent, issue complimentary
bath tickets in such cases as in his judgment justify such action.
The renting and selling of bath robes, towels, soap, toilet articles,
or articles of merchandise in bathhouses is prohibited.
746
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HOT SPBINGS RESERVATION. 747
BuLE 6. The owners or managers of bathhouses receiving waters
from the Hot Springs Reservation are prohibited from bathing in
said bathhouses persons stopping at any hotel, boarding house, or
rooming house which has a drummer or solicitor on trains or the
owner of which drums or solicits on trains, or who has employed in
or about such house anv inside man or person engaged in drumming
or soliciting business for doctors or bathhouses; ako the owners or
managers and the employees of such bathhouses are absolutely pro-
hibited from either directly or indirectly reflecting on or questioning
the integrity of the hot-water supply of any other bathhouse, or of
claiming superiority of its own supply of hot water over that fur-
nished from the s^rin^ on tiie reservation to other bathhouses.
Upon evidence of violation of this rule the superintendent shall re-
fort the facts, with his recommendation, to the Secretary of the
nterior, looking to the shutting off of the water from any bathhouse
or canceling the lease, as the department may determine.
Rule 6. Bathhouse attendants shall be allowed to charge for their
services not exceeding 15 cents for a single bath, $1 per week, or $3
Eer course of 21 baths, to be collected for the attendant by the bath-
ouse manager and properly accounted for by him to the attendant.
The services of the attendants shall include all the necessities of the
bath, except towels and bath robes, laundering bath robes, rubbing
mercury, and handling helpless invalids. They shall be required to
. keep themselves in a neat and cleanly condition, both in person and
in dress, and may be required to make good any damages accruing
from breakage or neglect of duty. It shall be optional with the
bather whether he employ an att^dant or not. ^ No person shall be
employed or permitted to serve or occupy space in any bathhouse as
a mercury rubber or as a masseur without tne approval of the super-
intendent first had and obtained; and every person so emploved or
serving shall be subject and amenable to the rules and regulations
the same as attendants and other bathhouse employees.
Rule 7. The payment of any sum of money, or anything of value,
either directly or indirectly, by any bathhouse owner, manager, clerk,
or attendant as compensation for drumming customers to any bath-
house, or allowing public drummers, drumming doctors, hotel or
boarding-house proprietors who are drummers, or persons who work
with them as inside men, to bring persons or show them through, or
to loiter in or about any bathhouse, is positively forbidden. Upon
evidence of violation oi this rule, the superintendent shall report
the facts, with his recommendation, to the Secretary of the Interior,
looldng to the shutting off of the water from any bathhouse or can-
celing the lease, as the department may determine.
Rule 8. The lessee of each bathhouse shall cause to be kept a full
and correct daily register of each bath given, the number and kind
of bath tickets sold, and the number of complimentary tickets issued
each day, etc., such form of register to be approved by the superin-
tendent and a copy therefrom of each day's business to be forwarded
to the superintendent daily. No person shall be allowed to bathe
without a numbered ticket being issued and a record of the same
being kept, and report thereof duly certified by the manager filed
with the superintendent on the first da^ of each month as paid, com-
plimentary, or free baths, together with any information he may
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748 HOT 6PBINGS KESEEVATION.
have showing a violation of the bathhouse rules and regulations
which may be susceptible of proof.
Rule 9. All bathhouses receiving deposits of jewelry, money, or
other valuables from bathers must provide means satisfactory to the
superintendent of the reservation for the safe-keeping thereof. It izi
to be understood, however, that the Government assumes no respon-
sibilitj in the premises. AH losses must be promptly reported to the
superintendent by the bathhouse manager.
Rule 10. An applicant for baths who is under medical treatment
shall not be permitted to bathe in any bathhouse supplied with hot
water from the Hot Springs Reservation unless said applicant pre-
sents satisfactory evidence that he or she is the patient of a physician
who is duly registered at the office of the superintendent as qualified
to prescribe the waters of the hot springs and who is Tmown not to
engage in drumming for custom : Provided^ T^^** ^verv applicant for
baths not under the care of a registered physician shall be required to
make a certificate to be filed with the bathhouse manager that he or
she is not under the care of any physician, and should such applicant
subsequently employ, consult, or take treatment from any physician
while taking baths, then in such case he or she will immediately
notify the bathhouse manager of such fact. The violation of this
rule by the owner, manager, or any employee of a bathhouse receiving
hot water from the reservation will result in the cutting off of the
water from the bathhouse or tiie canceling of the lease, as the depart-
ment may determine.
RuMJ 11. Physicians desiring to prescribe the waters of the hot
springjg, either internally or through the medium of baths, must first
be registered at the office of the suiferintendent of the reservation and
shall use only such uniform form of bathing directions as meet with
the approval of the superintendent. Registration will be accorded
only to such physicians as are found by a board designated by the
Secretary of the Interior to have proper professional qualifications
and character and who do not engage m drumming for custom. No
physician who shall engage in the solicitation of patronage through
the medium of drummers or otherwise, or who shall engage in unpro-
fessional, disreputable, or dishonest conduct, or is addicted to the orug
or other habit which disqualifies him for the performance of his pro-
fessional duties, shall be or remain registered. In case any person
who, in violation of these regulations, bathes or attempts to bathe or
enters or attempts to enter upon the Hot Springs Reservation to bathe
shall have the permit of a physician therefor, such physician dtiall
be liable to the penalties provided in the act of April 20, 1904, unless
he is regularly registered, but the bather or the person attempting to
bathe shall not be liable to the penalties of said act unless it shaU be
made to appear that he knew or had reason to believe that the phy-
sician giving him the permit to bathe was not regularly registered.
Rule 12. If a charge is made to the superintendent in writing
under oath, supported by the affidavits of two or more witnesses,
that a registered physician has violated any of the laws and regu-
lations pertaining to the government of the bathhouses receiving
hot water from said reservation, he shall at once be cited to appear
on a day to be named, and within not exceeding 15 days there-
after, before the boara of registration and show cause why his
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HOT SPHINGS BESBRVATION. 749
name should not be stricken from the roaster of physicians au-
thorized to prescribe the waters of said springs, and pending inves-
tigation and final action upon such charges the right of such physi-
cian to prescribe the hot waters may be suspended by the board of
registration. The person against whom such complaint is made
shall have the right of filing written interrogatories pertinent to the
issue to such complainants or witnesses, to be answered by them
under oath, and may submit within 20 days thereafter counter afii-
davits in answer to the charges or the matters contained in the
affidavits of said witnesses.
The complainant witnesses may file rebuttal affidavits within 10
days after the service upon them of said counter affidavits, and the
hearing of said char^ shall be had on the record aforesaid. An
appeal from the decision of said board and upon said record may be
taken within 7 days from such decision to the Secretary of the
Interior.
If upon consideration of the complaint the charge is not sustained,
the suspension will be immediately removed. If, however, such
charge is sustained, or if default be made, the name of the physician
shall be stricken from the registered list.
Rule 13. Persons violating any of the foregoing regulations
within the purview of the act of April 20, 1904, entitled "An act
conferring jurisdiction upon the United States commissioners over
offenses committed in a portion of the permanent Hot Springs
Mountain Reservation, ArKansas," and the act of March 2, 1907,
amendatory thereof, will be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
be subjected on conviction to the payment of a fine, as provided in
said act of April 20, 1904, of not exceeding $100, and be adjudged
to pay all costs of the proceeding.
KxTLE 14. All bathhouses shall oe kept in a neat, clean, and sanitary
condition, and all sewage and waste water properly conducted
away, and all underdramage kept in perfect order. The water-
closets shall have sufficient and free connection with the public
sewers and be kept in the best order and with the best plumbing
furnishings and appliances. Lessees of bathhouses on the permanent
reservation shallj under the direction of the superintendent, culti-
vate and maintain a part of the bathhouse park in front of their
respective bathhouses, the space for each to cultivate to be allotted
by the superintendent.
'Rule 15. Each bathhouse manager, clerk, and attendant shall be
required to have a full and complete understanding of the bathhouse
rules and regulations before entering upon his duties.
The superintendent is authorized to require the discharge of any
bathhouse manager, clerk, attendant, mercury rubber, or masseur for
bathhouse drumming or refusing or neglecting to carry out the bath-
house rules and regulations according to the true intent and mean-
ing thereof. Any person discharged for cause from a bathhouse or
removed at the request of the superintendent shall not be again em-
ployed by the same or any other bathhouse or permitted to render
service in any bathhouse without the written consent of the super-
intendent. Managers must promptly report to the superintendent
the name of any person so removed.
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750 HOT SPBING8 BESERVATION.
A neatly framed copy of the rules and regulations now in force,
together with the prices of baths and attendant's fees, both separately
and combined, prmted in large black type on white cardboard, shau
be conspicuously posted in the office of each bathhouse.
PHYSICIAN'S APPLICATION FOB BEOISTBATION.
To the hoard of physicians appointed hy the Secretary of the Interior to pass
upon the qualifications and character of physicians to prescribe the waters
from the Hot Springs Reservation:
1. I was bom at .
2. My preliminary education was obtained — : . (State common school or
collegiate.) (If the latter, name of college and date of degree.)
3. I graduated In medicine from (give name of college) » on the
day of , 1 .
4. My State certificate was issued . (When and where.)
6. From what county issued . (When.)
6. Society membership : Ounty ; State ; American Medical Aa-
sociation (yes or no) ; special, .
7. I have practiced at my presoit location yeara^ and have practiced at
the foUowing places for the years named ^.
8. I now hold or have held the following positions ^. (Give places of
trust or honor held now or in the past, prizes received, and dispensary or col-
lege appointmenta)
9. I have during the 10 years next preceding the date of this appUcattoB
resided at the following-named places, and was engaged in the foUowing busi-
ness . (State period of residence at each place and business engaged in
while there.)
10. I am . (State "general practitioner" or specialty, if any.)
11. Do you employ drummers to solicit business? (Yes or no.)
12. Do you pay commissions on any of your professional business, either
directly or indirectly? . (Yes or no.)
13. Have you paid commissions on any 6t your professional business or given
anything of value, either directly or indirectly, for such purposes during the
past two years? . (Yes or no.)
14. If so, when did you quit, and why? . (Date.)
15. If registered, will you faithfuUy observe the rules and regulations ap-
proved by the Secretary of the Interior regarding the use of the waters of the
hot springs? . (Yes or no.)
16. My office is Street; residence, Street; telephone number.
Subscribed in my presence and sworn to before me this day of •
191—.
My commission expires -
Reported and examined
-, yotanr Public
BATH PERMIT FOB PEBSONS NOT EMPLOYING PHYSICIAN.
BATH PEBMrr.
No. ^.
Office of the Supbbintendsnt, Hoi Springs Resebvation.
. 191—.
In consideration of the issuing of this permit, I herdi>y certify tliat I am
not under the care of a physician, and if I employ or consult any physician it
will be one whose name Is on the Govemmenfs registered list I fully under-
stand that it Is a violation of the law If I bathe, or attempt to bathe, while
treating with any nonregistered physician, and that I lay myself liable to a fine
of $1<X) for each offense, and this pennit becomes void.
(Signature of applicant)
Home Address-
Local Addiess-
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HOT SPBINGS EBSEBVATION. 751
BATH PERMIT.
NOT T&A.NSFERABLE.
Na .
Office of the Superintendent, Hot Springs Reservation,
. 191—.
To BathJumses:
When presented in person and countersigned by it will permit you to
sell said person a bath ticl^et, Igj^M having employed no physician. This permit
must be returned to the superintendent's office with your daily report not later
than the day next succeeding the day on which it is used.
,» Superintendent, .
By .
Signature of applicant :
Witness:
Bathhouse.
Void if presented later than second day after date.
BEOULATIONS OF JULY 7, 1900, POB THE OOVEBNMENT OF
THE FBEE BATHHOUSE.
These baths are provided and maintained by the United States
pursuant to the requirements of the act of Congress approved Decem-
ber 16, 1878 (20 Stat., 258), for the use of the indigent only; neither
the manager nor attendants are authorized to supply them to others.
The manager of the free bathhouse is required to enforce a strict
observance of the following rules and regulations :
RuioE 1. No baths will be supplied except on written applications
made on blanks furnished at the office of the bathhouse, making full
answers to the questions therein propounded ; then if the applicant is
found to be indigent (in accordance with the common acceptance of
the word) , the manager will issue a ticket good for 21 baths, which
may be reissued on the same application if necessary.
BuLE 2. Persons using the free baths are required to maintain
quiet and orderly deportment while in or about the bath house, to
abstain from the use of tobacco, either by chewing or smoking, while
in the pool rooms, dressing rooms, or office, not to scatter rags or
paper on the floor, or to loiter in or about the building after bathing.
KuLE 3. The wanton exposure of person or entering any of the
front rooms in a nude state, the use of loud, vulgar, or profane lan-
guage, the use of rags, paper, soap, or any foreign substance in the
pool rooms is positively prohibitea.
Rule 4. Persons using these baths are not allowed to stand or sit
on or in any way interfere with the water pipes or valves or to stand
on the chairs or benches. All persons entering the house are required
to clean their feet at the door and avoid as much as possible bringing
dirt or mud on the floors. Boys over 6 years of age will not b^
allowed in the female department during bathing hours.
Rule 5. Any willful or repeated violation of these rules, or any
disorderly or contemptuous conduct, will subject the persons so
offending to suspension or expulsion, at the discretion of the super-
intendent of the reservation.
Rule 6. Neither the manager nor the Government attendants shall
be allowed to receive or become responsible for any valuables or to>
752 HOT SPBINGS BESBBVATION.
char^ any fees for any service rendered to bathers which comes
within the direct line of their duty.
Rule 7. The manager is required to enforce all the foregoing rules
and to maintain good order in and about the bathhouse, to see that
all indigent persons applying are supplied with baths, and to make
a written report to the superinendent each month on blank forms
supplied for that purpose. He may reject any application for free
baths if he has reason to belieye the applicant has made false answers
in his written application^ and the aggrieved may appeal to the super-
intendent of the reservation.
APPLICATION FOR BATHS AT T^P GOVERNMENT PREE BATH HOUSE AT HOT
SPRINGS, ARK.
No.-
Depabtment of the Intebiob.
hot spbings bebebvatioit.
Persons desiring to use the free baths are required to answer the foUowlng
questions, in writing, and sign the same, giving fuU name: Name, ; town,
; county, ; State, ; present address in Hot Springs: Street, ;
No. ; native of what country, ; age, years; have you a family?
; how many in famUy? ; occupation, ; are you able to work?
; are you employed now? ; by whom? — ; In what capacity? ;
do you wish to bathe for your health? ; with what disease are you afflicted?
; how long afflicted? ; are you under treatment of a physician at Hot
Springs? ; If so, give his name and address, ; do you own any real
estate? ; what is the value of yoiir personal property? $ ; bow much
money have you? $ . The act of Congress approved December 16, 1878 {20
Stat, 258), restricts the use of fre^ baths to the indigetU; in other words, to
persons aoho are poor, needy, in want, or without means of comfortable sub-
sistence. Do you regard yourself as an Indigent person? ,
Persons accepting and using these baths are required to report to the manager
once each week whether they are being benefited by the baths or not, and alao
whai they discontinue bathing.
. [SEAL.]
Hot Spbings, Abk., , 19 — .
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REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DIRECTOR OF THE
HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION.
U866'— INT 1911— vol, 1 18
753
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REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DIRECTOR OF THE HOT
SPRINGS RESERVATION, ARK.
Office of Medical Director,
Hot SpHngSj Ark., August ££, 1911.
Sir: I have the honor to submit my report covering the period
from September 4, 1910 (the date on which I reported for duty), to
June 80, 1911.
oeneraij statement.
The office of medical director beiuj^ a newly created one, the duties
were outlined by the department as follows :
(1) Full supervision of sanitation, hyriene, and hydrotherapy — ^in
short, all that pertains to the bathing of patients in the leased bath-
houses, both on and off the reservation.
(2)^ Full charge of the Government bathhouse and the employees
therein.
(8) Maintenance of a clinic for the education of bathhouse opera-
tors and their attendants.
(4) Determination of the fitness of all attendants, physically and
otherwise, for the employment in bathhouses, both those operated by
lessees and the Government bathhouse.
The reasons for the establishment of the office may be stated brieflv
as a recognition of the fact that all of the Federal Government's
interests here are based on the use of the hot water as a therapeutic
affent. The problems of administration grow out of the intent of
the acts of Congress of April 20, 1832, and of December 16, 1878.
By these acts the curative value of the water was publicly and offi-
cially recognized, and its use was to be restricted and regulated bv
the Federal Government through the Secretary of the Interior, witn
the view to the single purpose that by preventing monopoly and com-
mercial exoloitation, it might be made permanently available for the
people. Tne Hot Springs Reservation was the first national park to
be established, and the reputation of the water is so great that it
should be classed among the national resources or public utilities.
In the year 1880 the Federal Government relinquished control over
a lar^e part of the original reservation contiguous to the springs,
and the State assumed jurisdiction. This act has seriously inter-
fered with the intent of the acts of 1832 and of 1878 so far as com-
mercial exploitation is concerned, and is largely responsible for the
development of various snrstems of graft commonly referred to as
" drumming." The baneful influence of this system on the visitor
and its deleterious effect on the development of the city it would be
difficult to overestimate.
755
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756 MBSDICAIi DIRECTOE HOT SPBINGS BESEBVATION.
The results obtained in the treatment of patients are very greatly
influenced by the prevailing municipal conaitions. As there is only
one hotel on the reservation, which, by reason of its rat^ caters to
a limited class, the average visitor necessarily procures board and
lodging in the city, and is dependent upon the local government for
the protection of his rights and interests. He must purchase his
medicine and bath outfit from a local drug house and, as the Gov-
ernment makes ho provision for medical advice, he is dependent on
physicians of the city for professional services. Section 4 of the act
of April 20, 1904:, authorizes and directs the Secretary of the Interior
to make rules and regulations governing the use of the water of the
springs, and the act vests in him the duty of determining the eligibil-
ity, morally and professionally, of physicians who make application
for authority to prescribe the water. But the visitor is dependent
upon the municipality for protection from quacks and charlatans,
and from the commercial exploitation of secret remedies. These
pseudopractitioners and unscrupulous venders of medicine find a
lucrative field for their operations in the constantly moving proces-
sion of those who come in ^ood faith to be benefited by the water,
which in a more or less definite way they understand to be approved,
sanctioned^ recommended, and controUea by the Federal Government
^ Hot Sprmgs has a population of about 15.000, while the number of
visitors annually is estimated to be more tkan 100,000. The actual
number of people residing in the city at any one time is probably
about double the census population. The difficulty of financing the
local government under these conditions is closely related to, if not
the direct cause for, the existence and continuance of many condi-
tions which tend to lessen the benefits to be derived by the patient
from a course of treatment here.
The report of the city clerk shows that the municipal expenses
for the year 1910-11 were $119,291.43, and that they exceeded the
income by $30,397.90. The principal sources of revenue were from
taxation, $33,380.52; saloons, $36,800; police-court fines, $15,545.25.
The income is inadequate to meet even current expenses, and munici-
pal improvements, many of which are greatly needed, can not be ef-
fected. The deleterious influence of an excessive number of saloons,
of gambling houses, and other objectionable resorts can never be
eliminated or brought within reasonable boimds so long as the city
is absolutely dex)enaent upon their tolerance for so large a propor-
tion of the revenues necessary to maintain the government as it is.
Of the gross taxes 80 per cent go to the State, county, and schools,
leaving only 20 per cent for city purposes proper. These conditions
have necessarily retarded the growth of this resort, and it is essen-
tial to its satisfactory development that some means for greatly in-
creasing the revenues be devised.
At watering places abroad, where the Government exercises juris-
diction over the neighboring municipality, it is customary to tax the
visitor for the support of public utility servic^ as it has long been
recognized that with a large nontaxable floating population, it is
impracticable to maintain satisfactory civic conaitions, and to en-
force law and order, on the same basis of revenue that pertains to
other cities. It would appear practicable to adopt this system here,
or the same result could be effected by diverting a part of the pro-
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llWninATi DIKEOTQB HOT BPBIKGfi SKSSEBVATIOK. 757
oeeds from the baths were it not for the divided jurisdiction and the
iBasing of the water privil^es to private interests.
Tke second great lesouroe of Hot Springs is its unusually fine
dimate, which makes out-of-door life not only possible but enjoyable
almoBt every day in the year. Overworked business and professional
men, and all who need rest and recmperation, find here m the reser-
vation walks and drives, and in visiting the many interesting points
in the viciniiy, on the golf course, and at the Country Club, forms
of reoroaticMi that have a x>owerful influence in the restoration of
health and strength. Much greater development of these features,
however^ such as the improvement of roads and streeteL the erection
of a casmo for the maintenance of the better dass of amusements
and entertaiiunents, as well as the establishment of a street cleaning
deparbnent and a larger pcdioe force, oould soon be effected were it
not for the unfortunate conditions which prohibit the eiEpenditure
of the reservation funds or of appropriations from Congress except
on the esdating permanent reservation, or if local legislative measures
could be devised to produce the required revenue.
The dimlopment of the city and the value of pixyperty depmd
finally on the therapeutic results obtained fr<mi the use of tiie water.
Every business interest is established and maintained to meet the
trade demiinds growing out of the presence of those who come heie
to use tiie water. Yet, instead of aiding in the development to its
utBMMit of this one oreat resource by building up a broad, high-grade,
imd strictly ethicd medical service, there has been permitted to
grow up a system of drunmiin^ founded upon commercialism, deceit,
and fateification that has resufied in unsatisfactory service and been
a fruitful source of grievance. It has be^a the cause of sending back
to their homes many dissatisfied patients and often of impairing the
confidence of nonresident physicians in the beneficial results to be
obtained bjr treatment here. When it is remembered that the
diseases which are most fiiyorably inftuenoed by the water are so
common that every practicing physician is repeatedly brought in
contact with those suffering from th^n, and that a considerable
percentage of such persons themselves suggest coming here, it is
evident what a tremendous advertising medium exists, iS it for good
or bad, in those returning to their homes. ^ While the solicitation of
patronage has commonnr be^i so cunningly conducted that the
visitor md not know at the time that half of his fees were diverted
to an asent, the average American is sufficiently intelligent to have
realizra ihe conditions before he left town, and to have deter-
mined whether or not he has received a just return for his money.
It rests almost exclusively with the taxpayers and voters of the
local community to determine whether the influence of the people
leaving Hot Sprin^^ shall tend to bring to this resort a greater or
lesser number of visitors in tiie future.
There is a piarked and general awakening within the last few
years throughout all civiliz^ countries, finding expression through
local, State, naticmal, and international organizations, as well as
throu^ the public press, to the importance of hygiene, sanitation,
and preventive medicine. These subjects are being included in the
course of stud^ in the public schools The antituberculosis crusade,
the pending bill for tne establishmait of a department of public
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758 MSDIOAIi DIKBOTOB HOT SPBINGB BXSERYATlOn.
healthy the elimination of yellow fever from Cuba and of the
bubonic plague from California, the prevention of typhoid fever
among the troops on the Mexican frontier, and the exclusioa'.of
cholera from the Atlantic seaports are all matters of vital impor-
tance and public interest They have been heralded throu^out the
length and breadth of the land, so that the average citizen nas come
to more fully realize the value of scientific methcds in medicine and
the fact that many diseases are preventable. He is more critical and
exacting, and has increasing roar of contracting disease wherever
the laws of sanitation are not enforced. Service in the bathhouses
that was acceptable a few years ago is no longer so. The building
of the two new houses now in process of construction will marie a
great step in advance, and other old and insanitary buildings will
soon be replaced by new, modem structures.
The general conditions surroividin^ the visitor coming to Hot
Springs for the benefits to be derived from the water gave rise to so
much dissatisfaction and to so many complaints that, within the
past few years, four separate reports by specially qualified commis-
sioners have been prepared under the airection of the Secretary of
the Interior, with a view to determining what steps were practicable
for bettering both the environment and the treatment. In each case
the conditions above referred to were treated at length, as was also
the service of the bathhouses, and^the recommendation made that the
medical and sanitery work be placed directly under medical super-
vision. The conditions and customs relating to the actual adminis-
tration of the baths and the operations of the bathhouses were fully
discussed. As they were not essentially different from those existing
when the office of medical director was constituted in September last,
they will be taken up under the several duties assigned him.
SUPERVISION OF SANITATION, HTOIENE, AND
HTDBOTHERAPT,
The first duty assigned to the medical director was outlined as
follows: " Full supervision of sanitation, hygiene, and hydrotherapy —
in short all that pertains to the bathing of patients in the leaded
bathhouses both on and off the reservation.'^
Under this heading matters of sanitation and hyeiene are being
dealt with by inspection of the bathhouses and by <uass instruction
of the attendants. Grenerally there has been displayed on the part
of the managers a willingness to cooperate for tne unprovement of
the service, but there have been a few exceptions. Complaints from
bathers as to conditions of imcleanliness are received with sufficient
frequency to indicate that considerable improvement is yet possible.
The personal equation of the manager is very evident, and the
houses might easily be designated as first, second, and third class,
largely in accordance with his efficiency.
^^Ali that ^rtains to the bathing of patients," as a part of the
first duty assigned this office, has in the past had a very close and
direct relation to the drumming heretofore mentioned, for this prac-
tice was largelv rdiied upon to procure patrona^ to the exclusion
of that form of competition whi<ui has for its basis the most efficient
service. After the patient was once turned over to the hotel or
boarding house, to the doctor, to the bathhouse, to the druggist (and
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MEDICAL DIRBOTOB HOT SPBINQ8 RB8EBVATI0N. 759
not unlikely to a gambling house), and made to pay in advance at
each, there was little more to be derived from him, and it became
expedient to economize wherever practicable in the service rendered*
TVnile these conditions are undoubtedly mudi less obnoxious than
tbey were a few years ago, and while through the efforts of the pres-
ent superintendent, drumming on the trains has been eUminated and
the bathhouses may be said to have given up the practice, it still
persists in less obbrusive forms. Inasmuch as doctor drumming is
the essence of this evil, which will cease to exist whenever all the
doctors decline to avail themselves of the services of the drummer,
it is urged that too great stress can not be laid upon the importance
of a rigid inquiry into the character and histor^ of applicants for
registration, and a sufficiently thorough examination made to exclude
all who are not graduates of first-cXsiss medical colleges and thor-
oii|riily competent to practice their profession.
The fact that the averafi|e physician's practice here is largely made
up of transients, many of whom may never be expected to return,
who are strangers to me town, and who have no special preference
in employing a phvsician beyond a recommendation that may reach
them through the drummer, makes the elimination of this practice all
but impo6iS>le. Its complete extinction must depend, finally, up<m
.the ethical sense of the phyacians.
There is great need for some form of hospital service to afford
relief to those who come to avail themselves of the privileges of the
Government free baths. A few are practically helpless when they
arrive. The process of incurable disease deprives some of the
ability to earn a living, and as they are unable to return to their
homes they beo(»ne charges upon the city. A considerable number
require surgical treatment that can only be given in hospitals. Some
need nursing^ some food and clothing. Many require treatment that
can not be given at the bathhouse. Occasionally insanity develops,
and as such cases are not admitted to any of the hospitals, the city
jail is the (Mily available place for their care and restraint. As the
city's resources are already heavily taxed, and as there is a feeling
that these helpless indigents came by invitation of the Government
very limited and inadequate acccHumodations are provided.
Another greatly felt want is some provision whereby patients can
obtain^ proper food. Suitable diet is of great importance in many
conditions, and the average patient living in a boarding house is
unable to carry out his physician's directions in this particular.
The establishment of a Young Men's Christian Association, with
dormitories and other facilities pertaining to the work of this organ-
izi^<m, would undoubtedly be of great advantage to many.
THE SSBVICE OF THE BATHHOUSES.
Many of the buildings are old, poorly planned, and insanitary.
Total reconstruction is necessary to obtain satisfactory conditions in
several, and very extensive remodeling in nearly all. There is not a
single instance of anvthing approa(£ing ^ood ventilation, and in
most there may be said to be none at all^ for it is necessary to keep the
windows closed to avoid drafts to which the patients are very sus-
ceptible while bathing. The vitiation of the air in the bath halls and
cooling rooms is very great, and when combined with the odors from
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760 MEDICAL DIBBOTOB HOT 8PBIN08 BSSEBYATION.
the bodies of the perspiring patients and the vapor of the hot water
at the high temperature maintained, the conditions beoome c4>]ection-
able and insanitary in the extreme.
One of the most unsatisfactory features of adminifltration eomes
from the small size of the houses^ and the general itflBOmptian that
one peraon in a supervisory capacity is suffioient. Tim result is that
in no single instance is there anyone to effidently ovBrsee and direct
the bathinff. The manager, who is the only person in diacge, is ao
closely confined to his d^, and so fully occupied in sellW, pandii-
ing, uid redeeming tidcets, locking up and unloeking vahiwleB, ear-
ing for umbrellas and coats, and in answering inquiries, that it is
rarely poe^ble for him to be in the bath halls more than a lew nsin-
utes at a time until after bathing hours, and conseqiiently hehas vorj
little knowledge of how accurately the bathing direetioBB of physi-
cians are being carried out. The possibility of cteToting his atteotunB
to the actual service that forms the basis of the lease is ahrajs in
inverse ratio to the nmnber of patients being treated.
There should be a head attendant in each baching department to
see that the baths are administered with careful attrition to details,
and to supervise and direct the W(»k of the attendants. He should
not be permitted to bathe patients himself, nor to be absent -tram flie
bath department proper during bathing hours. To procure the serv-
ices of competent men a salary of not less tiian $76 per month should
be paid. More comp^laints are made by physicians upon this point —
the lack of supervision in carrying oat oathing directions--4na]i on
any other one feature of the service.
The employment of exdusivdy supervisory head attendants for
each bathing deparbnent may not be at onoe practicahle, especially
in the smaller houses where me number of tubs does not justid^ tbe
expense. But certain measures of supervisioin dioidd be iofflstod
upon, while plans for the erection of new buildings, or for the re-
modeling of old ones, should reouire such enhrgement as wcmld make
the essential feature of thorougn and efleetivB supervision in achnin-
istration a matter of course.
As indicating inefficient supervision, the docks used in timing the
baths are not mfrequently fomid stopped, t^ecording a time several
hours past, a number of pati^its having been bathed in the mean-
time. This is partly due to negligence, out partly to tiw attendants
bein^ required to provide the doo&, with the result that a cheap and
inferior timepiece has been purdiased.
The same general critidsm may be made on the thennometers.
The use of these instruments of predsion was required in oitder that
the baths might be administered at the exact temperature prescribed,
but those provided were of so cheap a grade and so grossly inaccurate
that it is certain in many instances the tempera&re of the water
could have been m<Hre correctly determined by the hand. A rough
test of the accuracy of the thermometers in use was made Novemmr
8, 1910, by placing 342 of them in a tub of water at 98"^ F., witihi the
result that only 90 recorded the true temperature. Fifty-seven
showed variations between 4^ and 81^, while the difference between
the highest and lowest reading was 59^. In 11 the columns of mer-
cury were broken. To correct these conditions orders have been
issued directing the use of standardized instruments.
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MBDIOAIi mSBOTOB HOT 8PBXKQS BB6EBVATIOK. 761
The hot rooms are of tiie old type, and are so oonstracted that the
Ctient has to breathe the fool ana superheated air of a small cham-
r or cabinet In (he new houses now in process of construction
there will be modem eqjuipment, and sweating can be produced in
the hot-air cabinets while the patient breathes the air of a well-
ventilated room. With this arrangement it is believed that the
temperatare of the bath halls can be reduced to about 90®, thus mak-
ing <he conditions much more toleraUe.
Heretofore there has been very little tendency to employ the va-
rious forms of baths described in textbooks on nydrotherapy . The
bemflts obtained have been ascribed to the water almost exclusively,
rather fhan to varying methods in its use. The new houses, how-
ever, with more complete equipment, will provide oi>portunities to
make use of these mfferent methods shoiud physicians desire to
eooploy thrai.
Dimn^ the past six months a number of pieces of sanitary jv^hite-
enamel iron furniture have been tested, and its superiority 'should
cause it to be installed in the bath halls, cooling, and dressing rooms.
The wooden furniture heretofore in use soon loses its varnish, be-
comes soaked with water and perspiration, and stained with soap
and dirt, so as to appear verv unattractive.
Another objectionable and insanitary feature is the method com-
moidy employed of keeping the bathers' soap. Patients complain
ihaA they do not get their own cakes of soap, or that their soap has
been used on some one else, and often express the fear that they may
in this way contract disease. Steps have been taken to correct this,
and it is Mlieved that a satisfactory system will be installed in the
near future.
The laundry service has been as a whole very unsatisfactorily per-
formed. Rule 12 of the bathhouse regulations has been interpreted
to require the attendants to wash the towels, and where the^ have
also had to provide soap for this purpose undue economy in its use
has commonly been practiced. Few nouses have a laundry equip-
ment in any way commensurate with their needs, nor is it poeeable
in the present buildings to install one. Towds are not sterilized
except u) rare instances, nor is there generally efficient supervision
exercised over this process. This part of the service has been dealt
w}th at length in special reports, and it is h<^>ed that an acceptable
plan for improvement will soon be in operation.
The method commonly employed of cooling the water in uncov-
ered tanks is open to several objections. First, and of greatest im-
portance, it is the generally accepted belief that the remedial prop-
erties are in the contained gases. The water has been found to be
radioactive, and its therweutic value is greatiy lessened when it
has been long exposed to the air. During the summer months it is
difficult to cool it sufficiently, and at times it has been necessaiy to
use the city water to obtain the desired effect. Ccmtamination by
dust and insects is unavoidable with the open tanks. At one estab-
lishment an improved system has been installed in which the cool-
ing is effected m closed pipes, but this particular plan is probably
impracticable for general use. It is asserted by physicians that the
results of treatment in this house are much belter than when the
water was cooled in the open tanks. The best possible water service
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762 MEDIOAIi DIBEOIOB HOT 8PBIKGS EBSEBYAKION.
is of paramount importance, and the advioe of a competent engineer
should be obtained to devise a satisfactory system.
The physiological effects of the water have never been scientifically
and accurately determined, and as its rational use can not be thor-
oughly understood in any other way it is recommended that a c<Mn*
petent physiological chemist be employed to conduct a series of
experiments in this direction.
In most houses massage and mercury-rubbm^ departmente are
maintained. These have frequently been criticized by physicians
chiefly on account of a tendency on the part of the operators to diag-
nose and treat cases themselves, and to solicit patronage in objection-
able ways. This matter has been the subject oi a special investigation
and report, and doubtless will be satisfactorily adjusted at an early
date.
Great interest is felt as to the probable effect of the already wide-
mrcttid use of salvarsan on the number of patients coming to Hot
Springs for treatment. Should this new remedy prove as ^cient as
has been predicted there may be a material diminution in tlie num-
ber of bathers; but as this reduction will be almost wholly among
those who are suffering frcxn a disease the prevalence of which in
Hot Sprinjgs has tended to prevent many of the better class from
visiting this resort on account of forced association with these unfor-
tunates^ it is not unlikely that the ultimate result will be most
gratifymg.
The use of common drinking cups, hair brushes, and combs, has
been discontinued, and, in so far as it has been practicable with the
old houses, carpets and mattings have been removed, and draperies
replaced by sheets that can frequently be laundered.' All of the new
houses ^ould be screened throughout, that flies and mosquitos may
not transmit infectious diseases.
GOVERNMENT FREE BATHHOUSE.
The second duty assimed was the full charge of the Government
bathhouse and the employees therein.
In the center of batUiouse row and in the rear of the line of leased
bathhouses stands the Government free bathhouse, established try
act of Congress of December 16, 1878. This benevolent institution is
another mark of the recognition bv Congress of the ^at and ^netal
faith in the curative properties oi the water, amounting to an invita-
tion to the indigent mvalids of the entire country to come to Hot
Springs for relief. These sufferers have come from every State in
the Union, and are still coming, often as a last resort, and in the hope
that the mysterious and miraculous water mav cure after their home
I>hysicians have failed to afford relief. Churches, fraternal organiza^
tions, relatives, and friends often contribute small amounts to enable
the sufferer to obtain the benefits of a course of baths.^ Frequently a
man beats his wav on a freight train and arrives practically destitute,
and at times unaole to work, thus becoming at once an object of char-
ity. A considerable number come in the belief that the Government
maintains, in conjunction with the free bathhouse, a hospital or home
at which they will be cared for in every way. Not infrequently the
progress of disease results in a degree of helplessness and destitution
pitiable in the extreme. At times practically the last cent has been
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MEDIGAIi DIBEOTOB HOT SPBIN68 BESEBVATION. 763
speat in C(Hniiig here for conditions in which the baths are of little
benefit or even contraindicated.
Here may be seen one of the great clinics of the world. During the
fiscal year ended June 80, 1911, there were given in this institution
220,435 baths. There has been heretofore no medical supervision.
Practically all applicants who declared themselves unable to pay were
admitted witib very little, if any, reference to the nature of their dis-
ease or whether such treatment was likely to prove beneficial or the
reverse. There was no one Cj^ualified to determine tHese questions.
Cases of cancer and tuberculosis were bathed, and occasionally small-
pox and other infectious diseases crept in until accidentally recog-
nized by the manager, or by one of the attendants. Many came for
conditions that could not possibly be materially benefited by the
water, thus delaying proper treatment, while mcurring the unneces-
sary expense, suffering, or inconvenience incident to a separation
from home and friends, and finally departing with the impression
that the baths were of no value or that their cases were incurable.
Others have fallen ready victims to quacks, nostrum frauds, and irre-
sponsible venders of secret remedies. Many^ held tickets issued
months previously, occasionally taking a bath simplv for cleanliness.
Young children not suffering from any disease whatever were al-
lowed access, and were brought in close contact with the most repul-
sive forms of venereal disease. Patients were admitted without re-
Srd to the number already in the bath halls, so that during the most
vored hours it was difficult to walk between them without soiling
one's clothes by contact with the perspiring bodies of waiting bathers.
There was no ventilation, and the foul air and offensive odors were
beyond^ belief.
The inauguration of a system of issuing tickets ^ood only for cer-
tain specific hours has elmiinated this overcrowding. To still fur-
ther correct existing conditions and abuses a decidon was requested
as to whether baths were to be furnished to all indigents, or only to
those who were suffering from diseases likely to be b^efited or cured
by bathing in the water. This question was appropriately dealt with
by the department, resulting in the passage by Congress of the act
of March 2, 1911, limiting the privileges of the baths to those who
are suffering from ailments for which bathing in the water of the
hot springs will afford relief or effect a cure, and who make oath
that mej are without and unable to obtain the means to pay for baths.
This legislation has proved to be of the greatest value^ in that it en-
ables the officer in charge to exclude those whose condition would be
made worse, those who could receive no benefit, those who are not sick
but have been in the habit of coining for a weekly cleansing, and
healthy children who apply unaccompanied by parent or guardian.
Attention is respectfully invited to the great need for a new build-
ing. Congress made an appropriation in 1890 for the erection of the
present structure, and from that time to this the records, so far as
obtainable, show that nearly 4,000,000 baths have been administered
therein. The evidence of wear and tear attest the truth of these
figures. The stone steps at the entrance have been half worn through
by the feet of invalids who have here sought relief. The house is less
than half the size required for modem service, and only accommo-
dates the patients by the use of pools in which large numbers bathe
at the same time. iNecessary adjuncts, such as examining rooms, a
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764 HBDICAIi DIBEOTOB HOT SPBINGS BBSEBYAXEOV.
dispensary, an emei]gency ward, office aoocHnmodations, and all forms
of equipment for scientific hydrotherapy are entirely lacking. Thei:B
are a few tubs, but the therapeutic resources do not extend beyond
those of the municipal free batiis of other cities, ^cept that the water
from the springs is used instead of city water. Tk&ce is no possi-
bility even of regulating the temperature of the bath to indiyidual
nee(&, except for the few who can be bathed in the tubs. Modem
hydrotherapy has developed many different ways of using water, with
quite as varying effects as may be obtained from drugs, and it should
be made possible to introduce and use these improved methods.
Tlie present buUdin^ can never be made sanitary at a reasonable
cost, nor can it be satisfactorily enlarged. Tliere is practically no
ventilation; the toilets are insufficient in number; the roof leaks at
both ends of the building^ the plaster has iUlen in several places ; and
the water service, including tne tanks, will soon need extensive re-
pairs. These conditicHis are not conducive to improvements in the
pa^ bathhouses, and the Government is represented by a markedly in-
ferior service. It is recommended that the building lie abandoned at
the earliest practicable date and that a new, model house, with
complete moaem equipments, be provided.
Allotments amounting to $875 nave been made for the purchase of
medical supplies whidi have been dispensed to those unable to pro-
cure them, mit no attempt has been made to fumi^ treatment except
where the need was great. A c(xnplete medical service would require
a considerably increased personnel.
It is very desirable that the attendants in this house should wear
uniform white suits, and that in cleanliness and personal appearance
they should serve as examples for the employees of the Ie»3ed bath-
houses. Their pay, however, is less than half that of the ktter in
many instances, so that this can not be effected unless the department
fumifib^ and launders the suits, as is the custom in some hospitals.
It is believed that the example in neatness, cleanliness, and sanitation
would be well worth the cost
Bath9 adm4nUtered at the Ctovemment free bathhouse for the fUeal year 1910-11,
Applications for free baths 9, 374
Applications for free batiis refased 300
Tickets Issaed on original application 9,074
Tickets reiasned on original application , 5,972
Total baths given white males 138,840
Total baths given white females 22,001
Total baths given colored males 41, 819
Total baths given colored females 17, 176
Total baths given during year 220, 486
Average number of persons bathed daily 818
Soldiers and sailors bathed 712
SUPERVISION OF ATTENDANTS.
The third and fourth duties assigned this office, the '^maintenance
of a clinic for the education of bathhouse operators and their attend-
ants " and the " determination of the fitness of all attendantB, phys-
ically and otherwise, for the employment in bathhouses, both those
operated by lessees and the Government bathhouse," may be best
considered together.
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MEDICAL DIBBCTOR HOT 8PBINGS BBSEBVATION. 765
Heretofore the bath attendants, about 300 in number, although ex-
pected to carry put the written directions of physicians, have never
received instructions in their duties from a competent source, nor
have they been required to qualify in any way. Upon examination
a few were found to be absolutely illiterate and unable to read the
bath directions, while a considerable number were so nearly illiterate
that it was extremely doubtful if they could render intellijgent service.
The majority, however, have a common-school education and are
appreciative of the benefits to be derived from the department's policy
or affording them an opportunitv to more thoroughly fit themselves
for their work. The only available room for dass instruction was in
the upper story of the Government free bathhouse, where by removing
a partition accommodations were made for about 40. The first class
was organized October 17, 1910. This work, owing to the limited
facilities, has progressed more slowly than is desirfu)le, but by suc-
cessive classes a abort course of instruction has been given to 178
attendants, with the result that 119 have been accepted and granted
certificates of qualification, authorizing their employment for the
Eeriod of one year in any oi the bathhouses receiving water from the
ot springs.
The rejections, 69 in number, were for varying degrees of illiteracy,
alcoholism, lack of attention to duty, and persistence in wearing old,
unsightly, and dirty clothes.
This class work marks the first step in the development of a corps
of selected and trained attendants. It will require considerable time
to produce satisfactory results, but by persistently following out a
policy of instruction for those who are willing to learn and the
elimination of those who are unfit, the efficiency of the service will
ultimately be greatly increased. Growing out of the experience
gained in teaching these first classes new regulations for the direction
of attendants have been formulated and applied in harmony with the
changed conditions.
The purpose of this report is to call attention to conditions which
it is desirable to remedy and which are being bettered. The business
interests of the city have displayed great activity in advertising, but
to make this fully and permanently effective it will be necessary to
establish the best possible treatment of patients in that broad sense
which includes not only the services of physicians and the administra-
tion of the baths but also the development of those environments
which aid in the^ restoration of health and the extinction of those
which are deleterious. While progress may be expected under exist-
ing policies, the divided jurisdiction will preclude the best conditions
80 long as it continues. This seems to have been recognized by Con-
gress in the act of 1832 which directed that the reservation should
consist of four sections of land, with the hot springs in the center.
It was evidently realized at that time that water alone can not make
a spa, and the intent was to provide for the development of a sur-
rounding municipality under the same government as the springs.
The opinion is expressed that Federal jurisdiction over the city of
Hot Springs would do much in furthering the development of this
resort.
Very respectfully, Harby M. HALiiOCK,
Medical Director.
The Sbcrbtabt or the Interior.
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APPENDIX,
BTTLES, APBUi 10, 1011, FOB BATH ATTENDAKTS IN BATHHOTJSES
BBCEIVINO HOT WATEB FBOM THB SPBINOfi ON THB HOT
SPBINGS BESEBVATION.
1. Bath attendants shall be required to attend such courses of
instruction as may be ordered by the medical director and upon
completion thereof they will be recjuired to take a written examina-
tion, after which successful candidates will be granted certificates
as qualified attendants for such time as may be determined by the
Secretary of the Interior.
2. Applicants for certificates as qualified attendants shall not be
eligible for examination until they nave served at least six months
as attendants, assistant attendants, or helpers.
8. Two consecutive failures to qualify as an attendant shall debar
the applicant from further instruction and the medical director
shall order his or her discharge.
4. After all attendants now employed shall have been afforded an
opportunity to qualifjr and to procure certificates, assistant attend-
ants and helpers who, in the opmion of the medical director, display
an aptitude for the work will oe permitted to take the course of in-
struction, and upon satisfactory completion thereof, will be granted
certificates and classed as attendants.
5. To entitle an applicant to a certificate as a oualified^ attendant^
a total mark of not less than 200 points shall oe required, to be
awarded as follows : A perfect written examination after the course
of instruction shall entitle the candidate to 100 points. The medical
director will award not to exceed 100 points as expressing the appli-
cant's efficiency as noted at his inspection and the manager of the
bathhouse in which the applicant is employed at the time of his
examination shall award not to exceed 100 points for general
•aptitude.
6. Whenever the number of qualified attendants is in excess of the
requirements of the service, those not employed shall be entitled to
have their names enrolled on a waiting list in the office of the medical
director.
7. Managers are prohibited from employing as an attendant any
person not holding a certificate of qualification as such whenever
there are five or more qualified attendants registered on the waiting
list in the office of the medical director.
8. After all attendants and eligible helpers have been riven an
opportunity to qualify and to procure certificates as attendants, in-
struction will be given to such other persons as declare their inten-
tions to qualify as attendants and who, in the opinion of the medical
766
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MEDICAIi DIBEOTOR HOT 8PBIKQS BBSEBVATION. 767
director^ display an aptitude for the service, and upon satisfactory
completion of the course they will be granted certificates as assistant
attendants.
9. Whenever the number of assistant attendants is in excess of the
requirements of the service those not employed shall be entitled to
have their names enrolled on a waiting list in the office of the medical
director.
10. Managers are prohibited from employinj^ as an assistant or
helper any person in connection with the admimstration of the baths
not holding a certificate as an assistant attendant, whenever there are
five or more so qualified registered on the waiting list in the office of
the medical director.
11. Managers shall assign each assistant attendant to serve under,
a qualified attendant, who shall instruct such assistant in the perform-
ance of his or her auties with a view to future qualification as an
attendant.
12. Managers shall have authority to discharge both attendants and
assistant attendants, but certificates of qualification as attendants and
assistant attendants shall be revoked only by the medical director.
13. The medical director may suspend an attendant or assistant
attendant for cause for a period not to exceed six months, and during
such suspension said attendant or assistant att^idant shall not bi
employea in any capacity in any bathhouse.
14. An attendant or assistant attendant discharged bv direction of
the medical director shall have his or her certificate of qualification
revoked and shall not aeain be employed in any capacity m any bath*
house for the period of six months, and thereafter only under the
conditions applicable to new candidates with no prior service.
15. Managers are required to report immediately by ld:ter to the
medical director the employment, suspension, or discharge of attend-
ants and assistant attenaants.
CBBTIFICATE QBANTED TO QTTAXJFIBD ATTENDANTS.
This is to certify that has satisfactorily completed a
course of instruction in the school for bathhouse attendants con-
ducted under the supervision of the medical director of the Hot
Springs Reservation, and his or her employment as a bathhouse
attendant in any of the bathhouses receiving water from the Hot
Springs Reservation will be permitted for the period of one year
from the date hereof, conditioned upon good behavior and strict
observance of the rules and regulations for the government of the
bathhouses receiving water from the Hot Springs Reservation.
This license, however, may be revoked at any time for cause during
the period for which given when in the judgment of the medical
director the circumstances of the case warrant such action.
5 Medical Director.
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768 MEDICAL maECXOB HOT BPEINQB BBSEBVATIOIT.
BULBS APPBOVSD BY THS PEPABTHXNT BOB THB CbaVXBHXBHT
OF THB FBDBBAL BEQISTBATION BOABJD 07 IKR irNZTBP
STATES BESEBVATION, HOT SFBINGS, ABK, WITH AMBZrDXXNTS
UP TO NOVEMBBB 14, 1011.
L There shall be a prosiifaiit and seoretttry. eleeted by the board,
who shall each senre for one year and until nis sneoMSor is elected
and qualified. Such election shall be held at the annual meetini^ on
the last Thursday in June of each year. Sboidd a vacancy occur in
either position by death, resignation, or otherwise, sncb vacaiKry shall
be filled by the board at its first regular meeting next succeeding the
date the vacancy occurs, or at a special merang called for that
purpose.
. 2. Three members of the board shall constitute a quorum, with
full authority to transact any and all buirinesB that may come oefore
the board.
3. Minutes of all business transacted by the board shall be reduced
to writing and be copied in a record provided for the purpose, and
at the next re^lar or special meeting, the minutes of the previous
meeting shall be read and approved, with such cOTrsotions, ii any, as
the board may consider proper to make;.
4. The regular monthly meetings shall be held on the second and
fourth Wednesdays of each month at 8 o'clock p. m., and all routine
business not filed with the secretary of the board at least 24 hours
before the time fixed for the meeting will not be considered, but will
be held for consideration until the next regular meeting, provided,
however, the president of the board may waive this provision when,
in his judgment, the exigencies of the case demand it Such other
meeting may be held as the board may deem necessary, prior notice
thereof to be duly given.
Examination of applicants for registration shall be held quarterly
on a date to be fixed by the board. Any rejgistered doctor hereafter
dropped from the list of registered physicians will not be restored
until after he successfully passes the regular examination prescribed
by the board for original registration.
6. The following rules shall govern applicants for registration :
(a) To be entitled to registration applicants must be graduates of
some reputable medical coflege recomized by either of the American
Medical College Associations, or of some reputable school of oste-
opathv recognized hj the American Osteopath Association, and
must have complied with the laws of the State of Arkansas relating
to the admission of physicians to the practice of medicine and surgery,
or either, within said State.
(&) Applicants wiU be required to furnish in writing such evidence
as the board may desire touching their personal history and personal
and moral character and standing during the five years next pre-
ceding the date of their applications. Applicants will also be
required to submit to^ such examination as the Doard may see proper
to subject them touching their qualifications and knowledge ox medi-
cine and surgery and to prescribe the hot waters, provided that the
names of medical officers of the Army stationed at the Army and
Navy General Hospital in Hot Springs, Ark., shall be placed oa the
list of registered pnysicians without examination.
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MEDICAL DIRECTOR HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 769
(c) An applicant who twice fails in his examinations before th6
Federal registration board shall not be permitted to again take the
examination prescribed by tlie board until after the lapse of one year
from the date of his last failure. No registered physician shall be
permitted to associate himself in practice looking to the prescribing
of the waters of the hot springs with a nonregistered physician,
under penalty of having his name removed from the registered list
The name of any registered physician who shall give bafli directions
for the patients of a nonregistered physician shall be removed from
the registered list.
6. Tiie order for the transaction of business before the board shall
be as follows :
(a) Beading and approval of minutes of previous meeting.
(6) Consideration of new business.
iej Consideration of unfinished business,
^ {a) Presentation of evidence and trial of physicians charged with
violation of the rules of the Secretary of the Interior " For the gov-
ernment of all bathhouses.'^
(e) Examination of applicants for registration.
(/) Miscellaneous business.
The foregoing rules are subject to amendment at any rejgul&r meet-
ing of the board on the giving of 80 days' notice in writing of the
proposed amendment, subject, however, to the approval of the Secre-
tary of the Interior.
o
11365**— INT 1911— VOL 1 49
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